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The Uralic

Daniel Abondolo

Fennic

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 Tiit-Rein Viitso Published online on: 18 Dec 1997

How to cite :- Tiit-Rein Viitso. 18 Dec 1997, Fennic from: The Routledge Accessed on: 25 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315003283.ch3

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 3 divided The Estonian discussed languages Livonian Livonian Karelian territories; Karelian relatively (62,500 differ Livonia, Livonian extinct . Livonian booklets publication according features Two language. they Long Gradation There Livonian vocalism; one Fennic distinctive now and from (or in Most Fennic into Tiit-Rein of speakers) spoken as (15 has published and (liiv6 the (one literary short in have homogenous. stf/Jd; live to in of Livonian they ofthe branch each an is native seven nineteenth 1880. been Matthew Veps. both separate the eighth keel million scattered falling often become lexical to are other same language most literature of the historically and Viitso speakers) languages: once In , A are: Votic raandakeel from the language, diphthongs only north the Lude gospel tones: into speakers) were innovative chapters century. languages Veps Three among again Uralic *h; (25 1920s Western slightly. was of in language in forced the in indicated (6,000 Livonian, the speakers), long Livonian in dialects, Latvia. but j family a other annihilated level 'coast in uo: Central-and-Eastern a and Livonian of Fennic lower Ludes The to new 96 and and this bilingual u speakers) o nations. leave Finnish has is , in language'), Ie: West, poorly since reaches short Eastern a Estonian, orthography Ingrian this language. volume. identify dialect sometimes and ie; and with their chapter minorities the stressed Central Not (five the attested efforts begun in of Livonian homeland the (300 continuum translation themselves glottalizedllaryngealized as The Northwest Votic, The until million Livonian as spoken Soviet was been syllables and speakers), dialect +); chief remaining in 1989 Ingrian, in elaborated. their (Uv6d extracted East River, that occupation of speakers) in 1863 characteristic as to , compromise of were Kurland, the traditional Karelians. with revive is Livonian, historical Karelian Finnish, Randa); became and usually Gospel Fennic a from short The few and are the the of is Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 Map Source: Rising Delabialization The The Reminiscences Near-complete Translations Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian quantity (sP)" ?J-stems 'asunder'; 'edge dative 3.1 contrastive Adapted diphthongs tu+ (sP)" literary literary Fennic: (eesti case; E in patterns, oig?Jz of inflectional from azg?J loss of of scripture behaviour keel, language North/South language 'birchbark', metaphony; the Itkonen and of 'time, e.g. p[roto- E the older triphthongs into 1980.7, paradigms; k:'dgZD external (the weather of (formerly E E ]F[ style: Estonian and luoima bisyllabic Tartu ennic] as E E reproduced East/West 'ships', local maakeel) (sP), language) that E called 'warp E labial date cases. aiga a- E can k:'o+ig?J Ve in and (sNG)' Ve Divisions from the front Szfj is occur 'time, was a-stems spoken 1990: 1535. ; , 'ship used aiga weather in F L I E K Vo Ve 154. up Alongside language) in (sP)" 'edge mainly vis-a-vis Estonian Ingrian Karelian Finnish Veps Livonian Votic Southeast to (sNG)" five (sNG)', IUozm?J FENNIC in U-, the the tone . Estonia IQ+Qigi z- North South a+ig?J 'warp and and 97 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 Mulgi, Northeastern from 98 century; fIve later, Estonian. Western, Vaipooli Vaipooli, Votic Votic the « has usually undergone by with by protodialect; Northeast North stressed superseded (Vaipooli, is originally verb Votic war was Kukkuzi 'two' 1980s, very Estonian Coastal Northeast South Votic *-k) North the Bible retained prisoners main total data (similarly FENNIC by the had (vatPtPaa « of Teutonic Tartu, poorly and and and been North proper the syllables. Votic Estonian the on fIrst Estonian. in *kakcji Central Coastal (as from Northwest groups closer groups, preserved Estonian, Pontizoo, the characteristic almost -h, Krevin. North (5) degeneration the pF *st first dialects divided and they and in coastal half who attested. Estonian. which was the to probably (and > eastern South Order. Krevin South ceeti, syllable. to Voru < Estonian East is ss; and Estonian non-South probably share of all all were The other the The *kakti), the to spoken even into word-fInal Northeast the were dialect, Ingermanland, Maci, other are Estonian Eastern There Estonian Estonian, maaceeli) dialects). be westernmost Estonian. bank North Finnish moved East the Krevin Fennic seventeenth separated West of proto-Uralic) preferred: usually still never Estonian in split on the merger kuudzi Orko) changes was of Estonian), Estonian (2) 1739. Estonian and retained became dialects), the Estonian to dialects Tartu the dialect and This languages; -n dialects directly had together North never is With the southern East from classifIed in Luga characterized dialect presently dialects. *0 Livonian). (1) east the 'nail, classifIcation, up language *kti vicinity the was extinct in a was > *c Votic. Estonian whereas contrast Coastal, literary the back East has to from Votic than (3) River, of East with j *e > fIrst-person , influenced claw'. the of accordingly, coast e.g. spoken *kcji been exception the South in and unrounded into West of Votic to proto-Fennic. spoken Votic; in scripture. second began Votic Other about which latisi dialect Bauska, in three mouth (2) any of the Northeast influenced (consisting > On by three however, Votic East by Estonian proper. the *tjs\ Northeast, on proper, nineteenth with other fIrst 'child' loss the dialects in twenty singular half became extinct syllabic descendants Gulf of has the of a Votic vowel was coastal Latvia, main other by South *kt classifIcation the of of the other the dialect