HUMANITARIAN AID AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN JEBEL INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLES CAMP, JUBA COUNTY, CENTRAL EQUATORIA STATE SOUTH SUDAN

BY NGUNJOCK CHUOL DOJIOK REG: NO ~MDS/3O151/141/DF

A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE COLLEGE OF HIGHER DEGREES AND RESEARCH IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY KAMPALA UGANDA

MAY, 2016 ~ ~ IC DECLARATION

“This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree or any other academic award in any university or institution of higher learning”.

NGUNJOCK CHUOL DOJTOK

(~ /ocf~~~ DATE APPROVAL

“I confirm that the work presented in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under my supervision”. As a supervisor I

Dr. CHRISOSTOM OKECH (PHD)

Date DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this piece of work to my beloved parents, my late father Mr. Chuol Dojiok Biliew, My late Grand mother Nyaruot Koal and my mother Ms. Nyagon Thon Rom, who brought me up in the best possible way and for the all support they have given to me from my childhood, for without their contribution, this work could have not been possible and I wouldn’t be as I’m today .l’m very gratefhl to them. Also dedicated to my darling wife Akmnpurira Caroline Chuol Dojiok and my children, Buomkuoth, Tethloach, Both and Duoth for all their support and patience for the ‘whole ofthis studies.

‘II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to give Honour and Glory to the Almighty God for the blessing I received from him, knowledge, skill and understanding and for taking care of my family, parents and the rest of relatives while I was away for studies.

My heartfelt gratitude goes to my supervisor Dr.Chrisostom Okech (PhD) for patiently guiding and correcting me in this study. I greatly appreciate his professional advice and critical analysis, may glory be up on him.

My heartfelt gratitude and my special thanks goes to my senior mentor, Dr. Riek Gai Kok, the current Minister of Health, Government of Republic of South Sudan and the former President of Coordinating Council for the ten Southern States, for both financial and moral support he give me, may Almighty God blessed him and his entire families. I wish him success in his political career.

My special thanks also goes to my friend and workmate, Mr Ajang Ajang Lino, head of Large Tax payer Unit in the national directorate of taxation, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning government of the Republic of South Sudan for funding this research project, paying a complete one year of my tuition fees and for all the financial support through out my study, May God bless him and his entire families.

I would also like to extend my appreciation to my friends, Shalon Tushabe for helping me to print this manuscript, Comrade Rick Bim Top, Dak Kuany Deng, Dak Tap Kuolang for their moral support and the entire colleagues at the College

iv of Higher Degree and Research at Kampala International University, Kampala Uganda.

I would also like to recognize the effort of the Lecturers of Kampala International University, who made tireless effort of directing, guiding and above all to deliver their services to enable me to complete this two years course at this Institution. Above all, I could not fail to recognize the great effort and contribution of the Government of Republic of Uganda, for creating a conducive environment for the learning throughout my studies in exile. May Almighty God bless the people in Uganda.

V TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration I

Approval II

Dedication III

Acknowledgements IV

Table Of Contents VI

Abstract X

~ 1

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background Of The Study 1

1.1.1 Historical Background 1

1.1.2 Theoretical Background 5

1.1.3 Conceptual Background 6

1.1.4 Contextual Background 8

1.2 Statement Of The Problem 9

1.3 Purpose Of The Study 11

1.4 Research Objectives 11

1.5 Research Question 12

1.6 Hypothesis 12

vi 1.7 Scope .12

1.8 Significance Of The Study .13

1.9 Operational Definition Of Key Terms 14

Chapter Two 16

LITERATURE REVIEW.~ ...... 16

2.0 INTRODUCTION...... 16

2.1 Theoretical Perspective 16

2.2 Conceptual Framework 20

2.3 Related Literature 21

~~ ,o,000,000n00000000000000000000000000000000n,00000000000000,0000000.,00000,,o,,,,,00, 50

METHODOLOGY ~ 50

3.0 Introduction 50

3.1 Research Design 50

3.3 Research Population 51

3.4 Sample Size 51

3.5 Sampling Procedures 51

3.5.1 Instruments For Data Collection 52

3.5.2primary Sources 52

3.5.3 Secondary Data 53

3.5.6 Questionnaires 53

VII 3.6 Validity Of The Instruments .54

3.7 Reliability Of The Instruments 54

3.8 Data Gathering Procedures 56

3.9 Data Processing 56

3.10 Ethical Consideration 58

3.11 Limitations Of The Study 58

CHAPTER ~ 60

DATA PRESENTAION, ANALYSIS AND RP, ...... 60

4.0. Introduction 60

4.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics Of Respondents 60

4.2 To Establish The Level Of Humanitarian Aid 63

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMEDATIONS ...... ,.76

5.0 Introduction 76

5.2 Conclusion 86

5.3 Recommendations To The International Agencies 88

5.3.1 Humanitarian Assistance Programs 88

5.3.2 Food Security And Livelihood Response 88

5.3.3 Logistics Response 88

5.3.4 Camp Coordination And Shelter/Nfl Response 89

VIII 5.3.5 Recommendation To The Government 90

5.3.6 Recommendation On Poverty Alleviation 91

5.4 Areas For Future Research 92

References 93

Appendix 1 105

Questionaires Of Humanitarian Aid Poverty Alleviation 105

Appendix Ii 106

Informed Consent 106

Demographic Charateristic Of The Respondents 107

Certificate 107

ix ABSTRACT The study explored the effect of humanitarian aid on poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced people’s camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. The study was guided by the following objective (i) To establish the level of Humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan, (ii) To investigate the level of Poverty Alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan, (iii)To find out the significant relationship between Humanitarian Aid and Poverty Alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. The researcher used a descriptive correctional design. Data was collected using self administered questionnaires. A sample of 176 was used out of the 314 population. The major findings where level of humanitarian aid was moderate with mean (mean=2.6 1) and the level of poverty eradication was also moderate with mean (mean=2.69), On average, income redistribution was the highly rated with (mean= 2.83), followed by health, food and water at a (mean= 2.71), provision of skills and training (mean 2.65), and lastly education (mean 2.55) respectively. On overall, two (2) out of (20) rated very high equivalent to strongly agree on the rating scale used, fifteen (15) were rated high equivalent to agree on the rating scale used and three (3) were rated low equivalent to disagree on the rating scale used respectively. On the Relationship between Level of humanitarian Aid and level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. The Humanitarian Aid and poverty alleviation are significantly correlated (r -0.355).the sig. value indicate that there is positive and significant correlation (sig. = 0.000 <0.05) leading to a conclusion that humanitarian Aid significantly improves poverty alleviation at 5% level of

ix significance. The indicate that Humanitarian Aid significantly affects poverty alleviation (F22.290, sig. =0.000). The results indicate that the three constructs of humanitarian Aid included in the regression model contribute over 12% towards variations in all the three aspects of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan (Adjusted R2 0120). The researcher recommended that the funding agencies should maintain a central emergency fund with “notwithstanding capabilities”, dedicated to humanitarian assistance in Jebel internally displaced people’s camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan.

xi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1,Olntroduction This chapter consisted of the background of the study, the problem statement, purpose of the study, research objectives, and research question, scope of the study, hypothesis, and significance of the study and the key definition of terms

1.1 Background of the study Lii Historical background The beginnings of organized international humanitarian aid can be traced to the late 19th century. One of the first such examples occurred in response to the Northern Chinese Famine of 1876—1879, brought about by a drought that began in northern China in 1875 and lead to crop failures in the following years. As many as 10 million people may have died in the famine (Branczik, 2004).

British missionary Timothy Richard first called international attention to the famine in Shandong in the summer of 1876 and appealed to the foreign community in Shanghai for money to help the victims. The Shandong Famine Relief Committee was soon established with the participation of diplomats, businessmen, and Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries, (Shepherd, 2013). To combat the famine, an international network was set up to solicit donations. These efforts brought in 204,000 silver teals, the equivalent of $7—i 0 million in 2012 silver prices, (Angrosino, 2001).

According to (Arjun, 2006), a simultaneous campaign was launched in response to the Great Famine of 1876—78 in India. Although the authorities have been

1 criticized for their laissez-faire attitude during the famine, relief measures were introduced towards the end. A Famine Relief Fund was set up in the United Kingdom and had raised £426,000 within the first few months. Early attempts were in private hands, and were limited in their financial and organizational capabilities. It was only in the 1 980s, that global news coverage and celebrity endorsement were mobilized to galvanize large-scale government-led famine (and other forms of) relief in response to disasters around the world. The 1983—85 famine in South Sudan caused upwards of 1 million deaths and was documented by a BBC news crew, with Michael Buerk describing “a biblical famine in the 20th Century” and “the closest thing to hell on Earth”, Bradley (2003)

Live Aid, a 1985 Famine in Ethiopia which also causes a lot of death and migration, fund-raising effort headed by Bob Geldof induced millions of people in the West to donate money and to urge their governments to participate in the relief effort in Ethiopia. Some of the proceeds also went to the famine hit areas of Juba,(Antoine, 2004).

Globally, the number of people in absolute poverty has been in decline for around 25 years, yet in Africa it is still increasing. The challenge of poverty Alleviation in Africa is of a different order from that elsewhere and will require different strategies. Other low income regions are growing rapidly, and there the issue is how to diffuse growth. In the middle-income regions redistribution could radically reduce absolute poverty. Africa has not been growing and its income level is too low for redistribution to resolve poverty, (Chen, 2005). Hence, Africa’s problem is to break out of an economic poverty stagnation that has persisted for three decades. This study deploys existing primary research into

2 an integrated argument that accounts for South Sudan’s economic poverty distinctiveness and derives implications for international policies for poverty Alleviation,(Claire,20 11).

According to (Crilly, 2010), stated that after decades of brutal civil war that left two and a half million dead, the devastated and vastly underdeveloped southern part of Sudan secured independence in 2011. The world’s youngest nation came into existence amid great challenges. Secession from Sudan marked a major milestone and a fresh opportunity for South Sudanese. But massive state- corroding corruption, political instability within the ruling party, the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), and persistent tensions with Sudan over the sharing of oil revenues left South Sudan deeply vulnerable to renewed conflict.

On December 15, 2013, tensions between factions loyal to President Salva Kiir, and those aligned with his former Vice President, Riek Machar, exploded into fighting on the streets of Juba, the capital city. South Sudan’s dramatic return to war has torn communities apart and left countless thousands dead. As of September 2014, 1.8 million people were still too afraid to return to their homes. Even through humanitarians have given assistance to over 3.1 million people in South Sudan, they estimate that at least 2.2 million were still facing either crisis or emergency levels of food insecurity. This puts them at just one level under levels during a “famine” or “humanitarian catastrophe” (Crilly, 2010).

In order to secure a durable peace, South Sudan’s warring elites need to begin to feel the consequences of their actions. Negotiations led by the East African Inter

3 Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), which includes Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Sudan and Uganda, have so far failed to yield an agreement. Although neighboring states have threatened to impose punitive measures, including asset freezes and travel bans, on individuals obstructing the peace process, deadlines have passed without action. The regional heads of state have met over a half a dozen times to discuss the situation in South Sudan, but these extraordinary summits have done little to stem the violence. Without regionally and globally enforced sanctions on key individuals and credible threat of prosecution for mass atrocities and human rights violations, the civil war looks set to intensify, (Crilly, (2010).

During the present decade South Sudan’s growth has accelerated, although not sufficiently rapidly to prevent continuing divergence. This may mark a decisive turnaround in the region’s economic performance, but much of it is accounted for by the boom in the world prices of South Sudan’s commodity exports, by the scramble to extract its raw materials, and by recent peace settlements. Each of these is a fragile basis for sustained growth. Hence, South Sudan’s longer economic poverty experience remains pertinent. On average over the period 1960- 2000 South Sudan’s population-weighted per capita annual growth of GDP was a mere 0.1%. It stagnated while other regions experienced accelerating growth. Indeed, between 1980 and 2000 the annual rate of divergence was an astounding 5% due to the provision of humanitarian Aid from developed countries such as United States.

4 L1.2 Theoretical background The study of humanitarian aid and poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced peoples camp, juba county, central Equatoria state south Sudan where people needs assistance of food, shelter, clothing’s, medicine, education and security in form of protection to enable human treatment of civilians was guided by the theory of obligation (Donnelly, 2006), who stated that you can be centered on one foundational assumption: that there exists a moral imperative to aid the structurally dispossessed and functionally abused. Other theories of obligation might emphasize different, more utilitarian approaches. We do not think that ours entertains a highly controversial assumption. Indeed, the moral imperative to assist others has been codified in international human rights laws which have been widely ratified and have garnered global (even if oflen rhetorical) attention and support. In turn, a theory of obligation structures our response to the moral imperative to give aid. At its simplest, obligation is found in basic human interactions and expectations. Friendship entails obligation, oflen accompanied by feelings of gratitude. Gratitude, in turn, is expressed for acts of kindness, (Epstein, 2006). Such understandings provide us with a framework within which we can operate ethically and effectively not only in everyday interactions but to benefit the dispossessed and abused, and to guarantee their human rights. Thus our theory of obligation has two major components: a moral/ethical element which informs decisions as to which issues are appropriate for humanitarianism and which actions are morally permissible in pursuing them; and a pragmatic element which guides us in evaluating the most effective use of available resources. The overlap between the two components, the morally possible and the materially possible, consists of those actions that we are obligated, as representatives of humankind, to pursue. In

5 the context of humanitarian aid and poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced peoples camp, juba county, central Equatoria state south Sudan, this theory of obligation is necessary because humanitarian Aid each for displaced people’s camp individuals project or program cannot meet all the objectives of poverty Alleviation at the same time and to the same extent: “If many different objectives are not recognized and valued in their own right, staff in humanitarian aid agencies will endeavor to design and select programs that reflect what they perceive to be the dominant narrative of the day; or, even worse, they will attempt to meet a number of incompatible objectives at once. The resulting homogenization and compromises lead to ineffective project selection and poor project design, resulting in unsatisfactory progress towards all the objectives and poverty Alleviation in the effectiveness of humanitarian aid.” The on-going deliberations over South Sudan Crisis war leading people into displaced camps and the means of survival need to recognize the multiple objectives and trade-offs inherent in “poverty alleviation” and the importance of precision in specifying poverty alleviation objectives, the theory according to its tenets underpins the context of the study according to (Donnelly, 2006).

1.1,3 Conceptual background Humanitarian assistance is generally accepted to mean the aid and action designed to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain and protect human dignity during and in the aftermath of man-made crises and natural disasters, as well as to prevent and strengthen preparedness for the occurrence of such situations, (Gibson, 2005). What marks it out from other forms of aid and foreign assistance is that it should be guided by the principles of, humanity saving human lives and alleviating suffering wherever it is found, impartiality acting solely on the basis of need,

6 without discrimination between or within affected populations, neutrality acting without favoring any side in an armed conflict or other dispute where such action is carried out, independence the autonomy of humanitarian objectives from the political, economic, military or other objectives that any actor may hold with regard to areas where humanitarian action is being implemented,( Cohen, 1989). In South Sudan humanitarian aid and poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced peoples camp, juba county, central Equatoria state south Sudan means helping those in need because the means of survival is very hard due to war crises and the need of food, clothing’s, shelter and other basic needs from the external and internal nongovernmental organizations.

However, according, (Cowan, 2006), asserted that what is actually reported as having been spent on humanitarian assistance can vary widely by data source. There is no universal obligation to report humanitarian assistance expenditure and no single repository of information. Inclusions as to what counts as humanitarian assistance expenditure will vary by government, NGO, multilateral organization, foundation, company and database. Humanitarian assistance or Aid is responded in the context of areas and what is the most pressing need to communities especially in South Sudan.

Most of our analyses and attempts to quantify humanitarian aid expenditure are based around the concepts of international humanitarian response, domestic government humanitarian expenditure, (Dambisa, 2009). Humanitarianism, as we define it, involves “crossing a boundary” to help a person in need. The boundary can be economic, cultural, ethnic, psycho-social, or geopolitical, but a metaphorical “stretch” is mandated. The humanitarian herself may be at risk.

