Stage 1 - Background Report

February, 2013 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

Acknowledgements

The report was prepared for the Sunshine Coast Regional District by:

Andrea Lawseth, P.Ag. AEL Agroecological Consulting

Ione Smith, P.Ag. Upland Consulting

Additional assistance was provided by the Planning Services and Mapping Department at the Sunshine Coast Regional District (SCRD) and members of the SCRD Agricultural Advisory Committee. All citizens and participants in public meetings and focus groups provided invaluable input and feedback.

All images used in this report are the property of the authors and all photographs were taken within the geographic area of the Sunshine Coast Regional District.

This report was funded in part by the Investment Agriculture Foundation of B.C. through programs it delivers on behalf of Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada and the B.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands.

Disclaimer: “Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada (AAFC), the BC Ministry of Agriculture (AGRI), and the Investment Agriculture Foundation of BC (IAF), are pleased to participate in the production and delivery of this project. We are committed to working with our industry partners to address issues of importance to the agriculture and agri‐food industry in British Columbia. Opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors, etc. and not necessarily those of AAFC, AGRI, or IAF.”

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgements 2 Table of Contents 3 List of Tables 5 List of Figures 6 List of Acronyms 7 Executive Summary 8 Introduction 10 Project Scope 11 Intent of Agricultural Area Plans 11 Building on Existing Plans 12 A Definition of Agriculture 13 Overview of the Sunshine Coast 14 History of Farming on the Sunshine Coast 15 Early Gibsons & Area Farming 15 Early Roberts Creek Farming 16 Early Pender Harbour Farming 17 Early Sechelt Area Farming 17 Regulatory Framework 18 Agricultural Land Commission 18 Farm Practices Protection Act 19 Biophysical Resources of the Sunshine Coast 20 Agricultural Capability of Sunshine Coast Soils 22 Wildlife 25 Invasive Plants 26 Climate Change 26

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Snapshot of Agriculture on the Sunshine Coast 28 Methodology 28 Results 31 Vision for the Future of Agriculture on the Sunshine Coast 31 Agricultural Profile for the Sunshine Coast 33 Land Use and Farm Types 33 Farm Business Characteristics 39 Market Opportunities Analysis 45 Food Self-Sufficiency and Capacity for Market Expansion 45 Challenges and Opportunities to Farming on the Sunshine Coast 47 General Strengths 47 Summary of Key Issues 47 Conclusion 57 References 58 Appendix A: Overview of Regulatory Framework 61 Appendix B: Soil Characteristics 70 Appendix C: Public Engagement Methodology 75 Appendix D: Estimated Annual Regional Consumption of Food Products 77 Appendix E: Industry Overviews 82 Appendix F: Farmer and Non-Farmer Surveys 88 Appendix G: Land Use Inventory Maps 96

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List of Tables

Table 1: Population Distribution in the SCRD 14 Table 2: Weather Characteristics of the Sunshine Coast 20 Table 3: Growing Degree Days for the SUnshine Coast 20 Table 4: Agricultural Capability Ratings on the Sunshine Coast 24 Table 5: Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture 27 Table 6: Climate Projections for the Sunshine Coast 27 Table 7: Primary Land Use Identified During the Land Use Inventory 33 Table 8: Land Use on the Sunshine Coast as Reported to the Ag Census 34 Table 9: Number of Farms by Size on the Sunshine Coast 34 Table 10: Average Farm Size 34 Table 11: Land in Crops Using Ag Census and LUI Data 35 Table 12: Estimated Crop Areas by Acres and Hectares based on LUI 35 Table 13: Presence of Livestock, Bees, and Poultry 35 Table 14: Dairy, Egg, and Livestock Production 35 Table 15: Number of Producers per Vegetable and Fruit Crop 36 Table 16: Farm Types by Number of Farms Reporting 36 Table 17: Number of Farms by Farm Enterprise 37 Table 18: Number of Farms Using Chemical Inputs 37 Table 19: Number of Farms Reporting Sustainable Land Practices 38 Table 20: Ages of Farm Operators in Canada in 2011 39 Table 21: Average Number of Hours Spent Working on the Farm in 2011 40 Table 22: Number of Farm and Hectares Operating Arrangements on the Sunshine Coast 40 Table 23: Number of Farm and % Operating Arrangements on the Sunshine Coast 40 Table 24: Value of Farm Capital by Category 41 Table 25: Farm Wages and Salaries on a Per Farm Basis 41 Table 26: Fuel Expenses on a Per Farm Basis 41

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Table 27: Expenses on a Per Farm Basis 42 Table 28: Farm Profitability on the Sunshine Coast 42 Table 29: Average Revenue per Hectare on the Sunshien Coast 43 Table 30: Average Revenue per Hectare on Vancouver Island and Coastal BC 44 Table 31: Employment in Farming and Food Manufacturing in Select Regional Districts 45 List of Figures

Figure 1: Domestic Water Wells on the Sunshine Coast 21 Figure 2: Sunshine Coast Vision Word Cloud 31 Figure 3: Number of Farms on the Sunshine Coast 33 Figure 4: Total Farm Area in Hectares 34 Figure 5: Number of Farms Reporting Irrigation Usage 37 Figure 6: Farmers Using Organic Methods 38 Figure 7: Farm Operators on the Sunshine Coast 39 Figure 8: Number of People Working on the Farm 39 Figure 9: Total Farm Capital on the Sunshine Coast 41 Figure 10: Revenue Generated by Sales of Farm Products on the Sunshine Coast 43 Figure 11: Benefits to Farming on the Sunshine Coast 47 Figure 12: Top Concerns Facing Agriculture on the Sunshine Coast 48 Figure 13: Biophysical Limitations to Farming on the Sunshine Coast 49 Figure 14: Purchases of Local Value-Added Products by Non-Farmers 51

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List of Acronyms

AAC: Agricultural Advisory Committee FPPA: Farm Practices Protection Act AAFC: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada HC: Health Canada AAP: Agricultural Area Plan LGA: Local Government Act AGRI: Ministry of Agriculture LTSA: Land Title and Survey Authority of ALC: Agricultural Land Commission BC ALR: Agricultural Land Reserve LUI: Land Use Inventory BC MPA: BC Milk Producers Association MAL: BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands BCCDC: BC Centre for Disease Control MCSCD: BC Ministry of Community Sport BCEMB: BC Egg Marketing Board and Cultural Development BCMHS: BC Ministry of Health Services MIR: Meat Inspection Regulation BCMMB: BC Milk Marketing Board MWLAP: BC Ministry of Water Land and BCMoE: BC Ministry of Environment Air Protection BCMSCD: Ministry of Community, Sport, OCP: Official Community Plan and Cultural Development PHSA: Provincial Health Services CFIA: Canadian Food Inspection Agency Authority CIP: Cottage Industry Program RGS: Regional Growth Strategy CLI: Canadian Land Inventory RSBC: Revised Statutes of BC CSA: Community Supported Agriculture SCRD: Sunshine Coast Regional District DFO: Fisheries and Oceans Canada SIGD: Sechelt Indian Government District DPA: Development Permit Area VCH: Vancouver Coastal Health FIRB: Farm Industry Review Board

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Executive Summary

The Agricultural Area Plan (AAP) process was initiated by the Sunshine Coast Regional District (SCRD) in 2012 to address farmland preservation and the promotion of agriculture as a viable economic sector in the Sunshine Coast region. AAPs recognize agriculture as the highest and best use of agricultural land and focus on developing strategies to support the local agricultural industry (Smith, 1998). Using a combination of public engagement methods, an agricultural Land Use Inventory (LUI), and Statistics Canada Census of Agriculture data, a Background Report (Stage I) was developed in order to inform Stage II of the AAP. Stage II will focus on formation of recommendations to achieve a viable agricultural sector on the Sunshine Coast.

The total jurisdictional area of the Sunshine Coast is 381,712 hectares (ha), of which only 3,900 ha are within the Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR). An agricultural LUI surveyed 651 properties and demonstrated that over 60% of the ALR land base is forested and uninhabited. A total of 544 ha of land are used for Rural Residential properties, with no agricultural activity, while 498 ha was identified as being used as farmland. Census of Agriculture data reported less than 100 farms on the Sunshine Coast, which declined 8% from 2001 to 2011 from 97 to 89. The average farm size recorded by Statistics Canada in 2011 was 2.8 ha, which decreased since 1996 when the average farm size was 6.1 ha.

An examination of farm types through the LUI showed that pasture/forage operations and mixed vegetable farms were the most common. A smaller proportion of Sunshine Coast farms produce blackberries, raspberries, and apples. Horses were found on 76 properties, with 52 of these properties keeping horses exclusively, with no other agricultural activity. Other livestock production included small scale (<100 birds) chicken farms and sheep operations. Overall, farms on the Sunshine Coast have limited livestock diversity.

Food is being produced on the Sunshine Coast using environmentally beneficial practices. Most farmers are using organic methods, but are not certified, while many others are using minimal chemical inputs and employing sustainable practices such as crop rotations, rotational grazing, and windbreaks or shelterbelts. Most farmers (<30%) are also not irrigating their crops, suggesting the use of water conservation practices during droughts.

Sunshine Coast soils are generally of moderate agricultural capability (Class 3 and 4), with potential for improvement. Farmers reported in an online survey that the benefits to farming on the Sunshine Coast were the beneficial climate and soils, as well as a strong, supportive local market. However, farms in the region are operating at (or close to) a net financial loss with gross revenues less than $20,000 and a net revenue margin of -1.9%. Farmers reported that the majority of their sales were kept on the Sunshine Coast with a focus on farm gate and farmers’ market sales. The average farm is operated by one of 2 people aged 55 years and over, indicating a need to attract younger farmers to the region and plan for farm succession.

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A Market Opportunities Analysis was developed to determine potential for growth and enhancement of the agricultural sector on the Sunshine Coast. Based on Ministry of Agriculture estimates, it was determined that the region is producing less than 3% of food requirements. The SCRD has set a target in the We Envision: One Coast sustainability plan that the region will reach 20% food self-sufficiency by 2020, which will require a high level of sophistication and diversification, as well as an increase in the economies of scale of production.

Key issues and barriers to farming in the Sunshine Coast region were identified as follows during the public engagement process:

• Cost of land and inputs (labour, machinery, etc.) • Biophysical resources • Economies of scale and diversity of agricultural products • Local Processing and value-added products • Transportation and distribution coordination • Marketing needs • Consumer awareness and education • Regulatory framework

A variety of opportunities were suggested to overcome these challenges such as a Community Farm, Food Hub, a Buy Local education program and reduction of regulatory barriers. An in-depth discussion of potential opportunities and recommendations will be presented in Stage II of the AAP.

Overall, the level of agricultural production and the revenue generated from agricultural operations on the Sunshine Coast appears to have room for growth and diversification. Only a small portion of the ALR land was in production in 2011, which indicates there is potential for expansion of agricultural activities.

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Introduction The purpose of this Background Report (Stage I) is to Farmland protection and the promotion of agriculture set the stage and provide a basis on which to build have been identified as significant issues within an AAP for the Sunshine Coast. The objectives of the Sunshine Coast region. Recently, the Sunshine Stage I are to: Coast Regional District (SCRD) adopted the Regional • Investigate historical and current agricultural Sustainability Plan, “We Envision”, which identified information, in order to develop an agricultural the development of an Agricultural Area Plan (AAP) profile for the region; as integral to achieving local food security and • Complete an agricultural Land Use Inventory moving the region toward sustainability. The intent (LUI); of an AAP is to increase the amount of, and access to, • Communicate with stakeholders in the locally grown and produced food. Other policies and region to determine strengths, weaknesses, initiatives such as the Zero Waste Management Plan; opportunities, and threats facing agriculture on the Community Energy and Emissions Plan; Official the Sunshine Coast; and Community Plans (OCPs); and Zoning Bylaws, offer • Conduct a preliminary market opportunities opportunities for an AAP to dovetail with key long- analysis. Stage II will involve an in-depth review term planning and sustainability efforts. of current agricultural policies, recommendations to enhance agriculture in the region, an implementation strategy, and identification of funding opportunities. The main goals of the AAP are to: • Increase the amount of, and access to, locally grown and produced food; • Identify opportunities to strengthen farming in the region and contribute to long term sustainability; • Develop agriculture as an economic driver; • Build resilience on the Sunshine Coast against rising food costs, climate change and peak oil; and • Establish clear policies to protect, preserve, and promote agriculture while preserving the rural character of the Sunshine Coast.

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Project Scope Intent of Agricultural Area Plans Recognizing agriculture as the highest and best use of agricultural land, Agricultural Area Plans (AAPs) focus on developing strategies to support a viable agricultural industry at the local level (Smith, 1998). These plans may be integrated into regional and local plans, and provide a high level of detail concerning issues relevant to farming and the local food system. A food system is local when it allows farmers, processors, distributors, retailers, and their customers to interact face-to-face. Benefits of a localized or regionalized food system include: • Development of a stronger and more • Greater awareness of food-related issues. sustainable local economy. Food dollars Supporting opportunities for community remain in the community to circulate from members to connect around food and to build buyers to sellers and back again. Enhanced local stronger partnerships and social networks.— production to meet local food needs also results such as farmers’ markets, community gardens, or in more local jobs. advocacy for improving access to healthy foods • Reduction of “food miles” through closer- • Resilience. The agricultural landscape of to-home production. The shorter the distance the Sunshine Coast is protected over the long that food travels to reach the table, the less is term, withstanding potential effects of climate its corresponding environmental impacts. It can change. The local economy supports the farming also reduce packaging, increase composting and community, which is recognized as the best reduce waste going to local landfills. source of food and farm products.

Agricultural Area Plans focus on developing strategies to support a viable agricultural industry at the local level.

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Building on Existing Plans The AAP focuses specifically on ensuring farms become viable and valuable. The plan builds on existing planning initiatives – some of which explore food security on the Coast more broadly. The Sunshine Coast’s We Envision: One Coast regional planning policy recognizes agriculture and food security as important contributors to the livability of the coast. Many of the food-related goals in We Envision have contributed to the objectives of the AAP including: • Increasing the capacity of the local food system to provide 20% of our diet by 2020; • Performing agricultural land-use inventories and agriculture area planning; • Increasing the skills and knowledge of local residents to both produce for, and purchase from, the local food system; • Encouraging organizations in the business, food security, and education sectors to work together to leverage skills and jobs in the area of food production and preservation; • Providing incentives for public-sector and community groups to promote food security, grow and preserve their own food, and make local foods accessible to, and affordable for all; Furthermore, the grassroots food security movement • Encouraging community gardens in on the Coast is very strong. The programs and neighbourhoods, schools, civic, and business actions of community groups such as the One Straw areas; Society contribute greatly to the local food system • Linking farmers to social service, supportive and policy and planning processes.1 housing, and care providers; The Sunshine Coast Food Security Action • Considering biodiversity protection when Initiative was developed in 2006 through funding planning for agricultural land development; from the Sunshine Coast Community Services and • Ensuring that farming practices preserve soil Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH, 2006 and 2011). biodiversity, pollinators, and water quality; and The goals of this plan included: creating the position • Incorporating effective irrigation practices of Food Action Coordinator, developing a Food that minimize potable water use to ensure Security Council, and starting a mentoring program. water supply does not present a barrier to food Public relations, education, and advocacy were also production. identified a key components of a successful food security initiative. The AAP supports and leverages the work of these types of food security initiatives.

1 The intent of the One Straw Society is to cultivate food sovereignty and community resilience. Read more at www.onestraw.ca. Page 12 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

A Definition of Agriculture It can be difficult for any community to agree upon community in developing a Vision Statement as part the terms used to describe food production at a local of an AAP. This visioning process began during Stage level. Definitions outlined by dictionaries, Statistics I (Background Report) and will continue into Stage II Canada, and the BC Assessment Authority (BCAA) (policy development). help to provide a starting point for discussion. Aquaculture can be defined as the farming of “Agriculture” according to the Merriam Webster aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, crustaceans, dictionary: molluscs and aquatic plants. Although water-based aquaculture plays a large role in food security on The science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, the Sunshine Coast, it is not a focus of this report producing crops, and raising livestock and in due to the limited scope for the project outlined varying degrees the preparation and marketing by the main funding sources. However, land-based of the resulting products. aquaculture, whenever noted, was included in the A “census farm” as described by Statistics Canada: Land Use Inventory and food capacity calculations. an agricultural operation that produces at least one Therefore, a combination of the above-mentioned of the following products intended for sale: crops definitions, the project Terms of Reference, and (hay, field crops, tree fruits or nuts, berries or grapes, discussions with farmers and other stakeholders vegetables, seed); livestock (cattle, pigs, sheep, were used to ensure that a variety of levels and horses, game animals, other livestock); poultry types of food production were captured both in the (hens, chickens, turkeys, chicks, game birds, other Land Use Inventory and in the Market Opportunities poultry); animal products (milk or cream, eggs, wool, Analysis to accurately reflect food production furs, meat); or other agricultural products (Christmas occurring on the Sunshine Coast. trees, greenhouse or nursery products, mushrooms, sod, honey, maple syrup products). “Farm status” (or farm class) as determined by BCAA: a) land used for a qualifying agricultural use; b) land used for a purpose that contributes to a qualifying agricultural use; c) land used for a farmer’s dwelling; d) land in an agricultural land reserve (ALR) that is used for a retired farmer’s dwelling; e) land used for the training and boarding of horses when operated in conjunction with horse rearing; and f) in some cases, vacant land associated with a farm. One of the best tools for developing a region-specific definition of agriculture is to engage members of the

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Overview of the Sunshine Coast

The Sunshine Coast is represented by 3,817 km2 of land located on the west coast of the mainland of British Columbia. It is situated to the northwest of Vancouver and to the southeast of Powell River, and is accessible to each by ferry. The region includes the traditional territory of both the shíshálh (Sechelt) and Skwxu7mesh Uxwumixw (Squamish) Nations. Incorporated in 1967, the Sunshine Coast Regional District is home to almost 30,000 people spread throughout five rural electoral areas (population 14,094), the Town of Gibsons (population 4,437), District of Sechelt (population 9,291), and the Sechelt Indian Government District (population 797) (StatsCan, 2011) (Table 1). The seasonal influx of visitors and tourists boosts the population significantly during the summer.

Table 1: Population Distribution in the SCRD Community 2011 2006 % Change Town of Gibsons 4,437 4,182 6.1 District of Sechelt 9,291 8,454 9.9 Sechelt Indian Government 797 827 -3.6 District Electoral Area A 2,678 2,624 2.1 Electoral Area B 2,675 2,558 4.6 Electoral Area D 3,244 3,307 -1.9 Electoral Area E 3,482 3,552 -2 Electoral Area F 2,015 2,235 -9.8 Total 28,619 27,759 3.1

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History of Farming on the Sunshine Coast The traditional foods of shíshálh and Skwxu7mesh Early Gibsons & Area Farming Uxwumixw Nation ancestors included salmon, seafood, berries, and other edible non-timber forest • Historically, the focal point for farming has products. Cultivation-based farming was primarily been on the shelf land below the mountain - introduced to the Sunshine Coast by European and around Henry, Reed, and Pratt Roads. Farms were Asian settlers, which has been relatively small in scale also on the waterfront such as Soames Point, and when compared to other agricultural regions of BC. the bay area in Gibsons (SCMA, 2009). • Although most farmers sold produce locally Logging and fishing were the main industries on to vacationers and neighbours, as one of the the Coast in the early 1900’s. Many families had first settlers in the 1880s, the gardens of George small-scale farms to supplement their income from Gibson Sr were so productive that he was able seasonal work and reduce food costs. The popularity to market products at a stand near the corner of the “stump ranch” as it was locally called, declined of Main and Hastings in Vancouver (Leslie and after the late 1940’s, with the advent of higher wages Keller, 2001, Wyngaert, 1980). and government unemployment benefits during the off-season. High transport costs off the Coast • In 1905 a Finnish settlement was established made it unprofitable to sell to the Vancouver market, in Gibsons and set up farming homesteads. Karl with the exception of berry farms growing for the Wiren raised a small dairy herd of nine or ten local jam cannery (Peterson, 1962, SCMA, 2009, cows and established a milk delivery service. Karl Wyngaert, 1980). and his son Wiljo used handloggers’ tools to clear huge stumps and roots to create pasture land “The one feature associated with each settler was the and build up a large dairy herd. The Wiren family fact that each planted a large area to garden produce. It carried them along until late spring, and in fact, a few were delivered fresh milk to many of the summer able to spare a portion of their production to others who residents from Grantham’s Landing to Roberts were in need. Most folk kept one or more milk cows; often Creek. They were one of the only settler families a pig, and there were chickens to supply their egg supply. to live exclusively off of farm revenue (Leslie and Fresh fruits were preserved in glass sealers. Devoid of these Keller, 2001, SCMA, 2009). commodities a family could not exist” -(Wyngaert, 1980, page 99). “During the tourist or camping season there was always a demand for fresh milk. A few ventured into a delivery service of sorts, but most had to withdraw at close of the camping season. In 1912, the Fletcher’s had delivered milk to the Bay area of Gibson’s Landing. Wiljo Wiren, elder son of Karl Wiren in the midst of the Finnish Settlement, along with cousin Laurie of the John Wiren family commenced a delivery July 1, 1916, using a boys play wagon. Together they pulled their small wagon to and from Grantham’s Landing supplying folk along the way with fresh milk. The Wilanders, Wyngaerts and Borgenstroms were also involved in this type of service, each with their own Strawberry ranch of Peder and Hilda Berdahl, associated with particular method of delivery. Malkias Kyto of North Road the Cannery. walked daily to Hopkins Landing to make milk deliveries” Photo #2746, courtesy of Sunshine Coast Museum & Archives. -(Wyngaert, 1980, page 77).

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• In 1906 a land clearing fire at the north end cannery fell into disuse after World War II and was of what is now Leek Rd grew out of control and subsequently converted in the 1960s to a storage burned trees as far as 8 km away (Peterson, 1962). facility for a local soft drink distributor (Peterson, As a result, some of the families who arrived 1962). thereafter came with the intention of farming the • A vegetable cooperative was started in cleared land. 1934, likely in the Gibsons area, to supply fresh • A homestead was established in Long Bay produce to summer campers and operated for on Gambier Island around 1900. A subsequent approximately three summers (Peterson, 1962, owner raised prize Jersey cattle and planted Wyngaert, 1980). 1,100 or more fruit trees. In the 1930’s the farm • A large dairy farm on Pratt Rd (Hough’s Dairy) was sold again. Fruit was sold to canneries in started in the late 1940’s and sold to the local Vancouver and milk and fruit to residents of Port market before largescale agricultural suppliers Mellon (Wyngaert, 1980). began underselling local producers through • The Howe Sound Farmers Institute was outlets such as Super Valu in the mid 1960’s organized in 1911 and endeavoured to create (Peterson, 1962, Wyngaert, 1980). interest in farming among settlers. The Institute supplied gun powder (dynamite) for farm clearing and sponsored an annual fall fair (Wyngaert, 1980).