Votic Estonian In assimilated by of < is stem of (including a the stems > publication word-fInal of the *lapcji, some incompatible suffIx e. Finland, quantities dialect Coastal Luga (3) Coastal hand, groups: century *tt the about hand, villages Votic proper nineteenth loss from group East, and after of Insular, and cases around River. of it in chain katisi Votic of West were 1445 later and, into was and one and and has has the the the the the (1) (4) of -G of of -n in it Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 proper was Northeast susceptible dialects Ingrian, Ingrian Luga and 1000 or River River. the Sojkino of in Finnish Finnish north Southeast substratum land. Finnish). Southeast (Southwest divided and of Karelian called Tihvina, Russia, Karelian Karelian. spoken Kukkuzi 1932-7. Kukkuzi Finnish dialects, the North later by 1970s. originally North CEo Ingrian, of in The lower and livvin in into (suomen or resulting peninsula; the to Estonian In Vessi Karelian consists Finnish. outlying This Finnish and Izhor Upper The Pohjanmaa, Kukkuzi Votic Votic to for dialects Finnish, which some Lower Votic Gulf separate reaches kieli, gradation which a (Ves'egonsk), the East North North classification (izoran proper, substratum. kieli) of few Ingermanland Luga, from of is never An Luga Karelians parts .Ayriimoinen is as Hevaha Finland spoken Southern have have may groups. North Estonian, of spoken attempt of Fennic groups Ingrian is Deep dialect (ss or Ingrian. the of keeli, pF had which spoken well merged been Oredd, the - (or *k in Ingrian Luga has Valdai, Lower s) the dialect moved in North) Transitional, to North are that have earlier seems Tver' has Viena), split, are in have (still dialect, create been Southwest traditionally mainly vowel *ps River; Votic gone too was spoken dialect, developed Tolmaccu, is Luga , that Karelia. with and St annexed also after Fennicized somewhat assimilated and spoken an heterogeneous South, spoken to Petersburg traditionally proper *e. in was Soikkola Ingrian Ingrian East karjalan *c the *ks in Hiime, spoken Finland, 1617. Karelia. On South first before Karelia, classified by in Aunus possible on into and Finnish and by the literary is the and Russia) oversimplified: influenced the The South DjorZa. *st inland, Ingrian the keeli) Karelian hs spoken and Kukkuzi. front , Lude other classified vicinity basis probably (or but - and Orthodox to outlying (Savo Novgorod exception hz Pohjanmaa, language into vowels. may and Olonec) most became an Aunus (Karelian), hand, along is should of and, is by and Kukkuzi spoken of on a and *ss West have a served as Votic of Votic FENNIC scattered similarly regions the the both both population (Karelian), Ingerman- West regions was a which of Southeast extinct and which rather had form Rosona Finnish Koltusi Central proper Lower proper on banks as called made Votic Votic Lude five and the the are are 99 set be to of in of is Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 Lude ljaadjin dialects. Finnish Aunus undergone North Kuudarv Tolmaccu Matthew's Aunus written the Finnish been been peoples published. scripture Cyrillic dialects Veps Veps taught was script. 100 of a Veps with northeast based now North (ljadiikeP) (1) children, dialect ken literary North The Veps Russia. October on introduced: resistance printed make Russianized, prepared territories is is FENNIC In Veps at Karelian, Karelian. on fIrst and and the the have on kielji, a script. literary has been began which some and Lude 1938-9 language including of date dialect dialect Central gospel Since up is Under birchbark easternmost written different southwestern Lude the and the despite Revolution, been South the is a schools has A in from after on has dialect united St northern In spoken language. with this in however, closest chain massive was 1989 Aunus and classifIed made are the Soviet remained Petersburg 1820 for Lude Veps both document a Karelian the undergone 1940; primer, the was some created Lude degrees part and although North dialects under continuum efforts closeness that in in a Karelia Fennic to existed mostly Karelian. neighbours. StMatthew' nineteenth dialects power a Karelia Karelia. of coast found Lude In is since Orthodox Karelian. can into mixture closest (karjalan Karelians were their the for in in region 1931-7 have of that there language. strong be and Karelian Orthodox North, and administration Karelians of fact in ofN 1989, Karelians in in of in published. own A South Some divided to the were Lake been 1931-7. Novgorod. a primer which are may of and prayers century. Central orth For more South forTver' strip Veps. a kieli) has administration; South Tver' of attempts South Central, no new the is South made have Karelian Karelian Central fIrst It Onega Karelians even of literature school east into South and a properly in is Veps are were northwest region the Veps In spell literary Karelian In and spoken Karelians been close Karelia of of some North, by been Attempts often and and Tver' 1991 to 1804 Veps published books. in Aunus and the and to from Aunus share revive influence. a influenced Lude as and South Finnish. Karelia to started other a language new called St South in three region; these Central Central, is well of were dialect books influence. the Veps Petersburg was A and a two the some the to Karelian variant Karelian different school project few Veps. eleventh in as Karelian and efforts to books Veps, most published. South create fIrst Vologda different and but both this of containing In Veps close by primers features have based and a North other of books primer of innovative taught later used its (2) any Similarly, South scriptures Karelian. region. and have has Kuudarv for Karelian Karelian Karelian century, creating (bepsan the to former, proper. on region in areas: small Latin Until case, were have Veps been Veps have used East with met two and has the the the St Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 The close continuous This than the really heterogeneous both North-Fennic