This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 25 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK The Uralic Languages Daniel Abondolo Fennic Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 Tiit-Rein Viitso Published online on: 18 Dec 1997 How to cite :- Tiit-Rein Viitso. 18 Dec 1997, Fennic from: The Uralic Languages Routledge Accessed on: 25 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. 3 Fennic Tiit-Rein Viitso The Fennic branchof the Uralic family is a dialect continuumthat is usually divided into seven languages:Livonian, Estonian, Votic, Ingrian, Finnish, Karelian and Veps. A Lude languagehas sometimesbeen extractedfrom Karelian as an eighth language,but Ludes identify themselvesas Karelians. Estonian (one million speakers)and Finnish (five million speakers)are discussed in separate chapters in this volume. The remaining Fennic languageshave becomelanguages of bilingual minorities in their traditional territories; they are Votic (25 speakers),Ingrian (300 speakers),Karelian (62,500 speakers)and Veps (6,000 speakers)in Northwest Russia, and Livonian (15 native speakers)in Latvia. Livonian j j Livonian (liiv6 keel, raandakeel 'coastlanguage'), as spokenin Kurland, is relatively homogenous.Three dialects, West, Central and East Livonian, differ from eachother only slightly. The poorly attesteddialect of historical Livonia, spokento the north of the lower reachesof DaugavaRiver, became extinct in the nineteenthcentury. There has been literature in Livonian since the translationof the Gospel according to Matthew into Western and EasternLivonian in 1863 and the publicationofthe samegospel in a Central-and-EasternLivonian compromise languagein 1880. In the 1920s a new orthography was elaborated.The Livonian literary languagewas annihilated with the Soviet occupationof Latvia. Most Livonians were forced to leave their homeland(Uv6d Randa); they now live scatteredamong other nations. Not until 1989 were a few booklets publishedonce again in Livonian and efforts begun to revive the language. Livonian is the most innovative Fennic language.The chief characteristic featuresof Livonian are: Two distinctive lexical tones: the level tone and the glottalizedllaryngealized one (or stf/Jd; often from *h; indicatedin this chapteras +); Gradation of both historically long and short stressedsyllables with short vocalism; Long and shortfalling diphthongsuo: uo, Ie: ie; 96 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 FENNIC 97 Map 3.1 Fennic:North/South and East/West Divisions E E Ve Ve F Finnish E K Karelian E E E Ve Veps E I Ingrian E Estonian E Vo Votic L Livonian E E Source: Adaptedfrom Itkonen 1980.7,as reproducedin Szfj 1990: 154. Rising diphthongs and triphthongs that can occur in up to five tone and quantity patterns,e.g. k:'dgZD 'ships', k:'o+ig?J 'ship (sP)" IUozm?J 'warp (sP)" tu+ oig?Jz 'birchbark',luoima 'warp (sNG)', aiga 'edge(sNG)', a+ig?J 'edge(sP)" azg?J 'time, weather(sP), aiga 'time, weather(sNG)" IQ+Qigi 'asunder'; Delabializationof the p[roto-]F[ ennic] labial front vowels; Reminiscencesof metaphony; The contrastivebehaviour of bisyllabic a- and a-stems vis-a-vis U-, z- and ?J-stemsin inflectional paradigms; The dative case; Near-completeloss of the externallocal cases. Estonian Estonian (eesti keel, older style: maakeel) is spoken mainly in Estonia. Translationsof scriptureinto Estoniandate from 1535. Alongside the North Estonianliterary language(formerly called the Tallinn language)the South Estonianliterary language(the Tartu language)was usedin SoutheastEstonia Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 98 FENNIC from the fIrst half of the seventeenthup to the secondhalf of the nineteenth century; the degenerationof the Tartu languagebegan with the publicationof the Bible in North Estonianin 1739. Estonian dialects are usually classifIed into three main groups: (1) Northeasterncoastal dialect, (2) North Estonian (consisting of the Insular, Western, Central and Easterndialects), (3) South Estonian (including the Mulgi, Tartu, andVoru dialects).This classifIcation,however, is incompatible with data from the other Fennic languages;accordingly, a classifIcationinto fIve main groups is to be preferred: (1) Coastal,(2) Northeast,(3) East, (4) North and (5) South Estonian. With the exception