7 Whereas some analysts view “boundary crossing” as negative, we see it as positive; the overall notion of sovereignty still is respected. Humanitarianism suggests an understanding of principles associated with the use of scare resources in which a moral imperative is implied. Risk to both service provider and beneficiary is involved. An understanding of human rights is mandated. Humanitarianism connotes, but is not to be equated with, human rights. In one sense, the former signifies “what should be done to improve a deteriorating human condition” while the latter signifies “what must be promoted to preserve the human condition at its best.” While rights may be linked to needs, such as sustenance and security, the precise empirical relationship is unclear. As (Donnelly, 2006) stresses, human rights rest on humankind’s moral nature, (Dambisa, 2009). 1.1.4 Contextual background According to (Dugger, 2007), Humanitarian aid is material and logistic assistance to people in need. It is usually short-term help until the long-term help by government and other institutions replaces it. Among the people in need belong

homeless, refugees, victims of natural disasters - earthquake, flooding, cyclonic storms, famines or military conflicts example, women, elderly, children and disabled groups etc. The primary purpose of humanitarian aid is to save lives, reduce suffering and respect to human dignity. Humanitarian aid is material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises including natural disaster and man-made disaster. The primary objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity. It may therefore be distinguished from development aid, which seeks to address the underlying socioeconomic factors which may have led to a

8 crisis or emergency, (Malki, 2008). In South Sudan, humanitarian aid and poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced people’s camp, Juba County, central Equatoria state south Sudan is necessary because live is the most considerable aspects in very assistance where people needs the means of survival at a short term where government of South Sudan cannot help at the moment because of the war. (Narayan, 2002), Poverty Alleviation is a term that describes the promotion of economic growth that will permanently lift as many people as possible over a poverty line. Poverty is the state of human beings who are poor.

Little or no material means of surviving example food, shelter, clothes, healthcare, education, and other physical means of living and improving one’s life. Some definitions of poverty are relative, rather than absolute, poverty Alleviation would not be considered to apply to measures which resulted in absolute decreases in living standards, but technically lifted people out of poverty. Nightline (2005) Poverty Alleviation measures, like those promoted by Henry George in his economics classic Progress and Poverty are those that rise, or are intended to rise, enabling the poor to create wealth for themselves as a means for ending poverty forever. In modern times, various economists within the georgism movement propose measures like the land value tax to enhance access by all to the natural world, (Narayan, 2002).

1.2 Statement of the problem After decades of civil war and neglect, South Sudan is one of the poorest and most undeveloped regions in the world. Since the signing of the 2005 peace agreement bringing an end to one of Africa’s longest running wars, which claimed more than two million lives South Sudan has had to rebuild from scratch.

9 South Sudan is facing the world’s worst food crisis, driven by the conflict that erupted in December 2013, (UNOCHA, 2014). Over 1.4 million people have been internally displaced (IDPs) mostly because of combine displacement and widespread violence against civilians. Ongoing conflict between the rebels and the SPLM government forces continues to result in refugee flows into South Sudan, straining scarce resources. In addition, many of the people displaced by violence in 2011 from In South Sudan humanitarian aid and poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced peoples camp, juba county, central Equatoria state south Sudan. The vulnerable communities in South Sudan have struggled to accommodate more than 700,000 new arrivals, many of whom are rebuilding lives and livelihoods with few resources from which to draw. Inter-communal violence and general insecurity also persist in several parts of the country, particularly in central Equatoria state, where fighting has led to significant displacement and deteriorating humanitarian conditions

Humanitarian aid is delivered in extremely challenging circumstances. Hostilities and attacks against humanitarian workers seriously constrain access to those in need. Lingering effects from more than 20 years of north-south conflict, poverty, and continued tension with Sudan, which led to a cessation of oil exports in 2012 that damaged South Sudan’s economy, compound the humanitarian situation. Confronting deteriorating economic conditions, populations are less able to cope with shocks and increasingly rely on the humanitarian community for basic food and non-food assistance. However, insecurity, bureaucratic harassment of relief organizations, logistical challenges, and Government of the Republic of South Sudan-imposed restrictions constrain humanitarian activities across the country, hindering the delivery of critical assistance to populations in need., a lot has been

10 done by the various organizations offering humanitarian aid to the internally displaced peoples, though to a greater extent, this has failed to alleviate poverty in the Internally Displaced Peoples (IDP) camps, thus leaving a big question mark of where provision of humanitarian aid has impacted the alleviation of poverty in the IDP camps. Therefore it was upon this statement that the study is conducted to find out the relationship between humanitarian Aid and Poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. 1.3 Purpose of the study The purpose of this study was investigate how Humanitarian Aid has impacted on the alleviation of poverty in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. 1.4 Research objectives General objectives To establish how Humanitarian Aid, has led to poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. Specific Objective The specific objectives of the study included. 1. To establish the level of Humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan 2. To investigate the level of Poverty Alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan 3. To establish the relationship between Humanitarian Aid and Poverty Alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan in South Sudan

11 L5 Research Question The following research question guided the study: 1. What is the level of Humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan? 2. What is the level of Poverty Alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan? 3. What is the relationship between Humanitarian Aid and Poverty Alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp in South Sudan? 1.6 Hypothesis There is no significant relationship between Humanitarian Aid and Poverty Alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan.

1.7 Scope Time scope The study covered the period of 2013-2015. This period was chosen because there was a marked increase in Humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan.

Geographical scope The geographical study area is in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. This area has been affected by the war between the government forces and the label forces that forced the creation of IDPs in the central state of Equatorial of capital Juba of South Sudan. Juba County is bordering Terekaka County to its North, Lainya and kajokeji Counties to its South, Mundri to its West, Lapon, Mawi to its East.

12 Theoretical Scope This study was based on Donnelly (2006), theory of obligation which breaks down the concept into the three parts. According to this theory, Humanitarian Aids are of three types or dimension namely individual Humanitarian Aid, inter group Humanitarian Aid, Religious, people have individual difference based on taste, culture religion, politics etc. This theory is supported by Gordon et al (1990), who consent to the three dimension of Humanitarian Aid as advanced by Donnelly. Content Scope The study focused on the humanitarian Aid and poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. This was in term of economic growth 1.8 Significance of the study To the local authorities The study will be helpful to the stake holders in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba County, making them understand the concepts of Humanitarian Aid. The types of Humanitarian Aids and Humanitarian Aid resolution and how each type of Humanitarian Aid is impacting on Poverty Alleviation.

To the states Authorities The study will assist the elected officials (MPS) appointed officials (Ministers) and Civil servants in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan, civil society organization (CSO), central government officials, member of the general public in Jebel Internally

13 Displaced peoples Camp, Donors and academicians in general to appreciate the role of Humanitarian Aid in poverty alleviation in the country.

To the researcher and scholars To generate new knowledge on the various types of Humanitarian Aid and how it impacts Poverty Alleviation,

1.9 Operational definition of key terms This study will be about Humanitarian Aid and Poverty Alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan .However some terms and terminology have special meaning when referred to this study. These terms are defined below, Poverty Alleviation is a term that describes the promotion of economic growth that will permanently lift as many people as possible over a poverty line.

Poverty is the state of human beings who are poor. That is, they have little or no material means of surviving, food, shelter, clothes, healthcare, education, and other physical means of living and improving one’s life. Some definitions of poverty, are relative, rather than absolute, poverty reduction would not be considered to apply to measures which resulted in absolute decreases in living standards, but technically lifted people out of poverty.

Poverty Alleviation measures, like those promoted by Henry George in his economics classic Progress and Poverty are those that rise, or are intended to rise, enabling the poor to create wealth for themselves as a means for ending poverty forever. In modern times, various economists within the georgism movement

14 propose measures like the land value tax to enhance access by all to the natural world.

Humanitarian aid is material and logistic assistance to people in need. It is usually short-term help until the long-term help by government and other institutions replaces it. Among the people in need belong homeless, refugees, internally displaced peoples, victims of natural disasters - earthquake, flooding, cyclonic storms, famines or military conflicts etc.

Internally displaced people are people or groups of people who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border

Government was known as a group of people who exercise laws governing the country involving the leaders and the subordinates.

15 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction Chapter covered the review on the humanitarian Aid in the first instance with a look at different researchers and scholars’ views in relation to the researcher’s opinion. Other related studies were added basing on the individual objectives of the study, theoretical perspective and the related literature.

2.1 Theoretical Perspective A theory of obligation can be centered on one foundational assumption: that there exists a moral imperative to aid the structurally dispossessed and functionally abused. Other theories of obligation might emphasize different, more utilitarian approaches. We do not think that ours entertains a highly controversial assumption. Indeed, the moral imperative to assist others has been codified in international human rights laws which have been widely ratified and have garnered global (even if often rhetorical) attention and support (Donnelly, 2006).

In turn, a theory of obligation structures our response to the moral imperative to give aid. At its simplest, obligation is found in basic human interactions and expectations. Friendship entails obligation, often accompanied by feelings of gratitude. Gratitude, in turn, is expressed for acts of kindness (Epstein, 2006). Such understandings provide us with a framework within which we can operate ethically and effectively not only in everyday interactions but to benefit the dispossessed and abused, and to guarantee their human rights. Thus our theory of obligation has two major components: a moral/ethical element which informs decisions as to which issues are appropriate for humanitarianism and which

16 actions are morally permissible in pursuing them; and a pragmatic element which guides us in evaluating the most effective use of available resources. The overlap between the two components, the morally possible and the materially possible, consists of those actions that we are obligated, as representatives of humankind, to pursue.

The theory of obligation in the context of humanitarianism, its foundational assumption is that there exists a moral imperative to assist the structurally dispossessed and functionally abused. It builds particularly on the cross- disciplinary work (both academic and applied) of anthropologists, but also of political scientists, sociologists, human rights specialists, and others. The links between human rights and humanitarianism are stressed, while suggesting principles that can guide humanitarian organizations as they serve those in needs. Humanitarianism is defined as “crossing a boundary;” risk usually is encountered by the service provider as scarce resources are used to help the vulnerable. Obligation is defined, in part, as “what one should do.” A theory emerges as the “morally possible” and the “materially possible” intersect. Notions of human dignity are shown not to be appropriate in orienting the real-world work of humanitarians; notions of fairness are more appropriate as humanitarian work is organized and implemented. “Pragmatic humanitarianism” occurs as principled guidelines and achievable actions merge, and as non-neutral stances are taken as (for example) refugees are assisted. Humanitarian aid is shown to be fundamentally a moral relationship based on the obligation of “those who have” to address the felt needs of “those who have not.” Examples from Bosnia are featured.

17 While in one sense theoretic, this study is in an equally important sense pragmatic. It attempts to address difficult questions such as: What drives the humanitarian enterprise? Which organizations should be involved? What are possible negative ramifications of outreach activities which are deemed positive by those employing them? What are the obligations of one human to another? What are the relationships among rights, needs, morals, and obligations?

One key for us was her cogent statement of the following:” ‘Ethical discourse’ can

be defined as a string of.. . arguments containing ‘moral statements’ (statements about what actions or attitudes are obligatory or virtuous) and or ‘ethical statements’ (statements about why those actions or attitudes are morally right or wrong)” (p. 319, emphasis in the original). In the second instance, Cohen (as with most of us since) built his argument upon considerations of human rights and cross-cultural variations in their interpretation. It is “irrelevant to assert and defend simplistic polarities of relativism versus universal moral imperatives The answer to such questions [of what works and what should be done helping others] lies out in the hurly-burly amid the blooming, buzzing confusion of real world experience, where rights or a sense of what is just and fair emerge “(p. 1016). As for us today, both these authors stressed early-on that the use of empirical, case- based data is essential.

Anthropologists often have addressed the notion of obligation, but rarely have done so in the ways we are suggesting in the present article. Based on ethnographic observation and field study, as well as “arm-chair theorizing,” research conducted in traditional societies and developing nations has focused on obligations based on personal status, verbal contracts, reciprocal relationships,

18 ritual expectations, and shared ideology (Rappaport 1967; Wu 1974; Moore 1995). The topic also has been addressed in developed nations. Referring to community outreach activity in post-World War I Italy, (Horn 1988), distinguished among three concepts: charity, social service, and security; the first term linked to a moral obligation consistent with teachings of Catholicism, (Angrosino, 2001) took a similar tact as he assessed Catholic social policy and its impact on U.S. health care reform during the 1990s. Viewed more reflexively, attention also has been paid to the moral obligations that anthropologists themselves have as they piy their trade in battling such atrocities as racism (Hill, 1993) and genocide (Lewin, 1993).

19 2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Independeiit Variable (IV) Dependent var~ablle (DV)

HUMANITARIAN Mi) HUMANITARIAN AID POVERTY ALLEVIATION

1. Education (1) Provision of skills and (4) Health, food and water Training (5) Shelter (2) Income generation (3) Agriculture

~NTERVEN~NG VAR~ABLES

(1) Government policies (2) Corruption (3)Bad leadership

Sources Primary data, 2015 Humanitarian Aid as independent variable which include humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence directly influence poverty alleviation as dependant variable which in this case; education, heath, food, water, and the provision of skills and training and income redistribution. However, there are other factors like government policies, corruption and bad leadership that indirectly influence humanitarian Aid poverty alleviations.

20

2.3 RELATED LITERATURE Juan Rodon (2012) on Managing cultural conflicts for effective humanitarian aid asserts that An increasing number of humanitarian emergencies with a growing range of complexity are putting pressure on agencies to deliver humanitarian aid (HA) in the most appropriate and cost effective way (HPG, 2005; Roh et al., 2008; EU, 2009). In the last decade, in the international humanitarian sector, various agencies from the United Nations and the World Bank as well as nongovernmental organisations have started initiatives for instance, the Sphere Project that aim to improve the quality of humanitarian response, to enhance the accountability of agencies to affected communities, and ultimately to improve the effectiveness of aid (Sphere, 2011). These initiatives usually identify a set of standards that represent sector-wide consensus on best practices in humanitarian response. A common feature of these best practices is that aid agencies must consider, respect, and support the different humanitarian socio-cultural contexts and adapt their response programmes accordingly. Therefore, identifying the culturally appropriate practices for a given humanitarian response is a key concern for policy makers and managers of aid organisations.

The organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development defines HA as “assistance designed to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain and protect human dignity during and in the aftermath of emergencies” (OECD, 2010). HA includes: disaster prevention and preparedness; the provision of shelter, food, water, and sanitation, health services and other items of assistance for the benefit of affected people and to facilitate the return to normal lives and livelihoods; measures to promote and protect the safety, welfare and dignity of civilians and those no longer taking part in hostilities and rehabilitation, reconstruction, and

21 transition assistance while the emergency situation persists. Activities to protect the security of persons or property through the use or display of force are excluded (OECD, 2010).

According to (Paolo, 2006), asserted that countries with weak national states, resources and services for Internally Displaced Peoples are lacking. This is also true in countries with challenging security environments. South Sudan represents a clear-cut example of this. Plagued by regional and national conflicts, sparked by ethnic, religious and economic issues and the emergence of a new nation from its Sudan, South Sudan has struggled to provide for most of its citizens, much less its internally displaced population, which at certain points has constituted the largest IDP population in the world. South Sudan’s government is incapable or unwilling to provide the systematic support to its IDPs needs. This has led to a large dependence on foreign agencies and aid. In Darfur, for example, so many aid agencies were working in IDP camps that the ICRC, in the spirit of neo-neutrality, began focusing on other rural populations of IDPs instead, helping fill gaps in assistance.

