Soils of Island

SOILS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND

A COMPENDIUM

634.90971 l ECMF RES RN 56 BoCo FOREST SERVICERESEARC SOILS OF VANCOUVER IS-AND-A COMPENO IUM

RESEARCH DIVISION

BRITISH COLUMBIA FOREST SERVICE SOILS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND

a compendium

by N.KESER and D. ST. PIERRE

Research Division

RESEARCHNOTE N0.56

BRITISH COLUMBIA FOREST SERVICE

1973 PREFACE

The Soils Compendium forVancouver Island has been written and compiled by Dr. Keser andhis assistant Mr. St.Pierre ofthe

ResearchDivision, British Columbia ForestService. Theyhave felt a growingneed for a practical field reference in soils - a classificaticn of data, a source of generalinformation and a concise summary of a varietyof useful detail. Theyhave made everyeffort to be factual andobjective in their compendium. It hasbeen far from an easy task. The firstobjective was to compile all theinformation on

Vancouver Islandsoils but this objective was expanded toarrange information by soilinterpretation zones. Sufficient detail has also beenincluded for the professional manwho is responsiblefor more than routine application of informationand whomay wish to interpret themorphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of soil for forest management practices.

Althoughthe compendium was prepared as a helpful guide to students.foresters, and others in the forest industry, it is hoped that this work will be a useful reference to all who study the soil, land,and other resources of VancouverIsland. It providedreferences and data that are otherwise difficult to find or keep within easy reach.

Thecompendium is notin its final form. It consists of soil datathat has been reported to date. But as canbe seen from the nature of thepresentation, additional information can be placedeasily in its properlocation in the compendium. New information will be supplied at periodicintervals. This new compendium is a valuable additionto the literature and justifiesthe considerable effort thathas gone into it.

G .C. Warrack, Forester i/c, Research Division. TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

HOW TO USE THE COMPENDIUM

SOILS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND

Soils of Vancouver Island

Soil Interpretation Zones of Vancouver Island

Soils arrangedby soil interpretation zones

Soil Data-arranged alphabetically

REFERENCES

Selected References Related to Geology

Authors and Publications Reported in the Compendium

APPENDICES

Appendix A. Geology and Physiography of Vancouver Island

Climate of Vancouver Island

Climatic records of D.O.T. stations on Vancouver Island

Climatic bar graphsfor selected stations on Vancouver Is land

Appendix B. System of Soil Classification for Canada

The Canadian soil classification system

Soil horizons and layers

Soil drainage classes

Classification of some Vancouver Island soils accordingto the Canadian and American systemsof soil classification

Appendix C. Listing of Soils According to:

Alphabetical order

Parent material

System of soil classification for Canada

Forest productivity zones (Schmidt)

Biogeoclimatic zones (Krajina)

Forest regions and sections (Rowel HOW TO USE THE COMPENDIUM

The following steps may beundertaken in finding the desired informationin the compendium:

A. If therequired information is on a known soil

I. Check thelisting 'Alphabetical Listing of Soils"

to see ifthe information is available on thissoil.

If it is,

11. locatethe soil underthe alphabetically arranged

sect ion.

B. If therequired information is on soilsoccurring on a

certainpart of Vancouver Island

I. Obtainthe names of soils by usingthe listing suited

to theobjective i.n mind,e.g., soils arranged by

Biogeoclimatic zones orsoils arranged by Productivity

zones,

11. locatethese soils under the alphabetically arranged

section. SOILS OF VANCOUVER ISIJGVD

Vancouver Islarid presents a nountainocslandscape constructed of landr'ornsresulting prir2zrii.y from the recent glaciation which covered theentire island ar.d ended 10 to 12,000 yearsago. Consequently, soil parentmaterials are ri:.alnly of glacial origin and consist of tills, glaciofluvialmaterials, na-rL;;L le?osits,Quadra (interglacial) sediments, organic and recent fiuvi-:lu ui;>oSlLs. The soils of VancouverIsland present a broadspectum in respect to theirnature and characteristics. Soils representingthe Podzolic Brunisolic,Regosolic, Gleysolic and Organic Orders are common. Podzolic andBrunisolic soils coverthe major part of theisland and the Regosols are minor inextent. However, theOrganic and Gleysolic soils are commonly found inthe Northern and Western coastal plains. The soilsof the island, except for the east coast, are notstudied in full extent. However, soilsurvey is presentlybeing carried out by theBritish Columbia Land Inventory(B.C.L.I.).

TAXONONIC CORRELATION AT THE ORDER LEVEL

CAh7liDIAN u.s .A. WORLD (1970) (7 th X2prox. ) (Present)

Chernozenic Borolls(minor Rendolls) Kastanozems Chernozems(minor Rendzinas) Solonetzic Natric greatgroups Solonetz Luvisolic Alfisols,Boralfs, Udalfs Luvisols,Albic Luvisols Podzolic Spodosols (Humods, Orthods) Podzols Brunisolic Inceptisols Cambisols Regosolic Entisols Fluvisols & Rhegosols Gleysolic Aqu-suborders Gleysols & Planosols Organic Histosols Histisols SOIL INTERPRETATIONZONES OF VANCOUVER ISLAND

The soil interpretation zones of Vancouver Island are basically ecosystem zones (soil-ecosystem) delineated primarily on the basisof landform, soil, climate and forest types. These zones are tentative and were developed by synthesizing the information given by the following sources:

Landforms of British Columbia (Holland,1964)

Forest Regions of Canada (Rowe, 1959)

Biogeoclimatic Zones of British Columbia (Krajina, 1959; 1964)

Climate of British Columbia Tablesof temperature, precipitation and sunshine. (B. C. Department of Agriculture, 1958-71)

Soil Surveyof Southeast Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands, British Columbia (Day, Farstad and Laird,1959)

Cryic Zone (Sub-alpine and alpine) was delineatedR. Schmidt*by B. C. Forest Service Ecologist who has considerable personal experience and knowledgeon the distribution of sub-alpine and alpine zones on Vancouver Island,

Personal experienceof the authors who have been working on the various aspects of Vancouver Island soils during the past ten years.

The developed zones are as follows(See map 1:

1. CRYZC ZONE (Sub-alpine and alpine)

2. MAJOR VALLEY SYSTEMS, The zone of Major Valley Systems is divided into subzones: (a1 San Juan-Cowichan; (b 1 Alberni; and (c) Nimpkish.

3. NAHWITTI LOWLAND

4. SUQUASH BASIN

5. ESTEVAN COASTAL PLAIN

6. EAST MOUNTAIN ZONE

-/. WEST MOUNTAIN ZONE

8. UPPER NANAIMO LOWLAND

0. LOWER NANAINO LOWLAND

I * Forester 2 i/c Research Division, B.C. Forest Service, Victoria,B. C. Tt: is envisaged that the soil occurring in one zone will have certainfeatures characteristic to that zone andthe management interpretation of these soil features wil?. be restrictedto this zone.Direct transfer of information and interpretation amonF: the zone.; ma;y be undertakenprovided that validity of suchtransformation has i)een already! established. It is hoped thatthe presented tentative soil interpretationzones will be refined as more information is accumulated on ~rheenvironmental parameters of each zone.

S OILS ARRANGED BY SOIL INTERPRETATION ZONES

MAJOR VALLEY SYSTEMS:

Alberni clay (I) PortAlberni Plot 7 Alberni clay (I1) Port Alberni Plot 8 Arrowsmith peat Port Alberni Plot 9 Cass idy complex Port Alberni Plot 28 Chemainuscomplex PortAlberni Plot ?n Cowichan clay loam PortAlberni Plot 31 PortRenfrew PortAlberni Plot 48 Somassloamy sand PortAlberni Plot 49 Sproatgravelly sandy loam PortAlberni Plot 50 Stamp gravelly loam woss camp

ESTEVANCOASTAL PLAIN:

Kootowis Wreck Bay (I1 1 KennedyLake Ucluelet I Sandhill Ucluelet I1 Tof ino Ucluelet I11 Wreck Bay (1 1 Ucluelet

EAST MOUNTAIN ZONE:

Arrowsmith peat RoachLogging Plot 19 Cassidycomplex RoachLogging Plot 27 RoachLogging Plot 17 RoachLogging Plot 28 RoachLogging Plot 18

WESTMOUNTAIN ZONE:

Arrowsmith peat Jeune Landing I! I! ['PER NANAIMO LOWLANDS :

Arrowsmith peat Mcmekay Bowscr loam:, sand Merville loam Cass irly complex Neptunegravelly loam,y sand Chemainus complex Parksvi.llesandy loam Cowichan clay loam Puntledge silt loam Custer loamy sand Quadro Dashwood gravell

Haslam complex Langford loam Lazosandy loam Lower PaldiPlot ? Mervi lle loam Metchosin muck Neptunegravelly loamy sand Parksville sand>[ loam Puntledge silt ioam Qualicurn loamy sand Qu insam Saanichtm c1a.v Shawniyan ;;ravel I.;,, sandy loam Sproat gravc1l;y. sandy 1 cam Tt~Lmiesandy clay loam ITpper Paldi Plot '1 A ALBERNI CLAY (I1

LOCATION: AlberniBasin (9705 acres)

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annua 1: 49 Annual : 66.29 Jan. : 35 April-July : 2.11 July : 65 May -Sept.: 1.69

VEGETATION: MainlyDouglas fir, hemlockand red cedar. Fern, bracken, salal, Oregon grape.

TOPOGRAPHY: Irregularvery gently sloping. The surface is hummocky probably I due to uprooting trees. DRAINAGE: Well drained;permeability is moderatein the B horizonbut very slowin the C. PARENT MATERIAL: Fine - texturedmarine sediments.

CLASSIFICATION: Concretionary Brown; (Bisequa Mini. Humo-FerricPodzol, 1970 ).

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 2- 0 Slightly decomposedremains of moss, needles, leavesand wood. pH 5.2.