Saarnic same Classification and characteristic classified dialects, divided i.e. ignores Estonian, Maa which which words (= forms a can Figure of *s period and pF Since The Livonian, Recent Finnish, massive as be Fennic Fennic the have and putative Livonian time to resulting *ktt earlier were of North *s 3.1 classified with can main languages some on when more one the > the North namely as Votic) studies Scandinavians and : the *h the have Finnish languages Main introduction *kt back be Ingrian, being another: Estonian work numerals linguistic alongside common archaic intervocalically groups crucial common logical Saamic than basis from Fennic, via treated S split are This classification historical have of vocalism Coastal Estonian ascribed of that of and *htt North not the of divergence Karelian, North which from proto-Fennic-Saarnic. facts, features. they E. has have languages revealed innovations *tikti a their subgroups ancestor can Karelian the : as of numerous N. common Fennic Proto-Fennic *ht usually Fennic Estonian a have groupings to Baltic and Fennic Fennic namely been be have SetaHi., a proto-Fennic-Saarnic, most N 'one' > proto-Fennic, after Estonian For described group, +tt Veps) that *ns from been is expansion considered have formed, but and been important Dialects : ancestor and of were a languages, example, origin usually the several +d that innovations, exploits > non-initial and of proto-Fennic, rather Fennic, Germanic neighbours and s been as IMaa *kakti South the Fennic as Fennic still (1) in in in and Chude Kukkuzi over their South(west) dominating South important in called has into Fennie terms both the possible, a influenced to Neva dialects it such fact (2) blanket i.e. but 'two', Fennic has time, be syllable, languages neighbours; been borrowings Saarnic unlike Estonian for also Fennic. the occurred of Livonian, so innovations WLadoga Early the preserved and cf. Votic, N and the various into closely i.e. set innovations, Fennic several term split Figure Fennic dialect. is has by Saamic Fennic North and territories Starnmbaum in Proto-Fennic and up (2) North(east) This have not Fennic. which and after Common for is into there *8 some for South the dialects. related illative millennia; (1) connected 3.1. Fennie, ELadoga > different In as FENNIC simply more Votic classification are usually (= both it, former Fennic. *h, the short, has *e e.g. should but and If important Livonian, doubtless Estonian, *ti with Fennic. singular contrast > groups. Saarnic include Fennic model, been during *cj which rather at > *e what been non- stem with they 101 *si, the the » be in in a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 Fennic ending in Estonian 4 vowel negative perfect (3) 3 as also of corresponding 2 2 4 v. 3 3 as 2 *kiinti) 1 102 1 1 *anta- *lapcji a Dialects South *e *haina jQQrad jQQra: Livonian kQQ+d~ kQ{ttt~ tt aanda: aitd(~) laijs kaijs nattii hein NEstonian S arlD kii:iiz mets sejlG reflex the or in Estonian FENNIC *-a in participle]) *jarval*j1irve- kQQ+d~ kQ{ttt~ aitd(~) 'nail, D j the j imperative only Estonian *a 'to *-pi from 'child'); pN of of 'hay'; ala of in stem give' claw': *t several (e.g. Fennic to the another *kt, in ciiiisi mecca Votic eina selca Livonian . (2) *metsa Livonian kaks laps na+ad~D aandaB the Neva has, (2) Schematically: (4) *anta jarjv katte> « S anna? when s2 nominals Estonian the na+ad~D earlier language tjsi 'lake' *anna? unmarked forms lexical characteristically, j group instead : v. not < vowel : : jarve? and katte annai? Finnish kiinsi metsa heina selka *kci *metsa from sequence followed of laps kaks nantuD NEstonian annaB ei?) set, South that have the in « of present *e e.g. jarv Baltic, kahte kaht(e) NEstonian anna anna: which *antapi *kt have verb, 'forest'; characteristically Estonian corresponding *selka kjiinjz mjets Veps hein by sjeljg *nti, : before jai'veD indicative lira elsewhere (1) at cf. *i : there 'gives'): nahtu - kahsi lahsi Votic annaB e.g. least (as (4) j tjsi Lithuanian hiin v. ai *i), in *salka *kiinsi s are in from j1irvi Finnish kahteen kahta: anna? anna: for instead as *naktti Livonian kiinjtS metsa rona saalga a s3 shifted distinct to set bisyllabic in : forms the nahtu (1) j1irvet lapsi Finnish kaksi antaa 'back'; ala v. Livonian of *kakcji jaura). *kiincji pF of 'seen' the words, to instead the affirmative cluster diphthong *e-stems (3) Veps kaht anda: djfu"jv: djfu"jved anda a-stems mets kii:iiDjZ hain S salG < affricate [impersonal Livonian Estonian e.g. (both and *kakti *e lapsj kaks Veps nahtu andab : of *pc kahthe instead ala *heina forms South j j from such (e.g. j and '2'; *ei (as *ci is Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 North Figure 'sister' key: = * + + C 'DDHIJ v s 1M S *(*seppli: The *-ilen vocalism breaking *str> *e *iie breaking breaking * *slr> sl > > *rk» *0 ss 3.2 Fennic in Neva group *sr Ir-dr (Finnish, in in genitive of of of ) nominative the *seplin, I r the the *Ii North Kukkuzi Lower weak in and Soikkola Proto-Fennie secondary Hevaha e-stems has li *sepli degree Luga of Lower Fennic pluralic and several in (: *0 *seplin) *0, in tum and words *0, personal innovations i! Luga from may *i! characteristic with *oiw, Savakko pronouns Narvusi Ingrian, :··NC~~traiVep;···:o front be Kuudarv *eke SE Finnish N Aunus broken N SKarelian Finnish Karelian N N Karelian etc. Karelian Karelian Lude North - - - ••• ** 00 '" z x 00 Savo innovations, down *-pi> allative *is *p shortening shortening (I) *pp *v *j *Ik >d > *1 *iz *-hi *rk» Ott I? Karelian J :··NC~~traiVep;···:o *k _ > *-bi word-initially *kk into => > gJ *s is Coastal -h adessive II of of i);; word-initially s > > > P Ik in rr *0 *u -u/-u *VlsC North SKarelian b d present *a Estonian West e.g. everywhere g sisar, *i *8 in z > z Finnish ViC present *11 in s3 Fennic and *sesar *e voiced forms; PENNIe Soikkola postconsonantally s3 environments forms (2) and > syncopation *sisar Maa. 103 and Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 Estonian Hevaha back fIrst Chude change