According to (Walker, 2008), Aid in its simplest form is a basic income grant, a form of social security periodically providing citizens with money. In pilot projects in Namibia, where such a program pays just $13 a month, people were able to pay tuition fees, raising the proportion of children going to school by 92%, child malnutrition rates fell from 42% to 10% and economic activity grew 10%. Aid could also be rewarded based on doing certain requirements. Conditional Cash Transfers, widely credited as a successful anti-poverty program, is based on actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving vaccinations. Welfare

22 states have an effect on poverty Alleviation. Currently modem, expansive welfare states that ensure economic opportunity, independence and security in a near universal manner are still the exclusive domain of the developed nations.

Commonly constituting at least 20% of GDP, with the largest Scandinavian welfare states constituting over 40% of GDP. These modem welfare states, which largely arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, seeing their greatest expansion in the mid 20th century, and have proven themselves highly effective in reducing relative as well as absolute poverty in all analyzed high-income OECD countries, (Prendergast 1996). According to (Peterson, 2004), Humanitarian aid is material and logistic assistance to people in need. It is usually short-term help until the long-term help by government and other institutions replaces it. Among the people in need belong homeless, refugees, victims of natural disasters - earthquake, flooding, cyclonic storms, famines or military conflicts etc. The primary purpose of humanitarian aid is to save lives, reduce suffering and respect to human dignity.

The extent of Humanitarian Aid Humanitarian assistance is generally accepted to mean the aid and action designed to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain and protect human dignity during and in the aflermath of man-made crises and natural disasters, as well as to prevent and strengthen preparedness for the occurrence of such (Zeece, Davey 2009). What marks it out from other forms of aid and foreign assistance is that it should be guided by the principles of: Humanity saving human lives and

alleviating suffering wherever it is found Impartiality — acting solely on the basis of need, without discrimination between or within affected populations,

23 Neutrality — acting without favoring any side in an armed conflict or other dispute where such action is carried out, Independence the autonomy of humanitarian objectives from the political, economic, military or other objectives that any actor may hold with regard to areas where humanitarian action is being implemented. However, what is actually reported as having been spent on humanitarian assistance can vary widely by data source. There is no universal obligation to report humanitarian assistance expenditure and no single repository of information. Inclusions as to what counts as humanitarian assistance expenditure will vary by government, NGO, multilateral organization, foundation, company and database, (Zeece Davey, 2009). Most of our analyses and attempts to quantify humanitarian expenditure are based around the concepts of:

(1) International humanitarian response

(2) Domestic government humanitarian expenditure. According to (George and Jennifer, 2000), Humanity is a virtue associated with basic ethics of altruism derived from the human condition. Humanity differs from mere justice in that there is a level of altruism towards individuals included in humanity more so than the fairness found in justice, (George and Jennifer 2000), That is, humanity, and the acts of love, altruism, and social intelligence are typically person to person strengths while fairness is generally expanded to all. Peterson & Seligman in Character Strengths and Virtues: According to (Aristotelianism, 2004) stated that class humanity as one of six virtues that are consistent across all cultures, The concept goes back to the development of “humane’t or “humanist” philosophy during the Renaissance (with predecessors in 13th-century scholasticism stressing a concept of basic human dignity inspired by

24 Aristotelianism) and the concept of humanitarianism in the early modem period, and resulted in modern notions such as “human rights”.

Kirstin et al (20 10) asserts that in response to disasters, NGOs must quickly set up quite complex supply chains to assemble and distribute the required food, shelter and other necessities. Similarly to commercial SCM, NGO supply chains involve the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of goods and materials as well as related information (Thomas and Kopczak, 2005). This includes the various stages of achieving preparedness, planning, procurement, transport, warehousing, tracking and tracing and customs clearance. Activities take place along the whole supply chain from the point of origin to the point of consumption with the aim of improving conditions for those affected by the disaster. Managing NGO supply chains also holds unique challenges, as unlike commercial supply chains, demand cannot be anticipated (Long and Wood, 1995). Disasters happen anywhere in the world at any time, often in undeveloped regions with poor infrastructure or political instability, and may necessitate a combination of military and commercial applications. As demand and supply requirements cannot be assessed without difficulty (Van Wassenhove, 2006), high levels of flexibility are required to set up distribution networks quickly.

According to (Dovido and John 1990), Love has many different definitions ranging from a set of purely biological and chemical processes to a religious concept. As character strength, love is a mutual feeling between two people characterized by attachment, comfort, and generally positive feelings. It can be broken down into 3 categories: parent-to-child, child-to-parent, and romantic love,

25 (Dovido, John F 1990), Having love as a strength is not about the capacity to love, as such, it is about being involved in a loving relationship. Love, in the psychological sense, is most often studied in terms of attachment to others. A degree of controversy surrounds defining and researching love in this way, as it takes away the “mystery of love.” (Dovido, John F 1990), asserted that because love is mysterious, to an extent, it is most often studied in terms of attachment theory, because it can be studied in the way across ages. In infants, attachment is studied through the Strange Situation Test. Attachment to an individual, usually the mother, is determined by how distressed the infant becomes when the mother is taken out of the experimental setting. There are several models of adult attachment including the Adult Attachment Interviews and more. Generally adult attachment models focus on the mental representation of the visible signs of attachment seen in infants, (Dovido, John F 1990). Evidence in support of the benefits of love is seen in the negative affect states that result from lacking love. Orphaned children have been targeted in studies about negative attributes resulting from lack of attachment. The study of children rose in an environment that didn’t allow children to become attached to their preferred caregivers experienced attachment disorders, (Ashford, 2000). Additionally, individuals who develop securely attached have a lower likelihood of depression, high-self esteem, and less likelihood of divorce, (Baier, Kurt, 1958).

Impartiality (also called evenhandedness or fair-mindedness) is a principle of justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons. The impartiality is sometimes treated by philosophers as if it were equivalent to moral impartiality. Or, at the very least, the former word is

26 often used, without the qualifying adjective ‘moral’, even when it is the particularly moral concept that is intended. This is misleading, since impartiality in its broadest sense is best understood as a formal notion, while moral impartiality in particular is a substantive concept and one concerning which there is considerable dispute. This entry will be predominantly concerned with moral impartiality the sort of impartiality, that is, that commonly features in normative moral and political theories. However, we will begin by addressing the broader, formal concept, and we will end with a brief discussion of issues raised by epistemic, rather than moral, impartiality, (Brian, 1995).

While this may be historical justifiable growing donor awareness of the need to achieve value for money increasingly necessitates the adoption of commercial SCM techniques striving for by NGOs. The overall aim of any international relief or development operations should be the establishment and management of an efficient and effective supply chain (Pettit and Beresford, 2005), which necessitates the adoption of strategic approaches rather than an “what ever it takes” approach (Gattorna, 2009)

It is also worth noting that some types of impartiality may in themselves be immoral or morally questionable. Suppose that I decide to pass along a treasured family heirloom to one of my two sons, Bill and Phil. Flipping a coin would constitute one type of impartial procedure for choosing between the two. But suppose that I have already promised the heirloom to Phil, on several occasions. In this case it would be quite wrong to allow a coin toss to determine whether he gets it. Deciding by means of a coin toss would be an impartial procedure, but it

27 would be the wrong sort of impartiality here, for it would ignore the moral obligation created by my previous promises. Rather than being put in terms of an impartial point of view, the relation between morality and impartiality is sometimes made out in terms of an impartial agent or observer a person who makes moral judgments without being influenced by the sort of contaminating biases or prejudices that tend to arise from the occupation of some particular point of view. (Smith, 1976 ,Hume, 1978, Firth,1952, Brandt, 1954 and Hare 1989) quoted as “We should note that this idea is not always clearly distinguished from the conception based on the impartial point of view; Smith 1976 [1759], for instance, seems to advance them both at once, in claiming that the ideal observer simply is the observer who occupies the impartial point of view”. Impartiality, in short, as an obligation of justice, may be said to mean, being exclusively influenced by the considerations which it is supposed ought to influence the particular case in hand; and resisting the solicitation of any motives which prompt to conduct different from what those considerations would dictate,(Mill 1861/1 992 and Firth 1952).

Neutrality: Is the tendency not to side in a conflict (physical or ideological), Alban (1998) which may not suggest neutral parties do not have a side or are not a side themselves. In colloquial use “neutral” can be synonymous with “unbiased.” However, bias is favoritism for some side, John, (1996), distinct of the tendency to act on that favoritism. Neutrality is distinct (though not exclusive) from apathy, ignorance, indifference, doublethink, equality, agreement, and objectivity. Double think being a potential antonym defending multiple (contradictory) views. Objectivity siding with the more reasonable position (except journalistic objectivity), where reasonableness is

28 judged by some common basis between the sides, such as logic (thereby avoiding the problem of incommensurability). Neutrality implies tolerance regardless of how disagreeable, deplorable, or unusual a perspective might,(Alban 1998). Tolerance here must be defined as personal inaction, or, if defined as a social philosophy requiring a proactive advocacy for the inaction of others, it ceases to be neutral, because it begins to act and engage the issues.

In moderation mediation neutrality is often expected to make judgments or facilitate dialog independent of any bias, putting emphasis on the process rather than the outcome, (Alban. 1998) as cited the example, a neutral~party is seen as a party with no (or a fully disclosed) conflict of interest in a conflict, (John, 1996), stated that Neutral Parties are often perceived as more trustworthy, reliable, and safe. Alternative to acting without a bias, the bias of neutrality itself is the expectation upon the Swiss government (in Armed Neutrality), and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (in Non- interventionism). Independence: Is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over the territory. The opposite of independence is a dependent territory. Independence does not necessarily mean freedom( Siebel, 1998). Whether the attaimnent of independence is different from revolution has long been contested, and has often been debated over the question of violence as a legitimate means to achieving sovereignty. While some revolutions seek and achieve national independence, others aim only to redistribute power with or without an element of emancipation, such as in democratization within a state, which as such may remain unaltered. Nation-states have been granted

29 independence without any revolutionary acts. The Russian October Revolution, for example, was not intended to seek national independence (though it merely transformed government for much of the former Russian Empire, it did result in independence for Finland and Poland). However, the American Revolutionary War was intended to achieve independence from the beginning, (Sieber 1998).

Autonomy refers to a kind of independence which has been granted by an overseeing authority that it still retains ultimate authority over that territory. A protectorate refers to an autonomous region that depends upon a larger government for its protection as an autonomous region. The dates of established independence (or, less commonly, the commencement of revolution), are typically celebrated as a national holiday known as an independence day, ( Sieber, 1998). Sometimes, a state wishing to achieve independence from a dominating power will issue a declaration of independence; the earliest surviving example is Scotland’s Declaration of Arboreta in 1320, with the most recent example being Azawad’s declaration of independence in 2012. Declaring independence and attaining it however, are quite different. A well-known successful example is the U.S. Declaration of Independence issued in 1776, (Walker, 2008).

Humanitarian aid strategy Humanitarian aid are the extreme strategy stopping all forms of aid so as to prevent its undesirable effects would have disastrous consequences for the victims of conflict: no more food, no more medical care, and no more humanitarian presence. This is clearly not acceptable. Some have proposed that humanitarian aid should be supplied on condition that the humanitarian rules are respected by the parties to the conflict. With this

30 approach, the people in need are twice wronged as it amounts to stopping humanitarian aid to them because their rights are being violated. “The linkage between aid and human rights”, writes Katerina Tomasevski “is dominantly punitive, in that people whose government is violating their rights are likely to get additionally victimized by the withdrawal of aid, (John, 1999).

Sharing the aid equally between the parties to the conflict amounts to basing humanitarian aid on political considerations, and no longer on the victims’ needs, with the result that humanitarian aid’s impartiality is called into question: “The principle of impartiality lays down two clear rules of conduct: (a) there must be no discrimination in distributing the aid given by the Movement (either in peacetime or in time of conflict or disturbances); and (b) relief must be proportionate to need the greater the need, the greater the relief. By the same token, giving humanitarian aid to the parties in order to gain access to the victims is tantamount to rewarding those who, by initially refusing access to the victims, violate international humanitarian law.

The ICRC has implemented this type of strategy particularly in its operations in Somalia and Sudan. It is an approach that also can be linked with development work. Clearly, this strategy depends on access to the victims and respect for their rights. Respect fbi~ the rules of international humanitarian law. Humanitarian aid is required when local services find it impossible to meet the victims’ needs. This inability may result from their own failure to deal with the situation, or from a decision by the authorities to block access to the victims. Implementing the rules of humanitarian law (torture forbidden, respect for the dignity of the individual, no

31 hostage-taking, etc.) ensures that the victims will be protected. It also safeguards items essential to their survival (prohibition of famine as a means of warfare, ban on destroying drinking-water facilities and irrigation systems, ban on attacking hospitals and other medical facilities). Failure to comply with these rules brings about a growing imbalance between the ever greater needs of the victims as a direct result of the war (wounds, forced displacement) and the ever shrinking ability of local services often destroyed by the hostilities to meet those needs. Respect for international humanitarian law thus constitutes a form of primary health protection, (Smeeding, 2005).

Sadly, as many recent examples show, that law is not always respected. To improve its implementation, the ICRC endeavors to spread knowledge of its rules as widely as possible among members of parties to conflict. It also engages in intense diplomatic activity vis-à-vis all States so that, when faced with violations of humanitarian law, they will be aware of their collective responsibility to ensure implementation of the law, in particular in seeing to it that its violators are punished. An example is the following statement to the UN General Assembly. The establishment by the Security Council of adhoc international tribunals to prosecute violations of international humanitarian law committed in the former Yugoslavia and in Rwanda is a clear breakthrough. The creation of these tribunals gives some hope of putting an end to the reign of impunity in both internal and international conflicts; the ICRC interprets this as a sign of the international community’s refusal to tolerate barbarity, (Smeeding, 2005).

32 The media have a role to play in reporting not only violations of human rights but also the successes of humanitarian aid. A comprehensive approach to humanitarian aid makes it possible to minimize its negative effects while guaranteeing an appropriate response to the victims’ needs, (Laura, 2006). Significance of humanitarian Aid Humanitarian aid remains essential to helping the victims of armed conflict survive. It can influence the conflict itself in particular its length and level of violence either for better or for worse. To lessen the negative effects of humanitarian aid, each situation needs to be analyzed in detail, with due account taken of the socio-economic and cultural context, in order to provide a response specifically tailored to the needs while minimizing the undesirable effects of the aid. Such analysis requires access to the victims, and the best strategy for obtaining this consistently lies in respecting the fundamental principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, in particular impartiality and neutrality. The relationship between humanitarian aid and respect for the rules of international humanitarian law is fundamental to ensuring that those in need have access to treatment, food, water, their customary means of production and, if necessary, humanitarian aid. In the event of humanitarian law being violated, everything possible must be done to have the violations stopped immediately and to punish the perpetrators, (Laura, 2006).

Problems with Humanitarian Aid Efficiency and Effectiveness: the effective and timely humanitarian relief operation has the capacity to save thousands of lives. It is also, however, an extremely difficult undertaking. Potential beneficiaries may be located within a zone of conflict or in areas with poor infrastructure, making it difficult and

33 dangerous for humanitarian agencies to deliver assistance. As a result, help may reach only the most accessible areas, with other potential beneficiaries being neglected, (Parker, 2001). The ever increasing number of agencies on the ground, the difficulty of obtaining accurate intelligence, and the unpredictability of humanitarian crises make effective management and coordination extremely difficult. Solving this problem requires improved intelligence gathering and sharing, as well as tight management and coordination, (Parker, 2001).

Political Dilemmas: The ‘humanitarian alibi’ has been defined as “the misuse of the humanitarian idea and humanitarian workers by governments eager to do as little as possible in economically unpromising regions like sub-Saharan Africa.” (Malmqvist, 2000), Humanitarian aid gives the appearance that the international community is at least doing something, but “humanitarian intervention in the absence of a political solution solves nothing.” (Barbara, 1994). In the case of Sudan, relief efforts have been called “an excuse to do nothing,” a result of the fact that the West has “no great interest” in political intervention to end the fighting. (Barbara, 2002).