B, 1 0- 7 Reddish brown (5 YR 4/4 dry)clay of compound strong coarse granular and moderate medium subangularblocky structure. About 16 percent of the soil is hardconcretions of 2-5 mm. size. Verypermeable, many roots,moderately friable. pH 5.5. Horizonboundary is gradual.

*22 7- 15 Reddish brown andyellowish clay as above, lo per centof this soil is hardconcretions. Slightly morecompact thanabove. pH 5.4. Hor- I izonboundary is clear. ALBERNI CLAY (I) (cont'd)

HorizonDepth inches

13-22 3/4 B3 Yellowish brown tostrong brown (Lo YR to i .5 YR 5/6 moist 1 clay, strong medium subangularblocky structure, firm and hard consistence. Veryfew concretions. pH 3.0. Root mat at theabrupt horizon boundary.

C1 23-24 Light Yellowish brown (2.5 Y 6/4 moist, 7/4 dry) somewhat mottledclay. Firm andhard consistence, moderate medium blockystructure. pH 4.9.

C2 2 4+ Light yellowish brown clay as above with coarse blockystructure. Black stains on cleavage faces. Very slowlypermeable. pH 5.4.

An A2 horizon may be present under an especially thick A, Horizon or underrotted Logs.

CHEMICAL DATA : - - Hor. Depth PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches z % rat io z

A0 2- 0 5 .? s7.L37 0.79 42.1

E? 1 0- I 5.5 6 .'16 0.19 20.6 0.11

B,? 7- 15 5.4 7.86 0.11 20.1 0.11

B3 13-22 5.0 2.62 0.07 21. 0.02

C? 2 '1+ 3.4 0.69 0.01 40.0 0.03

Hor. Depth PH Exchangeablecations S urn % Ex .Mn inches (m.e./loogms inches I Of Base P. P.M. Ca Mg K Na H CationsSat. L_

B2 1 0- 7 5.3 4.50 2.32 1.?5 0.14 11.20 19.41 42.3 26.64

B2? 7-15 5.5 1.89 1.38 0.54 0.13 8.30 12.24 32.2 20.96

CL 27-24 4.9 6.56 6.44 0.39 0.34 7.50 21.?3 64.6 1.?9

c2 2 4+ 3.4 21.82 12.97 0.26 0.38 4.15 39.58 89.3 13.26 ALBERNT. CLAY (I1 (cont 'd 1

Hor Depth Si Fe A1 Ti Ca Hg Na K P inches d

B21 0- 7 20.77 9.32 10.92 0.92 0*95 1-81 0.11

B2, 7-15 22.12 9.36 11.421.940.94 0.95 0.11

C2 24 24.82 7.47 10.65 0.46 2.04 2.28 0.03

PHYSICAL DATA:

Horizon Depth Horizon S and Sflt Clay inches2-0.05 ram. 0.05-0.002 am. 0.002 m.

~~ ~~ ~.

B2 1 0- 7 3.74 36 89 59 9 37

Concretions 0- 7 1.89 66.51 31.60

B2 2 7-37.50 15 0.79 61.71

B3 15- 22 1.78 26 .go 71.32

C1 22-24 1.38 34.42 64.20

Horizon Depth Bulk Moisture PermanentPorosityMoisture Bulk Depth Horizon inchesDensityEquivalent WiltingTotal Non- cap.

REFERENCE: B. C. SoilSurvey - Report No. 6, 1959. ALBERNI CLAY (11)

LOCATION Lot 166, 11.2 miles N. W.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation ( inches )

Annual : 49 Annual : 66.29 Jan. : 35 April-July : 2.11 July : 65 May -Sept.: 1.69

VSGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists mainlyof salal, brackenfern, soopolallie, spirea and an occasional alder.

TO PUGRAPHY : Slightlyconvex slope on theedge of a drainagedepression.

Well drained;moderately slow permeabilityand moderate runoff. I ‘IRAINAGE: PARENT MATERIAL: Marineclay.

CLASSIFICATION: Cuncreti0nar.y Brown Forest, 1963; (OrthicHumo-Ferric Podzol, 1573. )

PKOFI1,E DESCRIPTION:

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

Aoo and A, 2- 0” Litter of needles,bracken fern, salal leaveswith a thin (l/?) .F and H layer; nutsampled

II Ah 3- 2 Brown to yellowish brown (1oYR 5/3.5 ) dry, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2 ) moist,clay. Strong medium tocoarse granular

Structureappears to consist largely of worm casts; friable moist andslightly plasticto plastic when wet; roots common pH 5.0 Brown ( /.?Yr :)/I+) dry,(crushed color strong brown 7 .; YR 5/? j darkreddish brown ()YR 1 .:I/:;1 moist, clay; weak medium to coarse sub-angular bLocky breakingreadily to strong medium tocoarse granular; abundant spheroidal concretions or shott,yaggregates; roots abundant; pll >.o

Yellowish brown (loYR 5/b) dry, brown to dark brown ( I .>YR 411, ) moist, clay; weak coarse sub-angularblocky structure breaking to strongfine sub-angular blocky or coarse granular;s1ightly hard when dry,friable when moist;abundant concretionary forms; lower boundary clear; pll. >.o

6i Light yellowish brown to pale brown (10YR 5/4 I drs/, brown todark yellowish brown (lOYR L,4) moist,clay; strong fine to medium subangularblocky structure; hard when dryand firm when moist;roots common,Lower boundary c 1ear

CB Lightyellowish brown (lOYR 6/+) dry(interior of pedsnave a pale brown (10 YR 7; .3 colour 1; yellowish brown (19 YR >;4) moist,clay; mod- erateto strong medium tocoarse sub-angular blockystructure; hard to very hard when dry; few roots,lower boundary gradual. pH ij, 1

Pale yeliow ( :IY 7/3) dry yellowish brown ( LOYK ,/4) to olive (L~Y5/41 moist clay. Strongcoarse irregular blocky structure; very hard when dryand plastic when wet; few rootsalong natural cleavages; lower boundary clearand diffuse

Pale yellow ('jV 7/3 1 pale brown (loYR 61'3) moist, clay;strong coarse to very cdarse irregular prismatic breaking to strongcoarse b locky;very hard when dry and plastic when wet. Very few roots

RFFERLNCE: Osborne, V. E. l(6o. Mineralogicaland chemical studies of the Alherni. Clay. Masters thesis, IJ. B. C. ARROWSMITH PEAT

I LOCATION: The area north of Malahatand on Denman, Hornbyand Quadra Islands. (20, 390 I *

CLIMATE: ThroughoutVancouver Island.

VEGETATION: The vegetationincludes Labrador tea, hardhack,mosses, willow andsometimes blueberries and sedges.

TOPOGRAPHY: Depressional.

DRAINAGE: Poor;permeability is moderate. A water table lies nearthe surfacethroughout most of theyear. 1 PARENT MATERIAL: Deep undecomposed organic material.

CLASSIFICATION: Peat;(Fibrisol, 1970 ).

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon Depth Horizon inches

1 0- 3 Very dark brown fibrouspeat. pH3.9.

2 3- 7 Reddish brown fibrouspeat, mostly of sphagnum origin. pH 3.4.

3 7- 2 0 Dark reddish brown fibrouspeat. pH 3.5.

4 20-27 Dark reddish brown blackandpeat, somewhat moredecomposed than above. pH 3.9.

5 2 7+ Darkreddish brown andblack peat, raw and undecomposed. pH 4.2. B BOWSER LOAMY SAND

LOCATION: Mainlyon the east coastfrom Campbell River to Duncan (39,085 acres)

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 48 Annual : 46.50 Jan. : 35 April-July : 1.69 July : 63 May -Sept.: 1.51 VEGETATION: Douglas fir, hemlockand red cedar with red alder dominant on logged-off areas.

TOPOGRAPHY: Gentlysloping.

DRAINAGE: Imperfectlydrained and permeability is rapidto moderate in the solum. The D horizon is veryslowly permeable. The combination ofgently sloping topography and slowly permeable D horizonhas encouraged lateral movement ofseepage water. PARENT MATERIAL: Coarse - textured marinesediments (beach) underlain by glacial till ormarine clay.

CLASSIFICATION: Podzol;(Mini Humo-Ferric Podzol, 1970).

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 1- 0 Darkbrown fibrous semi-decomposedorganic mat. pH 4.5.

A1 0- 2 Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/3 moist, 4/3 dry) loamy sand,moderate granular structure (mull), friable. pH 5.2.

A2 2-23 Lightreddish brown (5 YR 6/3 moist, 713 dry) loamy sand, loose andporous. pH 5.2. ROWSER LOAMY SAND (cont 'dl

H orizon DepthHorizon inches 1 R, ?/2-20 Darkreddish brown (5 YR 3/4 moist, 4/6 dry ) loamy sand. Weak finesubangular blocky structure. A few large (1 to 3 i.nchesdiameter) irre- gularlyshaped very firm stronglycemented clods scatteredthrough the horizon. Roots abundant. PH 5.9.

B,G 20-25 'Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6 moist) to reddish brown (5 YR 414 moist ) cementedloamy sand; anortstein layer. pH 5.9.

D 2h+ Very pale brown (10 YR 7/3 moist) to white 10 YR 8,'l moist),mottled, compact silt loam. pH 5.8.

CH EM1CAL DATA :

Hor . Depth PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches % z ratio z

Al 0- 2 5.2 11.73 0.54 12.6 0.03 1 A;! 2-? /2 3.2 3.17 0.12 15.3 1 E2 ? /2-?O 3 *9 3.59 0.12 17.4 0.03

Hor Depth Hor pH Exchangeablecations S urn z inches (m.e./loOgms 1 of Base Ca Mg K Na H CationsSat. I pHYS ICAL DATA:

Hor Depth Bulk PermanentMoisture Porosity inch es density equivalentdensityinchesWiltingTotal Non-Cap.