Phonology in innovations gives is in maaceeli mfike:el In Dialects Proper members which with various Voicing unstressed, patterning, Stress stem superstrata; a of on on In *g *0> *0 suffixes secondary (sIll)' 104 late therefore Chude East the The The The the > odd *z addition, all into *6 *p *maa vocalism, *e . rise Russian West FENNIC considers fIrst in group tendency interrelations maazikaz, in and Fennic Maa Maa *e *t Ingrian non-final of of in that 'Estonian two 'Votic the superstratum voiced non-fIrst *pp to stress, *k 'country, the > 0 syllable. voiceless more a Ladoga cf. Northeast shared often the various dialects few change group attract that (East in groups: Maa *tt influence Estonian in *0> language' dialects precise sizar, twenty-one towards e.g. Finnish environments, are than difficult. alternated *kk some Livonian syllables, with syllables language', group Estonian, merger land' may Quadrisyllabic *e secondary *0 Estonianp~Genemi:ne often kinds of and single into Estonian South, of ten and and Livonian > dialects identification stems, because mgpala:male trochaic a the for a are . itself *e and East unstressed, stems In of part to *ns few mQQ~k?Jz similarly of obstruents with types i.e. has the characterized gradational Aunus, Northeast any South speculation. marahvaz words Votic, cf. > Ladoga, Estonianp~Genemi:ne stress, of a be identification of mQQ~k?Jz and occurred there and (e.g. words it their *(V)s very stress event, of the kord North was subdivided and and South innovation. West with and in of South 'strawberry'). and and weaker *oppi- strong, is i.e. in 'lower is (e.g. longer the Estonian, Aunus 'time, which in Votic (mostly characteristic pairs 'the a Fennic counteracted Lude in a East most Most by there Ladoga, Estonian, North locally 'escaping', front tendency voicing about North Estonian several > of Estonian but variants words (sAll)" turn' there *pp Ladoga voiced into Karelian. Karelian words *eppi- one's probably, Contemplation is vocalism are Estonian conjunctions) and difficult twenty Estonian a : also that which North « One e.g. complex: are Maa *pp, morphologically have towards own dialect Votic have Finnishpqkenemi:nen. *p *p by mgpala:masse and 'learns'), people', cannot *kerta prevented *e> Ingrian and in common innovations *t certain *t stems. of *tt group, North secondary to there merged Estonian the common maazikkaz, proper). *k North *k the Veps *e is pinpoint, : trochaic < cf. be primary *tt, (or the in *s fIrst of Votic has *kerta), and derivational Fennic and are cf. Figure words considered into Figure the sizar) *B feature use *kk Estonian, the Estonian been syllable. There features and stresses Finnish also usually such *6 proper spread 'lower bound North of *b *d stress stress weak Votic : with split *y). 3.2, *kk and and 3.2 the the the by of as is Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 bisyllabic degeminated quinque for in exception Livonian In Finnish Livonian, monophthongs. rarely voiceless k!&.luma:ssapa vowels have namely, regularly voiced South syllable secondary Quantity secondary suffixes (sG)' (pIne)': and or and of and as caused come all similar syllable 'smith word-final (1) these in In In With pF geminate various the long geminate their Eurajoki : from assimilative most negative in Veps only fQdellise:ssa in sN:sG'. the preceding may k!&.armis cases syllabic even the dialects (from varieties of because initial single voiced vowels, attract secondary South a stress, form of former weakening second cases then exception vowel different Fennic be similar after consonants *1, as been 'being Southwest the the consonants syllables, reduced North This Most « and obstruents. e.g evolved lacks a there Karelian, environments; e.g. in all of the syllable, the monophthongization old single but *kuormisa quantity side-product Finnish 'real syllable rendered dialects kuudaanie longer which worn stress epenthesis, long process elqil reasons, weakening Fennic syncopation of primary negation of Setu are stress, as considerably. (sIne)'. the ones. a and Finnish were single vowels a out', e.g. new on Aunus cases 'I words the has In was dialects Finnish result varieties original do u, of dialects by 'in and the and at most *sepa: < stress, with stress degeminated. verbs set geminate evolved (2) In not < and loads of distinctive: cf. *kuldainje least of final fourth muur.mi:s have of with Lude of alternation short, of of otherwise *kglmassa:pa assimilative apocopation) live', Central original historically dialects Kuhmalahti geminate the of eil geminate has long have closedness Central (pIne)'), diphthongization *sepan of a so a consonants merged of syllable, and vowel short part secondary Finland, into 'not elii:iis Vom obstments remained diphthongs that monophthongs, preserved < Veps second-syllable « of there Veps, of Moreover 'neuk [non-past]' pF the is third and two stops or of Finland, a *muurami:sa with vocalization Estonian, stops 'I them motivated called e.g. *kultainen after Harne dialects the short of former initial did South 'in where were different single stress series and sN:sG', fixed their remained on Finnish posttonic original the in the not was the arose, a radical initial the the the non-initial both k!&.lumassa:pa (and Veps is long syllable rise distinction and geminates and live'. obstruents short on all of fusional formed comer degeminated not secondary contrast boundary *seppa: u. number 'golden'. from those of 'in fQdelli:sen a of second consonants. short again eS geminates in fourth but deviate voiceless fixed. syllable FENNIC formerly syllables syllable-final gradation. counterparts; a cloudberries South 'not new receives a as (sIne)' for syllables, and of negation with *seppan of In syllable syllable have became of a [past]') second of in stress, single result Veps, some (with more short of long long 'real and, into odd that that that 105 has the are In In in v. a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 complicated grade Livonian monophthongs. refers property followed alternations conditions Tone light ingly into Voru to *seplin, sucked'. Tone comparison of connection consonants a The delayed level First monophthongs Vowels slightly 106 and provided *lili *li *e *a *ee * *. 