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Background Report Stage 1 - Background Report February, 2013 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report Acknowledgements The report was prepared for the Sunshine Coast Regional District by: Andrea Lawseth, P.Ag. AEL Agroecological Consulting Ione Smith, P.Ag. Upland Consulting Additional assistance was provided by the Planning Services and Mapping Department at the Sunshine Coast Regional District (SCRD) and members of the SCRD Agricultural Advisory Committee. All citizens and participants in public meetings and focus groups provided invaluable input and feedback. All images used in this report are the property of the authors and all photographs were taken within the geographic area of the Sunshine Coast Regional District. This report was funded in part by the Investment Agriculture Foundation of B.C. through programs it delivers on behalf of Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada and the B.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands. Disclaimer: “Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada (AAFC), the BC Ministry of Agriculture (AGRI), and the Investment Agriculture Foundation of BC (IAF), are pleased to participate in the production and delivery of this project. We are committed to working with our industry partners to address issues of importance to the agriculture and agri‐food industry in British Columbia. Opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors, etc. and not necessarily those of AAFC, AGRI, or IAF.” Page 2 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report Table of Contents Acknowledgements 2 Table of Contents 3 List of Tables 5 List of Figures 6 List of Acronyms 7 Executive Summary 8 Introduction 10 Project Scope 11 Intent of Agricultural Area Plans 11 Building on Existing Plans 12 A Definition of Agriculture 13 Overview of the Sunshine Coast 14 History of Farming on the Sunshine Coast 15 Early Gibsons & Area Farming 15 Early Roberts Creek Farming 16 Early Pender Harbour Farming 17 Early Sechelt Area Farming 17 Regulatory Framework 18 Agricultural Land Commission 18 Farm Practices Protection Act 19 Biophysical Resources of the Sunshine Coast 20 Agricultural Capability of Sunshine Coast Soils 22 Wildlife 25 Invasive Plants 26 Climate Change 26 Page 3 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report Snapshot of Agriculture on the Sunshine Coast 28 Methodology 28 Results 31 Vision for the Future of Agriculture on the Sunshine Coast 31 Agricultural Profile for the Sunshine Coast 33 Land Use and Farm Types 33 Farm Business Characteristics 39 Market Opportunities Analysis 45 Food Self-Sufficiency and Capacity for Market Expansion 45 Challenges and Opportunities to Farming on the Sunshine Coast 47 General Strengths 47 Summary of Key Issues 47 Conclusion 57 References 58 Appendix A: Overview of Regulatory Framework 61 Appendix B: Soil Characteristics 70 Appendix C: Public Engagement Methodology 75 Appendix D: Estimated Annual Regional Consumption of Food Products 77 Appendix E: Industry Overviews 82 Appendix F: Farmer and Non-Farmer Surveys 88 Appendix G: Land Use Inventory Maps 96 Page 4 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report List of Tables Table 1: Population Distribution in the SCRD 14 Table 2: Weather Characteristics of the Sunshine Coast 20 Table 3: Growing Degree Days for the SUnshine Coast 20 Table 4: Agricultural Capability Ratings on the Sunshine Coast 24 Table 5: Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture 27 Table 6: Climate Projections for the Sunshine Coast 27 Table 7: Primary Land Use Identified During the Land Use Inventory 33 Table 8: Land Use on the Sunshine Coast as Reported to the Ag Census 34 Table 9: Number of Farms by Size on the Sunshine Coast 34 Table 10: Average Farm Size 34 Table 11: Land in Crops Using Ag Census and LUI Data 35 Table 12: Estimated Crop Areas by Acres and Hectares based on LUI 35 Table 13: Presence of Livestock, Bees, and Poultry 35 Table 14: Dairy, Egg, and Livestock Production 35 Table 15: Number of Producers per Vegetable and Fruit Crop 36 Table 16: Farm Types by Number of Farms Reporting 36 Table 17: Number of Farms by Farm Enterprise 37 Table 18: Number of Farms Using Chemical Inputs 37 Table 19: Number of Farms Reporting Sustainable Land Practices 38 Table 20: Ages of Farm Operators in Canada in 2011 39 Table 21: Average Number of Hours Spent Working on the Farm in 2011 40 Table 22: Number of Farm and Hectares Operating Arrangements on the Sunshine Coast 40 Table 23: Number of Farm and % Operating Arrangements on the Sunshine Coast 40 Table 24: Value of Farm Capital by Category 41 Table 25: Farm Wages and Salaries on a Per Farm Basis 41 Table 26: Fuel Expenses on a Per Farm Basis 41 Page 5 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report Table 27: Expenses on a Per Farm Basis 42 Table 28: Farm Profitability on the Sunshine Coast 42 Table 29: Average Revenue per Hectare on the Sunshien Coast 43 Table 30: Average Revenue per Hectare on Vancouver Island and Coastal BC 44 Table 31: Employment in Farming and Food Manufacturing in Select Regional Districts 45 List of Figures