B2 21/2-20 1.09 13.8 6.3 61.0 32.4

kg 20- 26 10.5 7 .I

Depth of Soil inches

46 8 12 16 18 20

Availablewater .b .5 .7 1 .o 1.4 1.6 1.7 inches

I REFERENCE: C.B. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959. c CADBORO GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM

LOCATION: Mostly in southern portion of Saanich

CLIMATE: Mean Temperature (9) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 50 Annual: 30.27 Jan. : 40 Apr i 1- July : 97 July : 62 May-S ept .: 94 VEGETATION: The nativevegetation is largelyan oak-grass association although in places standsof first-generation Douglas fir withan understory of grassoccur. Also there may be foundoccasionally, a mixed forest ofDouglas fir, hemlock,maple and alder. 1 TOPOGRAPHY: Rolling. DRAINAGE: Well drained;permeability is moderateexcept in the parent material where it is veryslow. Lateral movement of water occursover the surface of the parent material during the winter season.

PARENT MATERIAL: Compact sandy loam glacial till or wave - modified till whichcontains moderate numbers of cobbles and stones.

CLASSIFICATION: Black; (Orthic Sombric Brunisol, 1970 ) .

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 1- 0 Dark brown well decomposed forest litter. pH 5.3.

A1 0- 9 Black (lo YR 2/1 moist, 3/l dry* ) sandy loam, loose finegranular structure. Plant roots abundant, horizonboundary very gradual. pH 5.8.

9-.19Brown (10 YR 5/3 moist, 6/3 dry)gravelly sandy loam, weak fine subangular blocky structure which crushesreadily to fine granules and single grains. Few stonesand cobbles. 50 percent gravel. Plant roots are comon,horizon boundary is gradual. pH 5.9. CADBORO GRAVELLYSANDY LOAM (Cant 'd 1

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

B? 19-32Yellowish brown (lOYR moist,5/4 614 dry)gravelly sandyloam, similar instructure to B1, hard con- s is tence . Root mat at bottom of horizon;horizon boundary is abrupt. 20 to 25 percent gravel pH 5.9.

CHEMICAL DATA :

Hor . Depth PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches % $ rat io I

A0 1- 0 5-3 43.97 1 *33 19.2

A1 0- 9 3 .a 0.6111.73 11.1 0.16

Bl 9- 19 5.9 3.17 0.16 11.5 0 .oa

B, 19- 32 5.9 1.57 0.08 11.4 0 .Ob

C 32+ 5.7 0.69 0.03 13.3 0.02

Hor . Depth pH Exchangeablecations S um z Ex .Mn inches (m.e./loogms) of Bas e P.P.M. Ca Mg K Na H Cat ions Sat.

A1 0- 9 5.8 17.0014.10 0.25 3.07 34.42 3.4359.0

C 32+ 5.7 6.20 2.75 0.11 1.131.7084.3 10.76

PHYSICALDATA :

H orizon Depth Bulk Moisture Permanent PorosityPermanentMoisture Bulk DepthHorizon inchesDensityEquivalent Wilting Total Non- cap. gms /c c % % z z

A1 0- 9 1.09 18.3 8.119.8 54.3

B1 9- 19 1.38 15.4 -i .2 51.4 14.O

B2 5.5 19- 3211.6 1.45 46.2 11.1

C 32+ 1.69 34.3 7.7 CADBORO GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM (cont 'd 1

' REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No 6, 1959. CASS IDY COMPLEX

LOCATION: Scatteredoccurance mainly along 1 swift streams emergingfrom the mountains (l9,loO acres).

CLIMATE:Mean temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual : 49 Annual : 56.38 Jan : 35 April-July : 1.94 July : 63 May-Sept. : 1.66

VEGETATION: Maple,red alder and young conifers with a groundcover of shrubs. Stumps are presentin the second growth but theirfrquency and the density of the second growth is lower than on Chemainus soils. 1 TOPOGRAPHY: Levelto gently sloping with rough micro-relief. Mounds as high as 5 feet result in many short steep slopes. Theseirregularities are remnants of former stream channels.

DRAINAGE: Mostly rapid but there are occasional small poorlydrained areas which may amount to lo per cent of the soil area. Permeability is rapid.Spring and flash floods occasionally depositor erode materials in the lower lying areas. PARENTMATERIAL: Coarse - texturedalluvium.

CLASSIFICATION: Alluvial;(Orthic Regosol, 1970).

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

HorizonDepth inches

A0 2- 0 Darkorganic litter, semi-decomposed.

(10 3/2 A1 0- 2 Verydark grayish brown YR moist, h/2 dry 1 gravelly sandy loam containing a numberof small cobbles. Weak finegranular structure. pH 5.5.

C1 2- 5 Lightbrownish gray (2.5 Y 612 moist, 7/4 dry 1. gravellysandy loam: friable.Single grain structure. Well roundedcobbles present. pH 5.7.

5- Similarto above; weakly stratifged gravelly sandy loamwith cobbles. Loose and very porous. pH 6.5. CASSIDY COMPLEX (cont 'd 1

Soiltexture ranges from sandy loam through coarser-texturedclasses to stony sand. However, thesignificant mapping units usedwere sandy loam (6,130 acres 1, loamy sand (1,410 acres ) and gravelly loamy sand (11,540 acres 1

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959. CHEMAINUSCOMPLEX

LOCATION: Scatteredoccurance throughout east coast of VancouverIsland (32,745 acres 1.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (% ) Mean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual: 49 Annual 49-95 Jan. : 36 April-July : 1.68 July : 63 May -Sept. : 1.50

VEGETATION: Thevegetation is mixed. Some areas supportvaluable stands of hemlockand red cedar.Logged-off areas support a secondgrowth of red alder andyoung conifers with a groundcover of sword fern,thistle thimbleberries and huckleberries. In other areas, maple,red alder, willows and cottonwood are dominantwith a groundcoverconsisting of grassesand shrubs.

TOPOGRAPHY: Levelto gently sloping.

DRAINAGE : Variable.

PARENT MATERIAL: Moderateand fine textured alluvium.

CLASSIFICATION: Alluvium;(Orthic Regosol, 1970 ).

PROFILE DESCRIPTION :

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 1- o Verydark brown well-decomposedleaf litter.

A1 0- 4 Dark brown to black (lo YR 2/2 to 2/1 moist, 4/2 dry) silt loam,strong medium granularstructure. Friable and softconsistence. pH 6.2 Horizon boundary is abrupt. CHEMAINUS COMPLEX (con ' t 1

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

C 4t Grayish brown (10 YR 5/;? moist, 6/2 dry) silt loam,amorphous structure,friable consistence. Stratified. pH 5.9. Mottles start at 13 inches andbecome prominent at depth.

Soiltexture ranges from fine sandy loam to clay loam with thenost common texturebeing loam. Themapping units used were finesandy loam to loam (17,570 acres) and silt loam toclay loam (15,175 acres).Occasionally pebbles may be present.

CHEMICAL DATA: (for Chemainus Silt Loam)

Hor. Depth Hor. PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches P $ ratio $

A1 0- 4 1.2 18.68 0.75 14.4 0.08

C 4+ 5 -9 2.34 0.09 15.1 0.07

Hor Depth Hor PH Exchangeablecations S um % inches (m.e./loogms inches of Bas e Ca Mg K Na H CationsSat.

A1 0- 4 6.2 30.00 8.40 0.66 0.18 10.20 49.44 79.5

C. 4- 12 >.9 7.60 1.40 0.32 0.28 3.77 13.37 71.9

PHYSICAL DATA: (for Chemainus Silt Loam)

Hor Depth Bulk MoisturePermanentPoros i ty inch es densityinchesequivalent WiltingTotal Non-Cap.

C 4- 12 1.02 21.o 5.7 59 .o lo.8 CHEMAINUS COMPLEX (con 'd 1

Depth of Soil inches

4 6 8 12 16 18 20 24

Available water .8 1.1 1.21 2.1 2.7 3.1 3.4 4.0

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, IgFjg. COFTICHAN CLAY LOAM

I 1 LOCATION: Peninsula, Duncan andAlberni

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual: 49 Annual : 41.64 Jan. : 37 April-July ; 1.38 July : 63 May - Sept.: 1.20

VEGETATION: The originalforest vegetation consisting of redcedar, hemlock, alderand maple hasbeen logged off. Secondgrowth alder, willows, maple andred cedar now predominate. 1 TOPOGRAPHY: Very gentlysloping level.to DRAINAGE: Poorlydrained; permeability of the A1 horizon is intermediate whilethat of theother horizons is verylow. Thelow-er part of the A1 horizon may be mottled and the subsoil upon drying out becomes veryhard. PARENT MATERIAL: Fine - texturedmarine sediments. CLASSIFICATION: Dark grey Gleysolic; (Humic EluviatedGleysol, 1970).

PROFILE DESCRIPTION :

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

A00 2- 1 Moss, leaves , needles,etc., largely undecomposed.

A0 1- 0 Darkbrown well decomposed organic matter, pH 5.0.

A1 0- 8 Very dark brown (lo YR 2/2 moist, 4/2 dry)clay loam, strong medium subangularblocky and granular structure,friable. pH 5 2. Horizonboundary abrupt. COW ICHAN CLAY LOAM (cont 'd )

HorizonDepth inches

Brown (lo YR 5/3 moist, -7/3 dry) silt loam of massiveto bloclcy structure.Slight mottling, veryplastic andvery hard. pH 5.2. Horizon boundary clear.

Pale brown (10 YR 6/3 moist, 2.5 Y 7/4 dry) silty clay,highly mottled (lo YR 5/6 amorphous,very plastic and very hard. pH 4.9. Rootsrarely penetratethis horizon.

C1 23- 28 Pale brown (lo YK 6/3moist, 7/3 dry) silty clay loam, highlymottled. Amorphous. pH 5.4.

c2 28+ Pale brown (lo YR 6/3moist, 7/3 dry 1 silty clay loamwith amorphous to very coarse blocky structure;blackish organic stains andsplotches on cleavagefaces. Very slowlypermeable; no roots. pH 5.8.