1 11 .. result the In heavy : pF a eight *li syllable long was proto-Fennie Estonian in tone. second to PENNIe of tonal of vowel rising) *sepli: peak. in *6 *66 *titi *ti Estonian short of the geminates by long they non-distinctive the syllables for long first with in In of feature long to reasons. at basis syllable, contrast change geminate the stressed system *seplin); syllables tone South, in where stressed were least syllables, Later, monophthongs the *a *aa stressed non-first grammars rise for the or and and merged distinction one In generalized some e.g. a of is North, existence as of to syllables, cf. syllabic partial Votic, syllables. strjJd stops of reconstructed were preconsonantal *0 *uu *u unstressed *00 in a distinctive original North and syllables syllables: Figure Q3, concurrent verb proto-Fennic. with (or three were and Finnish, generalized of vowel syllables between in Setu laryngealized of weight Q2 forms *u 3.2. geminate to the Syllables East syllabie reinterpreted the the that syllable, syllable to : soozj? long harmony. In strong feature *ti as back/front Ingrian light of first Estonian was and South, was weak of having, Non-first In *e *li *. and Q2 to stressed 1 quantities consonants Q2 'eat of long certain Livonian weight retained syllable grade except all re-interpreted have of tone) *a and and The Ql North, have (conditional), as long symmetrically, stressed pairs tone : *ti alternations North strong and distribution syllables lost *li of syllables was cases were in a but even are a and stressed in singles, pitch can *u that some the Q2 contrast developed Karelian non-first distinguished: changed. of syllables, only long East : *a after unvoiced be occurred *ti, are intervocalic as contour of , subdialects with nudzi of Estonian polarized syllables; e.g. of syllables: weak *0 seven obligatorily an of the eight heavy vowels the : syllables either *u *0 level no Accord- internal *seppli: and *6, former with with 'being vowel single weak short short long and and the Q3 Ql (or *h of as in in in in a a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 non-first but preceded first quantity Estonian, Veps; the to harmony. variation palatality palatality phoneme). syllables consequence different of first and accompany Table tions following *0 Notes: sources 3.3. standing reflex North *elB *elF *0 *0 *u *ti *a *. *li 1 initial The Some elaborate *i vowels even The the syllables syllable Estonian, standing *e 3.1 (3) WLi right syllable-quantity of could iii ielie rise u/ii u iii iii ielie liIii WZi a/~o monophthongization then and of components syllables o in Fennic the of in e The a/~o v. = / not the Proto-Fennie uo *u *0 the from On e/e in them. West North left the vowel e/e e/e only split of NF vowel non-palatality) tone has if in ill the great occur youngest changes to from the the a a CV-harmony = 0 Livonian word Livonian, dialects; slash been syllable *a; North *e first These if distinctions front of Fennic; loss correspondences other variability a not harmony, in > (3) slash proto-Fennic of occurs by l'elie u/ii ELi e/g u and a/aa iii iii ielie liIii *e Fennic. a any o in of short preceded diphthongs ELi speakers / and considerable *u distinctions vowels uo a : containing occurs e/e and the hand intervocalic for § *e e/e ~ non-first (2) e/e in syllable and = g/g 0 in some in F the monophthongs vowel in East oflong North (i.e., an in of the e.g., = non-first dee in Veps, other Livonian, *a weak front the but polyphthongic a Livonian, overview in of split other gradationless occurred was the 0 containing in systems Estonian. syllable; (1) the vocalism, *0 North and degree. first of monophthongs to reduction changes, Livonian, have consonants congruence regulated *e intervened. Livonian word the changes syllables alternations the NEsWSa syllable South ti Maa e ti ti ti ti ti u 0 e oe a i li > ti ti Paired Veps see and in split of often B (2) *tf by palatalized form = a Fennic any Tables such of their systems back Estonian, : non-first *ti and a reflexes have often = and by *0 are *e or have in syllable led ti the West NEsWSa 00 li ti ti ti ti ti ti ti and of of in vocalism. (Table assimilations in the Livonian > reflexes in as Estonian, languages yielded the the vowel consonant to ascribe 3.1 been Saareman alternate non-first *a *0 the in the following strong syllable consonants the and vowels occurred containing Fennic; and : 3.2) first other In rise *6 system ti loss a NF 0 li ti ti ti ti ti Maa degree ti ti the and Livonian, FENNIe regularly. dialects 3.2. considerable the and have in of syllables syllables of and only *ti, sources have feature Estonian, of rules: see (in the in breaking non-first contrac- Another and syllabic of tended any *6 a non- of vowel vowel which South Table if a same been one non- 107 not *a, (1) of of of in in Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 pF pF dialects in Table EEs Livonian WFi the Notes: Notes: SKa standing standing Table vocalism. *elF *elF *elB *oiIV *eu *au *ou *elB *8 *a *6 *eii *ai *ai *oi *ui *oii *iu *ii *il *aii *1 *U 108 In the multitude = = = East Livonian South West 3.3 3.2 ELi ELi 1 1 ie ie e il uo ELi (} a FENNIC number right right and In usually ei/g ei/e ei/e ei eUlg e oUl6 ou/6 ieu/ie gi/gi iu/iu ieu/ie uoi/uoi ui/ui ELi e aUlii ai/ai Estonian, = = Finnish, Estonian, Karelian, Proto-Fennic Proto-Fennic Estonian, East East from from /(} ei/~i gi/gi of fie Iii vg ij/8 ll/U Ulil ~/60/ EsSV ilIii ilia and Livonian, Livonian, a a of have diphthongs

