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For the Degree of Master of Science Stones, Siltstones and Rnudstones

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For the Degree of Master of Science Stones, Siltstones and Rnudstones AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Joan Marian Alimaras for the degree ofMaster of Science in Geology presented on October 11, 1978 Title: STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS NANAIMO GROUP. DENMAN ISLAND BRITISH COLUMBIA Abstract approved: Redacted for privacy Approximately 2, 300 feet (700 m.) of conglomerates, sand- stones, siltstones and rnudstones underlie Denman Island, British Columbia. These rocks represent deposition of four formations of the Late Cretaceous (Carupanian) Nanaimo Group. From oldest to youngest, they are the ExtensionProtection, Cedar District, DeCourcey and Northumberland (upper contact not exposed) Forma- tions.These formations can be divided into one incomplete (Exten- sion-Protection/lower Cedar District) and one complete (upper Cedar District/DeCourcey/lower Northumberland) cycle of deltaic prograda- tion-marine transgression. The Extension- Protection conglomerates and sandstones record a regressive sequence from delta front slope gully to tidal channel and fluvial deposits.These sedimentary rocks represent the most basinward extent of a fluvial-deltaic system which originated to the southwest on Vancouver Island.There, a nearby volcanic and igneous source was rapidly eroded and sediment was quickly transported to the basin. A relative rise in sea level andor decrease in sediment supply to the area resulted in the transgressive sequence of the lower Cedar District prodelta turbdites to shelf facies mudstones. During sedimentation of the upper Cedar District Formation a renewed increase in sediment supply from the south allowed the basin to fill, and a regressive sequence from prodelta turbidites to inter- distributary bay muds and silts were deposited.Continued northwest- ward progradation of the upper Cedar District/DeCourcey/lower Northumberland delta cycle resulted in the deposition of DeCourcey delta front sheet and bar finger sands.These sediments coarsened upward into braided river gravels and sands in which detritus was supplied from a dominantly volcanic source. A return to distributary mouth bar sedimentation was recorded by the DeCourcey middle unit sands, which were followed by deposition of braided stream gravels that show an increase of clastics from igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary sources. Toward the end of DeCourcey sedimentation, a relative rise in sea level, decrease in sediment supply and/or switching of a deltaic lobe resulted in a transgressive sequence. This sequence is represented by the DeCourcey delta front sheet sandstones which grade up into Northumberland northerly transported prodelta turbidites. Deposition of the Nanaimo Group on Denman Island was followed by at least two periods of structural deformation which ended prior to the sedimentation of the Quaternary deposits.The first period of deformation resulted in a system of northeasterly trending faults which were later offset by northwest-trending normal faults with northeast-block down displacement. During the Quateruary, post-Sangamon - pre-Wisconsin to Recent sediments have accumulated. They are represented by gravels, sands, silts and clays which were deposited during two glacial events and an intervening non-glacial event.These have been followed by post-glacial and Recent marine and fluvial deposits. After major modification of the bedrock by glacial action, recent minor physical weathering (i. e., frost wedging, salt weather- ing (tafoni)), chemical weathering (1. e., solution (gallery formation), decomposition (podsolization)), and gradational processes (i. e., wave action, mass wasting, stream erosion) continue to alter the Late Cretaceous bedrocks and Quaternary sediments of Denman Island. Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Late Cretaceous Nanaimo Group, Denman Island, British Columbia Joan Marian Alimaras A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed October 11, 1978 Commencement June 1979 APPROVED: Redacted for privacy Professor of"Seology 1 in charge of major Redacted for privacy Chairman of Department of ology Redacted for privacy Dean ofradu.ate School Date thesis is presented October 11, 1978 Typed by Opal Grossnicklaus for Joan Marian Ailmaras A CKNOW LEDG EMENTS My deepest appreciation is extended to my parents for inspiring me to receive an education and for their moral and financial support throughout my college career. I am grateful to Les and Winnie Russell for their hospitality and generosity while I was a guest at their home during my summer of field work on Denman Island.I am also thankful to the Isbister's, Hadley's, Haymond's, Snook's, Byrd's and all the islanders who made my stay on Denman Island so pleasant. While on the island I enjoyed