Gladys Elander standing amidst a terrifying herd of chickens at the Elander farm on Shaw Road, Gibsons - around 1950. Photo #1920, courtesy of Sunshine Coast Museum & Archives. Early Roberts Creek Farming • In 1888-89 English immigrant Thomas William The Howe Sound Cooperative Canning Association on Henry “Will” Roberts pre-empted land bordering a (Cannery) Road, Gibsons Landing. creek (now “Roberts Creek”) and sold it to his Photo #935, courtesy of Sunshine Coast Museum & Archives. parents who developed an orchard and garden • Members of the Farmers Institute created (Leslie and Keller, 2001). In 1890 Will’s sister Alice the Howe Sound Canning Co-op - a cannery on arrived with her husband Dan Steinbrunner, who Payne Creek at Henry Rd. (Peterson, 1962). This pre-empted 160 acres at what is now the corner cannery produced berry preserves for over 20 of Lockyer Rd. and Highway 101 (Leslie and years as the “Four Square” brand. Strawberries, Keller, 2001).They raised cattle, pigs, chickens, raspberries, loganberries, blackberries, and cultivated hay and vegetable, and managed an plums were produced in the area for many orchard. Steinbrunner supplied fresh vegetables years (Peterson, 1962). It is believed that a and mutton/lamb to campers and residents of combination of low prices, frost damage, and Gibsons and Roberts Creek (Leslie and Keller, pests brought about a decline in production. The 2001). His sheep herd suffered from numerous

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losses to bears and cougars, causing him to shift Early Pender Harbour Farming to raising beef cattle. Steinbrunner moved his farm to Gibsons in 1902 at what is now the site of • The Klein family farmed a pocket of rich arable the Poplars Mobile Home Park (Leslie and Keller, land in Pender Harbour, which they settled in 2001). 1911 (Leslie and Keller, 2001). The dairy herd and • In 1908 Esther and Jack Reeves also pre- gardens provided milk and produce for many empted land in Roberts Creek by Highway local residents north of the Halfmoon Bay area. 101 and grew enough vegetables at their farm This site is now home to Roosendale Farms. to sell in Sechelt (Leslie and Keller, 2001). The • There are also reports of a dairy farm Reeves’ became locally famous for their award- historically operating on North Thormanby winning produce at fairs and the Pacific National Island; however no published records could be Exhibition in Vancouver. They also produced and found. marketed their own preserves. Early Sechelt Area Farming • In 1913 Jiro “Jim” Konishi, a Japanese immigrant, and his wife Hanna developed a 32- acre market garden and dairy farm on the west shore of Porpoise Bay (Leslie and Keller, 2001). Until Jiro’s death in 1939 they provided Sechelt homes with milk and produce (Leslie and Keller, 2001). They sold fruits, vegetables, and milk, which were delivered to the customer’s door (Steele, 1990). • Whitaker owned many Sechelt properties including a hotel and a farm, which produced milk, vegetables, and fruit for the hotel. The farm Mrs. Gertrude Reeves in her electric car in Roberts Creek about had a barn in which animals were slaughtered 1920 Photo taken from Bright Seas, Pioneer Spirits: A History of the and horses were kept (Steele, 1990). Sunshine Coast, by Betty Keller and Rosella Leslie, courtesy of • Duncan and Jessie Irvine had an acre of Sunshine Coast Museum & Archives. productive market gardens on Sechelt Inlet • According to the Roberts Creek Official (Steele, 1990). The Carlson family owned 176 Community Plan, in the years after World War II, acres, of which 3 acres were under cultivation, competition from large scale farms in the Fraser including barns for livestock. Abe Mason kept Valley and imported produce gradually made it chickens, pigs, and horses for logging (Steele, more difficult for Roberts Creek farmers to find 1990). markets. Much of the farm land was allowed to • Some farms were opened up for pre-emption lie fallow while some of it was subdivided for in 1915 in West Sechelt, which is now Mason homes. In the 1960’s the “Creek” was rediscovered Rd, once the area had been logged over (Steele, by the “hippie” generation and many of these 1990). Cows roamed freely along roadsides and new “Creekers” settled on old farms. While many in the bush. Children retrieved the livestock by of these new “Creekers” may have drifted away by listening for the cow bells. the end of the 1970’s those who stayed on have had a powerful influence on the philosophy of the community and have led the fight to preserve its rural character.

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Regulatory Framework

Agriculture on the Sunshine Coast is regulated of agricultural land and uses compatible with by several levels of government. As a result, local agriculture in their plans, bylaws, and policies. producers may be subject to municipal, regional, The Land Commission, appointed by the Provincial provincial, and federal government policies. government, established a special land use zone Furthermore, agricultural production is not an called the “Agricultural Land Reserve” or ALR, in issue addressed by one department, one piece of which agriculture is recognized as the priority use. legislation, or single level of government. Some The Act required that the ALR be technically based regulations are wide in scope and far-reaching, such on biophysical characteristics as outlined by the as national and international trade agreements, Canada Land Inventory mapping system. These while others are site-specific or issue-specific, preliminary technical maps were prepared by the such as zoning or meat processing regulations. provincial Ministry of Agriculture (Runka, 2006). In This is in part due to a variety of agency mandates BC, most soils were mapped for agricultural capability as well as the specialized knowledge of scientists ratings in the 1980s, and these maps remain in use and government staff. As a result, no one piece of throughout the province. Sixty percent of all land legislation has the capacity to address agricultural excluded from the ALR was approved in the first 10 issues in an integrated and holistic manner. years (1973-1983) a time of “sorting out” in which The Agricultural Land Commission (and associated the Commission undertook a fine tuning program of Agricultural Land Commission Act (ALCA)) and the the ALR boundaries and partnered with several local Farm Practices Protection Act (FPPA) are two of the governments in ALR reviews (Smith, 2007). more significant policies pertaining to farming in BC. The purpose of the ALR is to ensure that the province’s These are described in detail below. A discussion of agricultural land base is preserved and available for other policies and regulations impacting farmers on farm uses both now and in the future. The ALC Act the Sunshine Coast can be found in Appendix A. requires that agricultural land within the ALR only be used for farm uses unless specifically permitted Agricultural Land Commission by the Act or its associated regulations. The ALC Act Up to the 1970s nearly 6,000 hectares of prime takes precedence over other provincial legislation agricultural land were lost each year to urban and local bylaws and policies. and other uses in BC. The Provincial government Applications regarding changes to the ALR are responded by introducing BC’s Land Commission Act considered on a case-by-case basis and are on April 18, 1973. The Agricultural Land Commission categorized as exclusion, inclusion, subdivision, and (ALC) was created with the following mandate: non-farm use applications. Subdivision is restricted • To preserve agricultural land; within the ALR and any subdivision application involving the ALR must be approved by the ALC • To encourage farming on agricultural land in as per the ALR Use, Subdivision, and Procedure collaboration with other communities of interest; Regulation (ALC, 2006). Furthermore, subdivision • To encourage local governments, first applications that meet minimum parcel sizes nations, the provincial government and its outlined in the zoning bylaws will not necessarily be agents to enable and accommodate farm use

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approved, rather the Subdivision Approval Officer grants subdivision approval for ALR land at their discretion on a case-by-case basis (ALC, 2006), which is often not stressed in local policy documents. The ALC invites comments and input from local governments and Agricultural Advisory Committees regarding the potential impact of ALR exclusion, inclusion, non-farm use, and subdivision applications on the surrounding agricultural community. Recent changes to the ALC indicate a change in direction away from reactive application processing and towards proactive planning (ALC, 2012). Farm Practices Protection Act In tandem with the ALC Act, the Farm Practices Protection (Right to Farm) Act (FPPA), administered by the Farm Industry Review Board (FIRB), protects farmers from liabilities stemming from nuisance complaints relating to odour, noise, dust or other disturbances resulting from normal farm operations on ALR land or wherever farming is permitted. It also protects farmers from nuisance bylaws from local governments. The legislation has safeguarded farmers from lawsuits from local governments or individuals in near-residential areas (RSBC, 1996). Unless farm practices contravene existing provincial or federal legislation, they are considered to be at the local level is through a Farm Bylaw, which “normal farm practices” and they supersede local requires provincial approval. To date, only the local bylaws that would otherwise infringe upon those governments of Abbotsford, Delta, Kelowna, and activities (Curran, 2005). Normal farm practices, Langley Township have the ability to have farm bylaws as defined within the act, are practices that are approved. Both Langley Township and Abbotsford conducted by a farm business in a manner consistent have farm bylaws dealing with mushroom growing with: operations and on-farm composting. Delta included (a) Proper and accepted customs and standards as regulations for propane canons and other noise established and followed by similar farm businesses scare devices for birds in their Noise Bylaw (section under similar circumstances, and 14). Langley is currently developing a zoning/farm (b) Any standards prescribed by the Lieutenant bylaw that will include edge planning. Governor in Council. This includes a practice that makes use of innovative technology in a manner consistent with proper advanced farm management practices and with any standards prescribed under paragraph (b). The only method to restrict farm activities in the ALR

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Biophysical Resources of the Sunshine Coast Weather Growing degree days (GDDs) are a measure of heat accumulation to predict plant development rates. The climate of the Sunshine Coast can be described The following monthly GDDs are calculated for the as coastal maritime, with mild wet winters and warm Sunshine Coast using a base temperature of 10oC dry summers. At the Environment Canada weather (Table 3). station in Gibsons (Gower Point), total annual rainfall has been recorded as 1,323.5 mm with total annual Table 3. Growing Degree Days for the Sunshine Coast snowfall at 45.7 cm. The majority of the precipitation (Environment Canada, 2012). (71%) falls between October 1 and March 31 every Merry Island year (Table 2). From an agricultural perspective, Gibsons (Halfmoon Bay) there is often too much water in the winter and not January 0.1 0 enough in the summer, requiring both drainage and February 0.3 0.1 irrigation systems to be kept in place. Other climatic March 1.4 0.5 characteristics based on climate normals data from April 16.9 15.4 1970-2001 at weather stations in Gibsons (Gower May 76.6 86.2 Point), Merry Island (Halfmoon Bay), and Gambier June 146 162.8 Island (Environment Canada, 2012) include: July 226.1 242.5 August 235.1 248.1 September 145.4 150.7 October 33.7 37.7 Table 2. Weather Characteristics of the Sunshine Coast November 2.4 2.4 (Environment Canada, 2012). December 0.1 0.1

Gibsons Merry Island Gambier Island (Halfmoon Bay) Station Elevation (m) 34 6.1 53.3 Longitude 123°32'29.000" W 123°54'45.000" W 123°25'57.000" W Latitude 49°23'08.090" N 49°28'03.000" N 49°26'35.000" N Days per year with minimum 37.6 13.5 N/A temperatures less than 0oC Days per year with maximum 54.3 54.3 N/A temperatures greater than 20oC Days per year with maximum 361.4 363 N/A temperatures greater than 0oC Days per year of rain 162.5 165.3 150.4 Days per year of snow 8.5 6.8 10.6 Degree days greater than 10oC 884.3 946.5 N/A Degree days greater than 5oC 2066.9 2186.7 N/A Total hours of bright sunshine N/A 1890.6 N/A

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Hydrology Gibsons is mapping its groundwater resources and is expected to be completed in 2013 (Town of Gibsons, Farmers rely on both surface water and groundwater 2012). for irrigation, animal watering, and drainage. Agriculture on the Sunshine Coast is located primarily Surficial Geology within Wilson Creek, Roberts Creek, and Chaster Creek The Sunshine Coast was glaciated during the Watersheds (Sunshine Coast Habitat Atlas, 2012). Wisconsin period (62,000 to 10,000 years ago), The SCRD, in partnership with Fisheries and Oceans leaving widespread sand and gravel deposits below Canada, has created a Habitat Atlas for the Sunshine 300 m elevation from glacial melt-waters during Coast, which contains hydrologic information about interglacial periods and glacial retreat (IWMP, 1998). the area. A Comprehensive Regional Water Plan is also currently being developed that will map out a Central and eastern Gambier Island and the lower strategy that balances demand side (conservation) slopes along the east side of Howe Sound consist and supply side (expansion) practices to meet the of a variety of volcanic and metamorphic rock while water needs for the Regional Water Service Area the Mt. Elphinstone area is comprised of greenstone, over the next 25 years. chert and greywacke (Luttmerding, 1981). Apart from Mt. Elphinstone and South Thormanby Island, From a human-use perspective, the most important which are mostly volcanic rock, the Sunshine Coast watershed is Chapman Creek, as it is the source of is mainly derived from Coastal Plutonic rock (Triton approximately 90% of the drinking water supplied Environmental Consultants, 2006). by the SCRD to over 21,000 residents between Langdale and Earl’s Cove, including the District of Sechelt (Triton Environmental Consulting, 2006). The Chapman Creek watershed is located east of Sechelt and covers approximately 7,150 ha. The creek extends 27 kilometers inland, with a maximum elevation of 976 m above sea level. The surface area of Chapman Lake is approximately 34 ha (Triton Environmental Consulting, 2006). Figure 1: Domestic Water Wells on the Sunshine Coast Many domestic water wells are also located (MoE, 2012) throughout the Sunshine Coast (Figure 1). These wells access the same groundwater resources used for irrigation and livestock watering. There has been some community discussion surrounding the potential vulnerability of aquifers to land use and water consumption rates, particularly in the Gibsons area. Much of Lower Gibsons is serviced through well water derived from the Gibsons aquifer. The Town of

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Soil Types Soil types are categorized based on distinguishing characteristics and criteria that dictate soil management techniques. Soil classification facilitates the organization and communication of information about soils, as well as the understanding of relationships between soils and environmental factors. Differences in soils are the result of the interaction of many factors: climate, organisms, parent material, topography and time. The soils of the Sunshine Coast region are primarily comprised of Podzols and Gleysols. A detailed description of soil types can be found in Appendix B. Agricultural Capability of or wetlands). However, it is important to note that Sunshine Coast Soils many successful farms in BC are located on Class The Agriculture Capability Rating System is a 7 soils, indicating that some crops may be suited method designed to enable consistent and objective to sites that many others are not. In particular, assessment of land based on inherent limitations for cranberries and vineyards can often do well in Class crop production (Department of Regional Economic 6 and 7 soils. Soils labeled with the letter “O” before Expansion, 1969). It was developed in the 1960s as the class number indicate organic (peat) soils. part of the Canada Land Inventory (CLI). Agriculture Unimproved ratings are based on the conditions Capability ratings are based on soil, landscape, that exist at the time of the survey, without irrigation and climate properties, not crop yield data, and or other management systems in place. some limitations may be altered by management techniques (e.g. irrigation, stone-picking, levelling) Improved ratings indicate the potential capability (ALC, 2010). Agriculture Capability ratings can be after existing limitations and/or hazards have been used to help determine appropriate crop choices, adequately alleviated. Improvements may include realistic target yields, and assess and mitigate site- land grading, drainage, irrigation, diking, stone specific risks such as flooding, stoniness, steep removal, salinity alleviation, subsoiling, and/or the slopes, or nutrient loss. addition of fertilizers or other soil amendments. In this classification, mineral and organic soils are The classification system (BC Ministry of Agriculture each grouped into seven classes on the basis of and Food, 1983) assumes that soils will be managed soil and climate characteristics according to their and cropped under a largely mechanized system and potential for agricultural use. Lands in Classes 1 to that water is available for irrigation. The classification 4 inclusive are considered capable of sustained system does not consider: distance to market, agricultural production of most crops. Class 5 available transportation facilities, labour, location, lands are considered capable of producing forage farm size, type of ownership, cultural patterns, skill crops or specially adapted crops. Class 6 lands are or resources of individual operators, and hazard of capable of providing only pasture for livestock. Class crop damage by storms. The classification also does 7 lands generally are incapable of use for either not include capability ratings for trees, fruit orchards, crops or livestock (they are usually rocky outcrops vineyards/grapes, ornamental plants, recreation, or wildlife.

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In BC, most soils were mapped for Agricultural Capability ratings in the 1980s, and these maps remain in use throughout the province. The associated Computer Assisted Planning, Assessment, and Map Production (CAPAMP) system (Kenk and Sondheim, 1987) has since been translated into Geographic Information System database files. Lower Sunshine Coast soils (from Halfmoon Bay to Port Mellon, Gambier and Keats Islands) were assessed for agricultural capability as part of the Langley-Vancouver mapping project in 1980. This information was digitized in 2001 and made available in GIS file format at a scale of 1:50,000. Table 4 lists the improved agricultural capability ratings for sub-regions of the Sunshine Coast, listed from North to South. Site-specific capability ratings can be assessed through a more detailed analysis of the GIS data; however, in general, Sunshine Coast soils are well-suited to a range of agricultural activities and could host a greater diversity of crops than is currently being cultivated. Limitations are mainly due to excess water (winter) or seasonal drought (summer), stoniness, and topography – all of which can be managed in some degree depending on available capital and labour.

While soils vary from site to site, generally, soils may be improved for agriculture by: • Ground levelling (areas should be individually evaluated in regard to erodibility and machinery limitations); • Applications of nutrients (fertilizers, manures, compost); • Liming to increase pH values; • Stone picking; • Increasing organic matter content by adding animal manure, green manure, and/or compost; • Irrigating, often at frequent short intervals; • Installing drainage pipes under the soil surface in areas with high water tables; and • Subsoiling certain areas to increase rooting depth and downward water movement.

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Table 4. Agricultural Capability Ratings on the Sunshine Coast.

Agricultural Capability: Location Improved Classification Numbers Limitations Halfmoon Bay Very Good to Moderate: 2, 3, 4, 5 Soil moisture deficiency Exposure to bedrock (Welcome Beach and and some Class 7 pockets. (seasonal) Topography Excess water (seasonal) Sargeant Bay areas) Stoniness Undesirable soil structure and/or low perviousness West Sechelt (Mason Very Good: 2 and 3 Soil moisture deficiency Excess water (seasonal) Rd, Heritage Rd) (seasonal) Topography Undesirable soil structure and/or low perviousness Stoniness Sechelt (Town Very Good to Moderate: 2, 3, and 4 Soil moisture deficiency Excess water (seasonal) Centre) and Wilson (seasonal) Topography Undesirable soil structure Creek and/or low perviousness Stoniness Inundation in some small areas Exposure to bedrock East Porpoise Bay Good to Moderate: 3, and 4, and Soil moisture deficiency Stoniness some Organic/Peat Class 4 (seasonal) Topography Excess water (seasonal) Roberts Creek, Very Good to Moderate: 2, 3, 4, Soil moisture deficiency Exposure to bedrock Elphinstone, Upper and 5 (seasonal) Topography Excess water (seasonal) Gibsons, Lower Gibsons Stoniness Undesirable soil structure and/or low perviousness Granthams Landing Very Good to Moderate: 2, 3, 4, 5, Soil moisture deficiency Stoniness and Hopkins Landing and some Class 7 in steep areas (seasonal) Topography Exposure to bedrock Langdale and Port Very Good to Moderate: 2, 3, 4, Soil moisture deficiency Stoniness Mellon and 5 (seasonal) Topography Excess water (seasonal) Undesirable soil structure and/or low perviousness Gambier Island Good to Moderate: 3, 4, and 5 Soil moisture deficiency (seasonal) Class 7 on all exposed bedrock Topography Undesirable soil structure and/or low perviousness Stoniness & exposure to Excess water (seasonal) bedrock Keats Island Moderate: 4, and 5 Soil moisture deficiency Topography (seasonal) Stoniness Exposed bedrock (isolated)

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Wildlife plants. Adverse impacts have, in some cases, been mitigated by farms that provide fish habitat, wildlife Some farm practices have the potential to deplete feed and habitat, and follow recognized grassland natural habitat. Likewise, external pressures can also and wetland management practices (BC MAL, 2010). influence farming, such as natural predators and Additionally, many of the potential negative impacts pests. The following species are likely to be found of farming on wildlife can be greatly reduced by the on agricultural lands on the Sunshine Coast and may use of best management practices including (BC present a threat to crops and/or livestock (IWMP, MAL, 2010): 1998; MELP, 1997): • Improving soil fertility, water infiltration, plant • Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus and soil pathogens; hemionus columbianus), • Reducing levels of pollutants; • Black bear (Ursus americanus), • Reducing weed populations; • Cougar (Puma concolor), • Increasing grazing capacity • Coyote (Canis latrans), • Maintaining a diversity of pollinators; • Mink (Mustela vison), • Increasing genetic diversity of crops and • Marten (Martes Americana), livestock; • Bobcat (Lynx rufus), • Creating shelterbelts, buffer zones, and • Raccoons (Procyon lotor) , hedgerows; and • Crows and Ravens (Corvidae), and • Practicing cover cropping, intercropping, and • A variety of raptors, songbirds, and waterfowl. crop rotations. Despite some negative impacts of wildlife on The Sunshine Coast is home to many species at risk, agriculture, such as predation and damage of which are recognized under the Species at Risk Act. livestock and crops, encroachment of invasive A full list of species at risk within the Sunshine Coast species, and damage to farm structure, maintaining Forest District is provided in the Chapman Creek adequate biodiversity on farmland is important for Source Area report (Triton Environment Consulting, ecosystem health. Biodiversity benefits agriculture 2006). They include the following plants and animals: in many ways, for example (BC MAL, 2010): • Great Blue Heron (Fannini spp.), • Genetic variety is the foundation of plant and • Coastal Tailed Frog (Ascaphus spp.), animal breeding programs. • Marbled Murrelet (Brachyranphus marmoratus), • Wild species are a source of the genetic • Roosevelt Elk (Cervus canadensis), material needed to breed crops and livestock • Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta), that perform better than existing varieties. • Wolverine (Luscus spp.), • Countless species of soil organisms are • Green-sheathed sedge (Carex feta), essential to the process of decomposition, • Grey beach peavine (Lathyrus littoralis), the cycling of nutrients and energy, and the formation of soil. • Snow bramble (Rubus nivalis), • Insects and other organisms are needed as • Giant chain fern (Woodwardia fimbriata), and agents of biological control of crop pests and • Chaffweed (Anagallis minima). serve as plant pollinators. Agricultural activities involving land clearing and drainage have often been perceived as having a negative effect on fish, wetlands, wildlife and native

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Invasive Plants Invasive plants are present on the Sunshine Coast These plants have the ability to establish quickly and some cause threats to normal farming activities. and are highly competitive due to prolific seed The Invasive Plant Council of BC defines the term production, deep taproots, and/or early flowering. “invasive plant” as any invasive alien plant species that Infestations can impact cropland and rangeland and has the potential to pose undesirable or detrimental can have negative economic impacts by competing impacts on humans, animals, or ecosystems (IPCBC, with desirable agricultural crops. 2012). Invasive plants are brought to Canada, either The SCRD belongs to the Coastal Invasive Plant accidentally or intentionally. Committee (CIPC). In early 2013 the SCRD will help Invasive plants that may be detrimental to farming form a Sunshine Coast Regional Invasive Plant on the Sunshine Coast include: Committee. One of the goals of this committee will • Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum), be to set a priority invasive plant list and possibly • Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobeae), identify objective/priority areas. Invasive plant management strategies are tools that have been • Field horsetail (Equisetum arvense), developed for other regions in BC and the Sunshine • Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), Coast would benefit from such an initiative. • English Ivy (Hedera helix), • Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), • Lamiastrum spp., Climate Change • Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), and Farmers are accustomed to the weather influencing • Scotch broom (Cystisus scoparius). their activities and weather-dependent decisions are a part of farming life. Adapting to climate change, however, involves a more systematic assessment and response. Agriculture is highly vulnerable to changes in climatic conditions and even small shifts could have significant consequences for farm viability and food production. Despite the challenges of applying broad climate models, some general projections are anticipated in BC between now and 2050 (Table 5). Although there is general consensus regarding the impacts of climate change, how these might impact specific microclimates is uncertain - yet critical for agricultural producers concerned with the effects of climate change and precipitation within their specific locale.