Humanitarian aid that ensures that non-combatants are fed, sheltered, and healthy, but does not alleviate the violence around them, can lead to the “specter of the well-fed dead.” Even more disturbing, the provision of humanitarian assistance can give non-combatants a mistaken sense of security and protection by the international community, with tragic consequences. Humanitarian aid can prolong and fuel conflicts, undermining its ultimate goal of saving lives: For fighting parties, aid can become a resource to be fought over. Aid leakage, or ‘political

34 taxation’ of aid, refers to situations in which a portion of the aid goes directly to the fighting parties, who then use it, themselves or sell it to buy weapons, (Alban, 1998).

Aid is fungible; because populations and troops are being fed by aid, fighting parties no longer have to worry about providing for this need themselves and are thus able to put more resources into fighting. Aid that helps only one side in a conflict can fuel tensions and competition between the sides. Simply ensuring equal distribution to different ethnic groups can reinforce divisions and ‘labels’ and make the groups less dependent on each other. Aid can create private incentives for continuation of the war, for example by paying relatively high wages to local people employed by aid agencies. Imported food aid can undermine the local economy and make an activity like agriculture less profitable. Solving these problems through aid conditionality carries the risk of harming the poorest and most vulnerable members of society. ‘Smart aid’ responds to this dilemma by applying the principle of conditionality to aid that is of greatest benefit to warlords and political leaders, (David, 1988).

Criticisms of Humanitarian OrganizatiOns There is little accountability in the humanitarian and development industry. There are no barriers to becoming an NGO and no comprehensive or enforceable performance standards for NOOs. Codes of conduct have been developed, such as the (Red Cross Code of Conduct, 1994), but compliance is voluntary. Because of the high staff turnover in humanitarian organizations and the different nature of conflicts in different countries, it is hard to build institutional memory to improve the efficiency of aid operations and to implement lessons learned.

35 Competition for ~humanitarian market share the need to maintain a high profile in order to secure funding can influence NGOs’ decision making, they cannot afford not to be seen at a disaster. This situation is aggravated by the impact of uneven media coverage of disasters. The dilemma of neutrality The 1994 Code of Conduct of the International Federation of the Red Cross explicitly states that NGOs’ work must be neutral. However, it is rare for the effects of aid to be neutral even if the provision of it is neutral. Furthermore, it is frustrating to give humanitarian aid to people without being able to protect their human rights. In working with the military, humanitarian agencies, especially NGOs, risk losing the neutrality that gives them their advantage. In addition, being associated with one side can endanger the work and the staff of NGOs. An influx of aid and aid workers can create huge interferences in the local economy. Services such as restaurants, hotels, and borehole, health care, education and shelter etc tend to spring up as soon as a humanitarian or development operation begins. Houses are built in anticipation of the high rents that foreign aid agencies will pay and prices for commodities and rents inflate, (IFAD, 2007).

Lifestyle and budgeting issues: A lot of the money for aid programs, particularly with international organizations like the United Nations, goes toward staff salaries and technical requirements, rather than to the intended recipients of aid. This can create tensions in relief programs. However, as aid workers often risk their lives in extremely difficult and stressful conditions, this is a difficult issue to resolve.

36 Problems with humanitarian aid Assistance: According to (IFAD, 2007), Many of the challenges listed above for humanitarian aid apply equally to development assistance. There are also issues that apply exclusively to development assistance. One of the most controversial examples of a humanitarian aid operation was in the case of Hutu refugee camps in Goma, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) following the Rwandan genocide. Fearful of retaliation by the Tutsis, two million Hutus fled to neighboring countries for protection. In the Goma camps, Hum militia members responsible for the genocide against the Tutsis continued to wield considerable power, terrorizing refugees, forbidding them to leave the camps, distributing anti-Tutsi propaganda, and recruiting and training troops from among them. Because of their position of authority, many aid agencies used the Hutu leadership to distribute food. This reinforced their power and enabled them to buy weapons, which they used for attacks on Rwanda. In early 1995 two major NGOs, Medicines Sans Frontiers (MSF) and International Rescue Committee (IRC) withdrew. MSF reported that, ‘The continued diversion of humanitarian aid by the same leaders who orchestrated the genocide, the lack of effective international action regarding impunity, and the fact that the refugee population was being held hostage, presented a situation contradictory with the principles of humanitarian assistance.’ The president of IRC said, the whole aid community has been overtaken by a new reality. Humanitarianism has become a resource and people are manipulating it as never before. Sometimes we just shouldn’t show up for a disaster.” (IFAD, 2007).

The concept of poverty Alienation Poverty alleviation: Almost everyone agrees that poverty alleviation should be the paramount goal of development assistance. But what do we mean by poverty

37 alleviation? Is it helping the very poorest of the poor achieve a better quality of life? Or is it enabling the largest number of people to get above the poverty line? Does it mean helping to improve people’s lives now, or laying the conditions for future improvements? (Ehrlich, 1997).

Owen Barder, of the Center for Global Development, has performed a useful service in a recent paper, what is Poverty Alleviation? In it, he points out the implicit trade-offs between tackling current and future poverty, between helping as many poor people as possible versus focusing on those in chronic poverty, and between measures that tackle the causes of poverty and those which deal with the symptoms. In fact, notes the author, “poverty Alleviation actually encompasses many goals, some of which are contradictory.” If donors agencies do not explicitly recognize and account for these differences at the outset unless it’s clear what measure for poverty Alleviation is going to be employed confusion and disillusionment can and does ensue. (Ehrlich,l997).

The Millennium Development Goal of “halving poverty” is a case in point, 2015 is passing without significance change to reduce poverty in developing world and particularly in South Sudan. The primary standard by which progress is measured is the percentage of the population below the World Bank’s poverty line of $1 .25/day. But that is a static measure it says nothing about further poverty Alleviation over time. A large-scale redistribution effort could, theoretically, help countries meet the goal without really laying the conditions for long-term poverty alleviation. The author observes a strong institutional preference among donors (and their political leadership) for describing development assistance as a temporary measure aimed at catalyzing economic growth. This leads to pressure

38 to design programs which can be presented as “transformational” or “financially sustainable” within a relatively short time horizon. Even the U.K.’s focus on poverty alleviation as the overarching goal for development assistance and fairly precise definition of terms masks a complex set of choices and trade-offs. (Andrea, 2001).

The conclusion the author draws is that each individual project or program cannot meet all the objectives of poverty Alleviation at the same time and to the same extent: “If the many different objectives are not recognized and valued in their own right, staff in aid agencies will endeavor to design and select programs that reflect what they perceive to be the dominant narrative of the day; or, even worse, they will attempt to meet a number of incompatible objectives at once. The resulting homogenization and compromises lead to ineffective project selection and poor project design, resulting in unsatisfactory progress towards all the objectives and Alleviation in the effectiveness of aid.” (Andrea, 2001).

The on-going deliberations over US foreign assistance reform need to recognize the multiple objectives and trade-offs inherent in “poverty Alleviation” and the importance of precision in specifying poverty alleviation objectives.

According to (David, 2004), Poverty Alleviation is a term that describes the promotion of economic growth that will permanently lift as many people as possible over a poverty line. Poverty is the state of human beings who are poor. That is, they have little or no material means of surviving food, shelter, clothes, healthcare, education, and other physical means of living and improving one’s life. Some definitions of

39 poverty are relative, rather than absolute, poverty Alleviation would not be considered to apply to measures which resulted in absolute decreases in living standards, but technically lifted people out of poverty. David (2004)

Poverty Alleviation measures, like those promoted by Henry George in his economics classic Progress and Poverty are those that rise, or are intended to rise, enabling the poor to create wealth for themselves as a means for ending poverty forever. In modem times, various economists within the georgism movement propose measures like the land value tax to enhance access by all to the natural world. Some people undertake voluntary poverty due to religious or philosophical beliefs. For example, Christian monks and nuns take a “vow of poverty” by which they renounce luxury. Poverty Alleviation measures have no role in regard to voluntary poverty, (David, 2004) According to (Harold, 2006), Poverty Alleviation measures and other attempts to change the economies of modem hunter-gatherers are not addressed in this article. Hunter-gatherers, also called “foragers” live off wild plants and animals, for example, the Hadza people of Tanzania and the Bushmen of southern Africa. Theirs is a special case in which their poverty relative to the developed countries is intertwined with their traditional way of life. Governmental attempts to modernize the economies of the Hadza people, the Bushmen, and other hunter gatherers have resulted in political, legal, and cultural controversies. They have often met with failure.

40 Poverty occurs in both developing countries and developed countries. While poverty is much more widespread in developing countries, both types of countries undertake poverty Alleviation measures. Poverty has historically been accepted in some parts of the world as inevitable as non-industrialized economies produced very little while populations grew almost as fast making wealth scarce, (Harold. 2006), Parker wrote that “In Antwerp and Lyon, two of the largest cities in western Europe, by 1600 three-quarters of the total population were too poor to pay taxes, and therefore likely to need relief in times of crisis.’t (Carroll McC, 1993), Poverty Alleviation, or poverty alleviation, has been largely as a result of overall economic growth. Food shortages were common before modern agricultural technology and in places that lack them today, such as nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation methods. The dawn of industrial revolution led to high economic growth, eliminating mass poverty in what is now considered the developed world, (Sourang 2009), World GDP per person quintupled during the 20th centuiy.~71 In 1820, 75% of humanity lived on less than a dollar a day, while in 2001, only about 20% do.

Today, continued economic development is constrained by the lack of economic freedoms. Economic liberalization requires extending property rights to the poor, especially to land. Financial services, notably savings, can be made accessible to the poor through technology, such as mobile banking. Inefficient institutions, corruption and political instability can also discourage investment. Aid and government support in health, education and infrastructure helps growth by increasing human and physical capital, (Sourang, 2009).

41 Poverty alleviation also involves improving the living conditions of people who are already poor. Aid, particularly in medical and scientific areas, is essential in providing better lives, such as the Green Revolution and the eradication of smallpox. Problems with today’s development aid include the high proportion of tied aid, which mandates receiving nations to buy products, often more expensive, originating only from donor countries, (Alessandro, 2005). Nevertheless, some believe (Peter Singer in his book The Life You can save) that small changes in the way each of us in affluent nations lives our lives could solve world poverty.

Cause of Poverty: has various causes; while some of them can be removed by various measures, eliminating the most complicated underlying causes remains a challenge for both developed and developing nations. Some of the causes of poverty include changing trends in a country’s economy, lack of education, unemployment, high divorce rate which causes feminization of poverty, having a culture of poverty, overpopulation, epidemic diseases such as AIDS and malaria, and environmental problems such as lack of rainfall. Erin (1995)

It is hard to separate the causes of poverty from the effects; there is no doubt that poverty is associated with various economic and social ills. For example, overpopulation could be a cause or a side effect of poverty. Another difficulty arises when a distinction is made between the proximate cause, intermediate cause, and the fundamental causes of poverty. The proximate cause is the nearest cause in the chain of causation A->B->C~>D. In the example just used, the fundamental cause of D is A, and factors B and C are intermediate causes.

42 One of the main causes of poverty is a lack of money. The United States reduced part of this problem with the creation of the social security. Erin (1995) Acute causes of poverty: Warfare: According to (Smeeding, 2005). The material and human destruction caused by warfare is a major development problem. For example, from 1990 to 1993, the period encompassing Desert Storm, per capita GDP in Iraq fell from $3500 to $761. The drop in average income, while a striking representation of the drop in the well-being of the average Iraqi citizen in the aftermath of the war, fails to capture the broader affects of damages to the infrastructure and social services, such as health care and access to clean water. Agricultural Cycles: According to (Sieber, 1998). People who rely on fruits and vegetables that they produce for household food consumption (subsistence farmers) often go through cycles of relative abundance and scarcity. For many families that rely on subsistence production for survival, the period immediately prior to harvest is a ‘hungry period.’ During these periods of scarcity, many families lack sufficient resources to meet their minimal nutritional needs. Being familiar with these cycles has enabled development practitioners to anticipate and prepare for periods of acute need for assistance.

Droughts and Flooding: Besides the immediate destruction caused by natural events such as hurricanes, environmental forces often cause acute periods of crisis by destroying crops and animals, (Muir-Wood 2013). Natural Disasters: Natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes have devastated communities throughout the world. Developing countries often suffer much more extensive and acute crises at the hands of natural disasters, because limited resources inhibit the construction of adequate housing, infrastructure, and mechanisms for responding to crises, (Roberts, Dorothy 1997).

43 Entrenched factors associated with poverty: Colonial Histories: One of the most important barriers to development in poor countries is lack of uniform, basic infrastructure, such as roads and means of communication. Some development scholars have identified colonial history as an important contributor to the current situation. In most countries with a history of colonization, the colonizers developed local economies to facilitate the expropriation of resources for their own economic growth and development, (Roberts, Dorothy 1997). Centralization of Power: In many developing countries, political power is disproportionately centralized. Instead of having a network of political representatives distributed equally throughout society, in centralized systems of governance one major party, politician, or region is responsible for decision- making throughout the country. This oflen causes development problems. For example, in these situations politicians make decisions about places that they are unfamiliar with, lacking sufficient knowledge about the context to design effective and appropriate policies and programs, (Kerbo and Harold, 2006). Corruption: Corruption often accompanies centralization of power, when leaders are not accountable to those they serve. Most directly, corruption inhibits development when leaders help themselves to money that would otherwise be used for development projects. In other cases, leaders reward political support by providing services to their followers, (Kerbo and Harold, 2006).

Warfare: Warfare contributes to more entrenched poverty by diverting scarce resources from fighting poverty to maintaining a military. Take, for example, the cases of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The most recent conflict over borders between the

44 two countries erupted into war during 1999 and 2000, a period when both countries faced severe food shortages due to drought, (IFAD, 2007).

Environmental degradation: According to (Agarwal and Bina, 1994), Awareness and concern about environmental degradation have grown around the world over the last few decades, and are currently shared by people of different nations, cultures, religions, and social classes. However, the negative impacts of environmental degradation are disproportionately felt by the poor. Throughout the developing world, the poor often rely on natural resources to meet their basic needs through agricultural production and gathering resources essential for household maintenance, such as water, firewood, and wild plants for consumption and medicine. Thus, the depletion and contamination of water sources directly threaten the livelihoods of those who depend on them. Social Inequality: According to (Warren, 1980). One of the more entrenched sources of poverty throughout the world is social inequality that stems from cultural ideas about the relative worth of different genders, races, ethnic groups, and social classes. Ascribed inequality works by placing individuals in different social categories at birth, often based on religious, ethnic, or ‘racial’ characteristics. In South African history, apartheid laws defined a binary caste system that assigned different rights (or lack thereof) and social spaces to Whites and Blacks, using skin color to automatically determine the opportunities available to individuals in each group. The building a more widespread commitment to overcoming poverty is an essential first step in overcoming poverty, and actions to address this are discussed below.

45 Share the benefits of economic growth through an emphasis on more widespread employment: The phenomenon of jobless economic growth that increases income inequalities and generates too few jobs for low income groups poses a serious threat to the well-being of many nations, both North and South. Government policies should consider not only aggregate economic impact but also the distribution of employment. Socially responsible venture capital and microcredit initiatives can foster employment-generating businesses that complement the local culture and environment. Root out corruption, which harms society as a whole: According to (Barr, 2004), Corruption, both in government and business, places heavy cost on society. Businesses should enact, publicize and follow codes of conduct banning corruption on the part of their staff and directors. Citizens must demand greater transparency on the part of both government and the corporate sector and create reform movements where needed.

