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Late-Cretaceous Fossils on Gabriola Island

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Late-Cretaceous Fossils on Gabriola Island File: 517 Version: 10.1 Fossils from the late-Cretaceous on Gabriola Island Nick Doe Anyone who knows I have made a mistake, or would like more information, please contact me. I have many more pictures of the fossils than are shown here. These are notes on fossils that friends, exposures of the same formation. neighbours, and Jenni Gehlbach and I, have All four formations on Gabriola are marine found on Gabriola Island, BC, Canada. sedimentary rocks belonging to the late- We walk the beach on the south side of the Cretaceous Nanaimo Group. There are no island every day; however, we are not Paleogene or Neogene rocks on the island. paleontologists, nor are we fossil collectors; Whatever rocks there may have been here of so, these notes are not an exhaustive record that age were removed during the m a n y of every fossil that has ever been observed glaciations of the Pleistocene. on the island. From oldest to youngest, the formations are: The fossils on Gabriola fall into two very —Northumberland Formation, mainly different groups. Those from: mudrock with siltstone, mudstone, and —the late Cretaceous; and those from sandstone interlayers. Late Campanian. —the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. The Northumberland Formation north of This note discusses only the former. Ice-age Gabriola is sometimes still called the fossils on Gabriola —the bones of woolly Lambert Formation, a nomenclature dating mammoths and whales, and marine back to the days when there was some doubt shellfish—are discussed elsewhere. as to whether the Nanaimo and Comox Basins were the same; Background geology —Geoffrey Formation, gritty sandstone and A non-technical introduction to Gabriola conglomerate. Late Campanian-e a r l y geology, with references can be found here. Maastrichtian; The island’s rocks are part of a syncline, a ∪-shaped fold, created in the Eocene, with an axis that runs the length of the island, roughly east–west. The rocks exposed on the beaches along the long south and north sides are furthest away from the syncline axis, and so are the oldest rocks on the island. The rocks on the south side at False Narrows and east of there, and on the north side along Whalebone, are SILT 21 January 2019 1 Nick Doe Gabriola Island’s late-Cretaceous fossils —Spray Formation, mainly mudrock. a feldspathic wacke—and the biotite and Early Maastrichtian. The Spray Formation amphibole in the rock weather rapidly on has less exposure on beaches than the older exposure to the modern atmosphere. Northumberland Formation; Background paleontology —Gabriola Formation, mainly sandstone. Maastrichtian, possibly to Vancouver and Gulf Islands fossils are late Maastrichtian. This is the youngest described in Rolf Ludvigsen & Graham formation in the whole Nanaimo Group. Beard’s book, West Coast Fossils—A Guide Gabriola Formation sandstone is so devoid to the Ancient Life of Vancouver Island, of recognizable fossils that it is difficult to Harbour Publishing, 1997. IMHO it’s worth accurately date. Who knows? there might getting the 2nd edition of this, even if you even be a K/T (K-Pg) boundary here. already have the first. http://www.nickdoe.ca/pdfs/Webp294c.pdf It has to be said that Gabriola is not a good Exposures of these four formations also place for fossil observers. Practically all occur on other islands, notably Hornby and fossils have suffered chemical diagenesis, Denman. usually to the point where they can’t be identified. It is also virtually impossible to The cement for the sedimentary rocks on extract fossils from the shale as it is so Gabriola is clay. Common cementing crumbly, a result of oxidation and minerals such as calcite, quartzite, zeolite, dehydration in the sun. Once exposed to the iron oxides and sulphides (limonite, elements, weathering often destroys fossils hematite, pyrite, marcasite), when present, fairly quickly. are present only in concretions, weathering rinds, case-hardened sandstone surfaces, and There is little evidence of the metasomatically-altered shear zones. Northumberland Formation on Gabriola being an environment of great B y “mudrock” in the following, I mean biodiversity—apart from bivalves and lithified clay, about half of which on brachiopods; there is seldom anything to be Gabriola consists of clay minerals and half found, particularly on the beaches between of comminuted quartz and feldspar. False Narrows and the Cemetery. I’m also Locally, “mudrock” is almost invariably not aware of any vertebrate fossils of late- called “shale” even when it shows no sign of Cretaceous age having been found here. lamination. I often do the same out of habit. Many fossils of the Nanaimo Group north of Bouma sequences in the shale on Gabriola Gabriola are found in concretions; but not on are quite common. Look here for notes. Gabriola. Calcareous concretions abound The mineralogical evidence is that the both in the sandstone, particularly the sediments