Japanese Knotweed

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Table 5: Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture (adapted from CAIBC, 2012) Climate Change Condition Potential Agricultural Impacts Changing hydrological regime, decrease Decrease in productivity and quality of crops and livestock in summer precipitation under water stress, increased costs, reduction in water supply (at times of high demand), increase in management complexity

Increasing precipitation and variability of Interruptions to planting, input applications and harvesting, precipitation (especially in spring & fall) increase in excessive moisture and site-specific flood risk, increase in pressure on drainage and water management, interruptions to pollination, decrease in light levels, increase in nutrient and input leaching, increase in management complexity Changing crop suitability ranges Inconsistent productivity, quality & therefore prices; increase in suitability for new varieties of forage and field vegetable crops, increase in suitability of new crops Changes in pests and diseases Increase in winter survival rates, increase in number of cycles in a year, introduction of new pests and diseases, increase in management costs, complexity, uncertainty, increase in delays or prevention of pollination Increase in extreme weather events Decrease in productivity and quality, increase in building (storms, wind, extreme heat) maintenance and damage costs, decrease in heating costs, increase in cooling and ventilation costs, interruptions to regional infrastructure and supply lines Climate change impacts to other growing Increase in feed or other input costs, increase in demand for regions food production/local food

Table 6: Climate Projections for the Sunshine Coast in the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s (PCICS, 2012) 2020 change from 2050 change from 2080 change from 1961-1990 baseline 1961-1990 baseline 1961-1990 baseline Characteristic Season Range Average Range Average Range Average Average +1.5oC to Temperature Annual +0.4oC to +1.4oC +0.9oC +1.0oC to +2.5oC +1.6oC +4.1oC +2.7oC Precipitation Annual -1% to +7% +4% -3% to +11% 6% +1% to +17% +9% Summer -17% to +11% -7% -26% to +2% -16% -36% to -1% -15% Winter +3% to +9% +3% -4% to +16% +6% +0% to +23% +9% Snowfall Winter -43% to -3% -21% -54% to -17% -34% -74% to -24% -49% Spring -63% to -3% -30% -74% to -16% -54% -88% to -15% -74% +206 +389 Growing +89 to +311 degree +231 to +588 degree +347 to +1038 +650 degree Degree Days Annual degree days days degree days days degree days days

Frost-free days Annual +5 to +22 days +13 days +13 to +33 days +23 days +18 to +48 days +32 days

Note: Growing degree days (GDDs) are a measure of heat accumulation to predict plant development rates.

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Snapshot of Agriculture on the Sunshine Coast Methodology Statistical data A profile of agriculture on the Sunshine Coast has Statistics Canada, publishes the Census of Agriculture been developed to provide a snapshot of agricultural (Ag Census) every five years. The most recent Ag production in the region and examine issues Census was published based on 2011 data. The Ag such as farm profitability, diversity of agricultural Census attempts to develop an accurate picture of commodities, and the area of land under production. agriculture in Canada and the data is refined down to the Regional District level. For the purposes of the Ag No one method of land use data collection is fully Census, an agricultural operation is defined as a farm, accurate; therefore multiple tools were employed. ranch or other operation that produces agricultural These include: products intended for sale. For reporting purposes, • Review of published statistical data (Statistics there is no suggested scale of farm; therefore, very Canada Agricultural Census – 1996 to 2011); small operations can be included in the Census. • Fieldwork – Agricultural Land Use Inventory For farms comprising multiple land parcels in performed in August 2012; and different geographical locations, the “headquarters • Discussions with members of the public and rule” applies. This means that all data collected for representatives of the local food system using a distributed operation is assigned to the address surveys, an open house, focus group sessions, where the farm headquarters is located (StatsCan, and workshops. 2011). This rule was introduced for the 2006 Census A short description of each tool follows. and may affect data trends over time. For example, a

Land Use Open House, Research: Website. Inventory Focus Historical, Final Facebook, and Surveys Groups, Biophys, Twitter Census of Workshops Market Opps Report Agriculture

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farm business operating on both the Sunshine Coast 2. Determination of data for collection: Observations and Vancouver, with its headquarters in Vancouver, were entered into a database to collect information would not be reported in the Sunshine Coast Census regarding: of Agriculture. • Crops currently being grown; Researchers and farmers note that the Ag Census • Presence of livestock, including horses; data is not necessarily accurate because it relies • Land-based aquaculture operations; on self-reported data. Furthermore, data is often • Irrigation systems and usage; suppressed for privacy reasons if the number of • Farmland covered by forest and other natural properties in a category could be identified. areas; and Fieldwork: • Alienated and/or unviable farmland (e.g. Agricultural Land Use Inventory (LUI) Forested ALR tracts located very remotely, road right of ways, gravel pits, steeply sloping To determine both the quantitative and qualitative properties, etc.). characteristics of farmland in the region, members 3. Completion of the survey: The survey was of the consulting team undertook an inventory of conducted over 3 days during the month of August, agricultural lands on the Sunshine Coast in August 2012. A total of 651 parcels were included in the 2012. The Ministry of Agriculture AgFOCUS land survey. Of those, 603 were surveyed in person and use inventory methodology was followed (BC MAFF, 48 were surveyed using orthophotos only. These 48 2004). The method developed by the Ministry parcels were mainly forested and remotely located involves a team of two surveyors conducting a Crown land. “windshield” survey. Using a combination of drive-by observations and aerial photographic interpretation, 4. Data collection and analysis: The information was the survey team examines each legal parcel within recorded in a spreadsheet, refined by collecting the study area, recording both the land covers additional data during public engagement sessions, (e.g. buildings, crops) and land use activities (e.g. and summarized into an Access database. GIS maps agricultural, residential). The information for each were then created using the database. parcel is entered into a database and then linked to a GIS layer of the legal parcels. A GIS user can then query and map the land use inventory information. The basic steps to collecting an agricultural land use inventory are: 1. Identification of the survey area: The inventory focused on ALR lands and lands outside the ALR granted ‘Farm Status” by BCAA. Parcels adjacent to the ALR were also included. The entire Sunshine Coast Regional District was inventoried from Port Mellon to Egmont, including the Town of Gibsons, District of Sechelt, Sechelt Indian Government District, and Electoral Areas A through F. The Gambier Island Trust Area (Gambier Island and Keats Island) were surveyed by 2009 orthophotos and through interviews with Islands Trust staff and Trustees.

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Public Engagement Public engagement is critical to ensuring the success of an AAP. As part of Stage I of the AAP, particular effort was made to connect with various stakeholders including farmers, retailers, processors, restaurateurs, regulatory agencies, and consumers. A detailed description of each public engagement tool is included in Appendix C. Public engagement included: • A website: www.scrd.ca/agriculture • Online and mail-out survey: two versions were created, one for farmers and one for non-farmers. A hard copy was mailed to the addresses of all properties that were identified as being used for agriculture during the LUI. The survey was also used to collect information to better inform the • Two focus group sessions with invited Market Opportunities Analysis. If the number representatives from the local food system of farms as indicated by Census data is 89, then (farmers, retailers, funding agencies, local 57% of farmers (or 51 respondents) filled out the business associations, elected officials). farmer survey. Discussions during the focus groups centered on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis) to food production on the Sunshine Coast. • One open house and two workshops to allow members of the public to learn more about the AAP process, provide feedback, and help to refine the LUI maps.

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Results Vision for the Future of Agriculture on the Sunshine Coast During the October workshops, participants were asked to envision agriculture on the Sunshine Other prominent words included: self-sufficiency, Coast in 20 years. The intent of the exercise was to self-sustaining, sustainable, supportive, and engage residents in a thought-provoking way to community. identify some common elements when envisioning A vision of the current and future state of farming agriculture on the coast in the not too distant future. on the Sunshine Coast can also be derived from the Participants were asked to come up with one word or perspectives that those living on the coast have a short phrase that encapsulated their vision. Figure regarding local farmers. 2 demonstrates a word cloud comprising words identified during the visioning session. Words that appear larger in the word cloud were mentioned more often. The three most used words were: 1. Local 2. Education 3. Cooperative

Figure 2: Sunshine Coast Vision Word Cloud

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Based on the survey that was distributed, the • 45% believe that local farming is growing following highlights are derived from those who did • 45% think farming is underappreciated on not identify themselves as farmers: the Coast • 70% say Sunshine Coast farming is not • 40% are the only person working on their realizing its fullest potential farm • 67% say Sunshine Coast farming is organic • Another 40% have only one other person • 62% believe it is hobby scale working on the farm • 55% think farming is underappreciated on Some participants envisioned a more coordinated the Coast regional effort to develop agriculture and suggested • 46% believe local farming is community- learning from examples of other agricultural based. communities in the world. Others very positively Farmers who responded to the survey indicated that suggested local food would be abundant and local farming has the following characteristics: accessible in 2032, and all arable land would be used for food production. Residents also envisioned • 78% of farmers grow products for their own agriculture as being integrated within the fabric use, while 66% grow products for sale locally of the community and a revival of traditional food • 67% say Sunshine Coast farming is organic production, preservation and storage techniques • 67% believe it is hobby scale with emphasis on self-sufficiency and local trade. • 60% are working on the farm part-time There was some concern about rising energy prices • 57% indicate that Sunshine Coast farms are and possible water shortages, but many suggested family farms self-sufficiency and education as a way to overcome • 57% say Sunshine Coast farming is not these challenges. realizing its fullest potential

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Agricultural Profile for the Sunshine Coast

Land Use and Farm Types Farm Area Number of Farms A total of 650 properties were surveyed during the LUI (Table 7). This includes all of the ALR (3,979 ha) as According to Ag Census data, the number of farms well as properties granted Farm Status by the BCAA. on the Sunshine Coast declined between 2001 and As a first step, primary land use was determined for 2011 from 97 farms to 89, a reduction of 8% (Figure each parcel. The term “Rural Residential” was used 3). The LUI results noted a total of 190 properties to describe properties where a residence was noted where agricultural activity was present, however it with no associated farming activity. In some cases, is likely that a large portion of these properties were particularly in small lots, Rural Residential properties not producing food or other agricultural products are unable to sustain farming activity because the intended for sale (as defined by Statistics Canada). house, garage, and other residential structures take Figure 3: Number of Farms on the Sunshine Coast up the majority of the property. (StatsCan, 2001-2011)

Table 7: Primary Land Use Identified During the Land Use Inventory (August 2012) Total Area % of Area # of Lots % of Lots (ha) Forested/shrubland 2563 60% 122 19% Rural residential 544 13% 285 44% Farmland 498 12% 190 29% Other (unable to identify) 293 7% 12 2% Parks/recreation area 134 3% 11 2% Campground/Scout camp 103 2% 3 0% Golf courses 66 2% 5 1% Gravel extraction 25 1% 2 0% Cleared land 23 1% 9 1% Commercial 14 <1% 3 0% Storage 12 <1% 3 0% Water distribution 11 <1% 2 0% School 2 0% 1 0% Airport 1 0% 1 0% Government 0.1 0% 1 0% Total 4289 100% 650 100% Page 33 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

The LUI identified 498 ha (12%) being used actively Figure 4. Total Farm Area in Hectares (StatsCan. 1996- as farmland. This number compares favourably to 2011). the Statistics Canada Ag Census, where 621 ha (16%) is listed as actively farmed in 2011 (Table 8). The discrepancy in numbers is possibly due to the fact that up to 293 ha of land was not easily observed during the LUI process; therefore the designation of 498 ha is likely an underestimation. Regardless, there is well under 20% of the available farmland being actively used for farming, indicating that there is much room for agricultural growth in the region. Table 8: Land Use on the Sunshine Coast as Reported to the Ag Census (StatsCan, 2011)

Area (ha) The vast majority (83%) of farms on the Sunshine Total Sunshine Coast area 381,712 Coast are less than 28 ha in size and two thirds are Total ALR 3,979 less than 4 ha (Table 9). Total area actively farmed 621 Table 9: Number of Farms by Size on the Sunshine Land in crops 145 Coast (StatsCan. 2001-2011) Managed pasture 68 Size in acres (hectares) 2001 2006 2011 Natural land for pasture 75 < 10 acres (< 4 ha) 59 65 59 Woodlands and wetlands 267 10 -69 acres (4 – 27 ha) 32 23 25 All other land (including 66 70 – 129 acres (28 – 52 ha) 3 4 2 Christmas trees) 130 – 179 acres (53 – 72 ha) 1 1 1 180 – 239 acres (73 – 96 ha) 1 1 1 It should be noted that in 2011 the Agricultural 240 – 399 acres (97 – 161 ha) 1 2 1 Census included Christmas tree farms in the category > 400 acres (> 162 ha) 0 0 0 of “all other land.” Total # of farms 97 96 89 Ag Census data indicates that total farmed area decreased from 1,630 ha in 1996 to the current level The average farm size on the Sunshine Coast has of 621 ha in 2011, a 62% decrease (Figure 4). This is decreased since 1996 to an average size of 2.8 ha in consistent with the decline in number of farms during 2011 (Table 10). This number relates well to results the same period. This decrease may also, in part, be from the LUI which indicate an average farm size of attributed to the “headquarters rule” which means 3.4 ha in 2012. that all data collected for a distributed operation is assigned to the address where the farm business headquarters is located. For example, a landowner Table 10: Average Farm Size (Hectares) (StatsCan. whose primary address is in the City of Vancouver, 1996-2011) but who also owns a farm on the Sunshine Coast, 1996 2001 2006 2011 would be reported in the City of Vancouver Census Sunshine Coast 6.1 3.4 3.6 2.8 of Agriculture. British Columbia 46.9 51.6 57.8 53.5

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Farm Types Livestock numbers were estimated for each property during the LUI windshield survey (Table A variety of farm types were identified through 13). Presence of infrastructure such as barns, riding the Ag Census, LUI, and farmer surveys. According rings and shelters helped to inform the inventory. to the Ag Census, the amount of land in crops Where observed, numbers of animals identified on decreased from 242 ha in 2001 to 145 ha in 2011. each property were recorded during the survey. In This number compares well to the results of the LUI, cases where livestock was evident on a property, which calculated 173 ha under crop cover (including but animals were not actually observed, numbers pasture) in 2012 (Table 11). were estimated based on the size of the property Table 11: Land in Crops Using Ag Census (StatsCan. and extent and type of livestock infrastructure. If 1996-2011) and LUI Data (2012) not directly observed then chickens were estimated 2001 2006 2011 2012 at 100 per parcel and horses at 2 per parcel. It is Land in 242 172 145 173 noteworthy that beef cattle were evident on nine crops properties, but dairy cattle were not seen anywhere It is difficult to label Sunshine Coast farms as strictly during the survey. A lack of cow dairy operations crop farms or livestock farms, as the majority indicates a possible growth opportunity for the have both animals and fruits or vegetables in region. Similar results were obtained from the production. The LUI indicated a majority of farms Farmer Survey (Table 14). on the Sunshine Coast are using land for pasture Table 13: Presence of Livestock, Bees, and Poultry (LUI, and forage (hay, alfalfa) crops and growing mixed 2012) vegetables (Table 12). Oftentimes more than one crop type was identified on many of the properties # of Estimated # Parcels of Animals surveyed; therefore, there is some duplication in Horses 74 120 the numbers presented. Specialty crop operations Chickens (layers and broilers) 42 4,150 include Christmas trees, ornamentals, mushrooms, Sheep 11 55 and floriculture. Crop areas were estimated using Beef 9 69 orthophotos (taken in 2009) and GIS software (Table Bee colonies 8 60 colonies 12). Goats 5 36 Table 12: Estimated Crop Areas by Acres and Hectares Pigs 5 25 Based on the LUI (2012) Alpacas and Llama 4 7 # of Specialty poultry (turkeys, 6 190 Parcels Acres Hectares ducks, emu) Pasture/Forage 95 365 147 Table 14. Dairy, Egg, and Livestock Production (Farmer Mixed vegetables 65 19 8 Survey, 2012). Fruit trees 31 15 6 Crop Number Specialty 8 9 4 Eggs 20 Nurseries 8 7 3 Poultry (chicken/duck/turkey) 10 Berries 30 7 3 Dairy (sheep/goat) 4 Greenhouses 18 2 0.65 Dairy (cow) 0 Floriculture 2 <0.5 <0.5 Pork 4 Herbs 5 <0.5 <0.5 Beef cattle 0 Garlic 2 <0.5 <0.5 Total Survey Responses 51

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As noted, most farmers are growing a variety of vegetables, apples, and raspberries. Survey results indicate that with regard to vegetables, the Table 15: Number of Producers per Vegetable and Fruit most popular crops are tomatoes, mixed greens, Crop (Farmer Survey, 2012) root crops, beans/peas, and squash. Apples and Crop # of Respondents raspberries are the most commonly-grown fruits Tomatoes 31 (Table 15). Although 24 respondents noted growing Lettuce/Mixed Greens 30 blueberries and 20 reported growing strawberries, Root crops 30 this level of production must be quite small as no Beans/peas 30 specialized berry farms were noted during the Land Zucchinis 30 Use Inventory. Apples 28 The number of farms reported by farm type in the Cucumbers 26 Ag Census are listed below (Table 16). The farm Raspberries 26 numbers reported to the Ag Census are less than Cabbage/broccoli 25 the numbers found through the LUI as the LUI notes Garlic 25 all agricultural land use regardless as to whether Herbs 25 or not the landowner in question is reporting their Blueberries 24 activities as “farming” for Census purposes. Blackberries 22 Sweet Peppers 21 Table 16. Farm Types by Number of Farms Reporting (StatsCan. 2001-2011). Onions 21 Strawberries 20 2001 2006 2011 Plums 18 Nursery and tree 22 24 19 Corn 16 Mixed vegetable 6 6 12 Pears 12 Horse and ponies 5 10 11 Hazelnuts 11 Fruit and tree nut farming 8 11 9 Brussels Sprouts 9 Chicken (layers) 9 5 8 Gooseberries 9 Floriculture 3 9 7 Eggplant 8 Animal combination (no 8 6 6 Peaches 7 predominant livestock) Walnuts 7 Food crops under polyhouses 4 1 4 Mixed squashes 6 Mixed berries 5 and greenhouses Rye 4 Beef cattle 5 4 2 Pork 4 Fruit and vegetable combination 4 6 2 Wheat/Winter wheat 3 Misc. animal production (alpacas, 3 2 2 Oats 2 llamas, etc.) Marijuana 2 Apiculture (bees) 3 2 2 Nursery and ornamentals 2 Sheep 1 1 2 Barley 1 Hay 5 1 1 Rhubarb 1 Misc. crops 2 6 1 Christmas Trees 1 Turkeys 1 1 1 Total Survey Responses 51 Goats 1 2 0 Pigs 1 1 0 Mushrooms 1 0 0 Chicken (broilers) 0 2 0 Page 36 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

A smaller subset of Table 17: Number of Farms by Farm Enterprise (including hectares and animal these farms can be numbers) (StatsCan. 1996-2011) categorized as Farm 1996 1996 2001 2001 2006 2006 2011 2011 Enterprises (defined Farms Ha/# Farms Ha/# Farms Ha/# Farms Ha/# as farms producing Field Crops n/a 206 ha 28 142 ha 14 74 ha 15 81 ha products for sale) (Table Fruits,Berries,Nuts n/a 17 ha 29 27 ha 29 34 ha 28 14 ha 17). Vegetables n/a 14 ha 27 27 ha 19 12 ha 29 16 ha Nursery n/a 22 ha 24 14 ha 24 34 ha 17 16 ha Poultry 75 637 66 4,976 57 3,269 54 3,764 Cattle and Calves 12 226 12 102 10 156 5 40 Pigs 12 130 14 65 6 45 4 X Sheep and Lambs 17 330 10 227 11 114 8 83 Horses and Ponies 12 63 12 57 16 102 20 109

Chemical inputs Table 18: Number of Farms Using Chemical Inputs (StatsCan. 2001-2011) The number of farms that reported the use of chemical inputs is very low (Table 18). When 2001 2006 2011 compared to the total number of farms on the Herbicides 7 7 4 Sunshine Coast (89), the number of farms using Insecticides 6 2 3 chemical inputs has been relatively small (10% Fungicides 5 3 4 or less) and has decreased from 2001 to 2011. Commercial fertilizer 21 18 9 Lime n/a 16 8 Total # of farms on the Sunshine Coast 97 96 89 Irrigation The number of farms reporting irrigation use fluctuates over time and likely depends on the aridity of the growing season from year-to-year (Figure 5). Water shortage was identified at the public workshops and focus group sessions as a challenge for some farmers on the Sunshine Coast. However, only 30% of farms reported using irrigation methods in the 2011 Ag Census and this number reflects the results of the survey, which indicates 26% irrigation usage. In order to determine more details about agricultural water consumption a detailed survey of farm practices would be required to determine details regarding: • The proportion of farmers using well water vs. surface water; • The estimated amounts (m3) of water used; andOn-farm water conservation and/or storage practices. It should be noted that, unless required by regulation, farmers rarely keep records of water consumption. Figure 5: Number of Farms Reporting Irrigation Usage (StatsCan. 1996-2011)

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Organic and Environmentally-Beneficial Practices The number of farms reporting participation in environmentally beneficial land practices was higher than the number of farms reporting the use of chemical inputs (12-29% vs. 5-10% depending on the activity), which appears to indicate that farms on Table 19: Number of Farms Reporting Sustainable the Sunshine Coast are farming in a sustainable and Land Practices (StatsCan. 2001-2011) environmentally sound manner (Table 19). 2001 2006 2011 Crop rotation 26 24 26 According to the 2011 Census of Agriculture, In-field winter grazing or feeding n/a n/a 15 only three farms indicated that they were Rotational grazing n/a 16 18 growing certified organic products for sale. Plowing down green crops 12 12 12 A decade earlier, in 2001, only one farm Winter cover crops 14 12 11 reported growing certified organic products. Nutrient management planning n/a n/a 17 Conversely, a total of 83% of Sunshine Coast Windbreaks or shelterbelts (natural or planted) 6 28 19 farmers indicated in the survey that they were Buffer zones around water bodies n/a 16 14 farming using organic methods and principles; Total # of farms on the Sunshine Coast 97 96 89 however 73% were not certified (Figure 6). This also supports the claim that farming on the Sunshine Coast is organic and perhaps more sustainable than in other regions of the province. Figure 6: Farmers Using Organic Methods (Farmer Other methods mentioned by those who Survey, 2012) completed a survey included: • Biodynamic • Hydroponic • On-farm manure management • Permaculture • Crop rotations

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Figure 7: Farm Operators on the Sunshine Coast Farm Business Characteristics (StatsCan. 1996-2011) Number of Farmers The population of the Sunshine Coast in 2011 was approximately 30,000, according to the 2011 Census. A total of 130 people were recorded in the 2011 Census of Agriculture as farm operators (Figure 7), which represents 0.4% of the overall population.