Broaden access to education and technology among marginalized groups, and especially among girls and women: According to (Esping-Andersen, 1990), the educational attaim~ent of women has strong bearing on the well-being of their families, and efforts to improve education for women and girls must be strengthened. At the same time, steps should be taken to ensure that the current revolution in information technology benefits marginalized groups. This must begin in school. Improve government capacity to provide universal access to essential goods and services, including potable water, affordable food, primary health care, education, housing and other social services: According to (Celia, 2007), Governments around the world have made commitments to this through the 20/20

46 Initiative, which calls for 20% of national budgets and 20% of foreign aid to be spent on human services. But raising adequate resources through effective taxation and other mechanisms is often politically difficult. New mechanisms for public policy dialogue that enable citizens of all classes to recognize the benefit of universal access to key services must be put in place. Nonprofit groups and even corporations can provide essential support here, helping articulate a vision of a healthy society. These nongovernmental actors can also help in the actual provision of services.

According to (Muwanigwa and Virginia, 2002), while there are multiple actors working for the benefit of IDP populations, a gap has formed. Despite assistance from neo-neutral, partial-neutral and domestic entities (this also includes indigenous domestic civil societies), often working in conjunction with each other, large of conflict-affected IDP population have fallen through the cracks. A portion of the IDP population falls outside of the coverage of international and domestic organizations. What is more, some efforts by these actors are replicated. The question remains, however, about the most vulnerable those at the margins of humanitarian assistance. Humanitarians whether they are neo-neutral, partial

neutral, or domestic actors — have an opportunity, and indeed an obligation, to reach out to and help internally displaced persons in conflict and post-conflict environments. There are many different approaches to this, but the underlying facts are that enough has not been done, and that populations have fallen through the cracks.

47 Gaps iii Literature Review Most review are related to general world view of humanitarian aid and poverty alleviation but not in South Sudan specifically for example (Warren, 1980), states that One of the more entrenched sources of poverty throughout the world is social inequality that stems from cultural ideas about the relative worth of different genders, races, ethnic groups, and social classes. The literature review Ascribed inequality work for long time yet relevance of the new literature to fulfill the gap in new literature by placing individuals in different social categories at birth, often based on religious, ethnic, or ‘racial’ characteristics, In South African history, apartheid laws defined a binary caste system that assigned different rights (or lack thereof~ and social spaces to Whites and Blacks, using skin color to automatically determine the opportunities available to individuals in each group. Therefore, the South Sudan contents are still lacking making this research relevant in the study to fill the gape.

According to (Muwanigwa and Virginia, 2002), while there are multiple actors working for the benefit of IDP populations, a gap has formed in relations to South Sudan.

The study of South African was conducted by (Harold, 2006), Poverty Alleviation measures and other attempts to change the economies of modern hunter-gatherers are not addressed in this article. Hunter-gatherers, also called “foragers” live off wild plants and animals, for example, the Hadza people of Tanzania and the Bushmen of southern Africa. This was not the same in South Sudan context which need to be addressed.

48 May literature focuses on the (Paolo, 2006), asserted that countries with weak national states, resources and services for Internally Displaced Peoples are lacking. This is also true in countries with challenging security environments but its not on the case of South Sudan contexts

49 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction This section covered the research process was used. It explains where the study was carried out, study population, instruments used, and the research methods, how data was collected, analyzed as well as the limitations.

3.1 Research design This study used both descriptive and correlation designs. Descriptive design was used because it helped to describe the cause and effect relationship of the research variables and carefully matched with the main research categories/strategies which are non-experimental. Similarly, correlation research design was used using both qualitative and quantitative approaches; a quantitative approach was used to explain the research variables by collecting numerical data and analyzed using statistical method (SPSS) in particular while the qualitative was used to have a deeper understanding of the key variables of by their constructs. Correlation designs was adopted to explain the relationships between the variables of study and the extent to which the independent variables (recruitment process) are affecting the dependent variable (local government performance) as stipulated by Mugenda and Mugenda, (2003). In an investigation about the current status and the nature of the phenomenon “Humanitarian Aid and Poverty Alleviation” in this case was revealed and some other strategies that enhanced good deliberations. A cross-section of humanitarian Aid and poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced people’s camp.

50 3.3 Research population The research targeted the population of 314 from Jebel internally displaced peoples camp. Source, United Nations Mission in South Sudan report 2014. 3,4 Sample size. A sample of 176 respondents was targeted from total population of 314. The study employed Slovene’s formula to get a sample of 176 from the population of 314. The Sloven’s formula and simple random method was used to determine the number of respondents who was sampled. Simple random method gives equal chances of all respondents to be selected. The sample sizes were chosen according to the following procedure. (Total number of the categories divided by total population times 176 equals to the population sample) N 1+N(e)2

n = 1+314x0.052

n 314 1.785

N = 175.9 = 176 3.5 Sampling procedures The sampling procedures was used which gave accurate and reliable samples that provide quantitative and qualitative data on Humanitarian Aid and Poverty Alleviation, simple random techniques and purposive sampling was used to reduce bias of research and also ensure that the respondent with required knowledge were interviewed respectively; this is in accordance to Amin, 2005. Simple random sampling used to select senior officer or leaders in the camp while purposive sampling procedures was used to select from Religious leaders and

51 Voluntary groups. These samples were provided both quantitative and qualitative data it was used to collect qualitative data on the entire three research question using closed ended question in the questionnaire and qualitative data on other three research question was collected using close ended question, the interview guide. The advantages is that this techniques ensures that information on Humanitarian Aid and Poverty Alleviation is collected from the sample size composed of different staffs categories which is in accordance with Amin,(2005); Sekaran (2004) and Mugenda, 1999 who contended that the selection of sample from different categories in the population allows assessment of needs at each sub level of the population.

3.5.1 Instruments for Data Collection The research instruments that were used for data collection were questionnaires. According to Krishnaswami (2002:197) data are facts, figure and other relevant materials, past and present that serve as bases for the study and analysis. He further states that data may be classified into primary and secondary sources as discussed below.

3,5,2Primary sources These was original sources from which the researcher directly from respondents and collects data that have not been previously collected. Primary data sources are first hand information collected through methods such as questionnaire and interview.

52 3,5.3 Secondary data Krishna swami (2002:203) defines secondary data as sources which have been collected and compiled for another purposes. It consists of readily available documents already compiled statistical statements and reports whose data may be used researcher for their studies. Example includes census reports and annual reports. Secondary data consists of published and unpublished records and reports (Krishnaswami, 2002:199). Advantages of secondary data are, this data is available and can be secured quickly and easily. It may cover wider geographical area and longer reference period without much cost. The use of secondary data broadens the data base from which scientific generalization can be made. In order to get data for this study, a combination of primary and secondary data will be used.

3.5.6 Questionnaires The questionnaire was used to collect both numerical and in depth data on the entire three research question using closed ended questions .This is because questionnaire can generate statistical data using closed ended questions and in depth data using semi structured and open-ended questions Amin,2005. Questionnaires were given to the senior camp leaders or chiefs, Local voluntary persons and Religious leaders. The questionnaires were popular because the respondents filled them at their own convenience and are appropriate for large samples. The questionnaires were designed in accordance with the objectives of the study. All questions were close-ended (See Appendix II). According to Amin (2005), questionnaires were popular with researchers because information was obtained fairly, easily and the responses were easily coded. However, the major

53 weaknesses of questionnaires were that they did not provide detailed information to the problem.

3.6 Validity of the Instruments Validity and accuracy and meaningfulness of inferences, which based on the research results (Mugenda, 1999). Validity of instruments was ascertained by first of all discussing the questionnaire schedule drafts with the supervisor. The content validity of the instrument was found worthy executing for the pilot run and thus the study. After constructing the questionnaire, the researcher contacted the supervisor and three other experts in order to get expertise judgment on the validity. According to Gay (1996) construct validity of an instrument was based on expert advice. The following formula which used to test validity index

CVI = Number of items regarded relevant by judges Total number of items

For the results of the figures indicated 0.95, meaning that the instruments were valid for use (See Appendix V).

3,7 Reliability of the Instruments According to Mugenda (1999), reliability was measured the degree to which a research instrument yields consistent results or data after repeated trials. The reliability of instruments was established basing on the preliminary results derived from the pilot study. The study instruments were set for the pilot run. Results realized were discussed with the supervisor and the content reliability of the instrument will be accepted. The reliability of the questionnaire was established using Cronbach Alpha Coefficient

54 K( 1— K-1~

Where; a ~Reliability, Alpha Coefficient (Cronbach) was 0.502 K Number of items in the instrument

~ o-2k = Variance of individual items

= Variance of the total instrument

= Summation

Pre testing of the research instrument Research instruments was developed and first discussed with the supervisor at KTU, County commissioner ofjuba and Payam administrator of Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, before pre testing on selected respondents of Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba County, under similar situation as those of the sample. Review of the instruments by more experienced people and field testing on appropriate population that increased reliability of the research instruments (Kakooza 1996) Employee who took part in the pre testing of the questionnaire did take part in the final study. After the pre-testing inconsistence of questions was corrected, ambiguous questions was notified and clarified to ensure that research questions are clear, understood and are asking the intended questions that provide answers to be used to draw conclusions on the relationship between Humanitarian Aid and poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. Pre testing the instrument enhance their reliability and validity. According to Mugenda and

55 Mugenda (1999), the number of individual in the pretest should be small, between 1 %to 10 % of the sample size. In this study, pretest of the questionnaire was done on 2 % of the sample population which was five people.

3.8 Data Gathering Procedures Before the administration of the questionnaires, an introduction letter was obtained from the College of Higher Degrees and Research for the researcher to solicit approval to conduct the study from respective leaders of In Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county,; when approved, the researcher secured a list of the qualified respondents from the leaders and select through systematic random sampling from this list to arrive at the minimum sample size. The respondents were explained about the study and were requested to sign the Informed Consent Form (Appendix 3).

During the administration of the questionnaires, the respondents were requested to answer completely and not allowed leaving any part of the questionnaires unanswered. The researcher and assistants was emphasized retrieval of the questionnaires within five days from the date of distribution. On retrieval, all returned questionnaires were checked to find out if all were answered. After the administration of the questionnaires, the data gathered was correlated, encoded into the computer and statistically treated using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

3.9 Data Processing Data processing involved checking all questionnaires and removal of those which was not answered. All answers which lacked clarity was not included in the

56 analysis. Data were coded and prepared ready for analysis in SPSS computer programme by the help of a statistician. Data analysis means the computation of certain indices or measure along with searching for patterns of relationships that exist among the data groups. Analysis, particularly in the case of survey or experimental data, involves estimating the values of unknown parameter of the population and testing hypotheses for drawing inference (Kothari, 1990:160). According to Kothari data analysis takes place after the data have been collected.

The frequency and percentage distribution was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the respondents. The mean and standard deviation was used to determine the level of management styles and level of job satisfaction, All item strategies was establish in terms of mean and rank. The following mean ranges was used to arrive at the mean of individual indications.

The relationship between humanitarian Aid and poverty alleviation will be evaluated using Pearson’s correlation co efficiency using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). According to Amin (2005), the correlation coefficient always takes a value between -1 and 1, with 1 or -1 indicating perfect correlation (all points was laid along a straight line in this case). A positive correlation

57 indicated a positive association between the variables (increasing values in one variable correspond to increasing values in the other variable), while a negative correlation indicated a negative association between the variables (increasing values is one variable correspond to decreasing values in the other variable). A relationship value close to 0 indicated no association between the variables. Since the method for calculating the correlation coefficient standardizes the variables, changes in scale or units of measurement did not affect its value. For this reason, the correlation coefficient was more useful than a graphical depiction in determining the strength of the association between two variables.

3,10 Ethical Consideration All the data was collected by the researcher from the respondents and will be kept confidential and only used for academic. Further an introductory letter will be obtained from the dean, school of post graduate studies which was shown to each approached respondents requesting for their co-operation.

3.11 Limitations of the Study The extraneous variables: Those that are likely to trigger the success of the project including, the respondents’ unethical by closing offices before closure time, dishonesty of the respondents and hiding the necessary information, political instability, arm conflicts. The researcher curbed them down by meeting the respondents before the filling in exercise begins. Attrition: Attrition called data mortality involved the failure to return some questionnaires from the respondents and also returning unanswered questions. The researcher therefore will be careful with extra questionnaires that were used in case of data mortality.

58 The researcher was treated with suspicion by some respondents by imagining him as a spy leading to some respondents declining to cooperate in an attempt to safeguard their jobs, position and interests. However, the above limitations were overcome by;

The researcher making it clear to the respondents that the research is purely academic, that research is mandatory to do in order to qualify in his studies. The researcher also explained on how the research is authorized by the University Registrar’s office so as to clear any cause of suspicion.

59 CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTAION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.0. Introduction This chapter shows the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data that was collected from the field. The chapter shows data on demographic characteristics of respondents in terms of Gender, Age of Respondents, Educational Level, types of employment, Years spent at camp and Voluntary Position, the level of humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan, the level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. And the relationship between humanitarian Aid and poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan:

4,1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents The study had the demographic characteristics of the respondents that were observed and presented in the table of frequencies. These included the Gender, Age of Respondents, Educational Level, types of employment, Years spent at camp and Voluntary Position among the many as indicated in Table 2. Table 2: Socio-Dernographic Characteristics of Respondents (N176) Gender Frequency Percentage

~maie84~48 Total Age of Respondents 20—25 20 11 26—29 26 I

60 From Table 2, it reveals that males were 92 (52%), and females were also 84 (48%).

61 The age of respondents, those between the age-brackets of 20—25 years with 20 (11%), 26—29 years with 26 (15%), 30—35 years with 84 (48%), 36—39 years with 36 (20%) 40 and above with 10 (6%) respectively. On the education level, it was manifested as follows: the respondents with certificates were 84 (48%), Diploma were 20 (11%) while those with Bachelor’s Degree were 26 (15%) and those 36 (20%) and lastly master 10 (6%) respectively. On the type of employment, Farmer 30 (17%), Self employed 84 (48%), House wife 10 (6%), Doctor 20 (11%), Teacher 20 (11%) and lastly Politician 12 (7%). According to the years spent at camp the findings were as follows (1-2) years 84 (48%), (3-4) years 26 (15%), (5-6) years 30 (17%), 84 (48%), (7-8) years 36 (20%) respectively. According to the findings on the Voluntary Position, Camp leader 46 (27%), Religious leader 94 (53%), Voluntary person 36 (20%) respectively

62 4.2 To establish the level of humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan:. The second objective was set to establish the level of humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan for which the researcher intended to find out how effective humanitarian Aid is and the degree at which it stand when compared to poverty alleviation. Humanitarian Aid was broken into four aspects (including Humanity, Impartiality, Neutrality and Independence). In this study, all the four aspects were measured using twenty (20) qualitative questions in which respondents were required to indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with each statement by indicating the number that best describe their perceptiOns. All the twenty (20) questions on humanitarian Aid were likert scaled using four points ranging between 1 Strongly Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3 Agree and 4 Strongly Agree. Their responses were analyzed and described using Means as summarized in table 4 below. The means were interpreted using them following mean ranges and description Mean range Response mode Interpretation 3.26-4.00 Strongly agree Very High ~ 2.51-3.25 Agree High 1.76-2.50 Disagree low 1.00-1.75 Strongly disagree Very low

63 Table 4:

The level of humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan Interpretation Rank Mean Aid offered to humans in the has benefited thel2 92 High 1 people in the camps _____ Humanity aid has improved the liveso ternally 2 86 High 2

displaced people in this camp ____ so High 3 NGOS offering humanity aid have been 2.75

beneficial in this camp ______Humanity aid has changed our lives drastically 2.66 High 4 High 5 My life in the camp has been changed so much due 2 80

to humanity aid given to us in this camp ____ Average mean 2.67 High

Impartiality 1 Humanitarian aid given in the camps is given High basing on the feelings and heart they feel for the 3.22 people in the camps High 2 Humanitarian aid is given without any strings 2.80 attached to it in this camp Low 3 There is nothing that you give in return for the aid 2.31 given in this camp 4 You are well satisfied with the aid given to you in Low the camp and you do not have any problems with 2.29 it. Very low 5 The aid given to you in the camp is enough to see 1.47 you through your life and your family Average mean 2,42 ~Low

64 Neutrality Thereisnodiscrirninationiflthecampasfaras287 High 1 providing humanitarian aid in the camp People are all treated the same when providing 2 73 High 2 humanitarian aid There is no gender or race discrimination from the High 3 providers of humanitarian aid in the camps ~~~anjtarian aid is given without expecting265 High 4 anything from these people in the camps

... The NGOs providing humanitarian aid give it Low 5 without expecting anything from the refugees in 2.41 camps Average mean 2,67 High

Independence OrganizationsthatofferhuinaflitariaflaidP1’0~~le5287 High 1 it the camps on an independent basis Thecampsareindependentofthemselvesandthey273 High 2 only depend on aid The government offers aid apart from the268 High 3 organizations the offer aid to this camp This camp is protected by the government and ~5 2 65 High 4 looked after by the aid given by the government There is protection of people in the camp and they2 41 Low 5 are taken to be independent Average mean 2.67 High

...... •• Overall average mean 2.61 High

Source: pri,naiy data, 2015 The means in table four indicate that humanitarian Aid used in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South 65 Sudan were rated at different levels. Out of the categories, Neutrality and humanity and independence humanitarian Aid tied with (mean 2.67) were rated highest, followed by Impartiality Humanitarian Aid (mean 2.42). When you sum up all the four categories, the overall average mean is (2.61) which is equivalent to agree on the rating scale used and thus basing on these results, it can be concluded that humanitarian Aid are so influential in the eradication of poverty in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan.