of the Coastal and Northeastgroups, all Estonian dialects contrastthree syllabic quantities in stressedsyllables. The North Estonian literary dialect has assimilatedand supersededalmost all otherEstonian dialects. CoastalEstonian, spoken on the southerncoast of the Gulf of Finland, was originally closer to the Finnish dialects than to any other dialect group of Estonian.Coastal Estonian never had the backunrounded vowel e. Northeastand East Estonian,together with Votic proper, stem from one protodialect; they sharethe merger *0 > *e in about twenty stems and the assimilation*st > ss; NortheastEstonian has beeninfluenced by Coastaland, later, by North Estonian.East Estonian was influencedfIrst by Southand later by North Estonian. SouthEstonian probably split directly from proto-Fennic.In somecases it hasretained pF (and evenproto-Uralic) *cj, e.g. latisi 'child' < *lapcji, katisi 'two' « *kakcji < *kakti), kuudzi 'nail, claw'. On the other hand, it has undergonethe characteristicchanges *kti > *kcji > *tjs\ *kt > *tt after the vowel of the first syllable. Votic Votic (vatPtPaa ceeti, maaceeli) is presently spoken in coastal villages of Vaipooli, Northwest Ingermanland,east of the mouth of the Luga River. Vaipooli Votic was the westernmostdialect of Votic proper. Votic properhas usually beendivided into West and EastVotic. West Votic was a dialect chain (Vaipooli, Pontizoo, Maci, Orko) characterizedby loss of word-fInal -G « *-k) and -h, which were still retainedin EastVotic; on the otherhand, West Votic had preservedword-fInal -n in the fIrst-person singular suffIx of the verb (similarly to non-SouthEstonian), whereas in East Votic the loss of -n was total (as in South Estonianand Livonian). Other dialects of Votic were Kukkuzi on the easternbank of the Luga River, which became extinctin the 1980s, and Krevin. The Krevin dialect was spokenby descendantsof Votic war prisonerswho were movedto the vicinity of Bauska,Latvia, about 1445 by the Teutonic Order. Krevin becameextinct in the nineteenthcentury and is very poorly attested.There was nevera Votic scripture. Votic properprobably separatedfrom Eastand NortheastEstonian around Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:16 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315003283, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315003283.ch3 FENNIC 99 1000CEo In Votic proper,pF *k hasgone to *c beforefront vowels. Kukkuzi Votic never had the vowel *e. On the other hand, both Votic proper and Kukkuzi have merged*ps and *ks into hs - hz and, similarly to Northeast and East Estonian, have assimilated *st to an *ss which is susceptibleto gradation(ss - s) in Votic properand Kukkuzi. Kukkuzi Votic was originally a North Fennicdialect that was first influencedby Votic proper andlater byLower Luga Ingrian. Ingrian Ingrian, or Izhor (izoran keeli, earlier also karjalan keeli) may havehad five dialects resulting from dialect split, with the possible exception of Lower Luga Ingrian, which may well have developedon the basisof a Votic proper or Kukkuzi Votic substratum.Lower Luga Ingrian is spokenalong the Rosona River in EstonianIngermanland (still annexedby Russia)and on both banks of the lower reachesof the Luga River; Soikkola Ingrian is spokenon the Sojkino peninsula;Hevaha Ingrian is spokenin the vicinity of the Koltusi River. The Upper Luga, or Oredd,dialect, spokeninland, becameextinct in the 1970s. The North Ingrian that was spokenby the Orthodox population north of the Gulf of Finland has beenFennicized and probably servedas the substratumfor the .Ayriimoinen dialect, traditionally classified as a form of SoutheastFinnish. An attemptto createan Ingrian literary languagewas made in 1932-7. Finnish Finnish (suomenkieli) is spokenmainly in Finland, Sweden,and Ingerman- land. Finnish dialects have been traditionally classified into West Finnish (SouthwestFinnish, SouthernTransitional, Hiime, SouthPohjanmaa, Central and North Pohjanmaa,Deep North) and East Finnish (Savo and Southeast Finnish). This classification seems somewhat oversimplified: West and SoutheastFinnish as groups are too heterogeneousand should rather be divided into separategroups. Karelian Karelian consistsof North (or Viena), South, Aunus (or Olonec) and Lude Karelian. North Karelianis spokenin North Karelia.