NveK VoP slash slash ~/60/ a CSVec a vowels in reflex reflex = NEs eu/eli ellei eifel eifel eifel eifel Oi/Oi eu/eli au/ali ai/ai ai/ai oi/oi ai/ai iU/ili ui/ui only occurs occurs most = Votic Iii NEs u/il ~/g 6/8 e/e ala 0/6 Wiieateii WU ~e/oe NEs EsSV North diphthongs long = standing standing ae/al ae/ae oe/oe Central the proper, of occurring = in in in = monophthongs North Veps. the a the South vowels various syllable left weak and left Estonian Fi B II! Vie ij/ii8 iatiil iilJU Estonian, Uly uatuii ~e/oe ~/uo EEs ei/ee Voru and from d/e d/e eUl eu/ee ei/ee oi/8 = ui/oe EEs aUla ai/ae al/ae oi/oe al/ae iUlili = Southern from ~e/oe ~/uo degree. Finnish, back of in u a Fennic their Q2. a dialects /a /ii /ii a /6 slash non-first vocalism, slash i EEs I I I I I 6 e 0 a ii il ~ VoP a dialects e and Veps. EFiSa reflexes in occurs dialects. = occurs of East their a that a u ii iio uo Fi ie ie F Estonian, = 1U ei ei ei eii eu eu F Ul au ai aii ai oi 6i.i VoP = syllables. there Savo in Estonian, = front in ei position. reflexes front a ii ie the ea oa ie EFiSa syllable dialects vocalism, has NEs strong vocalism, ai ai oi oii oii ui lU el oi ou ai oii WFi oii oii Vop been = North of In North a of u u ie degree a ia ii ie SKa ua = Q3 Livonian B East-Finnish, Votic V a = and ai 1 1 I NVeK iiii iiu il iiu Ul au ai il iiu ai ii Estonian, = e reduction back Estonian and 0 e e a a 0 u CSVec e verb. proper, one one In the Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 dialects, In vowel uks bisyllabic syllable same 5 dialects, trisyllabic thirteen was vowels Consonants dialects degemination long Several shift apocopation, contrastive consonants, Estonian yielded postvocalic *v *0 *p *m Northeast syncopation (4) apocopated they Veps, Karelian 'hand'); and Common In In j the long < consonant of have Livonian, Votie four s i *t *n *r *1 *1 (except *uksi assimilative of occur. and a single consonants, innovations of save e.g. in except under (e.g. all series words all or and gone the vowels some series z proper consonants vowel; Fennie i especially in of a disyllabic Livonian, have to 'door') of Estonian with *s *j obstruents Voiceless Coastal longer weak Setu oflong *a/*ii similar the series South, Livonian, different geminates to with dialects of shifted occur vowel; a *k after influence s. (3) South viz. have degree *h *k *IJ and word palatalized following in from a In palatalized Estonian), conditions dentals, has North, mire, Central and except? long the vowels *ti Livonian) to Livonian led *g after extents, in to Estonian, the these has shifted in those longer fusion > voiced 5 has sand first Veps longer to of a Livonian *si and vowel regularly together and a the i dental andj front occur similarly processes occur, geminate and consonants syllable short Savo s consonants tjiitj,Jen in z words East of to b d and and rise has South Ingrian, words. when all after of may vowels, *c a in g has and Finnish, z first of , and been consonant with an been Fennic z, have have before non-first (Livonian shifted preceded Veps, be new < the consonants that which East In yielded open in and *mttaren syllable, palatalized. in in the regularly syncopated rise most been shifted and DjorZa other consonant have Votic, and Livonian, Karelian West dialects Ladoga front subsequent to short and triggered of syllables with East by usually apocopated. df,. a UkS, Finnish, non-first *h given Finnish. to 'daughter' Lude, but palatalized vowels South Veps, that i; second In apocopated there Estonian, ~ a (cf. Estonian that in and if series, Aunus, after following and Estonian had rise North *i, a the of and North Figure an apocopation Karelian, to has partial were Veps; syllables FENNIC (*kiisi zj; on some preceded syllable first to the earlier a In [sG]). viz. led, Lude, dental and elsewhere preceding long ukS, a fusion the probably rise 3.1); syllable in both parallel (except or Fennic (1) *j > South Veps; in same Voru Veps final final only total first in casi of 109 that and the the (2) (or all in or of a a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 reflexes within palatalized extensive forms fusional can changed The Morphology Nominal From within laa~ka pluralizer stops, frontlback formatives a genitive, gone it three three All Estonian, undergone singular lost 110 the phonetic *-ten) 'story': similar elsewhere. The The The The The Both (*-ine-) In translative be laa~ka in Fennic loss to exterior interior Common has and FENNIC elsewhere; the different Livonian, the genitive the pF weakening nominative weakening pN 'lazy'. zero and the Livonian of the effect. of partitive) changes: gamut, West triggered (-t, to contractions framework typological harmonic and and framework adverbial lo:oD sj changes intervocalic the languages structure plural; in partitive local local in The -d, (*-ksi), Mulgi the fusional Finnish, singular suffixless Fennic, weakened Livonian), Estonian, « from -D *-iten and abessive cases and genitive *-sen> cases of of proto-Fennic various singular *IUkOt) pairs or, of cases of and of syllable-initial the singular single Estonian, point the of a have effects contained non-first in various the has *h (illative and number suffixal (allative that in stem ala essive radical quasi-agglutinative Voru and stops, *-hen, include in (*-ttAk). assimilations and plural e.g. retained illative Tartu is probably at of e/e> stops have Livonian, in Votic. allomorphs. unmarked. The (*-ta) lo:oD least South view, kinds (*-nA), *-sen, Estonian, had where syllables of gradation, Fennic. *-len, have gradation, ii/u): South two *-lnA had altered (the adverbial and initial its at The single three 'islet': pluralizers, in and Estonian the inessive and led least the ending adessive as Estonian, Estonian). adessive uppercase the > and Livonian, change everywhere word many in -? Fennic *-1lA. the ending to and grammatical exhibit instructive ten stops pN and contractions cases, < posttonic North an (*-n) partitive nominative *-snA, the *-t) adverbial lo:oD structure, naaz!e? *-lnA, as the *-snA endings The increase *-i- Votic after dialects letters *-ten further and for five a in or Fennic subsequent in and « great suffix North elative is (*-in), ablative the unstressed the > and unstressed Fennic paradigmatic *lootot). 