It was noted by the respondent of the UN that: more extensively with local NGOs or government ministries will allow assistance to continue, but independent monitoring and reporting will be essential to ensure the impartiality of the humanitarian response. Access to certain areas held by opposition groups, including Jebel Marra and large parts of IDP ‘s, may also become more difficult as local minisfries are not able to work there, and local, non-Juban NGOs may be perceived as too close to the government. It was also noted that the inability of government technical staff to access some camps and areas during the UN/HAC assessment in Juba confirms these fears. At the same time, the NGOs, whilst enjoying better access, may be subject to political pressures and may thus also face difficulties in acting impartially. In addition, local NGOs and national staff are also likely to flee in the face of security threats, particularly if they are not from the region. There is thus a real danger that the humanitarian operation will face difficulties in reaching and assisting areas and population groups most in need. This in turn could lead to displacement from remote rural areas into already overcrowded camps”.

66 The findings conclude that there is a high degree of Impartiality, humanity and independent Humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan and if this is maintained, they will constitute to poverty eradication.

To get a final picture on Humanitarian Aid , the researcher computed an overall average mean for all the three categories in Table 4, which came out to be

(mean = 2.61), which confirms that the level of humanitarian Aid is moderate in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan

The findings are significant in that the respondents asked said that humanitarian Aid has aided a total estimated 3,350 people displaced from Jebel Marra have taken displaced camp. This includes about 600 people in Zalingei’s Hamediya and Hassahesa IDP camps identified through an inter-agency mission conducted from 28-29 February. In response to the needs of the newly displaced people in the two IDP camps, the Government’s Water and Sanitation Department (WES) and the international NGO Norwegian Church Aid (NCA) with support from UNICEF are constructing 10 communal latrines in jabel IDP camp. WES is also installing a water bladder in Hamediya camp and emergency household and hygiene supplies are being distributed to the new IDPs in both camps. The displaced people are receiving health assistance at the local primary health care facility or are being referred to the Zalingei hospital for further treatment. Food and shelter needs remain a priority in Zalingei and other locations.

67 4.3 To investigate the level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. The third objective was to investigate the level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan which was broken down into four (4) aspects (including Education, Health food and water, Provision of skills and training and Income redistribution). All the four (4) aspects of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan were measured using twenty (20) qualitative questions in which respondents were requested to indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with the statement by writing the number that best describes their perception. Each of the items on the questionnaires was rated with the aid of four response mode subjects ranging between one to four; where 1= strongly Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3 Agree, 4 Strongly Agree. Their responses were described using means as summarized in table 5. Table 5

The level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan lucation Mean Interpretation Rank iucatingthepeopleinthecamP5~5d0h1ea1.0tt0277 High 1 [eviate poverty in the camps lucation through teaching people how to farm has High 2 re animals has led to poverty alleviation in the 2.55 imps ____ ducation is very vital for the people mthe camps high 4 order to alleviate poverty from the people

68 ~pleinthecan~phavebeentaughth0wtheYcan255 High 3

~e out of poverty in the camps ~plehavebeentaughthOWtOfarmandgand240 Low 5

has alleviated poverty in the camps erage mean 2.55 High aith, food and water >viding health, food and water to the people in 56 Very high camp helps to alleviate poverty in the camps aith, food and water provision in the camps has Low 2 2.40 ped people to live out of poverty maj~ source of alleviating pove~ in the Low

flps ______

~alth, food and water are the main sources o~ high 2.55 verty alleviation in the camps

30s and the government have helped in the high avision of health, food and water in the camps to 2.58 ~ to it that they go out of poverty verage mean 2,71 High •~ij~j~ of skills and training illsofworkinghavebeeflPr0videdt0Pe0P~n287 High e camps to enable them to come out of poverty raining and practical practice has been provided to Low 2 ~ople in the refugee camps to see to it they come 2.48 it of poverty

69 cational skills once provided and taught to the High 2.55 ple can help to alleviate poverty in the camps ~ government has put much effort and emphasis High see to it that people in the camps are provided 2.53 ~h skills and training that will help them come out poverty High ills and training development has done a lot to 2.81 ~viate poverty in the camps erage mean 2.65 High tome redistribution 1 ~ome redistribution helps to alleviate poverty in Very high 3.50 camps 5 ying people working in the camps a better wage High d income helps in alleviating poverty in the 2.54 rnps 2 :fering people good jobs that provides them good High 2.91 Dome alleviates poverty in the camps oviding a balanced income for the people in the high 4 2.55 mps can help in poverty alleviation

-_ 3 ~oples incomes in the camps have been revisited high 2.65 that they can come out of poverty verage mean 2.83 High verall Average mean 2.69 High Source; Primary data 2015

70 The results in table 5 revealed that there different levels of pover~ alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. On average, income redistribution was the highly rated with (mean 2.83), followed by health, food and water at a (mean 2.71), provision of skills and training (mean 2.65), and lastly education (mean 2.55) respectiVely. On overall, two (2) out of (20) rated vely high equivalent to strongly agree on the rating scale used, fifteen (15) were rated high equivalent to agree on the rating scale used and three (3) were rated low equivalent to disagree on the rating scale used respectively. To get a final picture on the poverty alleviation, the researcher computed an overall Grand average mean for all aspects in Table 5, which came out to be (mean 2.69) equivalent to agree on the rating scale used, which confirms that the level of poverty alleviation stands at moderate level in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba coun~, central Equatoria State South Sudan. the above findings show that humanitarian aid help to elevated but the significant analysis indicate that while the number of displaced people increases in camps, it creates the shortage of humanitarian aid in strnggling, when asked one of the humanitarian worker said that: The South Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission and the Southern Sudan Human Rights Commission, responsible for humanitarian assistance

and the pi~otectiO11 of human rights respectively, are both struggling with a

lack of reSOurCeS and manpower, undermining their capaci~ to provide effective assistance to IDPs and returnees. This justified by even the number of pove1~ elevation by the govei~~ent of South Sudan as a result of humanitarian aid, in cases of intervention, In some cases local authorities have undermined the principle of free and voluntary return

71 in safety and dignity by demolishing IDP& homes, notably where IDPs had been squatting on private land or on land designated for public use, without giving sufficient notice and without providing alternative shelter to the people concerned. In other cases, IDPs and returnees returning from places of displacements to towns in Southern Sudan, including Yei and Nimule, have found their land occupied by SPLA soldiers or former soldiers, who have used threats and intimidation to stop the returnees from contesting the occupation of their landwhich is the same case of Jebel displaced camp in Juba South Sudan.

4.4 RelationshiP between Level of humanitarian Aid and level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan The fourth objective in this study was to establish whether there is a significant Relationship between Level of humanitarian Aid and level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. On this, the researcher stated a null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between Level of humanitarian Aid and level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. To achieve this last objective and to test this null hypothesis, the researcher correlated the means for aspects of humanitarian Aid and those on poverty alleviation using the Pearson’s Linear Correlation Coefficient, as indicated in table 6.

72 Table 6

Pearson’s Linear Correlation Coefficient results for Humanitarian Aid and Poverty alleviation ~~vai lii Interpretation significant ~lationship

Source: primary data, 2015 The results in Table 6 indicate that humanitarian Aid and poverty alleviation are significantly correlated (r =-0.355).the sig. value indicate that there is positive and significant correlation (sig. 0.000 <0.05) leading to a conclusion that humanitarian Aid significantly improves poverty alleviation at 5% level of significance. Basing on these results, the stated null hypothesis of “there is no significant relationship between humanitarian Aid and poverty alleviation” is rejected, and thus the findings showed a negative relationship between humanitarian Aid and performance. These results lead to a conclusion that an improvement in the level of Humanitarian Aid is likely to improve poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan To get the final picture on how humanitarian Aid affects poverty alleviation, three aspects of poverty alleviation index were regressed against Humanitarian Aid, results of which are indicated in table 7 bellow; and the remaining aspect was not significant however the overall general pic~re showed a positive and significant effect.

73 Table 7

Regression Model for Poverty alleviation and Humanitarian Aid

Source: primaly data 2015 The Linear regression results in Table 7 above indicate that Humanitarian Aid significantly affects poverty alleviation (F22.290, sig. =0.000). The results indicate that the three constructs of humanitarian Aid included in the regression model contribute over i 2% towards variations in all the three aspects of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central EquatOria State South Sudan (Adjusted R2 =0.120). The coefficients section of this table indicates the level to which humanitarian Aid affect poverty alleviation and this is indicated by Beta values. For example, of all the three aspects in Humanitarian Aid, Humanity has the biggest impact on poverty alleviation with a

74 beta value of -0.182, suggesting that humanity contributes over - 18% towards variations in poverty alleviation. This is followed by Impartiality (BetaO.3 11), and lastly Neutrality (Beta-0.339). This implies that for poverty alleviation to improve and be made histoiy in the camp, the administrators in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan should come up emphasis Humanity approach of humanitarian aid, followed by Impartiality and Neutrality humanitarian aid if they want to alleviate poverty in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan.

The respondents who supporters counter that these arguments, where in connection with .Jeffrey Sachs (2004), Joseph Stiglitz (2002), Nicholas Stern (2002) and others have argued that although aid has sometimes failed, it has supported poverty reduction and growth in some countries and prevented even worse performance in others. Advocates argue that many of the weaknesses of aid have more to do with donors than recipients, especially since much aid is given to political allies rather then to support development explores the current debates on aid and growth. It begins by providing an overview of three different views of the aid growth relationship: that there is (1) no relationship (or a negative one), (2) a positive relationship, usually with diminishing returns; or (3) a conditional relationship in which aid works in some circumstances but not in others, depending on the characteristics of the recipient country or the practices and procedures of the donors. It then explores in depth one of the newer contributions to the debate evidence that different types of aid have different relationships to growth. Specifically, aid that is actually aimed directly at growth (e.g., for infrastructure and agriculture) strongly and positive impact on growth, on average.

75 CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMEDATIONS 5.0 IntroductiOn This chapter presents discussion, conclusion, and recommendations. All this was dependent on the study objectives as here below. The findings revealed that, the males exceeded in the exercise by 50% compared to the females. Therefore, there were more male participants than the females in the study. The respondents with the age bracket of 20-3 9 years dominated the study while the least were those with above 60 years of age. Therefore it can be deduced that, the early adulthood respondents were the major participants in the study. Bachelor’s Degree holders were many compared to other qualifications’ holders while those with certificate qualification were the least in the study respondents. The conclusion was that the study employed more graduates compared to others. The married respondents exceeded the rest in the study exercise while the least were the widowed. This therefore was concluded that, it was the married respondents whose participation appeared frequently in the study. The experience was analyzed in such a way that those between 30-3 5 years of age were majorly in the exercise while those between 40 and above years of age were the less participants of the study. This can be deduced that, there were many participants with less experience than those with the average one in the study. 5.1 DiscussionS The purpose of this study was investigate how Humanitarian Aid has impacted on the alleviation of poverty in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, ëentral Equatoria State South Sudan The objective of the study was as follows: The level of humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples

76 Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan, The level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally, Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan, The relationship between Humanitarian Aid and Poverty Alleviation in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan.

5d.2 The level of humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan The research findings noted that the concerns have emerged about the nutrition status of TDPs in the Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp following an increase in kwashiorkOr cases, a form of severe protein~eflergy malnutrition, identified at medical health facilities. This was noted that the ~CR reports that global acute malnutrition (GAM) rates for children under 5 years of age reached 9,6% in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp and 7,2%. The worsening indicators may be associated with delays and disruption of basic humanitarian services for the refugees due to the partial evacuation of humanitarian personnel from the area. The findings was in line with (Dugger, 2007), Humanitarian aid is material and logistic assistance to people in need. It is usually short-term help until the long-term help by government and other institutions replaces it. Among

the people in need belong homeless, refugees, victims of natural disasters - earthquake, flooding, cyclonic storms, famines or military conflicts example, women, elderly, children and disabled groups etc. The primary purpose of humanitarian aid is to save lives, reduce suffering and respect to human dignity. Humanitarian aid is material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purpose5~ typically in response to humanitarian crises including natural disaster

77 and man-made disaster. The primary objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity.

The argument was in line with (Malki, 2008) who asserted that South Sudan humanitarian aid and poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced people’s camp, Juba County, central Equatoria state south Sudan is necessary because live is the most considerable aspects in very assistance where people needs the means of survival at a short term where government of South Sudan cannot help at the moment because of the war. (Narayan, 2002), Poverty Alleviation is a term that describes the promotion of economic growth that will permanently lift as many people as possible over a poverty line. Poverty is the state of human beings who are poor.

It was noted that while the humanitarian aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp in South Sudan has a major impact on ensuring deliveries of food, non-food items and fuel (needed for example for water pumps) to the refugee camps in Unity and Upper Nile states. WFP is struggling to keep up with the demands for food; for the time being distributions have been reduced to two weeks’ rations rather than usual 1 month’ ones. ~HCR reports serious shortages of fuel so that it had to be rationed for water pumps in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp.

The respondents asserted that the most worrying effect of the ongoing crisis is an adverse effect on safety and security of IDPS. The overall chaos that South Sudan is cuirently experiencing has caused an increase of harassment and intimidation of Sudanese in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp and other areas of Upper Nile and ~Unity states. Armed non-state actors from Sudan, such as Rebels, seem to have taken advantage of the general decrease of rule of law and the weakness of

78 structures in South Sudan and have increased their military presence in the camps. Incidents of forced recruitment, child recruitment, intimidation, sexual violence, extortion of aid are at present at the highest level since the beginning of the IDPs crisis. This was noted by the respondents as a result of Over-population in Tomping and UN House —the two PoC areas in UNIVIISS bases in Juba —is still largely responsible for public health and protection concerns already reported previously. Lack of space makes it virtually impossible for aid agencies to provide living conditions that are dignified, and safe for the residents.

Finally the research was supported by the findings the level of humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan which confirms that the level of humanitarian Aid is moderate in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. The reason behind this was because of the three aspects of humanitarian aid that were rated high which included Humanity, Neutrality and independence respectively as noted by the respondents in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp. This was stressed by Looming food security crisis by the United Nations Food and Agriculture OrganisatiOn (FAO) noted that the recent developments in the country have dramatically worsened the food security prospects for 2014 and beyond. Most of the gains and improvements of last year are now compromised, and FAO estimates that around 7.2 million people will be at risk of food insecurity in 2014 (up from around 4 million in 2013), out of which one million will be in the emergency level (phase 4, the second highest of the IPC scale, the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification). An additional 2.2 million á~e expected to be in a crisis level situation (Phase 3/IPC). The highest risk of food insecurity is expected to be in Jonglei, Upper Nile and Unity States.