were not greatly weathered before sandstone of the Gabriola Formation, but being deposited. Although the paleo- even the largest of these usually reveals only geography of the late-Cretaceous Nanaimo unrecognizable fragments of organic Basin is uncertain, the picture appears to be material. Commonly, only hydrochloric of sediments being washed by mountain acid or aggregates of tiny crystals just streams into rivers which transported them visible to the naked eye indicate local fairly quickly into a warm anaerobic, low- concentration of calcite within these energy, marine environment. The feldspar concretions. content of the rocks is correspondingly Concretions also occur in the mudrock, but high—the sandstone sometimes qualifies as they are usually so weakly cemented that SILT 21 August 2017 2 Nick Doe Gabriola Island’s late-Cretaceous fossils they are often mistakenly assumed to be the result of spherical weathering. Look here for notes on this. In the Northumberland Formation, the cement for mudrock concretions appears to be calcite, but John Packard (M.Sc. Oregon State University, 1972) in his investigation of what he called “pseudoconcretions” in Spray Formation mudstone found by X-ray analysis, the cement to be marcasite. I’ve seen these concretions in Leboeuf Bay on the north side of the island where they are highly visible in contrast to the weakly cemented textures that I am familiar with on the south side of the island; I have not investigated further. Above: Even large concretions—this one is 2-feet across—when split open reveal nothing more than a small featureless calcareous-chlorite nodule in the centre. The source for this one, which is on display at the Gabriola Museum is not known, but similar ones can be found on the Twin Beaches Peninsula. Concretions, defined as I use the term, are composed of grains that are the same as Above: Concretions in sandstone on those in the host rock. A sandstone Gabriola can be very big. This one is from the Twin Beaches Peninsula (Gabriola “concretion” is still sandstone. What makes Formation). it different is the efficacy of the cement that binds the grains of sand together. For more It is fairly common in the literature to make on Gabriola’s concretions look here. no distinction between “concretions” and Nodules, defined as I use the term, have a “calcareous nodules” or just “nodules”. On composition that is very different from that Gabriola, this is a serious mistake. of the host rock. The minerals in nodules, in SILT 21 August 2017 3 Nick Doe Gabriola Island’s late-Cretaceous fossils variation of this process has separated the shell from the soft body—possibly because the deca y i n g soft body became riddled with gas and thus became sufficiently buoyant to leave the shell and rise through the overlying still-to-be-consolidated fine sediment—with the result that both shells and nodules co- exist within a short distance (< 0.5m) of one another. The evidence for many nodules being inoceramids is quite persuasive: —inoceramids fossils commonly occur en Nodules on Gabriola have a uniform grey interior masse in a single bedding plane. This could consisting mainly of clay and calcite with no sign only have been as a consequence of some of structure, yet alone a fossil. The vertical line in catastrophic die-off; this picture is a hairline fracture that allowed the ingress of glacial meltwater. From the —beds (pavements) of large calcareous Northumberland Formation at the Cemetery site. shell-less nodules very occasionally contain a recognizable inoceramid shell fragment with an unusually small nodule. A simple the present context, are minerals with a explanation for this is that this particular substantial contribution from decomposition specimen, unlike its neighbours, was already of the soft tissue of the fossil and from dead when the area was inundated; chemical weathering of any shell. —nodules and shells are observed together. The main host-rock component present in Even when shells are very scarce, it is nodules on Gabriola is chlorite with only always possible to find, after a sometimes minor quartz and plagioclase. Calcite is lengthy search, at least one example of a commonly abundant, but some what-I-take- nodule with a small fragment of inoceramid to-be brachiopod fossils contain apatite. For shell attached to it or embedded in it; more on Gabriola’s nodules see here. —the nodules a l w a y s have a flint-like, The marine fossils on Gabriola are calcite-rich, structureless interior quite commonly in the form of nodules, not unlike concretions further north, but they concretions. My interpretation of this is that frequently have wonderfully preserved trace the fossils were originally bottom dwellers fossils—ichnofossils and chondrites—on that were buried alive when the area where their surface. A simple explanation for this they were living, some distance from a river is the the decaying bodies of the buried estuary and its submarine fan, was inundated inoceramids attracted many burrowing with silt and sand when a part of the fan scavengers.
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