Age of Farmers Ag Census data indicates the average age of farm operators increased steadily from 2001 to 2011, from 50 years of age to 55.7 years of age. The average age Farm Labour of farm operators on the Sunshine Coast in 2011 was very close to, or the same as, the average age of farm According to Farmer Survey results, 49% of operators across BC (55.7) and Canada (54.0) (Table respondents have either no employees or are the 20). sole employee, followed by 39% with 2 employees and only 12% with more than 2 employees (Figure Farm operators on the Sunshine Coast are within 8). similar age brackets as other operators across Canada. Slightly fewer farm operators on the Figure 8: Number of People Working on the Farm Sunshine Coast are under 35 years (<5%), while slightly more operators are aged 35 to 54 years (46%) than within the Lower Mainland, BC, and Canada. As farmers reach retirement age and are looking to pass their operations on to a younger generation, there is a need to plan for farm succession. An increasingly older farming population also suggests attention be placed on attracting younger people to farming and retaining young farmers. These numbers complement results from the Farmer Survey where 45% of respondents were over 55, 40% were between 45 and 54, and only 15% were under the age of 45.

Table 20: Ages (number, %) of Farm Operators in Canada in 2011 (StatsCan. 2011) Sunshine Coast Lower Mainland BC Canada Under 35 years 5 (4%) 630 (7%) 1,620 (5%) 24,120 (8%) 35 to 54 years 60 (46%) 3,840 (44%) 12,110 (40%) 127,895 (44%) 55 years and over 65 (50%) 4,340 (49%) 16,195 (54%) 141,920 (48%) Total operators 130 (100%) 8,800 (100%) 29,925 (100%) 293,925 (100%)

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Table 21 shows the distribution of operators by average number of hours per week spent working on the farm in 2011. The majority of operators (54%) on the Sunshine Coast work less than 20 hours per week on the farm, while only 19% work more than 40 hours per week on the farm. The numbers presented for the Sunshine Coast are similar to those of the Lower Mainland and BC, but differ from those for all of Canada.

Table 21: Average Number of Hours Spent Working on the Farm in 2011 (StatsCan. 2011) Sunshine Coast Lower Mainland BC Canada < 20 hours 70 (54%) 4,065 (46%) 13,135 (44%) 92,545 (31%) 20 - 29 hours 20 (15%) 1,440 (16%) 5,420 (18%) 43,955 (15%) 30 - 40 hours 15 (12%) 980 (11%) 3,685 (12%) 39,445 (13%) 20 - 40 hours 35 (27%) 2,420 (28%) 9,105 (30%) 83,400 (28%) > 40 hours 25 (19%) 2,320 (26%) 7,695 (26%) 117,985 (40%) Total operators 130 (100%) 8,800 (100%) 29,925 (100%) 293,925 (100%)

Land Tenure and Business Type The vast proportion of farms (93%) on the Sunshine Coast are owned rather than leased (Table 22). This may indicate that leasing opportunities may exist in cases where owners are not actively farming their farmland. Table 22: Number and Hectares of Farm Operating Arrangements on the Sunshine Coast (StatsCan. 2001-2011) 2001 2006 2011 # farms hectares # farms hectares # farms hectares Farms owning 91 734 91 1084 86 653 Farms leasing 10 X 7 x 3 9 Other tenure agreements n/a n/a 2 X 3 5

The majority of farms on the Sunshine Coast Table 23: Number and % of Farm Operating Arrangements on (88%) were operated under either a sole the Sunshine Coast (StatsCan. 2001-2011) proprietorship structure or as a partnership 2001 2006 2011 without a written agreement in 2011 Sole proprietorship 51 (53%) 54 (57%) 47 (53%) (Table 23). The distribution of operating Partnership without a 31 (32%) 32 (33%) 31 (35%) arrangements did not change much from written agreement 2001 to 2011. Partnership with a written 4 (4%) 3 (3%) 1 (1%) agreement Family corporation 8 (8%) 4 (4%) 6 (6%) Non-family corporation 3 3%) 3 (3%) 4 (4%) Total 97 (100) 96 (100%) 89 (100%)

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Farm Profitability Although there is discussion regarding the cost of fuel increasing in recent years, the level of fuel Total farm capital (or worth) increased from $46.5 expenses, as reported to Statistics Canada on a per million in 1996 to $77.9 million in 2011 according to farm basis, has not risen since 2011 (Table 26). This Ag Census data (Figure 9). may indicate a re-focusing of farm activity towards Figure 9: Total Farm Capital on the Sunshine Coast non-mechanized or electrical equipment rather than (StatsCan. 1996-2011) on gasoline and diesel machinery. Table 26: Fuel Expenses on a Per Farm Basis, Sunshine Coast (StatsCan. 2001-2011) 2001 2006 2011 All fuel expenses $2,852 $2,287 $2,272

The costs of inputs such as fertilizers, soil amendments, seeds, and plant purchases rose sharply since 2001 (Table 27). It is interesting to note that the amount of capital spent on pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc.) is very low, pointing to the wide adoption of organic and The increase in total farm capital is attributable to the alternative farming methods by Sunshine Coast fact that total value of land and buildings more than farmers. doubled on a per farm basis from 2001 to (Table 24). Table 24: Value of Farm Capital by Category (StatsCan. 2001-2011) 2001 2006 2011 Total Total Value per Value ($ Value per Value ($ Value per Total Value Farm ($) millions) Farm ($) millions) Farm ($) ($millions) Land and buildings 375,442 36.41 634,185 60.88 842,360 74.97 Farm machinery and equipment 27,085 2.67 38,235 3.67 29,269 2.61 Livestock and poultry 6,843 0.47 5,648 0.33 6,169 0.33 Total farm capital 407,395 39.52 675,832 64.88 875,303 77.9

The highest amounts of farm operating expenses in 2011 were for wages and salaries. This has increased since 2001 and represents an average of $28,940 per farm (31% of total expenses) in 2011 compared to $18,060 per farm (24% of total expenses) in 2001 (Table 25). Table 25: Farm Wages and Salaries on a Per Farm Basis, Sunshine Coast (StatsCan. 2001-2011) 2001 2006 2011 Family members $11,477 $7,081 $12,223 All other persons $16,956 $20,409 $31,711 Total wages and salaries $18,060 $16,894 $28,940

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Table 27: Expenses (excluding fuel and wages) on a Per Farm Basis, Sunshine Coast (StatsCan. 2001-2011) Expense 2001 2006 2011 Fertilizer and lime purchases $3,211 $1,715 $9,056 Farm interest expenses $7,099 $9,198 $6,426 Total feed, supplements and hay $3,918 $4,129 $4,131 purchases All other expenses (excluding $3,839 $4,913 $4,011 depreciation & capital cost allowance) Custom work, contract work and hired $6,812 $7,449 $3,572 trucking Seed and plant purchases (excluding $1,524 $2,650 $3,521 materials purchased for resale) Repairs and maintenance to farm $1,514 $1,670 $3,240 buildings and fences Repairs and maintenance to machinery, $1,867 $1,598 $2,268 equipment and vehicles Electricity, telephone and all other $1,443 $1,636 $1,637 telecommunication services Veterinary services, drugs, semen, $1,109 $2,063 $1,530 breeding fees, etc. Livestock and poultry purchases $1,980 $1,527 $912 Rental and leasing of land and buildings $6,564 $5,985 $363

Purchases of herbicides, insecticides, $583 N/A N/A fungicides, etc. Rental and leasing of farm machinery, $583 N/A N/A equipment and vehicles Total farm business operating expenses $26,190 $25,905 $29,227 excluding fuel and wages Overall, farm profitability on the Sunshine Coast has fluctuated over the past 10 years (Table 28). Gross margin is calculated as gross receipts minus operating expenses, which are the Table 28: Farm Profitability on the Sunshine Coast expenses directly related to production. In 2006, (StatsCan. 2001-2011) the gross margin for farms on the Sunshine Coast 2001 2006 2011 was 3.75%, indicating that, on average, for every Gross Farm $2,183,011 $2,583,742 $2,551,191 dollar of farm sales generated, farmers gained Receipts ($) 3.75 cents. In 2011, the gross margin was -1.96, Total Operating $2,540,408 $2,486,876 $2,601,165 which means that for every dollar of farm sales, Expenses ($) farmers is lost 1.96 cents. It is important to note, Gross Margin (%) -16.37% 3.75% -1.96% however, that this represents the gross receipts and not the net revenue, which may be much lower.

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In general, farms on the Central Coast, Sunshine Figure 10: Revenue Generated by Sales of Farm Coast and Vancouver Island are less profitable than Products on the Sunshine Coast elsewhere in the province (Vannstruth, 2009). This may be due in part to high transportation costs of shipping farm supplies to and from these regions. It could also be a result of the smaller economies of scale of farms on the Coast and Vancouver Island. Farmer survey respondents were asked to indicate their revenue bracket from sales of farm products. Of these respondents, the majority (59%) indicated generating less than $20,000 annual revenue from sales (Figure 10).

Revenue on a per hectare basis increased on the Sunshine Coast from 2001 to 2011 from $3,146 to $3,515, but fell on a per farm basis (Table 29). Table 29: Average Revenue per Hectare on the Sunshine Coast (StatsCan. 2001-2011) Average # of Gross per Farm Total Farm Average per Year Farms Receipts ($) ($) Area (Ha) Hectare ($) 2001 96 $2,183,011 $22,740 811 $2,692 2006 97 $2,583,742 $26,637 867 $2,980 2011 89 $2,551,191 $28,665 621 $4,108

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Gross revenues earned on the Sunshine Coast are similar per hectare to the Regional District of Nanaimo, but much lower on a per farm basis than all other regions on Vancouver Island (Table 30).

Table 30: Average Revenue per Hectare on Vancouver Island and Coastal BC (StatsCan, 2011) Regional Number Total Gross Farm Expenses Average Average Net District of Farms Farm Receipts ($ ($ million) Gross Gross Revenue Area million) Revenue Per Revenue Per Margin (ha) Farm ha Comox Valley 432 8,727 $31.21 $28.01 $72,252 $3,576 10.20%

Cowichan 685 8,801 $48.07 $44.89 $70,175 $5,461 6.60% Valley Nanaimo 478 6,461 $26.91 $24.34 $56,297 $4,164 9.60% Alberni- 93 1,363 $4.50 $4.83 $48,387 $3,302 -7.30% Clayoquot Capital 1,093 10,741 $50.87 $49.67 $46,542 $4,746 2.40% Powell River 94 811 $1.35 $1.53 $14,361 $1,664 -13.30% Sunshine 89 621 $2.55 $2.60 $28,652 $4,106 -1.90% Coast

*Note: Total farm area is calculated as the sum of land in crops, summerfallow land, tame and seeded pasture land, natural land for pasture, Christmas trees, and all other land (usually noted as “too wet to seed”). It does not include natural and treed areas.

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Market Opportunities Analysis

The purpose of this Market Opportunities Analysis (MOA) is to identify opportunities for the local food sector to thrive on the Sunshine Coast. It was developed using a literature review and research; responses from the farming and non-farming surveys; feedback at an open house, two focus group sessions, and two workshops; an inventory of retailers (including restaurants), distributors, processors, and others involved in the production and sale of food products; and a high level calculation of annual food demand and associated potential revenue for the Sunshine Coast. Food Self-Sufficiency and Capacity for Market Expansion Employment and Income According to census figures, median income of Sunshine Coast residents is $35,433 (males) and $23,826 (females) for a combined average of Table 31: Employment in Farming and Food $28,520 (BCStats, 2011). By comparison, the median Manufacturing in Select Regional Districts (StatsCan, income across BC is $29,402 (BCStats, 2011). The 2011) community is characterized by a large proportion of senior citizens (24% are over age 65 compared to Regional Farming and Food 16% provincially) and a small proportion of young adults (only 16% are aged 20-39 compared to 26% District Manufacturing Jobs provincially) (StatsCan, 2011). A broader review of Sunshine Coast 295 demographic characteristics is available in the We Envision: One Coast (Sunshine Coast, 2011) regional Powell River 220 sustainability plan and the Census 2011 Community Nanaimo 1,100 Profiles (StatsCan, 2011). Comox Valley 835 Leading employment sectors are retail, wholesale Source: BC Stats Labour and Income Data, 2006. trade, health care and social assistance, finance, Out of the 295 farming and food manufacturing jobs insurance, real estate, management and on the Sunshine Coast in 2006, 85 were located in administration (Vannstruth, 2009). Fishing, forestry, the District of Sechelt, 10 in the Town of Gibsons, and construction are also prominent. Agriculture and the remaining 200 within the electoral areas. A and the food sector do not figure prominently in local multiplier job effect for agriculture and food on regional employment figures. Statistics Canada and the Sunshine Coast is estimated at 1.35 (Vannstruth, BC Statistics compile agriculture and food sector 2009). Such a multiplier effect suggests that for every data by including farming (including fish farming) 100 jobs created in agriculture an additional 35 jobs as well as food and beverage manufacturing, except are created in local support services. seafood products manufacturing (Table 31).

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Food Self-Sufficiency The current population of the Sunshine Coast is The issue of food self-sufficiency is fairly acute in a approximately 30,000 and is expected to reach community that, in large part, depends on both a 36,000 by 2036 (BC Stats, 2012). To measure food self- ferry and highway network for food imports. In an sufficiency, the BC Ministry of Agriculture developed emergency, the Sunshine Coast may only have two a model, which estimates that 0.524 ha of land to three days supply of food (VCH, 2006). (irrigated and non-irrigated) is required to produce an adequate and healthy diet for one person to live for one year (BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Food Capacity 2006). The Land Use Inventory showed that currently Using this model, the existing cleared agricultural only 11% of the ALR on the Sunshine Coast is land base on the Sunshine Coast (497 ha as being actively farmed, and it is not being farmed determined through the LUI by calculating the total as intensively as it could be. Therefore, there is area of properties with some form of agricultural much room for expansion in the land base without activity present) can produce enough food for 948 requiring rezoning or other onerous permitting people or 3.2% of the food needed to sustain the processes. population. This is a slight over-estimation since In 2006, the average household (2.4 persons) in it assumes that the 497 ha of cleared farmland British Columbia consumed $8,000 in food per year land is producing to its fullest capacity which it (Harasymchuk and Rolston, 2012). There are 12,840 currently is not, due to the fact that a proportion of households on the Sunshine Coast and they spend most properties are covered by trees, housing, and over $100 million annually on food. At the same outbuildings. time, the total value of farm production on the A recent report by Harasymchuk and Rolston (2012) Sunshine Coast was only $2.55 million (StatsCan, similarly estimated that the Sunshine Coast is only 2012), suggesting ample room in the market for 2% self-sufficient in food production. Moving from growth and expansion. 2%-3% self-sufficiency to a target of 20%, would require increasing current production (land being used for farming and/or the amount of food being produced per acre) by at least six fold. By 2031, current production levels would fall to 1% food self- sufficiency or less based on population increases if no increases in productivity occur. It is important to note that producing enough food to reach 20% self-sufficiency of 36,000 residents on the Sunshine Coast by 2036 will require a sophistication and diversification of farming currently not seen in the region. Economies of scale will be necessary to produce the volume of food required while stewarding local resources such as irrigation water in dry summer months.

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Challenges and Opportunities to Farming on the Sunshine Coast General Strengths Through the survey, farmers were asked to indicate what they felt to be the benefits to farming on the Sunshine Coast. Climate and the local market figured prominently, followed by good soils (Figure 11). Figure 11: Benefits to Farming on the Sunshine Coast (farmer survey, 2012) Summary of Key Issues The question of “how can farming become viable and valuable?” was raised during Focus Group Sessions, Community Workshops, and one-on-one discussions with stakeholders. Many of the issues raised presented both challenges and opportunities. The scope of Stage I – Background Report is to provide context for each of these issues without delving into recommendations and solutions in great detail. During Stage II a series of recommendations and action items will be built around further Participants attending the Focus Group Sessions and conversations with the community. This list and the Workshops were also asked to explain the benefits discussion presented serves as a strong base for of farming on the Sunshine Coast. A few participants Stage II. mentioned that the good climate and good soils The list of key issues includes: were benefits and enjoyed being able to farm outside for most of the year. Others mentioned that they • Cost of land and inputs (labour, machinery, appreciate their community connection and feeling etc.) that the people and food were healthier on the • Biophysical resources Coast. Some participants also suggested that they • Economies of scale and diversity of were able to produce food locally and contribute agricultural products to food security locally, as the region has relatively • Local Processing and value-added products limited access to imports. Other participants • Transportation and distribution indicated there is abundant land available and great coordination potential for agriculture in the region. Finally, a few • Marketing needs of the participants noted that they appreciated their lifestyle on the Coast, considering it the greatest • Consumer awareness and education benefit to farming and living in the region. • Regulatory framework These key issues are elaborated upon in the following section.

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Cost of Land and Inputs For instance, farmland prices in the Capital Region and nearest to Vancouver are also high, BC producers compete with growers in the United but returns for agricultural products are also States, Mexico, and other countries having lower higher (see Table 28). production costs from their large scale operations and lower labour costs. These competitors are able • Cost of inputs: Farmers on the Sunshine Coast to leverage their longer growing season to produce may not have sufficient financial resources to a consistent year-round supply from multiple afford adequate farm labour, equipment, and crops. Seasonal production volumes and lower other farm inputs (seeds, feed, soil amendments) economies of scale are major factors affecting the to enhance production levels. It was also competitiveness of local food producers, particularly conveyed that most farmers need financial for fresh fruit and vegetables not subject to supply assistance in order to scale up their production management regulations. and often one partner must work off the farm to support the farming venture. Farmers responded overwhelmingly through the • Partnerships: It was recommended that survey that the cost of land, taxes, and inputs are partnerships with financial institutions, such as the top concerns facing agriculture on the Sunshine Vancity and the Sunshine Coast Credit Union Coast (Figure 12). Local farmers are concerned could be beneficial to inform farmers on possible that lower priced, imported food may be bringing loan options. Additionally, Community Futures down the price of locally grown food, which directly has similar resources available to farmers in affects farmers’ sales revenues. Local food producers the form of loan programs or financing for are having difficulty competing with large agri- equipment. businesses. • Community Farms: Local farmers seem to support the creation of a Community Farm. Figure 12: Top Concerns Facing Agriculture on the This could operate as a lease of Crown or SCRD Sunshine Coast (Farmer Survey, 2012) land similar to a community forest idea. The Community Farm could be managed on a cooperative or partnership basis and used as an incubator or educational opportunity to train new farmers, as well as an avenue to access land. This would open up farmland at a reduced rate for those interested in trying their hand at farming prior to purchasing land outright. • Taxes: Land in the ALR is taxed at a lower rate than farmland outside the ALR. However, several farms on the Sunshine Coast are located outside the ALR. Whenever possible, farmers should seek • Land prices: Sunshine Coast land prices, in to have their properties granted “Farm Status” and outside of the ALR, are high, due in part to by the BCAA. Other suggestions from members its geographic proximity to the Vancouver real of the community included the development estate market. Discussion at the workshops and of tax penalties to be imposed on landowners focus group sessions identified that the cost who choose not to farm land within the ALR. of land is a barrier to those who are interested The revenue generated could then be used to in starting a new farm. However, if farms were support farmers. economically viable this barrier may be reduced.

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• Availability of Land: Realtors and farmers both agreed that it would be useful to develop • Climate Change: Farmers understand that a database of local available farmland that is climate change is expected to increase weather for sale and/or for lease so that new farmers variability in coastal areas, in particular changes can easily find land. The One Straw Society also to precipitation patterns, timing of spring thaws, has a Hands On Lands program that can help and growing degree days. Farmers are keen to connect farmers with land. Information on this adopt strategies that will allow them to prepare program can be found at: http://www.onestraw. and adapt for climate change but are unsure ca/node/1296. where to turn for assistance. Some acknowledge Biophysical Resources that the changing climate could open up new opportunities for crop diversification. Overall, the Sunshine Coast has a moderate climate relative to other regions of BC, fertile land, and • Water scarcity: Almost every summer access to irrigation water; therefore, the building during the height of the growing season, the blocks for farming (soil, water, summer sunshine, Sunshine Coast experiences some level of water etc.) are abundant. As part of the survey, farmers restrictions. To increase local food production were asked to identify any biophysical constraints on there needs to be adequate water available for their farms (Figure 13). Of the 51 respondents, 56% irrigation, but there are concerns that water indicated they have very rocky soil, while 50% also may not be available or accessible in the future. mentioned shallow and wet soils with poor drainage. There is a general lack of knowledge surrounding The responses to the “other” category included lack agricultural water sources, consumption rates, of organic matter, poor soil texture, shading from and whether or not water conservation practices neighbours trees, and predation of crops by wildlife. are being employed by farmers. The community may benefit from an in-depth research report Figure 13: Biophysical Limitations to Farming on the on the use of water by farmers on the Sunshine Sunshine Coast (Farmer Survey, 2012) Coast. Dissemination of information and resources for on-farm water conservation practices could be facilitated by the One Straw Society or other agricultural organizations. • Pest and disease management: This is a major concern for growers, especially those who are working towards organic certification. The decreasing effectiveness, pollution concerns, and reduced number of registered pesticides places more emphasis on integrated pest management (IPM) practices. • Predation by wildlife: The prevalence of wildlife such as deer, bears, and raccoons damage and consume crops for some farmers. Cougars and coyotes have been known to attack livestock. This issue has been raised by farmers in other regions of the province. Both physical (e.g. fences, animal cages) and educational (e.g. Bear-Aware program) solutions exist.