CHEMICAL DATA :

Hor Depth PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches $ $' rat io z

A0 2- 0 5.0 50.37 0.89 32.8

A1 0- 8 5.2 11.04 0.36 1-1 .a 0.08

A2 8- 14 5 -2 0.96 0.05 11.1 0 .ol

B 14-23 4.9 1.52 0.06 14.7 0.02

0.02 c2 28+ 5 -8 0.69 0.03 13.3

H or Depth Hor eH Exchangeablecations S urn % Ex.Mn Total inches (m.e.jloogms) inches of Base p.p.m. cu Ca Mg K Na H Sat.Cations p.p.m.

A1 0- 8 5.2 8.96 5.59 0.69 0.42 18.85 33.52 43.7 22.37 50

A2 5-14 5.2 2.00 2.20 0.18 0.22 5.30 46.49.90 .04

B 14-23 4.7 9.18 7.46 0.27 0.61 6.34 23.86 73.5 89 c2 ?3+ 5.8 8.1913.30 0.17 0.91 2.18 24.75 91.1 1.06 COWICHAN CLAY LOAM (cont 'd 1

Ho r Depth si Fe A1 Ti Ca Mg Na K P inches s9

8 26.54 4.85 8.32A1 4.85 26.54 0- 8 0.50 1.57 1.01 0.08

31.06 4.6231.06 0.46 1.151.60 0 .Ol A2 8-14 7.69

B 14-23 28.029.52 5.94 0.65 1.16 1.10 0.02

c2 28+3.03 5.4629.19 0.611.38 1.83 0.02

PHYS TCAL DATA :

Hor Depth Sand Silt Clay inches 2- .05 .05-002 .002

A1 0- 8 27.94 41.04 31.02

c2 28+ 13.lo '(9.86 37 904

HorMoisture PermanentPorosBulk Depth i ty inchesdensityequivalent wiltingTotal Non-Cap . gms /c c % % s% %

A1 08 0.84 33 -6 10.3 63.8 lo.2

A, 8- 14 1.59 17.5 4 .O 414.3 4*3

B 14-23 1.52 31.1 17.1 48.1 3 *2

Depth of Soil inches

468 12 16 18 20

Availablewater .8 1.2 1.6 2.4 3.73.3 4.2 inches

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959. f c

CUSTER LOAMY SAND

LOCATION: Northern portion of Nanaimo Lowlands (3430 acres).

CLIMATE : MeanTemperature (OF) MeanPrecipitation (inches)

Annual : 49 Annual : 44.94 Jan. : 35 JulyApril- : 1.59 July : 63 -Sept.: May 1.45 VEGETATION: The vegetation consists mainlyof red alder, red cedar, white pine and hemlock. Usually the standsof alder are very dense.

TOPOGRAPHY : Generally it is level to gently undulating but in the Sayward Valley these soils may be found on moderately sloping land. 1 DRAINAGE: Imperfectly drained and permeability in B,the horizon is slow. The subsoil is porous but highly mottled and is moist most of the time.

PARENT MATERIAL: Coarse textured material.

CLASSIFICATION: Podzol; (Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, 1970)

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

HorizonDepth inches

A0 2- 0 Dark brownvery fibrous mat of semi-decomposed leaves, needles and wood. pH 4.9.

A2 0- 5 Light brownish gray to gray (lo YR 6/2 to 5/1 moist, 7/l dry ) loamy sand. Single grainand weak fine subangular blocky structure, friable and soft. Many roots. pH 5.5. CUSTER LOAMYSAND (cont ‘d)

Hor i zon Depth inches

Bp 5-13 Dark reddish brown yellowishto red (5 YR 3/4 to 4/6 moist or dry) loamy sand, strongly cemented,very hard and very firm. pH 5.5 Horizon boundaryabrupt.

B3 10-2 Strong brown (7.5 YK 518 moist, 10 YR 6/8 dry) stronglymottled loamy sand.Massive structure and weakly cemented. pH 5.3. Horizonboundary abrupt.

C t Darkgray (IO YK 4j1, 2.5 Y Sj;? dry 1 loose stratified sand, somewhat mottled. pH 6.3.

CHEMICAL DATA :

Ho r. Depth Hor. PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches % 7 ratio 7 1 A0 l/?- 0 11.9 48.j0 1. yh 16.1

PH‘ISICAI, DATA:

Hor . Depth Bulk Moisture Permanent inches densityequivalentinches wilting gms; cc $ ;x

RXFEKENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959.

DASHWOOD GRAVELLY LOAMY SAND

LOCATION: OysterRiver - ShawniganLake (72,970 acres + 940 acres.)

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF 1 Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 49 Annual : 44.9b Jan. : 35 April-July : 1.59 July : 63 May -Sept.:1.43

VEGETATION: Douglas fir, hemlock, some lodgepolepine, red alder and a few arbutus trees. Theunderstory is dominatedby salal, sword fern andbracken. I TOPOGRAPHY: Thetopography is gentlysloping to sloping. In some areas kame-likeand strongly rolling morainic topography is conanon.

DRAINAGE: Drainageranges from excessive to moderate while permeability variesfrom rapid to moderate in the solum. The D horizon is veryslowly permeable and induces lateral movement of seepage water.

PARENT MATERIAL: Very coarse - texturedmarine sediments underlain by glacial till ormarine clay.

~JASSIF1CATION: Brown Podzolic;(Orthic Dystric Brunisol, 1970).

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 I- 0 Dark brown forest litter of leavesandtwigs. pH 6.5.

B2 0- lo Yellowishbrown (10 YR 5/6 moist, 6/4 dry) loose structurelessgravelly loamy sand.Stones are coatedwith iron stains. pH 5.8. PI 10-73 Yellowish brown (lo YR 5/8 moist, 6/4 dry) -1 Loose structureless gravelly sand. pH 6.0.

L.,' 3:; T,ig;ht !;ellowish brown 6,/h //3 C1 - (LO YR moist, dry) loose structurelessgravelly sand, mottled in lower part. pH 6.0.

0 i'i Cra:; (17 VR 6; 1 moist, 7/1 dry ) gravelly sandy loam glacial till, much mottled in upper part. pH - . /. DUNCAN PLOT 2

I LOCATION : Inwood Creek. Approx. 1 mile west of Sahtlam, Cowichan Valley.

CLIMATE: MeanTemperature (OF) MeanPrecipitation (inches )

Annual: 49 Annual : 39.67 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept.: 1.19 VEGETATION: Primarily Douglas fir with some cedar and hemlock. Understory consists mainlyof salal, moss and bracken with some sword fern.

TOPOGRAPHY : Mainly flat with little or no slope. I Well to moderately well. PARENT MATERIAL: Glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: Degraded Acid Brown Wooded, 1965; (Mini Humo - Ferric Podzol, 1970. 1

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

HorizonDepth inches

L-H 1- 0" Largelyundecomposed moss, needles,twigs, etc.

Ah5 0- 1" Darkcoloured, discontinuous horizon that showed some signsof eluviation or degradation.

B fl 1- 6 " Reddish brown coloured horizon which shows no evidence of clay accumulation, but in which the pebbles are coated with iron oxides and which also contains few concretionary materials. Horizon characterized 6y a porous, friable nature. DUNCAN PLOT 2 (cont'd 1

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

Brownish coloured horizon with a porous, Bf2 6- 12 " friable nature.

Bm 12- 18" Yellowish brown horizon,quite compact.

C 18" + Greyishcoloured horizon, very compact, glacial till with possibly some indication ofcementation (gravelly SL texture).

CHEMICAL DATA :

~~ TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cat ions ppm Total C EC Horizon PH d k ppm PPm PP~ Ca Mg K Na me/lOO R me/loo g

1- ol' 5.8 + 1.08 65 loo 610 4700 5801550 90 32.62 55.56

0-6" 5.6 2.3 .07 220 135 130 200 35 70 60 1.73 8.06

6- 12 *' 0.95.4 .06 70 80 loo 75 25 40 60 0.95 5 e89

12- 18" 5.5 0.4 .oh 80 12 110 50 35 30 55 0.86 4.22

+ Ignition Loss - 71.46

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beatonand I. HacRae, 1966.Profile and Chemical Characteristics of Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on VancouverIsland (1963 - 1965 ). E. P. 679;Research Division, B. C. ForestService. DUNCAN PLOT 2

LOCATION : Inwood Creek. Approx. 1 mile west of Sahtlam, Cowichan Valley.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (9) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 49 Annual : 39.67 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept.: 1.19

VEGETATION: Primarily Douglas fir with some cedarand hemlock. Understory consistsmainly of salal, moss andbracken with some swordfern.

TO POGRAPIIY : Mainly flat with little or no slope. I DRAINAGE: Well to moderately well. PARENT MATERIAL: Glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1965;(Mini Humo - FerricPodzol, 1970. )

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 0- 1” Largely undecomposedmoss, needles,twigs, etc.

Ah- Ahz 1- on Dark coloureddiscontinuous horizon due to incorporation of organic matter that showed some indicationsof degradation.

Bf 1 1-5 Reddish Brown colouredhorizon inwhich pebbles are coatedwith iron oxides and which contains a few concretionaryparticles. Characterized by a loose structure and a friable consistence. DUNCAN PLOT 2 (cont d 1

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

Bf2 6- 12 Brownishcoloured horizon with fewer coatingand fewer concretions.

Bm 12-2bn Yellowish brown coloured horizon with a porousstructure and friable consistence.

C 2bn + Greyish-brown,somewhat compacted, till parentmaterial (gravelly L-SI, texture).