79 (FAQ is alerting to the possibility of South Sudan facing famine (Phase 5/IPC) if not enough efforts are undertaken”.

5,1.3 The level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. The second o1~1ective which was on the level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan which was an equivalent to agree on the rating scale used, which confirmed that the level of poverty alleviation stood at moderate level in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. These outcomes were due to the aspects that were highly rates such as income redistribution and health, food and water provision. In relations to the findings, Juan Rodon (2012) on Managing cul~ral conflicts for effective humanitarian aid asserts that An increasing number of humanitarian emergencies with a growing range of complexity are puffing pressure on agencies to deliver humanitarian aid (HA) in the most appropriate and cost effective way (HPG, 2005; Roh et al., 2008; EU, 2009).

of humanitarian response, to enhance the accountability of agencies to affected communities, and ultimately to improve the effectiveness of aid (Sphere, 2011). These initiatives usually identify a set of standards that represent sector-wide consensus on best practices in humanitarian response. A common feature of these best practices is that aid agencies must consider, respect, and support the different humanitarian socio-cultural contexts and adapt their response programmes accordingly.

80 The findings indicated that poverty alleviation in Jebel internally Displaced peoples Camp was as a result of Poverty alleviation was noted as a positive social impacts increase in incomes for farmers. It was noted that farmers are able to earn some income from the sale of their produce on the market. On average, income earned even exceeds SSP 400 (USD 100) per month for some farmers in Yambio. A fairly well off farmer in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State they where able to hire workers to work in his farm fields for about SSP 400 per month. He is able to cater for all his family needs and take children to school. The respondents noted that under Social cohesion with stable incomes, households are able to have stable families. This enhances social cohesion, proper planning and taking care of the children without so much hassle as would be the case without income. In connection to the above, the humanitarian organisation for Economic Co operation and Development defines I-IA as “assistance designed to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain and protect human dignity during and in the aftermath of emergencies” (OECD, 2010).

Therefore, the humanitarian aids were in the improvement in food security, as the yield improves with provision of good seed, farmers are able to improve their food security especially when they get bumper harvests from their gardens. IDPS is one of the most productive areas among the project sites in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State. Respondents also noted that employment (safety nets) humanitarian aid through the safety nets program being implemented by the project, people are able to earn income through the rehabilitation of feeder roads especially those from highly productive areas. This helps farmers transport their farm produce easily to markets in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State. 81 The respondents has a mixed reactions on the level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State which the respondents stated that agricultural potential in South Sudan is high with about 90% of its total area considered Suitable for agriculture, 50% of which is prime agricultural land. Soil and climate conditions allow for a wide variety of food and cash crops. South Sudan’s agricultural production is principally based on small, hand-cultivated household units belonging to larger family aggregations. Regarding cereals, in most small-holder systems farmers grow a wide range of sorghum landraces, with minor crops of maize, bulrush millet, finger millet and upland rice according to location. Other crops grown include groundnuts, which make a significant contribution to the household food security replacing sorghum as the main staple in poorer sorghum~grOwing years when the rains begin later than usual; and providing a regular staple and cash crop in the higher localities with sandier soils. Cowpeas, beans, sesame, pumpkins and tobacco add to the biodiversity of the northern farming areas of South Sudan.

The research findings indicated that although Crop production cultivation is almost exclusively by manual means with rudimenta~ basic tools and the area of land cultivated, which is also related to average allocated land ranging from 1 to 4 feddans (0.4 to 1.7 hectares), is determined by family labour availability (principally women); and by the minimum acreage required for assurance of basic household food supply. Cropping areas are typically cultivated under a shifting regime for two to three years or until yields prove to be in considerable decline, at which st~tge the land is fallowed and a new arable area is cleared, the vegetation burnt and cultivation commenced. In some cases, the move to new land involves

82 the movement also of the family home; in others, a permanent home location is maintained and only the cropping plots rotated especially in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State.

As a result of the level of poverty alleviation in IDPs camp, the respondents in the side of the government noted that authorities continue to put pressure on TOM and other aid organisatiOns to relocate IDPs in Nimule at the border with Uganda. It is reported that about 15 000 displaced persons plan to leave South Sudan. However, South Sudanese authorities seem to not want citizens to flee to Uganda (potentially under pressure from the Government of Uganda), and have tl~eatened IDPs that the border would not be open for them and that there would be no humanitarian assistance. South Sudanese authorities have reportedly prevented medical aid agencies from treating patients. Humanitarian organisations would have been warned to deliver any aid to the TDPs of Nimule in South Sudan.

5.1.4 The relationship between Humanitarian Aid and Poverty Alleviation in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan The discussion on whether there was a significant relationship between Level of humanitarian Aid and level of poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan for which it was hypothesized before that there is no significant relationship between the Level of humanitarian Aid and level of poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. Basing on these results, the stated null hypothesis of “there is no significant relationship between Level of humanitarian Aid and level of poverty alleviation” is rejected, and thus

83 the findings showed a positive relationship between humanitarian Aid and level of poverty alleviation. These results lead to a conclusion that an improvement in the humanitarian aid is likely to improve poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan.

These findings were in line with most scholars who suggested that there are various approaches to understanding the relationship between humanitarian and poverty alleviation. Some literature points to a specific time period; envisaging the humanitarian development gap as a temporal period when a humanitarian operation is about to be completed, and development and reconstruction projects are about to begin. Others refer to an institutional gap which is not only about the practical problems of coordinating humanitarian and development institutions, but fundamental differences in priorities, cultures and mandates. Research findings noted that the debates have included an emphasis on linking humanitarian aid and development with security, in the context of post 2011 western foreign policy,(OCHA 2011).

Research identified when was carried out in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan indicated that according to UNHRC (2010), suggests that Refugees and displaced persons The perception that displaced persons can only be addressed through humanitarian means can impede or delay the achievement of sustainable solutions, and lead to protracted displacements and a cycle of dependence on humanitarian assistance (UNHRC 2010). In terms of approaches, the transitional solutions initiative and the Solutions Alliance aim to position displacement at the core of recovery and development strategies through advocacy, coordination, capacity building and

84 resource mobilization. These approaches focus on building relationships between bilateral and multilateral actors to support local processes and local ownership and finding sustainable solutions for displaced persons and local communities (UNDP and IJNHCR 2013).

Finally, the research indication was that the report for the ~‘4DP, Stoddard and Harmer (2005) find that there is a lack of clarity in how humanitarian, development and security actors work alongside each other in conflict affected environments. Challenges relate to the large number of actors and mandates involved in situations of conflict and protracted crisis indicating the Relationship between humanitarian Aid and poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. Owen Barder, of the Center for Global Development, has performed a useful service in a recent paper, what is Poverty Alleviation? In it, he points out the implicit trade-offs between tackling current and future poverty, between helping as many poor people as possible versus focusing on those in chronic poverty, and between measures that tackle the causes of poverty and those which deal with the symptoms. In fact, notes the author, “poverty Alleviation actually encompasses many goals, some of which are contradictory.” If donors agencies do not explicitly recognize and account for these differences at the outset unless it’s clear what measure for poverty Alleviation is going to be employed confusion and disillusionment can and does ensue. (Ehrlich, 1997).

The discussion in connection with the findings, the Millennium Development Goal of “halving poverty” is a case in point, 2015 is passing without significance change to reduce poverty in developing world and particularly in South Sudan. 85 The primary standard by which progress is measured is the percentage of the population below the World Bank’s poverty line of $1.25/day. But that is a static measure it says nothing about further poverty Alleviation over time The on-going deliberations over US foreign assistance reform need to recognize the multiple objectives and trade-offs inherent in “poverty Alleviation” and the importance of precision in specifying poverty alleviation objectives.

(David, 2004) asserted that Poverty Alleviation is a term that describes the promotion of economic growth that will permanently lift as many people as possible over a poverty line.

5.2 Conclusion The level of humanitarian Aid in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan The research findings noted that the concerns have emerged about the nutrition status of IDPs in the Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp following an increase in kwashiorkor cases, a form of severe protein-energy malnutrition, identified at medical health facilities. This was noted that the UNHCR reports that global acute malnutrition (GAM) rates for children under 5 years of age reached 9,6% in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp and 7,2%. The worsening indicators may be associated with delays and disruption of basic humanitarian services for the refugees due to the partial evacuation of humanitarian personnel from the area.

86 The level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. The second objective which was on the level of poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Dispiaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan which was an equivalent to agree on the rating scale used, which confirmed that the level of poverty alleviation stood at moderate level in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. These outcomes were due to the aspects that were highly rates such as income redistribution and health, food and water provision. The discussion on whether there was a significant relationship between Level of humanitarian Aid and level of poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan for which it was hypothesized before that there is no significant relationship between the Level of humanitarian Aid and level of poverty alleviation in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. Basing on these results, the stated null hypothesis of “there is no significant relationship between Level of humanitarian Aid and level of poverty alleviation” is rejected, and thus the findings showed a positive relationship between humanitarian Aid and level of poverty alleviation.

The findings also noted that the worrying issues in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan Insecurity in the outskirts of the state capitals of Bor, Bentiu and Malakal remains a challenge affecting humanitarian access to IDPs in in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan.

87 5.3 Recommendations 5.3.1 Humanitarian assistance programs Nutrition response; the Nutrition agencies have reached about 27 500 people which is a relatively low coverage given the existing needs. OCHA believes that by the end of June, 821 000 people will need nutritional intervention. Although nutrition agencies progressively scale up the response, further efforts are urgently needed with regards to mobilising resources (human resources, stocks and financial means) to adequately serve the needs of those affected by the conflict.

5.3.2 Food Security and Livelihood response Some 267 500 people have benefited from food assistance since the start of the crisis. Distribution of basic food and nutrition supplies continues, but more is needed, especially as new needs are assessed. Assistance should be targeted towards displaced people congregating in rural areas who have not been absorbed by host communities. Agricultural inputs are needed before the main planting season begins in March. FAQ and WFP are instrumental in leading their partners in a coordinated response across the country.

5.3,3 Logistics response The logistics cluster is trying to coordinate logistic requests throughout the country from Juba. Many organizations appear to be dependent on the services provided, especially because of the massive increase in transportation costs. There is a huge strain on resources, especially storage capacity in key hubs. The cluster plays a crucial role in supporting partners in coordinating their security clearance from authorities for charter flights to airlifi supplies. The logistics cluster is actively looking for additional funding to ensure the continuation of airlift

88 capacities till the end of June. For the sake of a most effective pre-positioning, one of the main challenges is to establish the storage and warehouse facilities across

the country, especially in Awerial, Bentiu, Bor and Malakal — locations where the previous facilities ones have been destroyed and/or looted.

Given the abovementioned transportation concerns, the logistics partners are trying to open new supply corridors to South Sudan to ease both in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan and refugee responses. Negotiations and arrangements in Sudan and Ethiopia are now ongoing for new supply routes to be open as soon as possible.

5e3,4 Camp Coordination and Shelter/NFl response A shelter cluster assessment is being conducted in PoC sites across the country. This assessment has already been completed in Juba in the Pocs at the UN House and in Tamping. It is currently underway in the PoC in Bor. Findings in Juba suggest that a vast majority of IDP households (79%) plan to relocate outside of Juba town mostly to neighboring countries, if the situation allows. The agencies are now incorporating the findings into their shelter preparedness strategies.

The humanitarian response with regard to non-food items ~NFI) is ongoing in most areas where access has been possible through various organizations. In order to ensure good cluster coordination management practice in emergencies, a “Strategic Advisory Group” has been established Juba.

Fund humanitarian assistance programs through core budgets and shift away from an over-reliance on supplemental funding; While it is important to maintain the

89 ability to use budgetary supplemental in the event of a truly overwhelming emergency, the current over-reliance on this mode of funding frequently creates political uncertainties and delays in developing, financing and implementing programming.

Create a clear strategy and appropriate funding mechanisms for transitional programming to provide an effective transition from relief to development; Assert the central role played by aid funders during emergency response and ensure a strong, well-funded capacity for response in complex emergencies to reduce a growing reliance upon military capacity in a range of humanitarian and complex emergency environments. Overall, the current funding approach has direct costs to the most vulnerable groups in Jebel internally displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan through disrupted and delayed programs and benefits

5.3,5 Recommendation to the government The government must come up and Caring for natural resources so that they can be used indefinitely (sustainably) is an important way of increasing people’s livelihood options. Care means protection and restoration. If we protect the soil and increase its fertility, remove alien invasive plants and re establish indigenous vegetation, we thus help people to make a living off the land

— through farming, crafts and tourism — for generations to come. By protecting estuaries, where many marine species breed, we protect people’s ability to earn a

living from the sea — sustainably. Renewing urban landscapes can help people grow food at home, and work and relax in safe and pleasant surroundings indefinitely.

90 The Independent Expert encourages the international community to continue providing necessary technical assistance to the Government of the Sudan, and national and local civil society organizations in the Sudan towards the effective improvement of the practical situation of human rights in the country. To that end the international community should, inter alia

Allocate sufficient funding to UNDP to enable it to continue supporting the national plan of the Government of the Sudan to implement the remaining recommendations of the universal periodic review;

Provide UNAMID with adequate human and financial resources to continue promoting and IDP’s and supporting the peace process in South Sudan;

Encourage both the Government of the Sudan and the rebel movements to lay down their arms and engage in peaceful negotiations

Support the social peace initiatives of the Government of the Sudan aimed at ending the tribal conflicts in the different parts of the Sudan;

Assist the Government of the Sudan in addressing the problem of unexploded ordnances in the conflict areas

Continue their good work to promote human rights awareness in the Sudan and their constructive engagements with the Government;

Submit proposals for technical assistance and capacity-building to UNAMID, UNDP and other international partners such as the European Union to help improve their human rights advocacy capabilities and rule of law knowledge

5.3.6 Recommendation on poverty alleviation

91 Another approach that has been proposed for alleviating poverty is Fair Trade which advocates the payment of an above market price as well as social and environmental standards in areas related to the production of goods. The efficacy of this approach to poverty reduction is controversial. Microloans, One of the most popular of the new technical tools for economic development and poverty reduction are microloans. The idea is to loan small amounts of money to farmers or villages so these people can obtain the things they need to increase their economic rewards. The government should come up and emphasize microloans these can bridge up the gap between humanitarian aid and poverty alleviation

5,4 Areas for Future Research In order to enhance the operation of humanitarian aid providers, the following areas should be tackled by further researchers: More research should be made in areas of concern including; the relevancy of aid to the internally displaced people but also on the impact of humanitarian aid on the lifestyles of the people living in camps.

92 REFERENCES. Accra International Aid Transparency Initiative, “Third high level forum on aid effectiveness” (Accra Agenda for Action, Accra, Ghana, September 2-4, 2008). Add Harmer and Deepayan Basu Ray, “Study on the Relevance and Applicability of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in Humanitarian Aid”, Humanitarian Policy Group, Overseas Development Institute, London, March (2009): 7-1 1 Agarwal, Bina. 1994. “Land Rights for Women: Making the Case,” in A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia, pp. 1—50. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Amelia Branczik, “Humanitarian Aid and Development Assistance,” in Beyond Intractability. eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. (Boulder, CO: Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado, 2004). Amelia Branczik, “Humanitarian Aid and Development Assistance.” Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. 2004. Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder Colorado, USA. Andrew Shepherd, Toni Mitchell, Kirsty Lewis, Amanda Lenhardt, Lindsey Jones, Lucy Scott and Robert Muir-Wood (2013) “The geography of poverty, disasters and climate extremes in 2030” London: Overseas Development Institute Angrosino, Michael 2001 Catholic Social Policy and U.S. Health Care Reform: A Relationship Revisited. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1 5(3):3 12-328. Arjun Katoch, “The responders’ cauldron: The uniqueness of international disaster response”, Journal of International Affairs, 59, no. 2 (2006): 153-172.