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• Invasive plants: These are a growing source of frustration for many farmers. In order to manage concerns around invasive plants, a region-wide strategy could be developed to devise ways of controlling these plants. Notably, the Regional District has recently joined the Coastal Invasive Plants Committee. The province of BC has a ‘report-a-weed’ online service that landowners can use: http://www.coastalinvasiveplants.com/ take-action/report-a-weed. • Access to compost and soil amendments: Some farmers noted the presence of shallow and stony soils with low levels of naturally-occurring organic matter. A Green Waste Collections • Crop Cooperation: Some communities (e.g. program was discussed as a way to develop Denman Island) have discussed holding an a source of compost for farmers. Farmers can annual “crop cooperation meeting” for farmers partner with Salish Soils to access organically- during the planting and planning stages. The certified compost at a reasonable cost. This objective is for farmers to choose which crops would help to improve soils and mitigate some of they wish to grow that year specifically for the the concerns with poor drainage and shallowness local market. Thereby, one year a farm may focus of soils. on carrots, cabbages, and mixed greens while the Economies of Scale and Product following year they may focus on peas, beans, and potatoes. This strategy ensures crop rotation Diversification on an annual basis without flooding local farmers The relatively small size of Sunshine Coast farms, markets and retailers with too much of any one and minimal markets for some crops, reduces the locally-grown crop. opportunity for higher returns based on economies • Berry Farms: There is an overall lack of berry of scale that influence overhead costs (administrative production (in particular blueberry, strawberry) and inputs). Results from the Land Use Inventory on the Sunshine Coast relative to demand. A indicate that most (but not all) farms on the Sunshine berry farm based in Powell River has recently Coast are operating a low level of production and entered the market (Coast Berry Company) reduced yield capacity. Furthermore, the lack of and has been very successful (http://www. crop specialization means that many farmers are coastberrycompany.com/). There is ample room producing a little bit of a lot of things, rather than in the market for additional local berry farms. a lot of one or two things. While diversity of crops • Dairy (Cheese) Farms: While the dairy quota at the farm level is important for Integrated Pest system would be restrictive to farms wishing Management and other organic strategies, the lack to sell fluid milk locally, the provincial Cottage of farms focussing on two or three products per year Industry Program allows dairy farmers to process means that lower returns are garnered relative to the their raw milk into cheese for sale. This has high input costs previously discussed. been successful on Salt Spring Island, northern To gain some insight into potential growth areas, Vancouver Island, and Hornby Island and could non-farmers were asked in the survey to indicate be successful on the Sunshine Coast. For more what crops or livestock they would like to see information on the Cottage Industry Program see produced on the Coast. The top three responses the Supply Management section in Appendix A. were dairy (cow), poultry, and fruits.

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Processing and Value-Added While many local farmers (85% based on survey Infrastructure results) indicate that they produce canned preserves or pickles, while only 20% produce baked goods, Another challenge for Sunshine Coast farmers is the or bath and/or beauty products. This apparent lack of access to local food processing infrastructure. divergence between what is being produced and There is enormous potential for value added local what is being purchased are potential areas for products that address changing trends in the food growth in value-added products in the region. industry and offer increased economic returns over the sale of unprocessed and/or conventional food • Cold storage facilities: In order to extend the products. These include: life of produce once cultivated, cold storage is necessary. This type of storage is required both as • Canned goods a transportation mechanism (refrigerated truck) • Sauces, marinades, jams for distribution and as a seasonal storage option. • Baked goods For instance, fresh fruits and vegetables could be • Frozen goods frozen and sold locally year-round. • Cheese products (utilizing BC’s Cottage • Food Hub or Commercial Kitchen: This Industry Program) opportunity is currently being investigated for Currently, in order to process livestock, or have eggs start-up in Roberts Creek. The Hub would provide graded for sale, farmers must ship their livestock an opportunity for farmers to rent space and and eggs off the Sunshine Coast, which is cost equipment to create canned, pickled, baked, prohibitive. The production volume of local food smoked, or other value-added products. This Hub on the Sunshine Coast may not be large enough could also provide a centre for food collection to support conventional processing facilities, but and drop-off and an extension of the farmers cooperative or other alternative models may be market. viable. • Medium-scale abattoir: A local slaughtering facility or mobile abattoir would help to support Figure 14 shows the types of value-added local livestock producers. These opportunities will be products that are purchased on the Coast. For more fully investigated in Stage II of the AAP. instance, 55% of non-farmers who responded indicated that they purchase locally-canned • Egg grading station: Sunshine Coast residents preserves or pickles. benefit from a supportive and close-knit community. There may be interest in collectively Figure 14: Purchases of Local Value-Added Products by or cooperatively investing in an egg grader, as it Non-Farmers (Non-Farmer Survey, 2012) would benefit a multitude of farmers. • Wine, Beer, and Spirits: The demand for alcoholic beverages is fairly consistent over time. Developing a local winery, brewery, or distillery to capture a portion of the alcohol market would likely be successful. This has been done in Nelson, Squamish, and other communities across BC.

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Transportation and Distribution Not only do farmers need to ship livestock and eggs off the Sunshine Coast to be processed; inputs, such as specialized animal feed and bulk soil amendments, are required to be brought in from outside the region. The cost of the fuel and ferries makes shipping and transportation prohibitive for many small-scale producers. Ferries are usually very busy during the summer months when farmers most often need to transport livestock or products to and from Direct Farm Marketing. These retailers include: from the Coast. In such cases, farmers must wait in long lines, taking them away from the farm. • IGA Gibsons • Seaweeds Gibsons Support systems and infrastructure for collecting, storing, processing, and distributing food to major • Super Valu Gibsons retail markets have long been established and • Health Food Store Roberts Creek operate efficiently at the provincial and national • Jean’s Organics Roberts Creek levels. Despite support from local retailers, Sunshine • IGA Wilson Creek Coast producers may have difficulty accessing this • Extra Foods Sechelt distribution system because: • Galiano Food Market Sechelt • Many producers are too small to meet • Clayton’s Market Sechelt production requirements of larger scale retail • Halfmoon Bay General Store outlets; • IGA Madeira Park • Many producers in rural and outlying areas • Oak Tree Market, Madeira Park cannot efficiently transport products to a distribution point or center; and • Welcome Woods Market, Halfmoon Bay • There may be information gaps around The transportation system of the Sunshine Coast labeling, quality control, traceability, and food is fairly simple and linear, with Highway 101 acting safety. as the main artery connecting Gibsons to Sechelt followed by “branching” to communities such as Additionally, having to distribute farm products to Roberts Creek, Halfmoon Bay, and Pender Harbour. retailers and local restaurants individually can be However, a coordinated distribution system problematic for farmers by taking them away from currently does not exist on the Coast to help simplify their farms and increasing costs dramatically for local food distribution. Some opportunities were vehicles and fuel. Local restaurateurs and retailers identified through the public engagement sessions are often unable to travel from farm to farm picking to address the challenges with transportation and up agricultural products, usually due to time distribution. These include: constraints. Similarly, residents are also unable or unwilling to visit each farm to buy their products at • Refrigerated Transportation: Improving access the farm gate, opting instead to buy products in the to large grocery stores (IGA, Extra Foods, Save-On grocery stores at times when convenient for them. Foods, etc.) by purchasing and managing a cold storage truck (this could be done cooperatively Grocery stores and food markets are well dispersed amongst a number of farms). Funding could be amongst Sunshine Coast communities and provide accessed by Community Futures. a key opportunity for increased local food sales aside

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• Partnering with BC Ferries: Priority boarding for Marketing farmers could be requested by BC Ferries so that Farmers in this region experience a limited customer farmers do not need to wait to move livestock base and some have experienced difficulty in and farm products to and from the Coast. selling to retail outlets, such as large grocery chains • Bulk Input Buying: Farmers could coordinate because they either need to produce more than off-Coast input purchases to bring in a barge to they are capable of, or they need to be able to offer deliver bulk farm inputs once or twice a year to a consistent supply, which they cannot guarantee. save collectively on travel costs. Some restaurants have also been difficult to sell to as • Institutional Purchasing: Organizations that they require specific timing on delivery of products buy and sell prepared food can be targeted. and demand a range of products, which may not be While this is already happening to some degree, available. it could be improved upon. Farm-to-School During the Community Workshops, residents said programs, a local food purchasing policy for they often find it difficult to find local farm products hospitals and care centres, and showcasing local and that there are not enough growers at the products to chefs and restaurants are just some farmers markets. Farmers also expressed difficulties ideas. attending farmers markets because they are very • Direct Farm Business Plans: Farmers benefit time-consuming and take them away from the farm financially most from direct farm sales (farmers’ at peak production times of the year. markets, farm gate, internet sales, Community Supported Agriculture (CSAs)) as direct sales Farmers were asked to explain where they market typically reduce time and energy spent on their products through the survey. Of the farmer distribution and help farmers retain a larger respondents, 78% grow products for their own portion of revenues. An example of a Direct Farm use, while 66% sell products locally. Only 20% Marketing Business Plan can be found here: (11 respondents) indicated that they sell their http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/busmgmt/bus_guides/ agricultural products beyond the Sunshine Coast, direct_guide.htm mainly in Greater Vancouver, Squamish, Whistler, • Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) and Pemberton. programs: CSAs operate by having customers The Sunshine Coast has excellent access to Vancouver provide a lump sum payment at the beginning of and Vancouver Island markets through ferry, road, the growing season to help support the farmer and air transportation. While growing for sale at the time when they are purchasing inputs. A outside of the Sunshine Coast is not an overarching church or school parking lot could be used at off- goal of the AAP, the potential for exports should not hours to allow customers to collect their weekly be underestimated. A significant increase in exports food boxes, thus reducing transportation costs could likely accompany a significant increase in local for farmers. food production. • Partnering with Existing Delivery Services: Many opportunities for marketing farm products Locally there are food delivery services already were identified during the Community Workshops in place, such as Jean’s Organics Food Club. This and Focus Group Sessions, including: service could be leveraged or partnered with to • In-Store Advertising: Farmers would like to make full use of trips up and down the Coast for see advertising support in the store where food deliveries to homes, schools, restaurants, their products are offered. Some stores such government offices, hospitals, and other as IGA and Clayton’s will take local products customers. and sell them, but they need to be supported

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with marketing efforts to help identify the local • Support Officers: It was also suggested that a products. It was suggested that pictures of the local Economic Development office could play farmers and their families could work along a role in supporting farmers through marketing with information about each farm. Farmers and and potentially providing an economic support consumers also wanted to see dedicated sections officer. This has been done successfully in the in local grocery stores (10 to 12 feet of shelf- Central Okanagan Regional District. space) for local farm products. This area could be • Export Local Food: Farmers on the Sunshine called “Fresh from the Coast” or similar. Coast could benefit financially by selling in • Development of a Farmers Institute of Farmers Vancouver and to other export markets. Some Cooperative: This organization would have a farms may be able to increase their production different mandate than the One Straw Society. levels to take advantage of economies of scale The Institute could oversee a branding exercise if they can have a guarantee of higher sales for Sunshine Coast foods, create a mentoring volumes. program to support new and existing farmers on the Sunshine Coast, and improve information and knowledge transfer between farmers. • A Year-Round Farmers Market: This would be helpful and get people used to seeing the products on a regular basis and would encourage farmers to invest in processing and/or storage equipment. This has been done successfully in the Comox Valley. Pocket markets could also be used to free up farmers from having to attend the market in person. • Coupon Programs: Some participants suggested that the Farmers Market Nutrition Coupon Program has been really successful Consumer Awareness and Education and should be expanded. This is a provincial While the current Sunshine Coast population may be program through the Ministry of Health Services 30,000, the actual market for “local” and/or “organic” and the Healthy Families BC initiative; therefore, food may be considerably less. Customers may have any discussion on program enhancement difficulties finding local foods at larger retail outlets would need to include Ministry of Health or may be unwilling or unable to buy directly from representatives. the farm gate. Some potential customers may also • Branding for Local Food: The potential to be unwilling to pay higher prices for local products, utilize students for marketing and graphic despite potential health and economic benefits. design support was also suggested. Educational Many of these limits to increased sales can often institutions or local organizations could also offer be overcome with effective marketing and higher marketing courses for farmers to help support economies of scale. Increasing consumer awareness them in their efforts. of the benefits of eating local foods in turn raises the • Agritourism: It was suggested that an demand for fresh and processed local food products. Agritourism Strategy be developed for the Consumers’ preference for convenience foods has region. Some agritourism options that were fueled an increased demand for frozen vegetable discussed included U-Pick promotions, Slow Food products and prepared fresh vegetables. Cycle Tours, Chef Tours, Farm Crawls, and more.

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During discussions with farmers, it was mentioned that there is a sense that consumers are not spending enough money at farmers markets and/ or are not attending the markets in large enough numbers. Some farmers felt that there was a sense of entitlement and apathy around food and a need to develop a culture of local production and purchasing. Many felt that education around local food and the need to support local farmers is paramount to strengthening the local economy. Conversely, members of the community indicated awareness of several aspects of eating locally Regulations (healthy, fresh, supports the local economy). Many The agricultural industry in BC is regulated by indicated that they are not always available to shop numerous government policies at federal, provincial when the markets are on (weekends or before 6pm and municipal levels. The regulations relate to weekdays) and would like to be able to shop at environmental protection, health and safety, their own convenience. There were also concerns imports/exports and land use (see Appendix A for expressed around the cost of local food and a lack of more details). awareness around what is available. Local, regional and provincial regulations were Some suggestions for educating and supporting the discussed to some extent at the Focus Group local community include: Sessions and the Community Workshops. Whether • Buy Local: In conjunction with a local foods it is accurate or not, many participants believed branding exercise, an education campaign that the current zoning bylaws are not supportive could be developed with a Buy Local focus. of agriculture. Some suggested that current zoning This education campaign could target children bylaws restrict livestock production too much and through School District 46. limit farmers’ ability to raise livestock on the Sunshine • Nutritionist Partnerships: A program could Coast. be developed to teach people how to cook and • Navigating Supply Management Systems: eat seasonally with community nutritionists There is significant room in the regional providing support on using different foods. market for increased egg and dairy production • School Partnerships: Farmers and other (both organic and non-organic). While supply community members could work with local management systems (e.g. quota) hinder the schools to develop educational programs on ability to easily enter the market, there are agriculture and growing food. West Sechelt Farm methods and strategies to overcome some of Produce is currently working on a partnership these challenges; all of which have been tested with West Sechelt Elementary School and has successfully in other communities. In particular, received support from many local businesses non-dairy (goat, sheep) milk and cheese could be and organizations. It may serve as a useful pilot produced at a larger scale, dairy cheese could be program for other interested farmers and schools. produced under the Cottage Industry Program, There may also be opportunities for projects in and a feasibility study for a local egg grader connection with the “Farm-to-School” program could be conducted. An overview of the organic of Vancouver Coastal Health and the Public meat, dairy, and egg value chains are provided in Health Association of BC. Appendix D.

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• Housing Limits on ALR Land: There were many concerns expressed around the limits to housing in the ALR. Many felt that ALC policies and regulations limit potential cooperative farming ventures, resulting in a significant barrier to farming in the region. Some also felt that limited housing opportunities in the ALR restrict farmers’ ability to earn rental income to support their farming endeavours. However, it was unclear whether opinions were based on accurate data, suggesting clarity around housing allowances for ALR properties would be beneficial for the farming community at large. Currently, under ALC regulations, a local government may permit a secondary suite within a single family dwelling and an additional manufactured home for immediate family or for farm help. • Health and Safety Permits: The threat of food- borne illnesses has received increased attention • Support through Zoning: Other suggestions in recent years. Growers must keep records included a review of existing zoning bylaws to detailing their production practices, and Health & ensure they are supportive of farming practices Safety permits from Vancouver Coastal Health are and lobbying by local governments to amend often required to sell prepared foods at Farmers provincial regulations to address supply Markets. Some farmers felt these requirements management arrangements. The new Agriculture were onerous and prevented them from easily Zone, which will be introduced by the SCRD in selling value-added or prepared foods at the 2013, will likely address many of these regulatory markets. concerns. • Land Tenure Agreements: There is some support amongst the farming community to explore alternative land tenure agreements and business arrangements in order to overcome limitations to fee simple ownership of ALR land. The high cost of land prevents outright ownership for some, while the limitations surrounding leasing reduce the types of tenure agreements possible. Many expressed frustration with the Land Title Act, which essentially limits leases to five years, after which the lessee can be granted title on the property. Without longer term leasing, licencing, or other renting arrangements there is minimal motivation for farmers to invest in crops, livestock, or equipment that will only become profitable in the long term.

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Conclusion

Food self-sufficiency on the Sunshine Coast was within the regulatory framework. Opportunities for estimated at <3%, but the Land Use Inventory overcoming these barriers were raised during the (LUI) results, public engagement, and Census of public engagement process and demonstrated a Agriculture data indicate significant potential for strong desire amongst the farming community to growth. Only 498 ha (13%) of the 3,900 ha within work cooperatively to find solutions. Suggestions the Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) is actively being included: potential partnerships with financial farmed, while the vast majority of the ALR is forested institutions, a Community Farm, a Food Hub, a Buy or uninhabited. The current farming of both crops Local campaign, processing infrastructure such as a and livestock leaves room for diversification, while mobile abattoir or egg grading station, development farmers reported good climate and good soils as of a farmers institute or cooperative, and methods to beneficial characteristics of farming on the Coast. overcome regulatory barriers. The current state of agriculture on the Sunshine Further opportunities for expansion and Coast experiences significant challenges in the cost diversification of farm operations, in addition to of land and inputs, biophysical resources, economies recommendations and an implementation plan will and scale and diversity of products, local processing be developed during Stage II of the Agricultural Area infrastructure, transportation and distribution, Plan process. Overall, the Sunshine Coast agricultural marketing needs, consumer awareness and working sector provides much potential for growth in both land base and revenues. The community is heavily engaged and committed to developing farming as a viable industry through cooperative strategies.

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Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). 2011. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/fish-and-seafood/ eng/1299799645255/1299799784160 Climate Action Initiative of BC (CAIBC). 2012. Fraser Valley and Metro Vancouver snapshot report. BC Agriculture Climate Change Adaptation Risk + Opportunity Assessment Series. Authors: E. Crawford and E. MacNair. http://www. bcagclimateaction.ca/wp/wp-content/media/AdaptROseries-FraserMetroVan.pdf COABC. 2012. Recent wholesale Canadian prices for organic fruit and vegetables. Certified Organic Associations of BC. http://www.certifiedorganic.bc.ca/rcbtoa/services/prices.html Community Mapping Network – Sunshine Coast: http://cmnmaps.ca/SCRD/ Accessed September 2012. Curran, D. 2005. Protecting the Working Landscape of BC. West Coast Environmental Law. Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO). 2010. Department of Fisheries and Oceans. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/index- eng.htm Environment Canada. 2012. Climate Normals. http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals Accessed September 2012. Harasymchuk, S.A. and G. Rolston. 2012. Vancouver Island Coast Regional Agriculture Framework for Action. Island Coastal Economic Trust. Health Canada (HC., 2010. Health Canada. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/activit/about-apropos/index-eng.php Health Canada (HC). 2011. Food and Nutrition. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/index-eng.php Invasive Species Council of BC (ISPC). http://www.bcinvasives.ca/ Accessed September 2012. IWMP. 1998. Chapman and Gray Creeks Integrated Watershed Management Plan. Kenk and Sondheim. 1987. The BC Ministry of Environment and Parks Thematic Mapping Geographic Information System. CAPAMP. Volume 1: Data entry and validation procedures for soil, agriculture capability, surficial geology and the all- purpose entity. MOEP Manual 10. Surveys and Resource Mapping Branch, Ministry of Environment and Parks. Land Title and Survey Authority (LTSA). 2010. Land Title and Survey Authority of BC. http://www.ltsa.ca/about-the-ltsa/ introduction Leslie, R. and B. Kelly. 2001. Bright Seas, Pioneer Spirits: A History of the Sunshine Coast. Victoria: ToughWood Editions Luttmerding, H.A. 1981. Soils of the Langley-Vancouver Map Area. Report #15, BC Soil Survey. Vol. 3: Description of the Soils. Kelowna, BC. Luttmerding, H.A. 1984. Soils of the Langley-Vancouver Map Area. Report #15, BC Soil Survey. Vol. 5: Agricultural Soil Management Groups. Kelowna, BC. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands (MAL), 2010. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands. http://www.gov.bc.ca/al/ Ministry of Community Services and Community Development (MCSCD). 2010. Ministry Service Plan. http://www. bcbudget.gov.bc.ca/2010/sp/pdf/ministry/cd.pdf Ministry of Environment (MoE). 2010. Ministry of Environment: Environment Protection Division http://www.env.gov. bc.ca/wepd/ Ministry of Environment (MoE). 2010a. Riparian Areas Regulation. http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/habitat/fish_protection_act/ riparian/riparian_areas.html Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (MELP). 1997. Management Plan for Tetrahedron Ministry of Health Services (MHS). 2010. Ministry of Health Services: About BC’s Health System. http://www.health.gov. bc.ca/navigation/system.html Ministry of Health Services (MHS). 2010a. A new graduated approach for meat production and processing in BC. http:// www.health.gov.bc.ca/protect/meat-regulation Ministry of Water, Land, and Air Protection (MWLAP), 2006. Riparian Areas Regulation Implementation Guidebook. BC Ministry of Water, Land, and Air Protection.