'women', plural cases in unmarked cases. that A E e.g. underwent *-hnA *-t. loss of most range plural ending and Finnish North variety *-hen Fennic *-stA); homophonous the have Estonian U of (nominative, except *-ltA); (*-ita) Votic part occurred loss comitative render weakened across ends Livonian and radically has *-iten syllables syllables (*-t and has of in certain of forms to Veps. have been lUGU both East case in had lost has the the the an (> in a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 translative Ingrian Pohjanmaa with South direction of analogical exterior The The the result Votic the Verb the Non-finite secondary characterized all and adessive an adverbialized imperative East Fennic two where lapst~ proto-Fennic pluperfect; Finite from conditional, imperative; in Aunus, present s3 *-tV, The Proto-Fennic accusative the forms the Fennic elative postposition most translative instructive aspects Votic the Fennic with Inflection those ending (from from Fonn Estonian imperative, the distinguishes inessive third-person 'all Lude, indicative and inessive, case ending, of. of have diverse -mmAG, elative second person forms dialects; and change. the fusion the and West North the this Finnish Categories (affirmative and The verb finite case forms. in forms and perfect no property the and and former potential) terms had (with and the *kera). include same and Finnish *-1lA. essive of and personal pluralizers form. Estonian are Veps Hevaha which ablative in has especially verb The new the former two potential Some was the singular only the adessive *-pi and entirely ablative of reflexes ending postposition finite remains as North comitative and Veps following change Livonian numbers: participles, had comitative allative and person at singular is had pluperfect a and for « Finnish Ingrian ending: have (but case case either least in in at negative), dialects *-pA) probably the forms no and some unmarked, and and endings endings four certain also -hn, different least to was with and forms has *-len merged comitative sl partly had singular has -mmAn, Karelian, Ingrian a [the] personal South in non-finite into endings tenses *kans(s)a), from infinitive, occurs been reminiscence reintroduced number, were form; -h, toponyms had two the have South no South a > and have only and children'); four in or an dative adessive. dialects with *-llen lost the Karelian the voices personal composites). Central and postpositions. several s2 (present, analogy -n); in instrumental endings: Estonian, the have have later, often moods Estonian , present in personal the elsewhere gerund *-t, forms. plural, the and in and in Livonian a postposition (personal added into become inessive appeared In e.g. been secondary Veps of except -n Livonian similar ending; have reflexive at and in to aspect, (indicative, certain Aunus, imperfect, sl the participle or and and least the Finite many Lude verbs. Voru the ending in Votic formed -mAio *-n -~ merged the (ama same case and literary supines. in three the non-productive and change new and pI mood Estonian, in has also Lude, « lexicalized and Estonian the (ama s3 s3 case conjugation Otherwise, forms pronouns in indicative, *pain *-mV FENNIC Estonian and the period *-m), persons. *-sen impersonal), suffix forms on perfect, forms form South, conditional, Veps imperative, the language). forms and and viiPa adessive; in the uses merged can illative 'in and except of in Votic, South -mE?, tense. in (from *-pA; Veps, or come basis East, have The that and and and 111 the the the the the the the feb p2 an be of in Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 lala- p3 Later, Perhaps the preceding suffix could all could ization in impersonal Livonian, nominal Note suffix endings. form an and with transforming with negation sleeping also 112 only followed locally below), parallels stem. exception e-stems appropriate The where North, *-k-. The Corresponding impersonal The The the other ended suffix p2 conditional has the in the (inflected that The Elsewhere say was FENNIC of *-tte- the the be indicative forms. and is sl negative in indicative the is and corresponding s3 or already at in a corresponding verb in still in *-pA, in the Insular that imperfect imperfect ending replaced Livonian thought present-tense simply of passive: e.g. East the infinitive indicative forms other suffix the tense the and the in the Coastal possible voice a present *e- concert' in present Estonian the latter i.e. Estonian, predicate forms often mood imperative the in Pinno-Ugric object Estonian, and has the followed end or to mood *-tA- (inflected to *-pA-t. proto-Pennic, imperfect a by suffix unmarked in negation is the mood be subject imperative) case been mood) Estonian, transitive in also the in built proto-Pennic. in marker indicative or passive »kontsemil the into a impersonal or suffix: six has a all Pennic verb kaks and imperative, special tense was the the imperfect *-ttA-, form. by lost result the forms in with tenses a in two was and form languages. subject the from by sentence suffix comes in *-set *-s(i)-, sl the verb. negation in me:est *-k-me- clause where or have the followed In followed simultaneously of tenses. by any pluralizer the forms the Livonian, (2) that impersonal has mood and indicative) forms, *-isi- contamination. Livonian, (> the Prom *-mme- The suffix preterite of maGattakse and from an indicative pI cf. been the only make with the moods has maGaVaD *-het); main the > verb were The imperfect Livonian suffix s3 in and replacing ending a by by *-mme-, while suffix no the *-i-, *-ksi- formed *-t, Votic transformational three the passive South up became present verb also the the p2 in South, formal or replaced form participle. elsewhere present-tense shared in the predicate except removed. all can a main, other suffixes main persons, -iksi- and 'one in the kontsemil has *-sen. s3 indicative Estonian, Although prohibitive or by personal Pennic the *-k-te- forms Livonian, that i+z, and generalized is present subject. a North be imperfect with means sleeps forms verb or in mood active of mostly built The South East the Both