Figure 1: Domestic Water Wells on the Sunshine Coast 21 Figure 2: Sunshine Coast Vision Word Cloud 31 Figure 3: Number of Farms on the Sunshine Coast 33 Figure 4: Total Farm Area in Hectares 34 Figure 5: Number of Farms Reporting Irrigation Usage 37 Figure 6: Farmers Using Organic Methods 38 Figure 7: Farm Operators on the Sunshine Coast 39 Figure 8: Number of People Working on the Farm 39 Figure 9: Total Farm Capital on the Sunshine Coast 41 Figure 10: Revenue Generated by Sales of Farm Products on the Sunshine Coast 43 Figure 11: Benefits to Farming on the Sunshine Coast 47 Figure 12: Top Concerns Facing Agriculture on the Sunshine Coast 48 Figure 13: Biophysical Limitations to Farming on the Sunshine Coast 49 Figure 14: Purchases of Local Value-Added Products by Non-Farmers 51 Page 6 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report List of Acronyms AAC: Agricultural Advisory Committee FPPA: Farm Practices Protection Act AAFC: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada HC: Health Canada AAP: Agricultural Area Plan LGA: Local Government Act AGRI: Ministry of Agriculture LTSA: Land Title and Survey Authority of ALC: Agricultural Land Commission BC ALR: Agricultural Land Reserve LUI: Land Use Inventory BC MPA: BC Milk Producers Association MAL: BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands BCCDC: BC Centre for Disease Control MCSCD: BC Ministry of Community Sport BCEMB: BC Egg Marketing Board and Cultural Development BCMHS: BC Ministry of Health Services MIR: Meat Inspection Regulation BCMMB: BC Milk Marketing Board MWLAP: BC Ministry of Water Land and BCMoE: BC Ministry of Environment Air Protection BCMSCD: Ministry of Community, Sport, OCP: Official Community Plan and Cultural Development PHSA: Provincial Health Services CFIA: Canadian Food Inspection Agency Authority CIP: Cottage Industry Program RGS: Regional Growth Strategy CLI: Canadian Land Inventory RSBC: Revised Statutes of BC CSA: Community Supported Agriculture SCRD: Sunshine Coast Regional District DFO: Fisheries and Oceans Canada SIGD: Sechelt Indian Government District DPA: Development Permit Area VCH: Vancouver Coastal Health FIRB: Farm Industry Review Board Page 7 Sunshine Coast Agricultural Area Plan Background Report Executive Summary The Agricultural Area Plan (AAP) process was initiated by the Sunshine Coast Regional District (SCRD) in 2012 to address farmland preservation and the promotion of agriculture as a viable economic sector in the Sunshine Coast region. AAPs recognize agriculture as the highest and best use of agricultural land and focus on developing strategies to support the local agricultural industry (Smith, 1998). Using a combination of public engagement methods, an agricultural Land Use Inventory (LUI), and Statistics Canada Census of Agriculture data, a Background Report (Stage I) was developed in order to inform Stage II of the AAP. Stage II will focus on formation of recommendations to achieve a viable agricultural sector on the Sunshine Coast. The total jurisdictional area of the Sunshine Coast is 381,712 hectares (ha), of which only 3,900 ha are within the Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR). An agricultural LUI surveyed 651 properties and demonstrated that over 60% of the ALR land base is forested and uninhabited. A total of 544 ha of land are used for Rural Residential properties, with no agricultural activity, while 498 ha was identified as being used as farmland. Census of Agriculture data reported less than 100 farms on the Sunshine Coast, which declined 8% from 2001 to 2011 from 97 to 89. The average farm size recorded by Statistics Canada in 2011 was 2.8 ha, which decreased since 1996 when the average farm size was 6.1 ha. An examination of farm types through the LUI showed that pasture/forage operations and mixed vegetable farms were the most common. A smaller proportion of Sunshine Coast farms produce blackberries, raspberries, and apples. Horses were found on 76 properties, with 52 of these properties keeping horses exclusively, with no other agricultural activity. Other livestock production included small scale (<100 birds) chicken farms and sheep operations. Overall, farms on the Sunshine Coast have limited livestock diversity. Food is being produced on the Sunshine Coast using environmentally beneficial practices. Most farmers are using organic methods, but are not certified, while many others are using minimal chemical inputs and employing sustainable practices such as crop rotations, rotational grazing, and windbreaks or shelterbelts. Most farmers (<30%) are also not irrigating their crops, suggesting the use of water conservation practices during droughts. Sunshine Coast soils are generally of moderate agricultural capability (Class 3 and 4), with potential for improvement. Farmers reported in an online survey that the benefits to farming on the Sunshine Coast were the beneficial climate and soils, as well as a strong, supportive local market. However, farms in the region are operating at (or close to) a net financial loss with gross revenues less than $20,000 and a net revenue margin of -1.9%.
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