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Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC). www.plan2adapt.ca Accessed September 2012. Peterson, L. R. 1962. The Gibson’s Landing Story. Peter Martin Books Canada Provincial Park. BC Parks Department South Coast Regional Planning Services. January 1997. Revised Statutes of BC (RSBC). 1996. Right to Farm Act (Farm Practices Protection Act). Revised Statutes of BC. http://www. bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/00_96131_01 Revised Statutes of BC (RSBC). 1996a. BC Assessment Act. http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/ freeside/00_96020_01 Revised Statutes of BC (RSBC). 1996b. Land Title Act. http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/ freeside/96250_00 Rosella, L., 2001. Sunshine Coast: A Place to Be. Heritage House Publishing. Sunshine Coast Museum & Archives (SCMA). 2009. Farming on the Sunshine Coast - Research Notes. Smith, B. 1998. Planning for Agriculture in BC. Agricultural Land Commission. http://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/publications/ planning/Planning_for_Agriculture/index.htm Statistics Canada, 2009. Food Statistics, 2009. Minister of Industry, 2010 http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/21-020-x/21-020- x2009001-eng.pdf Statistics Canada. 2011. Census Profiles. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index. cfm?Lang=E Statistics Canada. 2012. Agricultural Census: Farm operator data. Released May, 2012. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ca-ra2011/ index-eng.htm Statistics Canada. 1996. Census of Agriculture, Farm Data and Farm Operator Data. Statistics Canada. 2001. Census of Agriculture, Farm Data and Farm Operator Data. Statistics Canada. 2006. Census of Agriculture, Farm Data and Farm Operator Data. catalogue no. 95-629-XWE. http:// www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/95-629-x/4/4123931-eng.htm Statistics Canada. 2011. Census of Agriculture, Farm Data and Farm Operator Data. Steele, B. 1990. Helen Dawe’s Sechelt. Edited by Alec Macaulay. Copyright 1990 by Billie Steele. Friesen Printers. Sunshine Coast Habitat Atlas: http://habitat.scrd.bc.ca/ Accessed September 2012. Sunshine Coast Regional District. 2012. Invasive Species on the Sunshine Coast Brochure. http://www.scrd.ca/files/File/ Community/Planning/Projects/InvasivePlantsBrochureSCRDwebsite.pdf Sunshine Coast Watershed Map: http://habitat.scrd.bc.ca/images/HA2005_Watersheds.pdf Sunshine Coast. 2011. We Envision: One Coast. http://smartplanningbc.ca/_Library/docs/2_3_ah_SunshineCoast_RD_ Sustainability_Plan-_low_res_PDF.pdf Town of Gibsons. 2012. Water Is Preciously Pure. http://www.gibsons.ca/discover-gibsons/gibsons-water-is-preciously- pure.html Triton Environmental Consultants. 2006. Chapman Creek Watershed Drinking Water Source Assessment. Final Report. Prepared for the Sunshine Coast Regional District. http://www.scrd.ca/files/File/Infrastructure/Water/Pages%20from%20 Chapman-Creek-Final-Report-1-26.pdf Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH). 2006. Food Security Action Report: Executive Summary. Sunshine Coast Community Services and Vancouver Coastal Health. http://www.vch.ca/media/CFAI_Summary_Sunshine_Coast.pdf Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH). 2011. Vancouver Coastal Health Community Food Action Initiative: Evaluation report. October 2011. http://smartfund.ca/docs/eval_vch_cfai_2011_full.pdf Vannstruth Consulting. 2009. Regional Economic Analysis Vancouver Island and Central/Sunshine Coasts: Final Report. Prepared for: Vancouver Island Economic Alliance Wyngaert, F.J. 1980. The West Howe Sound Story: 1886-1976. Vancouver: Pegasus Press

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Appendix A Overview of Regulatory Framework

Federal Policies Provincial Policies Agriculture is included in federal policy through The Province of BC shares a mandate with the federal trade agreements, food safety and inspection, government to promote agriculture and health. food labelling, and the promotion of quality of life Detailed descriptions of various provincial agencies through healthy eating. and associated legislation involving farming and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada focuses on agriculture are provided below. They include domestic and international trade, farm income the Ministry of Agriculture, the Agricultural Land stabilization, research and development, and Commission, and the Ministry of Community, Sports, the regulation of animals and plants. It provides and Cultural Development. In addition, several other information, research and technology, and policies areas of jurisdiction include food-related authority and programs towards the security of the food and a brief description of each is provided. system, health of the environment and innovation Ministry of Agriculture for growth. Partners include the Canadian Dairy The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for Commission, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, providing a balanced approach that promotes Canadian Grain Commission, Farm Credit Canada, economic and social development objectives with and the Farm Products Council of Canada (AAFC, those of environmental sustainability for agriculture, 2010) aquaculture, and food sectors in BC. In addition, the The Canadian Food Inspection Agency regulates food Ministry funds the Agricultural Land Commission and products, packaging and labelling. It is responsible the BC Farm Industry Review Board (MAL, 2010). A for testing food products, setting requirements on wide variety of legislation affecting agricultural land, traded goods, and protecting plants from pests and farm workers, and farm activities is administered by diseases (CFIA, 2010). the Ministry of Agriculture, including: Fisheries and Oceans Canada is responsible for • Agri-Food Choice and Quality Act protecting aquatic ecosystems and administers the • Agricultural Produce Grading Act Fisheries Act. Fisheries and Oceans Canada strives • Agrologists Act to work with commercial, recreational, and First • Animal Disease Control Act Nations fisheries to support sustainable aquaculture (DFO, 2010). • Bee Act • British Columbia Wine Act Health Canada regulates agriculture indirectly by tracking outbreaks and diseases and overseeing • Farm Income Insurance Act environmental health programs. The Public Health • Farm Practices Protection (Right to Farm) Act Agency of Canada, together with Health Canada • Farming and Fishing Industries Development and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, work Act cooperatively with health authorities to protect • Fish Inspection Act the public from food contamination outbreaks (HC, • Fisheries Act 2010). • Food Products Standards Act

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• Fur Farm Act • Game Farm Act • Greenbelt Act • Insurance for Crops Act • Land Act • Land Reserve Commission Act • Land Title and Survey Authority Act • Livestock Act Provincial Health Services Authority (PHSA). The • Local Government Act (sections 916-919 only) PHSA addresses public health concerns regarding • Milk Industry Act (ss. 1-11, s.12 in respect of food and food protection by providing scientific tank milk receivers licenses, ss. 13-43) expertise to the Regional Health Authorities and to • Natural Products Marketing (BC) Act the BCMHS (BCMHS, 2010). The BCCDC is responsible • Plant Protection Act for the inspection and licensing of provincial • Seed Potato Act dairies and abattoirs and for providing food safety • Veterinarians Act guidelines, training and information, and laboratory services to Public Health Inspectors. • Water Utility Act • Weed Control Act In 2006, the Federal government provided BC with $2.64 million to enhance and promote food safety Key Players in Food Health and Safety systems in the food processing industry (BCCDC, The BC Ministry of Health Services (MHS) administers 2010). The partnership included: the Public Health Act and Food Safety Act and • BC Centre of Disease Control establishes standards and procedures aimed at • Regional Health Authorities protecting public health. The Food Safety Act was • Small Scale Food Processing Association established in 2002 to consolidate food safety aspects of the Milk Industry Act, Meat Inspection • BC Food Processors Association Act, and Health Act under one statute administered • Food processing industry by MHS (BCMHS, 2010). • BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Regional Health Authorities administer the Food The Provincial Meat Inspection Premises Regulation under the Health Act and Regulation licence, inspect, and respond to complaints Adopted in 2004, the Meat Inspection Regulation regarding food facilities under their jurisdiction. (MIR) sets out construction, inspection and other Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH) is responsible for requirements for provincially licensed slaughter the inspection and enforcement of food safety facilities in BC. Compliance with the MIR became regulations on the Sunshine Coast. In addition to mandatory in September of 2007, and significant the Food Premises Regulation, VCH administers changes to licence classes were made in April 2010 the FOODSAFE training program (which teaches (BC Laws, 2004). The number of licensed slaughter safe food handling procedures to those in the food plants in B.C. has increased from 12 in 2004 to 37 in services industry) and the Food Security Program. 2010 (BCMHS, 2010a). The BC Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) operates its Food Protection Services Division under the

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Prior to the 2010 amendments, the MIR included by public health professionals and volunteer farmers three class levels of licensing for meat sold in the in rural and remote communities. SlaughterSafe is province: part of a larger provincial government initiative to Class A: facilities providing slaughter and cut-and- promote food safety and food security regarding wrap services; livestock and meat production in remote communities. Class B: facilities only providing slaughter services; and The MIR allows for innovative approaches, such as mobile slaughter facilities that can provide services Class C: facilities operating without inspection to several rural communities. Many small scale until upgrades to full licencing are completed. producers, however, have criticized the MIR as This was introduced as a temporary measure in restricting their ability to slaughter their animals in 2007 and has since been phased out. areas not served by provincially-licensed facilities. Amendments to the regulation in April 2010 This creates high costs associated with meat introduced a graduated licensing system that processing for farmers in more remote communities, includes two licences (Class D and Class E) designed such as the Gulf Islands, Sunshine Coast, and Central to support local livestock and meat production in Coastal areas. B.C.’s more remote and rural communities. The SCRD Ministry of Environment has been designated as remote, meaning Class D and E licenses could be applied for: The BC Ministry of Environment (MoE) manages and delivers a wide range of programs and services that Class D: Allows on-farm slaughter of 1-25 animal support the Province’s environmental and economic units annually for direct sale to consumers or goals. The Ministry is a leader in implementing the retail sales to secondary food establishments provincial government’s climate change initiatives (e.g., restaurants and meat shops) within the and in promoting recreational opportunities, such boundaries of the regional district where the as hunting, fishing and exploring BC’s parks. MoE is meat was produced. Class D licence holders may responsible for a wide variety of legislation affecting slaughter their own or other peoples’ animals. agricultural activities, such as the Drainage, Ditch Class D licences are only available in 10 provincially and Dike Act, Environmental Management Act, Fish designated regional districts (designated areas). Protection Act, Integrated Pest Management Act, Class E: allows on-farm slaughter of 1-10 animal Water Protection Act, and Wildlife Act (MoE, 2010). units annually for direct sale to consumers. Sales MoE’s role in sustainable environmental management are restricted to the regional district in which and stewardship includes implementation of BC’s the meat was produced, and operators are only Climate Action Plan and Living Water Smart Plan. permitted to slaughter their own animals. One Agricultural Waste Control Regulation: The animal unit means: combined weight, when Agricultural Waste Control Regulation (AWCR) is measured alive, of 1,000 lbs (454 kg) of meat (e.g., enforced under the Environmental Management beef, poultry, bison, etc.). Act (EMA). Agricultural waste discharges require Applications for Class D and E are reviewed on a case- authorization and can be regulated by a code of by-case basis. Class D & E facilities must complete the practice. Minor amendments were made to the SlaughterSafe training program, a food safety plan, AWCR in 2004 and 2008, to establish consistent rules and a site assessment with the local health authority for all boilers used in agriculture, as well as emission (BCMH, 2011). SlaughterSafe is run by the regional standards for biomass (wood‐fired) boilers used in health authorities (Vancouver Coastal Health for the agriculture. In October 2009 the MoE announced Sunshine Coast) and was collaboratively designed a review of the AWCR, which is still underway, to

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harmonize the standards in this regulation with The RAR does not apply to agricultural activities, other regulations, update handling and disposal however, the construction of residential structures of agricultural technologies regarding agricultural or other “development” activities within agricultural wastes, and for compliance and enforcement issues areas (such as within the ALR), would be subject (BC Laws, 2008). to the RAR. It also applies to non-farming activities Riparian Areas Regulation: The Riparian Areas on non-ALR lands that may otherwise be used, Regulation (RAR) was enacted under Section 12 designated, or zoned for agriculture. Other aquatic- of the Fish Protection Act in 2004, and calls on related regulations also still apply to agricultural local governments to protect riparian areas during activities, such as the Water Act and Fisheries Act, and residential, commercial, and industrial development practices to encourage stewardship in agricultural by ensuring that proposed activities are subject to a lands are highly recommended (MWLAP, 2006). science based assessment conducted by a Qualified Ministry of Community, Sport, and Environmental Professional (QEP) (MoE, 2010a). Cultural Development Riparian areas are defined as freshwater habitat areas along the border of streams, lakes, and wetlands. Formerly the Ministry of Community and Rural Development, the BC Ministry of Community, Sport, The RAR applies only to communities on the east and Cultural Development (MCSCD) is responsible side of Vancouver Island, the Lower Mainland and for the administration and maintenance of a number the Southern Interior (including the SCRD), as these of statutes establishing the legal framework for local are the parts of the province that are experiencing governments in BC. The purpose of the MCSCD is the most rapid urban growth. A local government to equip communities across BC to build strong, must ensure that its bylaws and permits under Part competitive economies (MCSCD, 2010). The four 26 of the Local Government Act provide a level of key pieces of policy and legislation administered protection that is comparable to or exceeds that of by the MCSCD affecting agricultural land use at the RAR (MWLAP, 2006). Part 26 of the Local Government local level are the Community Charter the Local Act includes: Government Act, the Assessment Act and the Land a) removal, alteration, disruption or destruction of Title Act. vegetation; Community Charter: The Community Charter b) disturbance of soils; came into effect in 2004 and establishes the legal c) construction or erection of buildings and framework for core municipal powers (BC Laws, structures; 2003). The purposes of the Charter are to provide municipalities and their councils (and to a lesser d) creation of non-structural impervious or semi- extent Regional Districts and their Boards) with: impervious surfaces; a) A legal framework for the powers, duties and e) flood protection works; functions necessary to fulfil their purposes; f) construction of roads, trails, docks, wharves and b) The authority and discretion to address existing bridges; and future community needs; and g) provision and maintenance of sewer and water c) The flexibility to determine the public interest services; of their communities and to respond to the h) development of drainage systems; different needs and changing circumstances of i) development of utility corridors; their communities. j) subdivision as defined in section 872 of the Local Local Government Act: The Local Government Act Government Act; (LGA) establishes the legal framework for regional

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districts and contains important local government the Act. Only land can be classified as farm land - regulations concerning planning and land use. buildings (residences and outbuildings) are classified Under the Local Government Act and Community separately, typically as residential. Charter, local governments are responsible for Land qualifies for farm classification under the the development and implementation of official following conditions: community plans (OCPs), land use zoning and other land use bylaws. The LGA provides several directions • The land is used for “primary agricultural toward farming through local land use planning, production”; including (RSBC, 1996): • The land is the site of “a farmer’s dwelling”; • Section 878 (1) stipulates that local • The land is used for training and boarding governments may include in OCPs “policies… horses in a horse rearing operation; respecting the maintenance and enhancement • The land otherwise contributes to primary of farming on land in a farming area or in an area agricultural production such as land used for designated for agricultural use the community drainage, irrigation, buffers, and windbreaks. plan”; Agricultural production for purely on-site • Section 903(5) states that “…a local consumption and the breeding and raising of government must not exercise the (zoning) pets, other than horses, does not qualify. A certain powers under this section to prohibit or restrict minimum amount of income must be produced the use of land for a farm business in a farming from the primary agricultural production, and these area unless the local government receives the requirements vary depending on the total land area. approval of the minister responsible for the For example, a minimum annual value of $2,500 is administration of the Farm Practices Protection required for land between 8,000 m2 and 4.0 ha and (Right to Farm) Act.” $10,000 if the total land area is less than 8,000 m2. • Section 917 provides the authority for local The Assessment Act has been criticized in the past governments to adopt farm bylaws to regulate as creating an unfair burden to small lot farmers and farm management activities in farm areas, farmers who operate outside of the ALR. In 2009, the subject to approval from the minister responsible Farm Assessment Review Panel provided a report for Agriculture; to the Provincial Government recommending a • Section 919.1 (1) provides local governments number of changes to the farm assessment process with the authority to designate a development and Regulation 411/95 (Farm Assessment Review permit area (DPA) for the “protection of farming.” Panel, 2009). Prior to the review, assessment policy Assessment Act: The Assessment Act is administered dictated that on a parcel of land, only that portion by BC Assessment, a provincial Crown Corporation that was actually used for agricultural production responsible for the classification of properties in BC would be classed as farm, with the remainder for property assessment and tax purposes (RSBC, of the parcel classed as residential by default. 1996a). Farm classification is a voluntary program This approach is commonly referred to as “split providing the benefit of a low tax rate for assessed classification” of farm land, and it applied to farms properties. both in and outside of the ALR. At the time of the review there were about 8,000 farms that were Even though property may be zoned as agricultural “split classified” around the province and this was of land, or in the provincial ALR, farm classification will particular concern for smaller farms in the rural areas only be granted if the land (or at least a portion of of southern Vancouver Island, the Gulf Islands, and it) is being actively used for primary agricultural the Lower Mainland, where property values are very production and it meets the other requirements of high.

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Some of the Panel’s recommendations have municipality or regional district may register a been incorporated since the review, including covenant on the title to land to protect specific the elimination of the split classification of farm characteristics of land in or adjacent to the ALR. properties in the ALR that are not used for other purposes and for non-ALR properties where at Local Policies least 50% of the property is in, or contributes to, Regional Growth Strategies production, or 25% is in production and meets a higher income threshold ($10,000). For leased land, Regional Growth Strategies (RGSs) are only the land actually in production will be classed agreements between a regional district and its as farm. member municipalities on social, economic and environmental goals and priority actions. The RGS’s Land Title and Survey Authority Act: The Land Title objectives are to coordinate action on housing, and Survey Authority of BC (LTSA) is a statutory transportation, infrastructure, and economic corporation responsible for managing the land development, in recognizing that collaboration on a title and survey systems of BC and its mandate and regional level will make individual municipal action responsibilities are set out in the Land Title and more effective. Where an RGS is adopted, all local Survey Authority Act. The mandate of the LTSA is to government OCPs and bylaws must be consistent create confidence by delivering assured land title with the RGS. Each local government internalizes and land survey systems essential to the property an RGS by adopting a Regional Context Statement market and economic foundation of the province in its OCPs. The statement sets out how the local (LTSA, 2010). government will meet the goals of the RGS through As pertaining to agriculture, the LTSA provides policies and bylaws. All zoning and infrastructure specific directions regarding subdivision through decisions must be consistent with the RGS. the Land Title Act (RSBC, 1996b). Section 86 (1) states RGSs may include policies of support for maintaining that an approving officer may refuse to approve a existing agricultural lands and enhancing the farm subdivision if: economy. Supportive policy statements help to (ix) the subdivision is unsuited to the configuration reduce speculation around farmlands conversion of the land being subdivided or to the use intended, to other uses through support for exclusion or or makes impracticable future subdivision of the non-farm use applications (Curran, 2005). Local land within the proposed subdivision or of land governments participating within an RGS can also adjacent to it; ensure protection of farmland by developing RGS (x) the anticipated development of the subdivision policies requiring that agriculturally-zoned land not would unreasonably interfere with farming be subject to rezoning for non-farm uses except in operations on adjoining or reasonably adjacent limited, defined circumstances. properties, due to inadequate buffering or separation The SCRD does not have a RGS and would likely of the development from the farm, or; benefit from one that would knit the various (xi) despite subparagraph (ix), the extent or location OCPs together under a common policy umbrella. of highways and highway allowances shown However, the SCRD’s We Envision sustainability plan on the plan is such that it would unreasonably can deliver the community visioning and direction or unnecessarily increase access to land in an that a RGS would otherwise provide. agricultural land reserve. Section 219 of the Land Title Act states that a

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Official Community Plans (OCPs) adjacent and nearby land uses; The purpose of an Official Community Plan (OCP) • Preserving contiguous areas of agricultural is to guide and direct land use and development land and avoiding severance by recreation, parks, decision-making within a defined plan area. An and transportation and utility corridors; and OCP also clearly states a community’s values and • Encouraging partnerships with the agricultural goals through a vision statement that steers growth community, senior governments and private management, servicing, transportation, climate enterprise to promote the development of the change mitigation, environmental protection, the agricultural sector. promotion of agriculture and various concerns. Local governments may also use the OCP to commit An OCP affects agriculture and the use of land to creating and implementing an Agricultural adjacent to agriculture in several ways, primarily Strategy or Agriculture Area Plan. by defining the type of present and proposed Zoning Bylaws agricultural land uses within the jurisdiction. Zoning allows local governments to control the use, The OCP may contain local government policies density, nature and siting of development. Zoning respecting the maintenance and enhancement of bylaws also typically regulate how far buildings and agriculture, which can include water supply, rural- uses must be setback from lot lines, the height of residential use, recreation near farmland, support buildings, signage, and parking. Zoning provides for the agricultural industry, and protection of ALR the regulatory ‘teeth’ to complement broader land lands. use planning and policies (such as RGSs and OCPs). Once an OCP is adopted, local government decisions Zoning regulations that support the ALR and to amend existing regulations and approval agricultural uses, backed up by strong OCP and RGS requirements must be consistent with the OCP. statements can lessen the expectations of changes Local governments may designate development in land use, and can ensure that land is not converted permit areas in an OCP for the protection of farming, to non-farm uses even if removed from the ALR and establish guidelines for how development may (Smith, 1998). Land that is removed from the ALR, but occur within designated farm protection areas. zoned at the local level for agriculture, is limited to Alternatively, these guidelines may be specified by agricultural activities as regulated in the local zoning a zoning bylaw. bylaw (Curran, 2005). Zoning regulations can also Some examples of OCP policies that promote both help mitigate the cumulative impacts of farm-related agriculture and the ALR include (Curran, 2005 and activities, such as residential, marketing, processing Smith, 1998): and agritourism, on farmland productivity (MAFF, • Providing for a full range of agricultural uses in 1998). Zoning standards also help to prevent too the ALR and in agriculturally-zoned areas; much of an activity from becoming a nuisance • Encouraging value-added activities that can to neighbours or interfering with agriculture. For improve farm viability; example, recreational uses on one farm parcel may • Providing edge planning through setbacks result in trespass and crop damage on adjacent and buffers when developing land adjacent to parcels or a community festival might generate too agricultural areas; much traffic and noise for an adjacent dairy herd. Zoning regulations can mitigate these impacts by • Limiting subdivision through the use of large directing where these types of activities may occur, minimum lot sizes; and their extent. • Recognizing and protecting the needs and activities of farm operations when considering Provincial regulations allow farm uses and activities

Page 67 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report to occur in the ALR, which local governments may Supply Management regulate, but not prohibit. These regulations also allow certain related activities and uses such as Certain agricultural industries are regulated through agritourism, bed and breakfasts, and kennels that supply management structures, including the local governments can regulate and, if necessary, milk and egg industries. A discussion of the supply prohibit. Certain uses can be regulated, but not management structure for both the milk and egg prohibited by local government, including farm industries are explained below. retail sales; wineries, cideries and ancillary uses; BC Milk Marketing Board greenhouses; on-farm processing; storage and The BC Milk Marketing Board (BCMMB) promotes, application of fertilizers; intensive agriculture; controls, and regulates the production, mushroom farming and seasonal agritourism. Many transportation, packing, storing and marketing of of the designated farm uses are subject to important milk, fluid milk and manufactured milk products local restrictions such as limits on the size of retail (BCMMB, 2010). The following are some of the duties sales operations. and responsibilities of the BCMMB: The most important zoning considerations relating • Maintain a register of licensed producers; to agriculture include (Curran, 2005): • License all producers, vendors, producer • Large minimum lot sizes and as few zones as vendors and milk transporters; possible for ALR land; • Allot milk quota to licensed producers; • Contiguous areas of agricultural land where • Serve as the registrar of milk quota and other uses do not interfere with farming; administer the transfer of milk quota among • Regulation of accessory and non-farm uses on licensed producers; agricultural land (such as maximum lot coverage • Administer the timely changes to authorized, and the appropriate siting of buildings, driveways published milk prices; and parking lots close to access roads); • Administer the monthly producer equalization • Edge planning techniques such as buffering pool, including the reconciliation of milk and setbacks to decrease conflicts at the production with reported processed industrial agriculture/non-agriculture interface; and milk product production and fluid sales; and • Zoning of other lands adjoining the ALR. • Coordinate daily on-farm milk pick-up and delivery to processors. Quota and supply management are in place in Canada to ensure that production meets the needs of consumers and establishes production level to meet the demand (BCMPA, 2012). The cost to purchase quota is often prohibitive for most small- scale dairy operations and the available quota is largely located in the Lower Mainland of BC. A new program was established by the BCMMB called the Cottage Industry Program (CIP), which allows small producer/processor manufacturing operations to run independently so as not to jeopardize the provincial obligations to the Western Milk Pool. Quota is temporarily allocated during the start-up

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years and the producer is required to obtain a Class BC Egg Marketing Board E Producer Vendor Licence. This licence comes with Similar to the cow dairy quota, egg production a number of restrictions for the producer including is governed by supply management and quota (BCMMB, 2010): restrictions. The BC Egg Marketing Board administers • The producer must not operate more than one the national supply management system for eggs in dairy farm. BC and has the authority to impose and collect levies • Production volume must not exceed 4.1 kg of from producers (BCEMB, 2010). Due to this supply butterfat per day. management system, and regulations outlined by • The producer must be located in a Remote the Ministry of Health, producers are unable to sell Region. eggs directly to local commercial businesses unless • The producer must process only milk produced they have been graded at a registered grading by that producer’s own cows and only into station. However, individual producers can sell eggs consumer ready manufactured milk products. directly to consumers from their farm gate or at a • The producer is ineligible to receive milk. farmers market. • The producer cannot market fluid milk. Little Qualicum Cheeseworks in Qualicum Beach and Moonstruck Organic Cheese Inc. on Salt Spring Island both belong to the CIP and function as small- scale independent cheese producers. They utilize the milk from their own cows to create value-added products for sale on and off the islands. It is also important to mention that the quota restrictions only apply to cow milk and cow milk products. Sheep and goat dairies are not regulated by the BCMMB, but operations still need to be licenced by the BC Centre for Disease Control.