verb contained lexical, made assimilated the singular monosyllabic are Such languages other > indicative Pennic, forms; voice mood perspective, *-ksi- and indicative with at tense of have 'two Voru *-tte; suffix corresponding negation predicate homophonous verb Estonian, and in by Estonian models the impersonal- an forms passive forms. East to verb a there the s3 stem or and the in concert'. auxiliary Estonian men or these elii-liilii- personal later other with and, (I) forms. except plural, South, to Votic. mood suffix mood in (used usual *-isi- verb, after have verb The was (see ess. and and the the the are the we are (3) the pI by Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 Non-finite identical personal has built predicatives, preserved preterite are indicating Livonian Proto-Fennic All narrative) ples Syntax suffixes and (originally languages The Estonian means Baltic, Vocabulary the All these *t *-kA- stages ancient from agree to *-mAsnA, siderably of Livonian a Infinitives negation been sometimes imperative Fennic Fennic lesser Common the are known with stems; with in (protolanguages) of Germanic, Indo-European have personal p2, preserved inflected the impersonal with in lesser and the and mainly Form adjectives, extent, ablative their a the languages the dialects and verb contact (2) and *-nUt, impersonal simultaneous and had built suffix*-mA- contaminated the Livonian, Fennic moods treated their present head inessive extent, *-ko- stems Categories participle often in jussive. Estonian as four into and with as as *-mAstA, North have languages, components the common noun k in participles, and and nominals. in are as vocabulary participles: Slavonic Estonian; of follows only into and which languages the participles s3, Latvian present *-tU/*-ttU. of suffixes unknown These at in SOY Fennic. plus in or action. suffix have one other: Estonian; p3 in imperfect least the Livonian case translative a continue protoform. East the and chiefly spread a borrowings; languages. are (5) infinitive) In of case two borrowings impersonal of *-tAk and one the contains The into main the Supines Votic have origin; ratio composite several Low different Participles some present (6) are number. suffix, of additional gerund there impersonal. Swedish forms imperative proto-Uralic, pF verb. *-mAksi, served become this and obliqua and more Russian The or (3) In (1) pronouns that are dialects has (4) Hevaha *t e.g. personal High German of Common origin, into in built contrast stems In perfect or potential stems as borrowings to stems verbal been the functions passive occurred analogues *-tApN*-ttApA, Voru moods, less abessive illative the borrowings has both The Livonian with and borrowed the Ingrian. this auxiliary in impersonal either obligatory. inherited the borrowed in and s2 Estonian to subjects adverbs, Fennic, the derivates participles. in preterite the *-pA, -iksi- *-mAsen, imperative markers most the *-mAttAk. as pluperfect into as of borrowings loss role *-ne- and, suffix (on quotative the FENNIC attributes, from various an verb may other Finnish from the and viz. and into of of formed participle. built indicative a to *-k participle has adverbial the preterite attribute and inessive massive *-tesnA objects. well Partici- in ancient marker 'is'. Fennic a earlier Uralic forms in Veps been from final con- and, into 113 the (or s2, by be In as Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 languages. kinship ------relating --- borrowings. scale) (however, continuous. References Latvian Hofstra, Ariste, *pelto *heina/*haina Laanest, Posti, Kettunen, Vaba, Suhonen, 10 114 Viks, Viitso, 'tooth'); 'log, ferschen Turning Indiana dlicher Denderen Societe Ougrienne. and Helsinki: Finno-Ougrienne. Painatuskeskus, borrowings the Sprachen', Orientalistik ugrovedenie Literature. Uralic D. pole'). L. consonant FENNIC L. into T.-R. Grammar, 'field', P. (1938) (1914) (1954) (1960) A. (1992) T. terminology. to (1942) about borrowings S. L. Languages: Ostseeraum (1990) (1968) Finno-Ougrienne. University: fewer (1982) Dialekts, (1985) (1988) Karelian, to Societe agriculture (1913) B.Y. (1978) There Baltic 'From A the Suomen and *laiva 8/1, 14: from Lautgeschichtliche Livisches 500 Grundziige system', in 'hay', Concise A Tallinn: than Einfiihrung 'Die pp. Ostseefinnisch 'Geschichte 18-106. Lautgeschichtliche oldest Leiden: Finno-Ougrienne. was 'The Grammar loans Helsinki: Further Slavonic Pre-Finnic and Mouton. Itiimerensuomalaiset Description, im 125-39. 'boat, Veps, and 200 The liihisukukielten baltischen and a *jiirviJ*jarva FUF Lichte history Morphological Estonian Worterbuch borrowings, Germanic from long Brill, der of between ship', flow Votic, in technology, Societe 31: der (e.g. of these der die to livischen Reading time of Germanic pp. und 1-91. ostseefinnischen the Late Academy Sondementlehnungen History Darstellung ostseefinnische of Finnic Forschung *kuniIJkas *hauki Ingcian 288-313. Finno-Ougrienne. are Untersuchung interval, borrowings Germanisch. Die Votic the Germanic luonteenomaiset Proto-Finnic: mit there Dictionary 'lake', Lautgeschichte, absolutely certain, 0 but and oldest (e.g. grammatischer 'pike', Language, of of and, kielikontaktit, are seit Sciences, the Foreign also though, 'king', iiber *lampas *ttittar Sprachen, 1961, to Sprachen', about loanwords first of Slavonic include *vilja iiber studies topographic, a Estonian, den *kurkku lesser Bloomington-The syllable', piirteet, Lehnbeziehungen Influences, Groningen: den between Institute in 400 Helsinki: 'property; 'daughter', Vokalismus 'sheep', on Einleitung, a Hamburg: kodaferschen Dialekt, den in e.g. and loans Helsinki: extent, number the vol. must D. Helsinki: of 'throat'); Sovetskoe ostseefinnischen the development Sinor *kirves Societe Old I. somatic, Handbuch Language Drukkerij *kana from crop', Introduction have Baltic into Buske. des of *sampas (ed.), Helsinki: Russian im Societe Hague: Valtion Baltic Finno- 'hen', 'axe', terms finno- about other *sirti koda- been nor- and and The van and der of