CHEMICAL DATA:

TotalBray Non Ex. AcetateExt. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH z $ PPm PPm ppm Ca Mg K Na me/lOO g me/lOO R

1- 0 5.6 1.23 220 84 5504500230 1850 40 31.9165.28

0- 6 " 3.65.8 .lo 120 loo 135 1000 70 85 60 6.06 10.00

6- 12" 5.8 1.2 .05 85 loo loo 200 35 40 50 1.61 6.89

12-18" 5.8 0.7 .06 55 21 115 85 35 55 25 1.17 4.56

18-24" 5.9 0.8 .05 45 9 85 125 35 25 50 1.20 5 .oo

24" +.05 0.5 5.8 75 lo 75 115 25 30 50 1.09 4.11

4 Ignition loss 86.6%

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beatonand I. MacRae, 1966. Profileand Chemical Characteristics of Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on VancouverIsland (1963 - 1965). E. P. 679; ResearchDivision, B. C. ForestService. DUNCAN PLOT 6

LOCATION : Inwood Creek.Approx. 1 mile west ofSahtlam, Cowichan Valley.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual : 49 Annual : 39.67 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.33 July : 54 May -Sept. : 1.19

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists mainly of moss with some Oregongrape, bracken, grass, red huckleberry and waxberry.

TOPOGRAPHY: Mainly flat with little or noslope.

DRAINAGE: Well tomoderately well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Reworked till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid BrownWooded, 1965; ( Mini Hum0 - FerricPodzol, 1970 )

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L-H 1- 0" Largely undecomposed forest litter. - AheJ 0- 1lr Darkcoloured horizon with some indication of eluviation.

1- 5" Reddish brown colouredhorizon consisting 1 Bf of poorlysorted alluvial material and glacial till (lighttextured).

B f, 5- 12 Brownishcoloured hori-zon. DUNCAN PLOT 6 (cont'd)

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

Bm 12- 201' Yellowish Brown colouredhorizon.

D 20" + Stony, gravellydeposit (not parent material ) .

CHEMICAL DATA :

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH % % PPm PPm PPm Ca Mg K Na me/loo g me/100 g

1- 0 I' 5.383.0 1.74 365 225 1140 5600450 630 40 33.48 73.33

0- 1 It 5.1 27.6 0.82 180 126 90 4900 270 180 20 27.25 43-33

1-5'' 4.75.8 0.30 170 260 70 84030 110 20 4.82 18.89

5-1Z'I1 4.83.6 0.29 140240 50 300 40 70 20 2.10 20.00

12"+ 5.6 1.0 0.08 70 320 0 80 30 110 lo 0.97 7.78

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beaton and I. MacRae, 1966. Profileand Chemical Characteristics of Soils on PacificLogging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on Vancouver Island (1963 - 1965 1. E. P. 679; ResearchDivision, 8. C. Forest Service. DUNCAN PLOT 6

LOCATION: Inwood Creek.Approx 1 mile west of Sahtlam, Cowichan Valley, VancouverIsland.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF 1 Mean Precipitation (inches )

Annual: 49 Annua 1 : 39.67 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept.:1.19

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understoryconsists mainly of moss with some Oregon grape,bracken, grass, red huckleberry and waxberry. I TOPGGRAPHY : Mainly flat with little or no slope. DRAINAGE : Well to moderately well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Reworked till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1965; (Mini Humo - FerricPodzol, 1?70* 1

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1-0" Largely undecomposed forest litter.

- SI Ahe j 9- 2 Dark colouredhorizon with some indication of eluviation.

B f 1 2-8'* Reddish brown colouredhorizon that consists of sorted alluvial material and some water worked till. Horizonhas a porous,friable nature. Theupper part of thishorizon also showssome indicationof degradation. DUNCAN PLOT 6 (cont'd)

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

Brownishcoloured horizon (also relatively Bf 2 8-17" stone free 1.

Yellowish coloured horizon.

Water sorted alluvial material that is more stone free and lightertexture (probably IS) thanthe overlying solum.

CHEMICAL DATA :

TotalBray Non Ex. AcetateExt , OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH % $ ppm ppm pprn Ca MF: K Na me/loo g me/loO

1-0" 5.2 67.0 1.22 350 270 1280 2400 2901020 70 17 30 53.56

0-2 " 5.3 17.4 0.32 120 200 150 2260 180 130 30 13.24 30.00

2- 8 " 5.4 1.4 0.12 85 150 loo 180 20 60 20 1.31 7 -78

8-17" 5.7 1.1 0.11 85 50 110 70 30 2060 0.84 5 056

17-22'' 0.85.8 0.09 65 50 120 40 20 20 20 0.51 5.56

22- + 5.9 0.4 0.24 100 40 loo 60 loo 30 10 1.24 6.67

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beatonand I. MacRae, 1966. Profile andChemical Characteristics of Soils on PacificLogging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on VancouverIsland (1963 - 1965). E. P. 679; ResearchDivision, B. C. ForestService. DUNCAN PLOT 9

LOCATION : Inwood Creek.Approx. 1 mile west of Sahtlam, Cowichan Valley.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF 1 Mean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual: 49 Annual : 39.67 Jan. : 31 April-July : 1.33 July : 54 May -Sept. : 1.19

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists mainly of salal and moss with some Oregon grape, bracken, redhuckleberry, sword fernand willow.

1 TO P0GRAPH.Y : Sloping to 20% with a north aspect. DRAINAGE : Well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedArid Brown Wooded, 1965; (Mini Humo - Ferric Podzol, 1970. )

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L-H 1- ot’ Largely undecomposed forest litter.

Ah e 0- lM Dark coloured,slightly degraded horizon.

B fl 1- 5” Reddish brown colouredhorizon that is very porousand friable in nature.

Bf, 5- 17” Brownishcoloured horizon, very friable. DUNCAN PLOT 9 (cont Id)

Horizon Depth inches

Yellowish brown colouredhorizon, very friable.

C 30" + Well drained and quite friable glacial till parent material (probably a gravelly SL texture 1.

CHEMICAL DATA:

Total Bray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH ss d Ppm PPmPPm Ca Mg K Na =/loo g =/loo g

1- 0 " 5.4 83.0 1.72 830 220 1050 460 1250 30 26.62 66.67

0- 1" 4.8 25.0 0.68190 75 loo 260 290 30 19.26 41.11

1- 5" 5.0 3.2 0.14 130 130 80 20 110 20 1.91 11.11

5- 12'I 5.31.5 0.14 115 70 I90 60 loo lo 1.65 8.89

12- 17 " 5.4 0.8 0.12 85 20 160 60 70 lo 1.42 5 e56

17-30" 5.3 0.8 0.14 75 4 180 30 90 lo 1.02 6.67

30- 33" 5.6 0.7 0.07 40 8 120 50 80 10 1.30 6.67

33 + 0.35.6 0.07 lo 16 170 90 40 lo 1.24 5.56

E. P. 679;Research Division, 8. C. ForestService. DUNCAN PLOT 9

LOCATION: Inwood Creek.Approx. 1 mile west ofSahtlam, Cowichan Valley.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation ( inches 1

Annual: 49 Annual : 39.67 Jan. : 31 April-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept. : 1.19

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists mainly of salal and moss with some Oregon grape,bracken, red huckleberry, sword fern and willow.

TOPOGRAPHY: Sloping to 20% with a north aspect.

DRAINAGE : Well.

PAKENT MATERIAL: Friableglacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1965; ( Mini Hum0 - FerricPodzol, 1970. 1 PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- 0'* Largelyundecomposed'forest litter.

Ae 0-1/2" Highlyleached horizon blending to Ahe horizon (i.e. the Ae horizon is generally discontinuous).

Bf 1 1/2- 6 Reddish brown colouredhorizon that is very porousand friable in nature. The upper part ofthis horizon shows some indication of degradation. DUNCAN PLOT 9 (cont ' d 1

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

Bf2 6- 16 Brownishcoloured horizon (very friable). Bm 30'' 16- Yellowish brown coloured,friable.

C 30" + Well drained and quite friable glacial till parent material (probably a gravelly SL texture 1.

CHEMICAL DATA :

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cat ions ppm Total CEC Horizon pH k 7 ppm PPm PPm Ca M9 IC Na me/lOo R me/loo g

1- O'I 4.9 75.0 1.56830 220 13003700 480 1700 50 27.02 68.89

0-2* 4.9 82.0 0.91 270 225150 3750300 230 60 21.67 71.11

2-3" 4.7 5.4 0.21 150 75 140 800 60 150 20 4.97 28.89

3-6" 5.1 3.2 0.15 125 55 90 510 40 210 30 3.55 11.11

6-16" 5.3 1.2 0.12 75 lo loo 170 40 180 30 1.77 7 -78

16-24" 5.3 0.7 0.15 11090 15 90 30 80 20 0 099 6.67

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T,, R. C. Speer, J. D. Beatonand I. MacRae, 1966. Profileand Chemical Characteristics of Soils on PacificLogging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on VancouverIsland (19631965 I*

E. P. 679; ResearchDivision, B. C. Forest Service. DUNCAN PLOT 12 1 LOCATION : Tnwood Creek.Approx. 1 mile west ofSahtlam, Cowichan Valley.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual: 49 Annual : 39.6.7 Jan. : 37 ApriI-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept. : 1.lg

VEGETATION : PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists mainly of salal, mossand swordfern with some Oregongrape.

TO POGKA PH Y : Mainly flat with little orno slope.

I DRAINAGE : Well to moderately well.

PARENTMATERIAL: Compact glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid BrownWooded, 1965;(Mini Hum0 - FerricPodzol, 1970.

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- or' Largely undecomposed moss, needles,twigs, etc.

Ahe 0- 1" Dark colouredhorizon with some indication of degradation.

1- 6 " Reddish brown colouredhorizon, characterized Bf 1 by a porousstructure and a friableconsistence.

6- 18" Brownishcoloured, friable horizon. Bf2

Rm 18-2b3 Yellowish brown coloured,quite friable horizon.

1 DUNCAN PLOT 12 (cont 'dl

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

C 24" + Greyishcoloured, compact glacial till parent material with a gravelly SI, texture (i.e. ap- pearsslightly coarser textured than soil in pit next to tree No. 36 ).