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Appendix B Soil Characteristics

The following table includes data on soils in the Sunshine Coast adapted from maps presented in Luttmerding (1981). Podzols: Podzols are found in forested areas on sandy glacio-fluvial deposits with high levels of annual precipitation. Typically they occur under coniferous, mixed, and deciduous forest vegetation, but may also occur under shrub and grass vegetation (AAFC, 1998). Gleysol: Gleysols are poorly drained soils, which develop under wetlands or poorly-drained forest vegetation. Their colour and mottling indicate prolonged periods of intermittent or continuous saturation with water from either a high groundwater table or temporary accumulation of water above a relatively impermeable layer, or both (AAFC, 1998).

Soil Name Location (s) Topography Drainage Soil Texture Parent Material Agricultural Notes Gibsons Slightly Moderately Silty loam to Glaciomarine Mostly used for forage depressional, poorly to silty clay loam deposits. and pasture. Can be very gently poorly Humic Luvic improved through sloping and drained Gleysol subsurface or surface Albion (AB) Albion undulating drainage. Halfmoon Bay, Variable: Moderately to Gravelly sandy Moderately to Used mostly for forage West Sechelt, gently sloping well-drained loam or very stony gravelly production. Limited for Wilson Creek, to steeply gravelly loamy marine or agricultural use by low Roberts Creek, sloping sand glaciofluvial water holding capacity Elphinstone, deposits overlying and sometimes Gibsons, Gambier moderately coarse-adverse topography. Island, Keats textured glacial Improved by irrigation, Bose (BO) (BO) Bose Island till. Duric Humo- fertilization, and stone Ferric Podzol . removal.

Halfmoon Bay, Strongly to Well to rapidly Sandy loam or Moderately coarse Not usually suited to West Sechelt, very steeply drained. gravelly sandy colluvium and soil-based agriculture Wilson Creek, sloping loam. glacial till. due to shallowness to Roberts Creek, bedrock, steep slopes, Elphinstone, and stony soils. Orthic Humo-Ferric

Cannell (CE) (CE) Cannell Gibsons, Gambier Island, Keats Podzol : lithic Island Stage. Halfmoon Bay, Moderately to Well to rapidly Gravelly sandy Coarse-textured, Limited for agricultural Selma Park, Davis strongly drained loam stony, glaciofluvial use by droughtiness Bay, Wilson sloping and deltaic and stoniness and Creek, Roberts deposits. Ortstein sometimes by adverse Creek, Humo-Ferric topography.

Capilano (CP) (CP) Capilano Elphinstone, Podzol . Gibsons Halfmoon Bay, Strongly to Well to rapidly Organic forest Coniferous Unsuited to agriculture Page 70 Gambier Island very steeply drained litter over organic material due to extreme sloping bedrock overlying bedrock. shallowness to Typic Folisol . bedrock and steep Eunice (EU) (EU) Eunice topography. Wilson Creek, Depressional Poorly drained Sandy loam or Coarse textured Used mainly for Roberts Creek to gently fine sandy littoral or pasture and forage. undulating or loam glaciofluvial However with undulating deposits overlying watertable control, fine textured fertilization, and marine or irrigation as required, a

Heron (HN) Heron glaciomarine variety of crops can be deposits. produced. Rego Humic Gleysol . Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

Soil Name Location (s) Topography Drainage Soil Texture Parent Material Agricultural Notes Halfmoon Bay, Strongly to Well to rapidly Organic forest Coniferous Unsuited to agriculture Gambier Island very steeply drained litter over organic material due to extreme sloping bedrock overlying bedrock. shallowness to Typic Folisol . bedrock and steep Eunice (EU) (EU) Eunice topography. Wilson Creek, Depressional Poorly drained Sandy loam or Coarse textured Used mainly for Roberts Creek to gently fine sandy littoral or pasture and forage. undulating or loam glaciofluvial However with undulating deposits overlying watertable control, fine textured fertilization, and marine or irrigation as required, a

Heron (HN) Heron glaciomarine variety of crops can be deposits. produced. Rego Humic Gleysol . Elphinstone Moderate to Well to Sandy loam Moderately coarse Limited due to steeply moderately and some glacial till overlain topography, stoniness, sloping well drained gravelly sandy by moderately and low water holding loam stony slopewash. capacity. Orthic Humo-Ferric

Langdale (LE) Langdale Podzol.

Gibsons Undulating to Moderately Silt loam with Moderately fine, Moderately well suited moderately well drained some loam or compact, for most agricultural rolling with some silty clay loam glaciomarine crops. Some rooting imperfectly deposits with restrictions may occur drained areas some stones. due to a dense subsoil. Podzolic Gray Artificial drainage may Luvisol . help high watertables. Levelling discouraged Nicholson (N) Nicholson due to clayey subsoils.

Gambier Island Steep to Well to rapidly Bedrock, Very stony, Unsuited to agriculture extreme drained gravel, and bouldery, gravelly due to steep slopes slopes gravelly loamy colluvial and and stony soils. sand alluvial-colluvial fan deposits. Paton (PN) Paton Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol . Halfmoon Bay, Extremely Poor Bedrock Exposed bedrock Not suited to soil- West Sechelt, sloping or areas with less based agriculture. Gibsons, Gambier than 10 cm of

(RO) (RO) Island, Keats mineral or organic Island soil on the rock Rocky Outcrop surface.

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Soil Name Location (s) Topography Drainage Soil Texture Parent Material Agricultural Notes Halfmoon Bay, Gently to Rapidly to well Sand to loamy Sandy alluvial fan Forage or pasture West Sechelt, East steeply drained sand. and delta production. Main Sechelt, Selma sloping deposits. Orthic limitations are low Park, Davis Bay Humo-Ferric water holding Podzol . capacity. Irrigation and fertilizations improves Sechelt (SL) (SL) Sechelt productivity of soils for a variety of crops.

Halfmoon Bay, Very gently Moderately Sandy loam Coarse to Forage or pasture. Low West Sechelt, undulating or well drained moderately coarse moisture holding Wilson Creek, gently sloping stone-free littoral, capacity is the main Roberts Creek, glaciofluvial and agricultural limitation. Gibsons, Keats fluvial deposits. Irrigation and Island Orthic Humo-Ferric fertilization improves

Sunshine (SS) Podzol. the soils so that most crops can be produced. West Sechelt, Nearly level to Imperfect to Sandy loam Coarse to Pasture and forage Gibsons gently moderately surface and moderately coarse production dominant. undulating. poor with a sand littoral or Restricted agricultural high subsurface. glaciofluvial use due to high winter watertable deposits. Gleyed watertable. Adequate Ortstein Humo- drainage and

Summer (SR) Ferric Podzo l. subsoiling will make these soils suitable to most crops.

Gibsons Undulating to Moderately Silt loam and Moderately fine to Suited for most moderately well to well silty clay loam fine glaciomarine agricultural crops rolling drained deposits. Luvisolic especially for pasture, Humo-Ferric hay, small fruits, corn Podzol . and other vegetables. Supplemental

Whatcom (W) irrigation is beneficial in summer months.

Page 72 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report Soils map of West Sechelt and Halfmoon Bay West Soils map of Soils map of Halfmoon Bay

Page 73 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

Soils map of Gambier Island

Soils map of Gibsons and Keats Island

Page 74 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

Appendix C Public Engagement Methodology

The following section outlines the methodology Online and Mail-Out Survey – Two online surveys used to obtain feedback at open houses, focus group were developed and linked to the project website, sessions and through an online survey. For this enabling the public to provide key information phase, particular attention was focused on gaining and opinions outside of, and in addition to, formal insight into the strengths, barriers and opportunities meetings and events. Local residents were invited to facing agriculture on the Sunshine Coast. fill out a non-farmer survey, while farmers were asked The objectives of the public engagement process to complete either a survey either online or through were to: return-mail. Farmer responses were used to glean further information through, and to inform, the Land • Liaise with Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Use Inventory (LUI) and Agricultural Profile. Farmer Land Commission, Town of Gibsons, Sechelt surveys were mailed out to over 135 owners whose Indian Band and District of Sechelt staff; properties were identified as having agricultural • Undertake a Strengths, Weaknesses, activity in the LUI. Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis in order to identify market opportunities and Engaging with Producers and Consumers – During challenges; and Stage I, the consultant team engaged with local marketers and community food groups to ensure • Identify issues, trends, constraints, and barriers that vendors, consumers, and local “foodies” to opportunities for agriculture in the region were aware of the AAP in progress and various Public engagement commenced last summer opportunities to provide input. Postcards and (2012), though the majority of public events were posters were distributed throughout the Sunshine conducted in October 2012. A number of tools were Coast to inform residents of upcoming public events necessary to effectively engage the public over a and direct them to the SCRD website to participate wide geographical area such as the Sunshine Coast, in the online surveys. Emphasis was placed on A combination of public events and internet-based creating a variety of opportunities for Sunshine applications were used to connect with people Coast residents and interest groups to ask questions, throughout the Coast. Key elements of the public get informed, and become directly involved in the engagement process included: AAP. Consultants attended a number of local events Stakeholder identification – With support from SCRD including: staff, the SCRD Agricultural Advisory Committee and • Sechelt Farmers Market others, key stakeholders and stakeholder groups • Roberts Creek Farmers Market were identified. • Roberts Creek Sunday Market Website – A website was developed at the outset • Pender Harbour Garlic Festival of the plan to provide information to the public. • Sea Calvacade The project website can be found at www.scrd.ca/ • Creek Daze agriculture. • Halfmoon Bay Country Fair • Roberts Creek Fall Fair

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Focus Group Sessions – Two focus group sessions Public Open House and Workshops - Both an open were held to discuss local strengths, weaknesses, house and two workshops were conducted during opportunities, and threats to agriculture on the Stage I. The intent of the meetings was to provide Sunshine Coast. The first focus group session participants with the best possible information with was held in August 2012 and helped to identify which discuss insights and opinions concerning the opportunities and barriers for local agriculture. The future of agriculture in the region. The open house second focus group session was held in October was held in Sechelt in August 2012, which kick- 2012 and provided an opportunity to present the started the project by introducing the consulting preliminary results of the LUI and the Agricultural team to the public and by introducing the purpose Profile, and to help validate the data collected. The and objectives of an AAP. Two workshops were held second focus group session also helped to inform the in October 2012 in Elphinstone and Halfmoon Bay. market opportunities analysis by identifying existing Preliminary maps from the LUI were presented at and potential distribution networks, marketing the workshops to participants for feedback and channels and local customer profiles. corrections. The open house and workshops also helped frame an initial vision for agriculture in the region and to inform Stage 2 of the AAP.

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Appendix D Estimated Annual Regional Consumption of Food Products

The following calculations were made based on average Canadian food consumption patterns, available pricing information, and Sunshine Coast population projection of 36,000 people (rounded up from 35,226) by 2031 (BC Stats PEOPLE model, 2012). Meat and Dairy - Production Needs to Satisfy Sunshine Coast Market in 2011 and 2031 (StatsCan Food Stats, 2011) Group Subgroup Commodity Factor Estimated Projected (kg/person/ 2011 2031 yr) Production Production Needs (kg) Needs (kg)

Dairy Total 22.04 669,068 797,716 Milk (litres) 81.28 2,467,417 2,941,848 Cheese 12.22 370,963 442,291 Creams (litres) 8.4 254,999 304,030 Other 25.02 759,532 905,574 Eggs (dozens) 16.05 487,230 580,914 Meat Red meat (carcass weight) 55.54 1,686,028 2,010,215 Beef 28.6 868,210 1,035,148 Mutton and Lamb 1.17 35,518 42,347 Offal 1.36 41,286 49,224 Pork 23.36 709,140 845,492 Veal 1.05 31,875 38,004 Poultry 37.66 1,143,245 1,363,066 Chicken 31.34 951,388 1,134,320 Stewing hen 1.77 53,732 64,063 Turkey 4.55 138,124 164,683 Fish 7.81 237,088 282,675 Sea Fish 6.02 182,749 217,888 Freshwater Fish 0.53 16,089 19,183 Shellfish 1.27 38,553 45,966

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Processed Vegetables - Production Needs to Satisfy Sunshine Coast Market in 2011 and 2031 Projected Factor Estimated 2011 2031 (kg/person/ Production Production Subgroup Commodity yr) Needs (kg) Needs (kg) Canned 12.48 378,855 451,701 Beans green and wax 0.99 30,053 35,832 Beets 0.17 5,161 6,153 Carrots 0.14 4,250 5,067 Corn 1 30,357 36,194 Mushrooms 0.51 15,482 18,459 Peas 0.38 11,536 13,754 Tomatoes 6.47 196,410 234,175 Frozen 5.5 166,964 199,067 Beans green and wax 0.28 8,500 10,134 Broccoli 0.69 20,946 24,974 Brussels sprouts 0.1 3,036 3,619 Carrots 1.14 34,607 41,261 Cauliflower 0.12 3,643 4,343 Corn 0.89 27,018 32,213 Peas 1.11 33,696 40,175 Spinach 0.22 6,679 7,963 Juice 1.2 36,428 43,433 Tomato 1.2 36,428 43,433

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Commodity Factor (kg/person/yr) Estimated 2011 Needed Production (kg) Projected 2031 Needed Production (kg) Conventional prices veg (wholesale, 2001 and fruit 2011) prices Organic (wholesale, 2012) $ Potential Revenues 2011 – Conventional $ Potential Revenues 2031 - Conventional $ Potential Revenues 2011 - Organic $ Potential Revenues 2031 – Organic Beans (green 0.96 29,143 34,746 0.26 3.09 7,577 9,034 90,051 107,366 and wax) Beets 0.64 19,428 23,164 0.37 2 7,189 8,571 38,857 46,328 Broccoli 2.89 87,732 104,601 0.45 2.17 39,479 47,070 190,378 226,983 Brussels 0.14 4,250 5,067 0.39 n/a 1,657 1,976 - - sprouts Cabbage 6.05 183,660 218,974 0.22 1.29 40,405 48,174 236,921 282,476 Carrots 7.19 218,267 260,235 0.35 1.72 76,393 91,082 375,419 447,604 Cauliflower 2.57 78,017 93,019 0.47 1.55 36,668 43,719 120,927 144,179 Celery 3.32 100,785 120,164 0.22 2.05 22,173 26,436 206,610 246,336 Chard n/a 2.93 - - - - Corn 3.21 97,446 116,183 0.17 10.79/doz 16,566 19,751 Cucumbers 4.76 144,499 172,283 Hothouse 2.45 - - 354,023 422,094 Field 0.56 - - - - Eggplants 0.53 16,089 19,183 2.75 - - 44,245 52,753 Garlic 0.44 13,357 15,925 2.52 3.94 33,660 40,132 52,627 62,746 Kale n/a 3.15 - - - - Leeks 0.27 8,196 9,772 2.37 - - 19,425 23,161 Lettuce 9.98 302,963 361,216 0.27 2.69 81,800 97,528 814,970 971,671 Mushrooms 1.69 51,303 61,168 4.58 - - 234,969 280,149 Onions and 9.81 297,802 355,063 0.22 2.59 65,516 78,114 771,308 919,614 shallots Parsley 0.25 7,589 9,049 1.96 3.75 14,875 17,735 28,460 33,932 Parsnips 0.13 3,946 4,705 0.71 2.35 2,802 3,341 9,274 11,057 Peas 0.31 9,411 11,220 0.79 4.71 7,434 8,864 44,324 52,847 Peppers 4.39 133,267 158,892 0.56 1.82 74,630 88,979 242,546 289,183 Peppers 4.34 - - - - Potatoes 65.22 1,979,884 2,360,573 0.25 1.47 494,971 590,143 2,910,429 3,470,042 Squash 3.09 93,803 111,839 0.17 1.37 15,947 19,013 128,510 153,220 Radishes 0.63 19,125 22,802 0.41 3.87 7,841 9,349 74,013 88,245 Rutabagas and 1.21 36,732 43,795 0.27 1.49 9,918 11,825 54,731 65,254 turnips Spinach 0.65 19,732 23,526 0.66 2.82 13,023 15,527 55,644 66,344 Sprouts n/a 10.23 - - - - Fresh Vegetables - Production Needs to Satisfy Sunshine Coast Market in 2011 and 2031 and Potential Revenues in 2011 and 2031 Potential Market Satisfy Sunshine Coast Needs to - Production Vegetables Fresh Tomatoes 7.43 225,553 268,921 0.46 1.05 103,754 123,704 236,830 282,367 (total) - cherry/pint n/a 2.84 - - - - - TOV n/a 2.75 - - - - - beefsteak n/a 3.77 - - - - - heirloom n/a 4.25 - - - - Zucchini n/a 0.45 1.13 - - - - Note: Food prices were gathered from the Certified Organic Association of BC and the InfoHort online tool through Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Today’s Market Prices Online (www.todaymarket.com). Page 79 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

Processed Fruit - Production Needs to Satisfy Sunshine Coast Market in 2011 and 2031 and Potential Revenues

Commodity Factor (kg/person/yr) Factor Estimated 2011 Needed Production (kg) Projected 2031 Needed Production (kg) prices Conventional (wholesale, veg 2001 and fruit 2011) prices Organic (wholesale, 2012) Revenues $ Potential 2011 - Organic Revenues $ Potential 2031 - Organic Canned 5.72 173,642 207,030 - - Apples (pies 0.92 27,928 33,298 - - filling, sauce) Blueberries 0.02 607 724 - - Pears 0.3 9,107 10,858 - - Strawberries 0.05 1,518 1,810 - - Frozen 2.85 86,517 103,153 - - Apples 0.05 1,518 1,810 - - Blueberries 0.85 25,803 30,765 4.95 127,727 152,286 Raspberries 0.35 10,625 12,668 5.68 60,350 71,954 Strawberries 0.55 16,696 19,907 3.87 64,615 77,039 Dried 1.34 40,678 48,500 - - Apples 0.05 1,518 1,810 - - Juice 23.53 714,300 851,645 - - Apple juice 7.23 219,481 261,683 - - Orange juice 11.5 349,106 416,231 - - Grape juice 2.93 88,946 106,048 - -

Fresh Fruit - Production Needs to Satisfy Sunshine Coast Market in 2011 and 2031 and Potential Revenues

Commodity Factor (kg/person/yr) Estimated 2011 Needed Production (kg) Projected 2031 Needed Production (kg) Conventional prices (wholesale, prices Organic (wholesale, 2012) $ Potential Revenues 2011 – Conventional $ Potential Revenues 2031 - Conventional $ Potential Revenues 2011 - Organic $ Potential Revenues 2031 - Organic Apples 12.08 366,713 437,224 0.16 1.83 58,674 69,956 671,084 800,119 Blueberries 1.16 35,214 41,985 0.92 3 32,397 38,626 117,263 139,810 Figs 0.34 10,321 12,306 - - - - Grapes 4.99 151,481 180,608 0.89 2.26 134,818 160,741 342,348 408,174 Melons 10 303,570 361,940 0.32 1.18 97,142 115,821 358,213 427,089 Pears 2.19 66,482 79,265 0.3 1.43 19,945 23,779 95,069 113,349 Plums 0.74 22,464 26,784 0.45 2.15 10,109 12,053 48,298 57,585 Strawberries 3.29 99,875 119,078 1 4.97 99,875 119,078 496,376 591,819

Note: Food prices were gathered from the Certified Organic Association of BC and the InfoHort online tool through Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Today’s Market Prices Online (www.todaymarket.com).