93 Barr, N. (2004). The economics of the welfare state. New York: Oxford University Press (USA). Bilateral is aid transferred from one country to another e.g., developed to developing country. Multilateral aid represents assistance from many countries that is distributed by the UN to (I) NGOs, private donors and implementing partners. Bim, Anne-Emanuelle; Armando Solórzano (1999). “Public health policy paradoxes: science and politics in the Rockefeller Foundation’s hookworm campaign in Mexico in the 1920s.”. Social Science & Medicine 49: 1209. Bradley, D., Huber, E., Moller, S., Nielson, F. & Stephens, J. D. (2003). Determinants of relative poverty in advanced capitalist democracies. American Sociological Review, 68(3), 22—51. Charles-Antoine Hofmann, Jeremy Shohan, Les Roberts, AND Paul Harvey, “Measuring the impact of humanitarian aid: A review of current practice,” Humanitcirian Policy Group Overseas Development Institute, UK., no. 17 (2004): 7-10, 15, 32. Chen, Martha, Joann Vanek, Francie Lund, James Heintz with Renana Jhabvala, and Christine Bonner. 2005. “Employment, Gender, and Poverty,” in Progress of the World’s Women, pp. 36—57. New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women. Claire Melamed, Renate Hartwig and Ursula Grant 2011. Jobs, growth and poverty: what do we know, what don’t we know, what should we know? London: Overseas Development Institute Clark Gibson, Krister Andersson, Elinor Ostrom, and Sujai Shivakumar~ the Samaritan’s Dilemma: The Political Economy of Development Aid (Oxford, UK: Oxford Universi~ Press, 2005j: 5-7, 127-130.

94 Cohen, Ronald 1939 Human Rights and Cultural Relativism: The Need for a New Approach. American Anthropologist 91(4): 1014-1017. Common terminologies include humanitarian assistance, emergency aid, relief aid, development aid, development cooperation, and development assistance among others. For the purpose of this paper humanitarian aid describes the universal (caring and commitment to saving lives and improving the human condition in emergency, relief, rehabilitation, development). Cowan, Jane K. 2006 An Obligation to “Support Human Rights” Unconditionally is Misguided Moralism. Anthropology News 47(7):7.

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standards, morals, ethics. Beliefs = conviction, idea, certainty. Currently 137 countries and territories and 28 international organizations adhere to the Declaration. www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/parisdeclaration/members Currently 137 countries and territories and 28 international organizations adhere to the Declaration. Dambisa Moyo, Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is Another Wayfor Africa. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009): 74-77. Donnelly, Jack 2006. Human Rights. In Oxford Handbook of Political Theory. John Dryzek, Bonnie Honig, and Anne Phillips, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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96 Frances Richardson, “Meeting the demand for skilled and experienced humanitarian workers,” Development in Practice 16, no. 3/4, (2006): 334- 341. From 2006-2010 nearly a quarter (24%) of humanitarian aid contributions were private/voluntary growing from 17% (2006) to 32% (2010). Global Humanitarian Assistance Report (2012): 25-27. In 1990 Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) accounted for 35% of total aid but now constitutes less than 15% as other sources have proliferated (private philanthropy, commerce, remittances from private households “Financing Development:Aid and Beyond,” (Robert Cornell (ed.)., OECD Development Centre Perspectives (2007): 12-15. Geoffrey Parker (2001). “Europe in crisis, 1598—1648”. Wiley—Blackwell. p.1 1. Graham, Laura R. 2006 Anthropologists are Obligated to Promote Human Rights and Social Justice. Anthropology News 47(7):4-5. Hakan Malrnqvist, “Development Aid, Humanitarian Assistance, Emergency Relief’,” Ministry for Foreign Aid Sweden, Monograph 46, (2000); 2-4. Hakan Malmqvist, 2000 “Development Aid, Humanitarian Assistance, Emergency Relief’, Ministry for Foreign Aid, Sweden,Monograph 46, February. Harrell-Bond, Barbara 1994 Pitch the Tents. The New Republic (September 19- 26):18. Harrell-Bond, Barbara 2002 Can Humanitarian Work with Refugees Be Humane? Human Rights Quarterly 24(1): 51-85. Hill, Jonathan D. 1993 Response to Comments by E.N. Anderson and Takami Kuwayama on the Contemporary Issues Forum. American Anthropologist 95(3):707-710.

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100 Monsutti, Alessandro 2005 War and Migration: Social Networks and Economic Strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. New York: Routledge. Moore, Erin 1995 Moral Reasoning: An Indian Case Study. Ethos 23(3):286-327. MSNBC.corn 2005 Bill Gates Pledges $258 Million to Fight Malaria. MSNBC.com. Musa Kana, “From brain drain to brain circulation”, Jos Journal of Medicine 4, no. 1, (2010): 8-10. Muscat, Robert J. 1994. The Fifth Tiger: A Study of Thai Development. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Muwanigwa, Virginia. 2002. “Gender Considerations in Poverty Alleviation”. Harere, Zimbabwe. Narayan, Deepa and Nicholas Stern. 2002. “Empowerment and Poverty Alleviation: A Sourcebook”, pp. 1—272. Washington DC: World Bank. Nightline 2005 Transcript on Hurricane Katrina’s Aftermath. The Dallas Morning News. http ://www. dal lasnews. com/sharedcontent/dws/news/katrinalrescue/storie s/0903 05 dnnatkattrans. 1 f527f23 .html. Accessed 11/12/05. Nikias Sieber (1998). ~Appropriate Transportation and Rural Development in Makete District, Tanzania” (PDF). Journal of Transport Geography 6 (1): 69—73. Paolo Dieci, “Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development: What Does It Mean Today?” VOICE Newsletter 4, December 2006. Peter Walker and Daniel Maxwell, Shaping the Humanitarian World, (Routledge: New York, NY, 2008): 97-117. Prendergast, John 1996 Frontline Diplomacy: Humanitarian Aid and Conflict in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

101 Rafael Lozano, Haidong Wang, Kyle Foreman, Julie Knoll Rajaratnam, Mohsen Naghavia, Jake R Marcus, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Katherine T. Lofgren, David Phillips, Charles Atkinson, Alan D. Lopez, and Christopher JL Murray, “Progress towards Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 on maternal and child mortality: An updated systematic analysis,” The Lancet, 378, no. 9797 (2011): 1161-1163. Rappaport, Roy A. 1967 Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Rawis, John, 1999 A Theory of Justice (revised edition). Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press. Rick Mclnnis-Ray, “Justice delayed for the wartime victims in the Democratic Republic of Congo,” Canadian Broadcasting Company, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jul. 7, 2011. Rob Crilly, “Saving Darfur: Everyone’s Favourite African War,” Reportage Press, (London, UK), Mar. 2010. Roberts, Dorothy (1997). “3”. Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. New York: Pantheon Books. See Living Proof (http://livingproof.com) a website initiated in partnership with ONE by the Gates Foundation in 2010 to tell the stories of the incredible progress made in developing countries supported by donors. Session, Noni 2004 Review of “The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism,” by David Kennedy. PoLAR 27(2): 150- 153. Smeeding, T. (2005). Public policy, economic inequality, and poverty: The United States in comparative perspective. Social Science Quarterly, 86, 955—983.

102 Smillie, Ian and Larry Minear 2004 The Charity of Nations: Humanitarian Action in a Calculating World. Bloomfield, CT: Kumerian Press. The continuum model is the linear transition from E/R to RID. The contiguum model’s flexibility allows rehabilitation and development measures to be implemented after the start of and/or alongside E/R activities. The Telegraph, “David Cameron arrives in Africa for trade mission,” Jul. 19, 2011 .U.K. These issues are explored in more detail later in this paper. Thomas Greco, Jr., Money Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal Tender, Chelsea Green Publishing, 2001. Tim Heffernan, “The MIT Lab Solving Foreign Aid Efficiency,” Esquire Magazine, Best and Brightest, Digital Edition, December 22, 2008. U.N. General Assembly, 55th Session. “United Nations Millennium Declaration.” (A/55/L.2). 8 September 2000. UNICEF. 2007. “Equality in Employment,” in The State of the World’s Children,

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103 Verdirame, Guglielmo and Barbara Harrell-Bond 2005 Rights in Exile: Janus- Faced Humanitarianism. New York: Berghahn Books. Walsh, Julia A.; Kenneth S. Warren (1980). “Selective primary health care: An interim strategy for disease control in developing countries.”. Socal Science & Medicine. Part C: Medical Economics 14: 146. Waters, Tony (200 1).Bureaucratizing the Good Samaritan: The Limitations of Humanitarian Relief Operations. Boulder: Westview Press.

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104 APPENDIX 1 QUESTIONAIRES OF HUMANITARIAN AID POVERTY ALLEVIATION Dear respondent I am a candidate for master of arts in development studies at Kampala International University; with a proposal on a Humanitarian Aid and Poverty alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan .As I pursue to complete this academic requirement, may I request your assistances by being part of this study? Kindly provide the most appropriate information as indicated in the questionnaires and if possible please do not leave any item unanswered. Any data from you shall be for academic purposes only and will be kept with utmost confidentiality. May I retrieve the questionnaire one week after you have received them! Thank you for your cooperation.

You’re faithfully

Master candidate MDSI3O 151/141 /DF

105 APPENDIX II INFORMED CONSENT I am giving my consent to be part of the research study of Mr. Ngunjock Chuol Dojiok that will focus on “Humanitarian Aid and Poverty Alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced peoples Camp, Juba county, central Equatoria State South Sudan. I shall be assured of privacy and confidentiality and I will be given the option to refuse participation or withdrawal of my participation at any time. I have been informed that the research is voluntary and that the result will be given to me if I requested for it. Initial—---

Date Face sheet

Code Date Received by respondent —

106 PART A DEMOGRAPHIC CHARATEPJSTIC OF THE RESPONDENTS

Dear Sir! Madam Direction: Please tick in the blanks provided as your response. SECTION (A): profile of the respondents (PR) GENDER (1) MaleLJ (2) FemaleLZ AGE 20—25 El 26—29 El 30—35 ~ 36—39 El 40 and above LEVEL OF EDUCATION (l)Diplorna ~ (2)Bachelors ~J (3) Masters ~ (4)Tertiary J Certificate El Others El TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT 1. farmer [~1 2. self employed El 3. Housewife El

107 4. Doctor 5. Teacher 6. Politician [ 7

Years spent at camp 1. (1-2) 2. (3-4) 3. (5-6) ~ 4. (7-8) ~

Voluntary Position: 1. Camp leader 2. Religious leader fl 3. Voluntary person~ Others specify

108 PART B QUESTIONARES FOR CAMP LEADERS QUESTIONAIRE TO DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF HUMANTARIAN AIDS IN JEBEL INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLES CAMP, JUBA COUNTY, CENTRAL EQUATORIA STATE SOUTH SUDAN Direction: please respond to the options and kindly be guided with the scoring system below,

Score Response mode Description Legend (1) Strongly Agree you agree with no doubt SA (2) Agree You agree with some doubt A ~3) Disagree You disagree with some doubt D (4) Strongly you disagree with no doubt at all SD Disag~ 2e Please write yo~r rating in the space provided.

Humanity SA A SD D

Aid offered to humans in the has benefited the people in the camps

Humanity aid has improved the lives of internally displaced people in this camp

NGOS offering humanity aid have been so beneficial in this camp

Humanity ak~ has changed our lives drastically

109 My life in the camp has been changed so much due tot humanity aid given to us in this camp

Impartiality Humanitarian aid given in the camps is given basing on the feelings and heart they feel for the people in the camps

Humanitarian aid is given without any strings attached to it in this camp

There is nothing that you give in return for the aid given in this camp

You are well satisfied with the aid given to you in the camp and you do not have any problems with it.

The aid given to you in the camp is enough to see you through your life and your family

Neutrality

~ is no disci~i~ination in the camp as far as providing humanitarian aid in the camp

~le are all tieated the same when providing humanitarian aid

There is no gender or race discrimination from the providers of humanitarian aid in the camps

Humanitarian aid is given without expecting anything from these people in the camps

The NGOs providing humanitarian aid give it without expecting anything from the refugees in camps

~ 110 Independence Organizations that offer humanitarian aid provides it the camps on an independent basis ~mpsa1’eindependentofthemse1vesandtheyon1y~ depend on aid The government offers aid apart from the organizations the offer aid to this camp This camp is protected by the government and is looked after by the aid given by the government There is protection of people in the camp and they are taken to b~e ~

PART C QUESTIONARES FOR RELIGIOUS LEADERS QUESTIONAIRE TO DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN JEBEL INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLES CAMP, JUBA COUNTY, CENTRAL EQUATORIA STATE SOUTH SUDAN

Direction: please respond to the options and kindly be guided with the scoring system below. Score Response mode Description Legend (1) Strongly Agree you agree with no doubt SA (2) Agree You agree with some doubt A (3) Disagree You disagree with some doubt D (4) Strongly you disagree with no doubt at SD Disagree all Please write your rating in the space provided.

111 Which of the following leads to poor service Poverty Alleviation in Jebel Internally Displaced Peoples Camp, Juba County. Response using the above scores, Education SA A SD D Educating the people in the camps has done a lot to alleviate poverty in the camps

Education through teaching people how to farm has rare animals has led to poverty alleviation in the camps

Education is very vital for the people in the camps in order to alleviate poverty from the people

People in the camp have been taught how they can come out of poverty in the camps

People have been taught how to farm and dig and this has alleviated poverty in the camps

Health, food and water

Providing health, food and water to the people in the camp helps to alleviate poverty in the camps

Health, food and water provision in the camps has helped people to live out of poverty

Food is the main source of alleviating poverty in the camps

Health, food and water are the main sources of poverty alleviation in the camps

112 NGOs and the government have helped in the provision of health, food and water in the camps to see to it that they go out of poverty

Provision of skills and training Skills of working have been provided to people in the camps to enable them to come out of poverty

Training and practical practice has been provided to people in the refugee camps to see to it they come out of poverty

Vocational skills once provided and taught to the people can help to alleviate poverty in the camps

The government has put much effort and emphasis to see to it that people in the camps are provided with skills and training that will help them come out of poverty

Skills and training development has done a lot to alleviate poverty in the camps

Income redistribution

Income redistribution helps to alleviate poverty in the camps

Paying people working in the camps a better wage and income helps in alleviating poverty in the camps

113 Offering people good jobs that provides them good income alleviates poverty in the camps

Providing a balanced in’~ome for the people in the camps can help in poverty alleviation

Peoples incomes in the camps have been revisited so that they can come out of poverty

114 Ggaba Road-Kansanga. idA~RDAI ~ P.O. Box 20000, Kampala, Uganda. ~ Tel: +256-414-266813, +256-414-267634 ~ INTERNATIONAL Cax +256-414-501974 Gel +256-706-251084 ~ E-mail: [email protected], I’(I I Website: www.kiu.ac.ug

COLLEGE OF HIGHER DEGREES AND RESEARCH

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

March, 17, 2015

INTRODUCTION LETTER FOR * NGUNJOCK CHUOL 00)10K REG. MDSf 30151/141/OF TO CONDUCT RESEARCH IN YOUR ORGANIZATION

The above mentioned candidate is a studer* of Kampala international University pursuing a Master’s of Arts in Development Studies.

He is currently conducting a field research for his dissertation titled “Humanitarian Aid and Poverty Alleviation in lebel internally Displaced Peoples’ camp, Juba County Central Equatorial State, South Sudan”.

Yourorganization has been identified as valuable source ~f information pertaining to his research Project. The purpose of this letter then is to request you to avail him with pertinent information he may need.

Any information shared with him will be used for academic purposes only and shall be kept ~iitb..utmost,çonfidentiality.

,/_.• Any 9s~istance ~ n~ ç~~to 1mm will be highly appreciated / ~:s c~ :‘Yo~Jrs t~uly

Prof. Maicibi Alhas .,~s 4~d4 Principal, CHOR.

‘2~ ccn9sG .~