visits from John Kachelmeyer and Rick Bruss and am grateful for their companionship. A special thanks is extended to Dr. Keith F. Oles for suggesting this project, his guidance and concern, and along with Mrs. Oles their field visit to the island.This author acknowledges Dr. J. G. Johnson, Dr. H. E. Enlows and Dr. 0. F. Craven for critically reading the manuscript and for their helpful suggestions. I am thankful to Union Oil Company of California for their financial aid to carry out this project.I am grateful to the British Columbia, Ministry of the Environment, Resource Analysis Branch and Water Investigation Branch for surficial geology and water well log information. For their help during various stages of thesis preparation and final assemblage I an-i grateful to Tern and Mrs. Wm. Eckhout, Mary Clare Jakes, Gary Huscher, Fred Nelligan, Mark Houser, and Anthony, Steven and Mary Ailmaras. Appreciation is extended to Mary Clare Jakes, Linda Jarvis, Jim Scott and Anthony Alimaras for sharing their homes with me while finishing this thesis. Finally, I give my love to Mark for his patience, understanding and encouragement to finish this project. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Location and Accessibility 1 Purposes Investigation and Analytical Techniques 5 In the Field 5 In the Laboratory 6 Previous Work 9 Regional Pre-Gretaceous Stratigraphy 16 STRATIGRAPIiY, PETROLOGY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS NANAIMO GROUP 20 Regional Stratigra.phy 20 Local Stratigraphy 24 Extension- Protection Formation 24 Nomenclature 24 General Stratigraphy 25 Lithology 33 Paleodispersal Patterns and Postulated Source Areas 37 Environments of Deposition 42 Cedar District Formation 46 Nomenclature 46 General Stratigraphy 46 Lithology 56 Paleodispersal Patterns and Postulated Source Areas 60 Environments of Deposition 63 DeCourcey Formation 67 Nomenclature 67 General Stratigraphy 68 Lithology Paleodispersal Patte ms and Postulated Source Areas 82 Environments of Deposition 86 Northumberland Formation 90 Nomenclature 90 General Stratigraphy 91 Lithology 96 Paleodispersal Patterns and Postulated Source Areas 100 Environments of Deposition 103 GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE QUATERNARY DEPOSITS 106 Areal Extent 106 Regional and Local Stratigraphy 107 Dashwood Drift 107 Quadra Sediments 108 Vashon Drift 109 Capilano Sediments 109 Sa.lish Sediments 110 STRUCTURE 112 Regional Structure 112 Areal Structure 114 GEOMORPHOLOGY 118 Principal Landforms 118 Climate 121 Vegetation 122 Weathering and Soils 123 Gradational Processes 128 Glaciation 128 Wave Action, Mass Wasting and Stream Erosion 131 GEOLOGIC HISTORY 136 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 142 Sandstone 142 Gravel, Sand and Clay 143 Water 144 Petroleum 146 REFERENCES CITED 148 APPENDICES 158 APPENDIX A:Measured Section X-Y Upper DeCourcey Formation and Lower Northumberland Formation 158 APPENDIX B:Sample Localities on Denman Island 167 Page APPENDIX C:Pebble Count Lithologies and Clay Mineralogies 168 APPENDIX D:Same?s Determination Charts for the Environment of Chert, Basalt and Quartzite Pebbles 169 APPENDIX E:Modal Analyses of Sandstone Samples 171 APPENDIX F:Textural Parameters and Textural and Compositional Maturity of Sandstones 173 APPENDIX G:X-ray Analysis of Clay Minerals 175 APPENDIX H:Pleistocene Sediment Grain Mount Mineralogies and Sieve Analyses 178 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Index map showing the location of Denman Island. 2 2 Approximate relative positions of the Nanaimo Group basins. 3 3 Correlation of the Nanaimo Group in the Nanaimo and Comox Basins. 12 4 Trace fossil, Zoophycos, on bedding plane of Extension-Protection siltstones. 32 5 Extension-Protection upper unit outcrop northeast of Repulse Point. 32 6 Clas sification of Extension- Protection sandstones. 35 7 Photomicrograph of Extension- Protection plagioclase arenite. 36 8 Convolute bedding of Cedar District lower unit sandstones. 51 9 Cedar District upper unit sandstone Bouma divisions and trace fossil, Scolicia. 54 10 Classification of Cedar District sandstones. 57 11 Photomicrograph of Cedar District upper unit arkosic- lithic arenite, 58 12 Photomicrograph of Cedar District lower unit micritic sandstone concretion. 58 13 Paleocurrent data for the Cedar District Formation. 61 14 DeCourcey middle unit conglomerates, sandstones, and siltstones showing scour-and-fill and soft sediment deformation. 74 Figure Page 15 Soft sediment deformation flame in DeCourcey middle unit deposits indicating a northwest paleoslope. 74 16 Sand-filled ammonite clast in DeCourcey middle unit conglomerate. 76 17 Classification of DeCourcey sandstones. 79 18 Photomicrograph of DeCourcey lower unit volcanic arkosic arenite. 81 19 Paleocurrent data for the DeCourcey Formation. 83 20 Silty micritic concretion lens of the Northumberland Formation. 21 Trace fossil4, Planolites,
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