CHEMICAL DATA:

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH I z PPm PPm PPm Ca Hs K Na me/loO g me/lOO 6

1- 0 4.7 58.0 0.69 320 150 loo 3900530 1700 120 28.73 51.44

0- 6 " 5.8 2.0 0.09 85 90 135 590 45 55 70 3.76 10.78

6-12" 6.0 1.8 0.07 85 80 135 500 25 45 65 3.11 9 e78

12-18" 6.0 1.7 0.08 70 17 315 90 35 30 65 2.23 8.56

18-24" 6.0 1.6 0.07 loo 15 125 210 15 25 70 1.53 9.56

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beatonand I. MacRae, 1966. Profileand Chemical Characteristics of Soils onPacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials onVancouver Island (1963 - 19651. E. P. 679;Research Division, B. C. ForestService. I

DUNCAN PLOT 12

L LOCATION : Inwood Creek.Approx. 1 mile west ofSahtlam, Cowichan Valley.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual: 49 Annual : 39.67 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept. : 1.19

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists mainly of moss with some sword fernand blueberry. Also lesser amountsof vanilla leaf, grass andOregon grape. I TO POGRA PHY : Mainly flat with little orno slope. DRAINAGE : Well tomoderately well.

PARENTMATERIAL: Compact glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1965; (Mini Hum0 - FerricPodzol, 1970. )

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

L-H 1-0" Largely undecomposedmoss,needles, twigs, etc. - Ahe j O-zn Darkcoloured horizon dueincorporation to of organic matter andashes (i.e. signs of fire history) with some indications of degradation.

Bfl 2-6" Reddish brown colouredhorizon characterized by a porousstructure and a friable consistence in whichthe pebbles are coatedwith iron oxides.

Bf2 6- 18" Brownishcoloured horizon with a friableconsistence. DUNCAN PLOT 12 (cont'd)

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

Bm 18- 24 Yellowish brown coloured horizon,

C 24" + Greyish brown coloured,compact, well drained (gravelly L texture) glacial till.

CHEMICAL DATA :

Total Bray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH z $ ppm ppm PP~ Ca W K Na me/100 g me/100 g

0- 1" 5.1 61.00.58320 140 40 4950650 1240 110 33.7552.44

0- 6 I' 5.8 5.1 0.12 245 22 155 1000 110 75 60 6 035 12.22

6-12'' 5.8 3.0 5.86-12'' 0.10 140 23 115 520 25 55 75 11.333.28

(1963 0 19651.

E. P. 679; ResearchDivision, B. C. ForestService. DUNCAN PLOT 16

LOCATION : Inwood Creek. Approx. 1 mile west of Sahtlam, Cowichan Valley.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual : 49 Annual : 39.67 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept. : 1.19

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists mainly of moss with some bunchberry, Oregon grapeand bracken.

TOPOGRAPHY : Mainly flat with little or noslope. I DRAINAGE: Well to moderately well. PARENT MATERIAL: Glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid BrownWooded, 1965; (Mini Hum0 - Ferric Podzol, 1970. )

PROFILE DES CRI€?CION :

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L-H 1- 0” Largely undecomposedmoss.

Ahe 0- 2 I’ Dark colouredhorizon that appears tocontain some concretionary materials. The upper part of this horizon shows some indication of degradation.

8-20” Brownishcoloured horizon, quite stony and very friable in nature. DUNCAN PLOT 16 (cont Id)

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

Bm 20-30" Yellowish brown horizon,quite stony and very friable in nature.

C 30" + Stonyglacial till parent material, not quite as compact as in pit next to tree No. 234.

CHEMICAL DATA:

TotalBray Non Ex. AcetateExt. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH % 7 ppm ppm ppm Ca Mg K Na me/loO g me/loo g

1- 0 " 5.3 80.0 1.08 820 240 1100 3600390 1200 50 24.51 66.67

0-2- 5.7 3.9 0.17 150 260190 1300 110 110 IO 7.45 12.22

2- 8' 5.6 1.5 0.12 110 350 200 30370 80 10 2.35 11.11

8-20'' 5.8 1.1 0.11 100 80 170 300 40 40 LO 1.97 7.78

20+ 5.8 0.7 0.08 55 35 140 210 20 50 20 1.41 5.56

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beatonand I. MacRae, 1966. Profile and Chemical Characteristics of Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials onVancouver Island (1963 - 1965). E. P. 679;Research Division, B. C. ForestService. DUNCAN PLOT 16

LOCATION : Inwood Creek.Approx. 1 mile westof Sahtlam, Cowichan Valley.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual : 49 Annual : 39.67 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept. : 1.19

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists mainly of moss with some bunchberry,Oregon grape and bracken.

TOPOGRAPHY : Mainly flat with little orno slope.

I DRAINAGE : Well to moderately well.

PARENT MATEKIAL: Compact glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1965;(Mini Hum0 - FerricPodzol, 1970. )

PROFILE DESCRIM'ION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- o'* Largely undecomposed moss.

Ahe 0- 1w. Darkcoloured horizon that is weaklyeluviated.

Bf 1 1- 5'' Reddishcoloured horizon that is quite friable. The upper part of thishorizon showssome indication of degradation.

f2 5-18" Brownishcoloured horizon.

Bm 18-26 " Yellowish brown colouredhorizon.

C 24'' + Compact, glacial till parent material (probably a gravelly SL (Hv) texture 1, DUNCAN PLOT 16 (cont'dl

CHEMICAL DATA:

TotalBray Non Ex. AcetateExt. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm To tal cEC Horizon pH % I PPm PPm PP Ca Hg K Na =/loo g =/lo3 g

1- 0 I' 5.3 65.0 0.91 770 200 900 2520 330 1150 30 18.40 57 -78

0- 1 I' 5.411.3 0.56 210 70 200 1940150 170 30 11.47 20.00

1-3'' 5.5 3.0 0.35 85 85 150 logo loo go 30 6.43 12.22

3-18" 5.9 1.7 0.34 'r5 30 180 340 30 60 20 2 .I9 8.89

18-21" 5.6 1.0 0.40 45 17 150 200 50 60 LO 1.60 7.78

21-26" 5.91.7 0.17 lo 20 320 200 20 70 lo 1.39 13 33 26" + 5.9 0.8 0.12 20 45 150 140 40 40 10 1.17 6.67

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beaton and I. MacRae, 1966. Profile and Chemical Characteristicsof Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trialson Vancouver Island (1963 - 1965). E. P. 679; Research Division, B. C. Forest Service. DUNCAN PLOT 19

v LOCATION : Inwood Creek.Approx. 1 mile west of Sahtlam,Cowichan Valley

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (%1 Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual: 49 Annua 1 : 39.67 Jan. : 37 AprilhJuly : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept. : 1.19

VEGETATION: Douglas fir. Understoryconsists mainly of salal with some moss and small amounts of brackenand red huckleberry.

TOPOGRAPHY : Slopingto 3% with a northaspect.

I DRAINAGE: Well. PARENTMATERIAL: Stonyglacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1963; ( Mini Hum0 - FerricPodzol, 1973. )

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1-0" Largely undecomposed forest litter.

Ahc 0- 1m Darkcoloured, slightly degraded.

1- 6 Reddishbrown coloured, porous, friable, and B f 1 quite stony

Bf2 6- 16 Brownishcoloured. Bm 16-24" Yellowish brown coloured.

C 2bn t Stony,glacial till parent material (probably a gravelly SL texture). DUNCAN PLOT 19 (cont 'd)

CHEMICAL DATA :

Total Bray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH % % PP~ppm PPm Ca Mg K Na me/lOO g me/lOo a

1- 0 5.0 77.0 0.97 820 260 1050 3050 370 1050 30 21.12 64.44

6-16" 5.5 2.10.19 220 13 200 180 40 110 20 1.60 12.22

16-22" 5.3 1.7 0.21 285 190 6 430 130 110 20 3.59 14.44

26" + 5.1 1.8 0.20 220 6 220 660 200 130 30 5.40 15.56

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, 3. D. Beaton and I. MacRae, 1966. Profile and Chemical Characteristics of Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on Vancouver Island (1963 - 19651. E P. 679; ResearchDivision, B. C. ForestService. DUNCAN PLOT 19

LOCATION : Inwood Creek.Approx. 1 mile west ofSahtlam, Cowichan Valley

CL LMATE : Mean Temperature (% ) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 49 Annual : 39.67 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept.:1.19

VEGETATION : Douglas fir.Understory consists mainly of salalwith some moss and small amountsof bracken and red huckleberry. I TOPOGRAPHY: Sloping to 58 with a north aspect. DRAINAGE : We1 1.

PARENT MATERIAL: Stonyglacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid BrownWooded, 1965; (Mini Hum0 - FerricPodzol, 1970 * )

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- 0’’ Largely undecomposed forest litter.

Ahe 0- 1*’ Darkcoloured, slightly degraded horizon.

Bfl 1- 5“‘ Reddish brown colouredhorizon, porous, quite friableand stony.

f2 5- 14” Brownishcoloured horizon.

Bm 14-22’’ Yellowish brown horizon-

c 22” + Stonyglacial till parent material (probably a gravelly SL texture). DUNCAN PLOT 19 (cont'd)

CHEMICAL DATA :

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH z z Ppm Ppm ppm Ca Hg K Na me/loo g me/lOO g

4.9 85.0 0.96 1260 320 1400 2900 400 1600 70 22.18 73.33

5.0 11.9 0.37 225 40 150 1840 280 320 30 12.45 31.11

5.1 tr.8 0.17 210 45 160 480 150 180 30 4.22 28.89

5.2 2.3 0.122.35.2 130 12 110 loo 40 loo 20 1.18 10.00

5.6 1.4 0.12 130 7 140 60 50 70 20 0.98 7.78 5.3 1.1 0.12 150 6 130 30 70 60 30 1 .Ol 6.67

E. P. 679; ResearchDivision, B. C. ForestService. DUNCAN PLOT 22

LOCATION : Inwood Creek.Approx. 1 mile west of Sahtlam, Cowichan Valley.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (?? ) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual : 49 Annual : 39.67 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept. : 1.19

VEGETATION: Douglas fir.Understory consists mainly of moss with some blueberry, Oregon grapeand sword fern.

TOPOGRAPHY: Sloping to 20% with a south aspect.