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Other Commodities – Production Needs to Satisfy Sunshine Coast Market in 2011 and 2031 Estimated Projected Factor 2011 2031 (kg/person/ Production Production Group Subgroup Commodity yr) Needs (kg) Needs (kg) Cereal Products 82.08 2,491,703 2,970,804 Wheat Flour 61.93 1,880,009 2,241,494 Oats 2.22 67,393 80,351 Corn Flour and Meal 1.52 46,143 55,015 Pulses and Nuts 9.73 295,374 352,168 Beans (canned and dry) 3.92 118,999 141,880 Peanuts 2.81 85,303 101,705 Dry peas 1.45 44,018 52,481 Tree nuts 1.56 47,357 56,463 Honey 0.91 27,625 32,937 Oils and Fats 26.15 793,836 946,473 Butter 2.68 81,357 97,000 Margarine 3.78 114,749 136,813 Salad oils 11.82 358,820 427,813 Shortening 7.87 238,910 284,847 Alcoholic Beer (litres) 83.89 2,546,649 3,036,315 beverages Wine (litres) 16.51 501,194 597,563

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Appendix E Industry Overviews The following provides a description of the organic meat, dairy, poultry, and egg industries at the provincial level in BC. It is intended to provide context for Sunshine Coast producers who are interested in entering this market. The certified organic value chain is described based on the interest level in organic products by both consumers and farmers on the Sunshine Coast. Many farms who are not certified organic are still growing using organic methods and/or may be working towards organic certification. The value chain for organic products also differs from conventional systems by the limitations of feed suppliers, processors, and distributors available for certified organic products. Organic Meat Sector The organic meat sector has not achieved the same level of market penetration as organic dairy products, eggs, fresh produce or processed foods. Difficulties in maintaining herd health under organic management have been a problem for some organic producers, particularly sheep. Price premiums on organic meat products are relatively high in comparison to organic fruits and vegetables; current prices for organic beef are double conventional prices and pork is nearly double the conventional price. Gross sales of organic beef in BC for 2004 were estimated to be over $2 million. Certified Organic Livestock (Meat) in British Columbia – 2005 Type Head # of farms* Sheep 2,920 9 Beef Cattle 2,374 21 Pigs 578 6 *Farm numbers indicate the number of farms known to be raising the species indicated. Farms raising more than one species of livestock may be included in several categories. Organic Meat Value Chain

Livestock Producers Feed Suppliers • Field Crop Producers (Peace River) Certified Abattoirs Non-Certified Abattoirs • Canadian Organic Feed • Scott’s Meats Ltd. (Agassiz) • Medallion Meats (Falkland) Johnston Packers (Chilliwack) (Chilliwack) • • Riverside Natural Meats • Lawrence Meat Packing Co. (Dawson • In Seasons Farms (Salmon Arm) Creek) (Abbotsford) • Rodear Meats (Big Lake)

Specialty Meat Distributors Direct Marketing • Hill’s Foods (Coquitlam) • Organa Farms (Chillwack) • Farm Gate Sales • Big Sky Natural Meats • Farmers Markets (Vancouver, beef only) Retailers

Consumers Page 82 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

Organic Dairy Sector Milk is a supply-managed commodity under the Natural Products Marketing (BC) Act. Under the current supply management system, organic dairy producers are distributed quota from the same pool as conventional producers. There are essentially two types of dairy producers recognized by the British Columbia Milk Marketing Board (BCMMB): standard dairy operators, and those in the Cottage Industry Program (CIP). Producers in the CIP produce and process their own milk into a manufactured product other than fluid milk. Fluid milk cannot be shipped on or off farms in the CIP. Cottage industry producers market their products through virtually all channels: directly to consumers; to retailers and to wholesalers. The BCMMB Consolidated Order of November 1, 2006 indicates a new Specialty Product Total Production Quota (SPTPQ) will be designated for the production of a specialty product (such as certified organic). A new British Columbia Specialty Production Advisory Committee (B.C.S.P.A.C) has been created to advise and make recommendations to the BCMMB on matters pertaining to specialty milk producers. Aside from designating the quota allotted to certified organic dairy producers as SPTPQ, which may only be used or transferred provided it continues to be used for the production of specialty product, little in the BCMMB‘s actual management of organic producers will likely change. Production There have been relatively few new producers to enter the organic dairy industry in recent years, and production expansion has been a result of existing producers increasing their production levels. In 2005, organic milk production accounted for 1% of provincial milk production. Revenues paid directly to British Columbia organic dairy producers in 2004-2005 are estimated to be in excess of $5.7 million. Sales The BCMMB determines the price processors pay for conventional milk according to its use as either fluid or a manufactured milk product. Processors pay organic producers a $0.30 per litre premium for organic milk, regardless of its use. The BCMMB arranges the transport of milk; however, processors of organic milk pay the additional cost to segregate organic milk from conventional during transport. This cost is recovered by the processor from the market-place, as processors determine the retail price of their product. Organic Milk Production in British Columbia Production Year Litres Producers 2004-2005 6,339,212 5 2003-2004 3,957,978 3 2002-2003 3,198,901 3 2001-2002 1,574,856 2 2000-2001 798,392 2

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Goat and Sheep Dairy Neither goat milk nor sheep milk are supply-managed commodities in BC. There were five organic goat dairies located in the Fraser Valley and Gulf Islands in 2004. There are three certified processors of organic goat milk in BC. The majority of the certified organic goat milk produced in BC flows through a processor in the Fraser Valley who distributes products to specialty grocers, directly to consumers and some home delivery services throughout the Lower Mainland. There are two organic sheep dairies located in the southern interior of British Columbia which produce milk, cheese and yogurt. The sheep dairies process their own milk products which are distributed locally, to the Vancouver region and Alberta. Certified Organic Dairy Producers in British Columbia Type Head # of producers Dairy Cattle* 1,823 5 Dairy Goats* 564 5 Dairy Sheep** 517 2 *Numbers include milking herds as well as replacement stock in 2005. **Numbers include milking ewes and lambs in 2005.

Organic Dairy Value Chain

Dairies Bull calves and cull cows to Feed Suppliers conventional • Bradner Farms livestock dealers (Lower • Canadian Mainland) Organic Feed • Nature Glen (Chilliwack) Dairy (Fraser • In Seasons Valley) Dairy Processors Farms • Avalon Dairy (Vancouver) • Olympic Dairy Product (Delta) (Abbotsford) Cottage Industry Dairies

• Gort’s Gouda Cheese Farm (Southern Interior) Wholesalers • Jerseyland Organics (Southern Interior) • Moonstruck Organic • Hill’s Foods Cheese (Gulf Islands) (Coquitlam) • Organa Farms (Chillwack) • Walters Exotic Meats (Langley)

Consumers Retailers

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Organic Poultry Sector Eggs, broiler chickens, and turkeys were produced on at least 50 certified organic farms in 2005. In BC, organic poultry operations are typically either independent operations or small flocks as a part of a diversified farm operation. The large, certified organic poultry operations are concentrated in the Fraser Valley, while the small flocks are widely distributed throughout the province. Turkey, chicken, and eggs are all regulated commodities under the Natural Products Marketing (BC) Act. Organic Eggs Egg production is regulated by the British Columbia Egg Marketing Board (BCEMB). Under the BCEMB Standing Order of August 21, 2006 farms with more than 99 laying hens are required to either have a small lot permit for up to 399 layers or be licensed and registered to hold quota. The BCEMB has established a new form of Specialty Layer Quota for specialty producers (including certified organic) which is issued among Registered Specialty Egg Producers. Eggs from unregistered producers with fewer than 99 hens are required to be marketed directly to consumers, and if sent to a grading station, will be subject to a BCEMB levy. Producers in the Small Lot Authorization Program are exempt (upon application to the BCEMB) from registration and licensing when marketing directly to consumers. However, to market graded eggs off-farm, regular levies on product marketed through a registered grading station would apply. All eggs from registered producers must be graded at a federally licensed and provincially licensed grading station. In the case of organics, the grading station must also be certified as a processor through a certification board. Currently, some grading stations handle both organic and conventional eggs. Other grading stations are established on farm by certified organic producers. These producers are known as producer graders. Grading stations typically purchase ungraded eggs, grade them, and sell them either directly to retailers, or to the wholesale market. The BCEMB determines the prices paid to producers for their eggs according to the grade and management system used to produce them. Certified organic eggs typically capture the highest price of all specialty eggs, reflecting the higher cost of production. Certified organic laying chicks or pullets are not available from hatcheries in BC, therefore most organic producers purchase conventional chicks or pullets from the conventional industry. Pullets from conventional hatcheries must be raised organically for 90 days before their eggs are eligible for organic status. Revenues of the certified organic egg producers in British Columbia for 2004 are estimated to be in excess of $2.7 million. Certified Organic Poultry in British Columbia – 2005 Type Animal Numbers* Number of Farms** Layers 71,208 48 Broilers 123,021 20 Turkeys 1,166 3 *Animal numbers represent a total for 2005 **Farm numbers indicate the number of farms known to be raising the species indicated. Farms raising more than one species of poultry may be included in multiple categories.

Page 85 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

Organic Chicken Chicken production in BC is regulated by the British Columbia Chicken Marketing Board (BCCMB). The new general orders of the BCCMB stipulate that any producer raising more than 200 chickens must be either licensed by the BCCMB and hold quota or obtain a small lot permit from the BCCMB. Producers with small lot permits may produce up to 3,000 kg live weight per year. The BCCMB has developed a new class of quota, Specialty Quota, which they will distribute to licensed specialty chicken producers. There are no commercial hatcheries producing certified organic broiler chicks in BC; however, some growers have hatched their own chicks. Most producers purchase chicks from conventional hatcheries. Conventional chicks are allowed for organic production; however, the suppliers must certify that birds have not been given medicated chick starter, medicated water, or antibiotics combined with any vaccinations. In contrast to the conventional chicken industry, most of the BC certified organic chicken producers do not raise chickens under contract with a processor. Rather, organic producers use organically-certified, custom processing facilities and then undertake their own marketing. The only licensed processing facilities that currently process certified organic chickens (or other poultry) are both located in the Lower Mainland. Certified organic chicken producers in British Columbia typically use multiple channels for marketing their product. Producers sell to specialty meat distributors, retailers such as restaurants, specialty meat retailers and natural food grocers, and directly to consumers. Wholesale prices for certified organic chicken are currently double the typical conventional price. Revenues paid directly to certified organic chicken producers in British Columbia, in 2004, are estimated to be in excess of $2.6 million. Organic Turkey The BC Turkey Marketing Board (BCTMB) regulates organic turkey production in the province. The current BCTMB General Order and Regulations allow farmers to produce up to 50 turkeys before they must obtain either a direct vendor permit from the BCTMB or hold quota. Producers with direct vendor permit may place up to 300 poults per year, and shall not market any regulated product, other than at the farm gate, at a farmers market, through an independent butcher, or through an independent restaurant, to any person who is not the end consumer of the regulated product. The BCTMB has a New Entrant Growers Program the details of which can be found on their website at: www.bcturkey.com/ . Certified organic turkey poults are available from heritage breeders; however, there are no commercial sources for poults in British Columbia. Organic turkey producers may follow the same procedures as organic broiler producers in obtaining conventional poults for organic production. There were three certified organic farms producing turkey in the province in 2004; however, there is only one certified organic turkey producer licensed with the BCTMB. Certified organic turkey producers follow similar processing and marketing schemes as the certified organic broiler producers in the province. Revenues paid directly to certified organic turkey producers in British Columbia, in 2004, are estimated to be in excess of $194,000.

Page 86 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

Organic Poultry Value Chain

Conventional Organic Poultry Hatcheries Farms Egg Grading Stations

Feed Suppliers • Bradner Farms (Abbotsford) • Bradner Farms Processing Plants • Egg Stream Farm (Abbotsford) • K. and R. Poultry (Abbotsford) – (Chilliwack) • Canadian Organic Federally licenced • Golden Valley Feed (Chilliwack) • Fraser Valley Duck and Goose Foods • In Seasons Farms (Chilliwack) - Provincially licenced (Abbotsford) (Abbotsford) • Island Egg Sales (Westholme) • Pinegrove Farms (Abbotsford) • Rabbit River Specialty Meat Distributors Farms (Richmond) • Second Nature Farm (Langley) • Hill’s Foods (Coquitlam) • Zebroff’s • Organa Farms (Chillwack) Organic Farm • Walters Exotic Meats (Langley) (Cawston)

Eggs processed Retailers on farm and sold at farm gate Consumers

Page 87 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

Appendix F Farmer and Non-Farmer Surveys A total of 51 farmer and 90 non-farmer surveys were received. Of the non-farmer survey respondents, 67% identified themselves as concerned citizens, 58% stated they were gardeners, while 24% indicated that they were retired. Respondents were able to check off multiple categories, for example, identifying themselves as both gardeners and concerned citizens. Only 18% of respondents indicated that they do not have a garden.

Page 88 Office Use Only

Farmers – be part of the growing discussion!

1. Which of the following words best describe your personal impression of farming and/or food production on the Sunshine Coast? (circle all that apply):

- Economically driven - Industrial farm - Job opportunities - Intensive - Hobby scale - Volunteer opportunities - Non-intensive - Food security - Collaborative - Organic - Supportive local market - Young farmers - Fish and shellfish - Underappreciated - Aging farmers - Cooperative - Not realizing fullest - Unsuccessful - Connected potential - Declining - Disconnected - Diversified - Growing - Family farm - Homogenous - Community-based

2. How long have you been farming or involved in food production? ______

3. What farm products do you produce/raise on your farm? (circle all that apply): i. Vegetables a. Lettuce/Mixed f. Broccoli l. Eggplant Greens g. Brussel Sprouts m. Corn b. Root crops h. Cucumbers n. Garlic c. Beans i. Zucchinis o. Onions d. Peas j. Tomatoes p. Other:______e. Cabbage k. Sweet Peppers

ii. Tree fruits a. Apples c. Plums b. Pears d. Peaches e. Other:______

iii. Berries a. Strawberries d. Gooseberries b. Raspberries e. Blackberries c. Blueberries f. Other:______

iv. Nuts` a. Hazelnuts b. Walnuts c. Other:______

v. Herbs

vi. Grains c. Oats a. Wheat/Winter wheat d. Rye b. Barley e. Other:______

1 3. What farm products do you produce/raise on your farm? (circle all that apply):

vii. Eggs xii. Pork viii. Dairy (cattle) xiii. Venison ix. Dairy (sheep/goat) xiv. Fibre/yarn (sheep/alpaca) x. Poultry (chicken/duck/turkey) xv. Other:______xi. Beef

4. Do you create any value-added products on your farm? a. Yes b. No

5. If you do create any value-added products, what do you make (circle all that apply)? a. Canned preserves or pickles e. Soap and/or bath and beauty products b. Baked goods f. Textiles c. Wine, beer or spirits g. Other: ______d. Cheese, yogurt or other dairy products

6. What crops or products do you consider easy to produce (refer to questions 3 to 5)?

7. What crops or products do you consider easy to sell?

8. Is your produce and/or food products for (circle all that apply): a. Your own use c. For sale on the Sunshine Coast b. For trading and bartering on the d. For sale in Vancouver and beyond Sunshine Coast e. Other (please specify)

9. If you sell products outside the Sunshine Coast, where do you sell the majority of these products? a. Greater Vancouver d. Across BC b. Fraser Valley e. Outside of BC c. Vancouver Island f. Other:______

10. Do you use organic methods? a. Yes - certified d. Other practices (biodynamic, etc.)? Please specify: b. Yes – but not certified ______c. No

11. Do you farm: a. Full-time? b. Part-time?

12. Do you have work/income outside of farming? a. Yes b. No

13. How many people are employed by your farm business? a. 1 (myself) d. 6 – 10 b. 2 e. > 10 c. 3 - 5 f. other

14. How do you find labour for your farming operation? a. Newspaper ads e. WWOOFer program b. Agricultural labour pools f. Word of mouth c. Listserves g. Family/myself d. Internships / Apprenticeships h. Other:______2

15. Do you sell your products at any of the Farmers Markets on the Sunshine Coast? a. Yes (which one(s)?): Gibsons/Roberts Creek/Sechelt/Pender Harbour b. No (why not?): Too much work/Not lucrative enough/Schedule doesn’t work c. Other:______

16. Do you have any of the following soil constraints on your farm? (circle all that apply): a. Stones d. High irrigation needs b. Shallow soils e. Steep slopes c. Poor drainage/wet soil f. Other:______

17. What are the top three agricultural concerns or threats facing farming on the Sunshine Coast? a. Soils f. Ferries (cost, schedule) b. Water (drainage/irrigation) g. Small local market c. Competing non-farm uses on ALR h. Too much local competition land i. Lack of supporting infrastructure d. Cost of inputs (labour, fertilizers, (processing, cold storage, etc.) etc.) j. Other ______e. Cost of land and taxes

18. What are the top three beneficial characteristics of farming on the Sunshine Coast? a. Good climate d. Able to make a decent living b. Good soils e. Other:______c. Strong/supportive local market

19. What services would you require to increase or diversify your farming operation? a. More equipment/machinery d. Increased veterinary services b. Increased access to labour e. More local processing, storage, distribution c. Better access to customer base f. Other:______

20. Are you interested in participating in agritourism activities? (circle all that apply): i. Yes: ii. No

a. Being identified on the Green Banner map b. Participating in a Circle Farm Tour c. Participating in a Slow Food Cycle d. Having products for sale at the farm gate e. Participating in Farmers Market(s) f. Being identified by road sign(s) g. Participating in a local food festival(s) h. Other:______

21. Do you have a plan in place for future management of your farm? a. Passing it on to children d. Attempting to have the farm subdivided b. Establishing a farm co-operative and/or re-zoned c. Selling it to another farmer e. Other:______

22. Have you experienced any of the following conflicts with neighbours who farm? a. Subdivisions of nearby farmland b. Water quality/quantity c. Noise/odour complaints complaints d. Other:______

3

23. What non-economic values do you associate with farming? a. Green space e. Scenic value b. Access to locally produced food f. Farm animals c. Wildlife habitat g. Cultural heritage d. Rural lifestyle h. Other:______

Demographic Information (optional)

1. What is your gender? Female/Male

2. Age range: a. 15-25 d. 46-55 b. 26-35 e. 56+ c. 36-45

3. What is your highest level of education? a. Less than High School d. Undergraduate Degree b. High School Graduate e. Graduate Degree c. College/Technical Diploma f. Other: ______

4. Within what range is your annual farm income? a. Under $20,000 d. $60,000 - $79,999 b. $20,000 - $39,999 e. Greater than $80,000 c. $40,000 - $59,999

5. Are there children in your household? a. Yes b. No

Contact Information (optional) – this information will be used to help confirm our farm inventory and mapping for the Sunshine Coast:

Farm Name: ______

Address: ______

______

Additional comments: ______

Visit www.scrd.ca/agriculture to keep up to date on the project!

Contact:

Andrea Lawseth AEL Agroecological Consulting 250-205-0279 [email protected]

4

Office Use Only

Residents – be part of the growing discussion!

1. Which of the following can be used to identify you? (circle all that apply):

- Grocery store retailer - Aquaculture operator - Restaurant or café owner/staff - First Nations - Catering Services owner/staff - Gardener - Food processing owner/staff - Real Estate Industry - Nursery store retailer - Retired - Compost/growing media retailer - Parent of young children - Farm equipment retailer - Teacher - Local government staff - NGO :______- Elected official - Concerned citizen - Consultant - Other:______

2. Which of the following words best help to describe your personal impression of farming and/or food production on the Sunshine Coast? (circle all that apply):

- Economically - Industrial farm - Job opportunities driven - Hobby scale - Volunteer - Intensive - Food security opportunities - Non-intensive - Supportive local - Young farmers - Organic market - Aging farmers - Fish and shellfish - Underappreciated - Unsuccessful - Cooperative - Not realizing fullest - Declining - Connected potential - Growing - Disconnected - Diversified - Community-based - Family farm - Homogenous

3. Do you have a garden on your property?

a. Yes - I grow (circle all that apply): b. No

i. Vegetables (tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, peas, beans, broccoli, cabbage, radishes, beets, etc.) ii. Tree fruits (apples, pears, plums, peaches) iii. Berries (raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, gooseberries) iv. Nuts (walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds) v. Herbs/Flowers vi. Chickens for eggs or meat (small flock <10) vii. Other:______

4. Are you interested in starting an income-generating farm on your property? a. Yes b. No c. I don’t know d. N/A (don’t have an acreage)

1

5. Do you support ‘buying local’ by purchasing items grown on the Sunshine Coast at farmers markets, grocery stores, and restaurants/cafes? (circle one): a. Always b. Sometimes c. Rarely d. Never

6. Do you purchase any local value-added farm products on the Sunshine Coast? If so, what you do you buy? a. Canned preserves or pickles b. Baked goods c. Wine, beer or spirits d. Cheese, yogurt or other dairy products e. Soap and/or bath and beauty products f. Textiles g. Other: ______

7. Are you able to adjust your eating habits to eat seasonally (eat products when they are produced and harvested in our region)? a. Yes b. No

8. Are you a member of a community gardening group? a. Yes b. No – I have my own garden c. No – I am not interested d. No – I would like to be but don’t know how to join e. Other:______

9. If you have children, do they learn about gardening, farming, and/or other aspects of food production at school? a. Yes b. No c. I don’t know d. N/A (don’t have school-aged children)

10. What crops, livestock, or products would you like to see grown here that aren't already or are hard to find? (circle all that apply): a. Vegetables g. Eggs l. Pork b. Tree fruits h. Dairy (cow) m. Venison c. Berries i. Dairy (sheep/goat) n. Fibre/yarn d. Nuts j. Poultry (sheep/alpaca) e. Herbs (chicken/duck/turkey) o. Other:______f. Flour/Grains k. Beef

Demographic Information – all personal information will be collected with respect of your privacy:

11. Age range: a. 15-25 b. 26-35 c. 36-45 d. 46-55 e. 56+

12. What is your highest level of education? a. Less than highschool b. High school graduate c. College/Technical Diploma d. Undergraduate Degree e. Graduate Degree

13. Within what range is your annual household income? a. Under $20,000 b. $20,000 - $39,999 c. $40,000 - $59,999 d. $60,000 - $79,999 e. Greater than $80,000

14. Are there children in your household? a. Yes b. No

Additional comments: ______

Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report

Appendix G Land Use Inventory Maps

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S unshine Coast Regional District unshine Regional (SCRD) Coast Date: 07/12/2012Date: using data derived from a number ofdata sources derived from using SCRDThe with levels of accuracy. varying for accuracy all responsibility the disclaims or this information. of completeness This information has been the has compiled by information This S Electoral AreaElectoral Lines Municipal Boundaries BandLands Parcel Boundaries Rivers,Lakes & Wetlands Golf Courses

A egend L Map 5. Pender Harbour Agricultural Land Use Activities Map 6. Data Comparisons SCRD Land Use Inventory, 2012 :

AArearea A: Pender Harbour

Area B: Halfmoon Bay Area F: West Howe Sound

Sechelt

SSIGDIGD

Area D: Roberts Creek

Electoral Areas Parks Agricultural Land Reserve Golf Courses
Municipal Boundaries Sunshine Coast Hwy Band Lands Local Roads Area E: Elphinstone

BC Assessment Farm Status LUI Farm Status LUI No Farm Status

LUI Unknown Farm Status Gibsons

This information has been compiled by the Sunshine Coast Regional District (SCRD) using data derived from a number of sources with varying levels of accuracy. The SCRD disclaims all responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of this information. 0 1 2 4 Kilometers Date: 04/12/2012