I DRAINAGE : We1 1

PARENTMATERIAL: Glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1965; ( Mini Hum0 - FerricPodzol, 1970' )

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- om Largely undecomposedmoss, needles, twigs, etc.

Ah e 0- 1" Darkcoloured horizon with some indication of degradation.

Bf 1 1- 6 " Reddish brown horizon (i.e. due tocoating of pebblesand sand grains with iron oxides) that is quitefriable to firm in consistence.

Bf2 6- 12 Brownishcoloured horizon. DUNCAN PLOT 22 (cont'd 1

HorizonDepth inches

Bm 12-Bm 18" Yellowishbrown coloured horizon.

C 18"+ Greyishcoloured, quite compact glacial till parent material (gravellyL-L texture).

CHEMICAL DATA :

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cationsppm Total CEC Horizon pH d % PPmPPm ppm Ca Mg K Na me/~oog me/loo g

1-0" 5.1 57.0 0.69 340 200 200 4250 550 1600 110 30.34 44.56

0- 6 '' 5.4 3.7 0.12 245 27 160 840 70 90 80 5.36 13.78

6-12'' 5.2 1.9 0.08 80 lo 140 110 15 50 70 1.10 lo. 11

12-18" 5.2 1.4 0.10 150 8 140 110 55 40 70 1.40 9.44

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beaton and I. MacRae, 1966, Profile and Chemical Characteristicsof Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on Vancouver Island (1963 - 1965 1. E. P. 679; Research Division,B. C. Forest Service. DUNCAN PLOT 22

LOCATION: Inwood Creek.Approx. 1 mile west ofSahtlam, Cowichan Valley

0 CLIMATE : Mean Temperature ( F) Mean Precipitation (inches 1

Annual: 49 Annual : 39.67 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept.: 1.19

VEGETATION: Douglas fir.Understory consists mainly of moss with some blueberry, Oregon grapeand sword fern. I TOPOGKAPHY : Sloping to 20% with a southaspect. DRAINAGE : Well

PARENT MATERIAL: Glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: DecradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1965; (Mini Hum0 - Ferric Podzol, 1970. )

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- om Largely undecomposed moss, needles,twigs, etc.

Ahe 0-1" Dark colouredhorizon, withdiscontinuous por- tions showing definitesigns of degradation.

B fl 1- 6 " Reddish brown colouredhorizon that is slightly less friable andprobably higher in clay content thatprofiles at sites Nos. 2 and 12.

Bf2 6-12"Brownish coloured horizon, quite friable to firm inconsistence. DUNCAN PLOT 22 ( cont ' d )

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

Bm 12- 18" Yellowish brown coloured horizon

C 18" + Greyishcoloured, somewhat compactedglacial till (gravelly L-L texture).

CHEMICAL DATA :

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total C EC Horizon pH % z ppm ppm ppm Ca MFT K Na me/lOO g me/lOO g

1-0" 5.1 48.0 0.08 305 170 200 3250 1240 320 90 29.00 44.11 0-6" 3.65.6 0.12 135 65 150 1000 65 80 70 6.03 15.22

6-12'' 5.1 1.6 0.10 95 33 155 115 25 45 70 1.21 lo. 00

12-18" 5.3 2.6 0.18 125 31 155 290 35 45 80 2.21 13 78

18"+ 5.3 1.6 0.08 145 6 145 520 90 45 75 3-17 11 .ll

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beatonand I. MacRae, 1966. Profile andChemical Characteristics of Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials onVancouver Island (1963 - 1965 1- E. P. 679; ResearchDivision, B, C. ForestService.

ESQUIMALTSANDY LOAM

LOCATION: Victoria - Colwood area (2590 acres )

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annua 1: 50 Annua 1 : 37.74 Jan. : 38 April-July : 1.05 July : 62 May -Sept. : 1.02

VEGETATION: Open stands of Douglas firwith a few scatteredGarry oak. There is a thinground cover of grass, weedsand bracken.

TOPOGFAPHY: Gentlysloping or level.

DRAINAGE: Rapidlydrained, permeability is alsorapid. The soil has very low water holdingcapacity and most crops suffer from lack of moistureduring the dry summer period.

PARENT MATERIAL: Coarse-texturedglacio - fluvial material.

CLASSIFICATION: Black;(Orthic Sombric Brunisol, 1970).

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 1- 0 Darkgrayish brownsemi-decomposed organic mat of needles,grass, leaves and twigs. pH 5.6.

A1 0- 10 Very dark brown (10 YR 2/2 moist, 3/2 dry ) sandyloam, medium granularstructure. Soft consistence.Pebbles are common. pH 5.9. Horizonboundary is clear.

B 10-18 Brown (10 YR 4/3 moist, 5/3 dry)sandy loam. Pebbles are common. Singlegrained structure. pH 6.1. ESQUIMALTSANDY LOAM (cont 'd )

HorizonDepth inches

C 18+ Grayish brown (2.5 Y 513 moist, 6/3 dry)gravelly sandyloam togravelly sand, slightly compact, singlegrained structure. Highly permeable and well stratified. pH 5.9.

CHEMICAL DATA :

H or Depth pH 0 .M. N C/N P inches SQ $ ratio %

A0 1- 0 5.6 62.79 0.94 38.7

A1 0- lo 5.9 5.66 0.20 16.4 0.24

B lo- 18 6.1 1.20 0.07 9.9 0 .Ol

C 18" 5.9 0.96 0.02 27.8 0.04

Hor Depth Si Fe A1 Ti Ca Mg Na K Y inches $

C 18+ 30.16 5.01 .?.77 0.50 3.32 3.48 2.011 0.65 0.04

PHVS ICAL DATA :

Hor Depth Bulk PermanentMoisture in ches density equivalentdensitywiltinginches I %

Al 0- lo 1.09 26.2 9 -8 B lo- 18 1.50 7.5 3 -6

Depth ok Soil inches

4 6 tj 12 16 18

Available water .7 1.0 1.3 1.8 2.0 2.1 inches REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959. F FAIRBRIDGE SILT LOAM I

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (%) Mean Precipitation ( inches 1

Annual : 49 Annual : 46.29 Jan. : 36 April-July : 1.56 July : 63 May -Sept.: 1.38 VEGETATION: Douglas fir, maple, hemlockand an occasionalarbutus, alder and willow. Salal cocmnonly forms theunderstory.

TOPOGRAPHY: Verygently to gentlysloping with a hummocky surfacedue to uprooting trees.

DRAINAGE: Well drainedand permeability is moderatein the D horizonbut very slow in the C.

PARENT MATERIAL: Fine-texturedmarine sediments.

PROFILE DESCRIPTION :

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 2- 0 Litter of needles, leaves andtwigs over dark brown moderately well decomposed organic debris. pH 4.9.

AB 0- 1 Brown (7.5 YR 5/4 moist, 6/4 dry ) silt loam of compound strong medium granular and weak fine subangularnucifom structure. About 23 per cent of the soil is medium sized (2-5 m.)hard concretions. pH 5.5. FAIRBRIDGE SILT LOAM (cont'd)

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

YR B, 1- 12 Brown todark yellowish brown (lo 4/4 to 4/3moist, 6/4 dry) silty clay loam of weak medium subangularblocky and strong coarse granularstructure. Many hardconcretions. Moderatelyfriable. A few pebbles may occur. pH 5.7. Horizonboundary is diffuse.

R 12- 19 Pale brown (10 YR h/3 moist, 7/3 dry 1 silty clay 3 loam, strongcoarse blocky structure, a fewcon- cretionsin upper part. pH 5.2. Horizonboundary abrupt.

19- 24 Pale yellow (?.5 Y 7/4 dry, 6/4 moist) silty clay loam of coarseblocky structure. Very firm and veryhard consistence. pH 5.6. Mottled.Gradual horizonboundary.

74. Paleyellow silty clay loam as above.Black stains and splotches on cleavage faces. pH 6.0.

CHEMICALDATA:

Hor Depth P 0 .M. N C/N P inches 7; % ratio z

A 0 2- 0 4.9 9 .h6

AB 0- 1 5.3 2 .o> 0.08 121.9 0.03

1- 12 5.7 1.65 0 .o> 19.1 0.06 B2

R3 12- 19 5.2 1.38 0 .Ob 20.0 0.03

C1 19-214 'j .!5 0.55 0.03 10.6 0.05

c2 2k-k 6 .o 0.55 0.02 16.0 0.05 FAIRBRIDGE SILT LOAM (cont 'd )

Hor Depth PH Exchangeablecations S um 7 inches (m, e ./ 10 ogms of Base Ca Mg K Na H Sat.cations

AB 0- 1 5.5 0.10 0.96 5.90

B2 1-120.94 2.49 5.7 0.27 0.14 5.43 9.27 41.4

B3 12-19 5.2 2.82 1.79 0.21 0.19 5.03 lo.oJ+ 49.9

Cl 13-24 5.6 6.149 4.72 0.21 0.26 3.93 15.61 74.6

c, 2 li+ 6.0 7.5510.35 0.15 2.350.30 20.70 88.6

I-lor Depth Si Fe A1 Ti Ca Mg Na K P inches 7

AB 0- 1 28 .ol 8.12 0.64 1.74 1.50 0.08

132 1- 12 28.05 6.2'40.65 8.67 1.60 1.71 0.06

2 7.85 0.03 B3 12- 19 27.85 ptlYS ICAL DATA :

Hor Depth Sand Silt Clay inches 2- .05 .05-007 .002

AB 0- 1 1.62 73.96 24.42

1- l? 0.78 72 .Go 26.62 B2

Concretions 1-12 0.48 30.1469.38

B3 12- 19 3.14 29.3567.31

C1 19-24 2 .oo 63.51 34.49 FAIRRRIDGE SILT LOAM (cont 'd I

Hor Depth MoistureBulk Perman ent Poros ity inches equivalentdensityTotalwilting Non-Cap. gms cc U 7 z %

1- 12 1.10 27.6 11.7 62.9 19.11 B2 12-19 1.31 p8.6 8.6 55.4 9 R3 -1

Cl 19- 2 4 1.44 52.1 5.3

c2 2 4t. 1.51 49.3 5 08

Depth of Soil inches

4 6 0 12 16 18

Available water .7 1.1 1.4 2.1 3.2 3.7 inches

REFERENCE: B.C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959.

GOSLING

LOCATION: Sayward Forest,Campbell River.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 49 Annual : 44.06 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.65 July : 63 May -Sept. : 1.49

VEGETATION: Douglas fir(planted 1947) with a few cedarand hemlock. Gaultheria (Salal ) Site Type.

TOPOGRAPHY: Northwesterly aspect with a 12% slope.

DRAINAGE : We1 1. PARENT MATERIAL: Volcanic - rich till underlain by the Vancouver volcanics. CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1965;(Mini Humo-Ferric Podzol, 1970 1

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1+- 0 Darkbrown (10 YR 3/3 1, primarilyofneedles, twigs,leaves and bark. The layer is moderately well decomposed.

Ae Incipientand discontinuous; thickness is less thanone-half inch, sandy loam intexture.

0- 1 Strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6 ) weak medium B f 1 loam, subangularblock in structure; friable slightly plastic;roots plentiful, gradual diffuse boundary. Horizon Depch inches

Bf 1- 6 Strong brown (7.5 YR 516 ) sandyloam, 2 weak coarsesubangular blocky in structure;friable, non-sticky, non-plastic; many roots,gradual wavy boundary.

Bf 6-18 Light yellowish brown (10 YR 6/4 ) sandy 3 loam,very weak subangularblocky to singlegrain structure; non-sticky, non- plastic;roots common, abrupt wavy boundary.

BC 18- 24 Light yellowish brown (2.5 Y 614 ) sandy loam, singlegrain structure; slightly compacted, some roots;abrupt wavy boundary.

C1 2 11- 42 Lightyellowish gray (5 Y 6/2 ) sandyloam, massive,extremely firm; no roots.

REFERENCE : Keser, N. 1969. Soils of Douglas-FirGrowth in Sayward Forest. DoctoralDissertation. Department of Soil Science,University of BritishColumbia. in 0 t3 aJv) E c W a c" 0 w m IN 9 0 0 d in0 Ln m P- m 00.. m m m N m d

m ?! I- a3 N

m 0 st

co 0 r-

U Gb

woz 25ow VY cn

In d ln. Y d d

HART

LOCATION: SaywardForest, Campbell River.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual: 49 Annual : 44.06 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.65 ~uly: 63 May -Sept. : 1.49 VEGETATION: Douglas fir(planted 1939). Gaultheria - Parmelia (Salal - pale green1.ichen) Site Type.

TOPOGRAPHY: Flat.

DRAINAGE: Well toexcessively well drained.

PARENTMATERIAL: Stonyand cobbly glaciofluvial material.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedOrtstein Podzol, lgGrj;(Mini Humo-Ferric Podzol,

1970 1 I

EXOFILE DESCRIPTION:

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- 0 Primarily L consisting of needles,twigs.

AP 0- 2 Darkreddish brown (5 YR 3/3) loamy sand, dark brown (lo YR 4/3) when dry;soft, singlegrained in structure; non-sticky, non-plastic;plentiful roots., clear wavy boundary.

Ae It is notcontinuous; found often under decayinglogs; thickness is less than 1/4 inch. Horizon DepthHorizon inches

2- lo Yellowishred (5 YR 416 1 gravelly loamy Bf 1 sand,yellowish brown (lo YR 5/8 ) when dry; very weak coarse subangular blocky andsingle grain structure; non-sticky, non-plastic; many roots,gradual irregular boundary.

Bf2 10- 19 Yellowishred (5 YR 4/6 ) gravelly loamy sand,brownish yellow (lo YR 6/6) when dry; coarsesubangular blocky structure, weaklycemented; non-sticky, non-plastic; comon roots; abrupt wavy boundary.

B fc 19-25 Darkyellowish brown (10 YR 4/41 gravelly sand, very pale brown (10 YR 7/4 1 when dry; singlegrain, well cemented(ironpan); pebbles are ironcoated, few roots;diffuse irregular boundary.

25-29 Olive brown (2.5 Y 4/4 1 gravellysand, pale brown (lo YR 6/3 ) when dry; loose structure sandgrain; no roots, diffuse irregular boundary.

11c2 29-33 Lightolive (2.5 Y 5/4 ) gravellysand, pale yellow(2.5 Y 7/4 ) when dry;loose sand grain; no roots.

REFERENCE: Keser, N. 1969.Soils of Douglas-Fir Growth in Sayward Forest. DoctoralDissertation. Department of SoilScience, University of British Columbia. c a -f In -f Nf- b a3

rl I

0 N d a pr) 1 4

EU h, N l4 aJ ln v: n M r- I! d

I I m E2 W c n d

HASLAM COMPLEX

I J LOCATION: Mainly around Nanaimu. Other areas occuron the Gulf Islands and in the vicinityof Courtenay and Duncan (14,725 acres1.

CLIMATE : MeanTemperature (OF) MeanPrecipitation (inches )

Annual : 48 Annual : 46.06 Jan : 36 April-July : 1.73 July : 63 -Sept.: May 1.56

VEGETATION : Douglas fir, hemlock, cedar, maple and shrubs somewhat less dense than on most other medium-textured soils.

TOPOGRAPHY: Primarly on elongated parallel ridges and knolls having gently to steeply sloping topography.

DRAINAGE.: Well drained and permeability is moderate. The fractured parent material does not impede the movement eitherof. water or of roots.

PARENT MATERIAL: Glacial scoured consolidated shale and sandstone.

CLASSIFICATION: Brown Podzolic; (Orthic Dystric Brunisol, 1970 ).

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

HorizonDepth inches

A0 1- o Partially decomposed organic debris.

A1 0- z Darkgrayish brown (lo YR 4/2) lightloam of weak granular structure. Friable, many shale and sandstone fragments. pH 6.5. HASLAM COMPLEX (cont 'd )

Horizon Depth inches

Yellowish brown (lo YR 5/41 light loam. Weak medium subangularblocky structure, friable con- sistance, many softshaly fragments. pH 6.0.

*3 5- 12 Darkyellowish brown (lo YR 4/41 friable shaly loam. pH 6 .o.

12- 18 Yellowish brown weathered shale mixed withloam. Shalefragments occupy about 70 percent of the horizon. pH 6.0.

C? 18t Yellowbrown slightlyweathered and shattered shale,densely packed bul: permeable to roots and water. pH 6.0.

Shaly loam is thedominant textural class but occasionallyfine sandy loam or light clay loams may beencountered.

KEFERENCE: B. C. SoilSurvey - Report No. 6, 1959. I J JEUNE LANDING

LOCATION : East side of NeroutsosInlet, N. of Port Alice.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (%1 Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 49 Annua 1 : 116.48 Jan. : 39 April-July : 4.54 July : 61 May -Sept. : 5.51

VEGETATION: Primarilywestern hemlock.

TOPOGlUPHY: Flat .

DRAINAGE: Well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Outwash.

CTASS IFICATION: Orthic Humic Podzol,1970.

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

tlor. Depth tlor. pH Texture inches

L- 11 4- 0 4.6 - decomposedmixedundecomposed and forest litter.

Ae 0- 3 3.8 1oam stronglyeluviated ash-grey soil material.

Bhf 3- 25 4.5 sandy loam dark brown at theupper limit of the horizonand grading to a lightyellow at thelower limit.

B- C 27-33 5.4 sandyloam transition horizon with some mottling.

C 33+ 5.6 loamy sand grey, soil material andconsiderably coarserthan that of theabove horizons. JEUNE LANDING (cont 'd 1

CH EM1 CAL DATA :

Depth PH 0 .M. N HCO -P Available K inches % z p.p?m. p .p .m. 4- 0 4 .6 72 -5 1.4 66 .fi 489.1

0- 3 3 -8 11.6 0.3 6.1 49.7

3- 6 4.2 10.2 0.7 0.0 43.4

6-25 5 -0 8.9 0.6 ]I .s 25.8

23- 33 5 -4 2 .14 0.4 4.5 24.6

33+ 5 -6 0.6 0.2 11.3 21.3

Depth Jeune Landing inches Ca Mg K Ca Mg K NH4-N C.E.C.

meg/loo g

H20 - extractable NH4C1 - extractable

4- 0 0.83 0.39 0.85 26.0 2.5 0.4 0.5 32 *T

0- 2 0.20 0.09 0.08 4.4 1.7 0.2 - 13.11

2- 6 0.11 0.09 0.02 1.9 0.6 0.1 - 9 .o

6- 17 0.11 0.05 0.04 1.3 0.3 - - 5 -9 JEUNE LANDING (cont 'd I

I3IYS lCAL DATA:

Depth lo mm 10-5 ttm 5-2 ~IIIII 2mm inches

3- 6 - 8.2 10.3 01.>

6-25 - 11.3 9.4 (3.8

Depth 2- .05 mm 50- 5~ 5- 2u 2U Texture inch es coarse sands fine sandsfine sandscoarse inches silts clays

0- ;j 3'4 y 34.6 11.9 1s .4 loamSandy

3- i') 43.3 12 .L) 11.0 12.3 Gr. sandy loam

6-23 37.3 20.7 6.1 14.6 Gr . sandy loam

z>- 33 32 .i; 11.6 16.8 17.3 Gr. sandy loam

3 3.4- 41.3 14.2 4.2 0.3 Gr. loamy sand

5 amp 1e Depth Particle size MoisturePercentage Bulk Density Source inches mm SaturationWilting Available gms/cc

Jeune Ldg. 1,-0 5- 2 3 'j 0 112 2 36 0.ll

2 2 00 93 1 0.1

0- 7 3- 2 69 28 '4 1

2 109 38 7 1

2-6 5- 2 0 31 39

2 99 41 58

I* 6- l? >- 2 63 25 38 0 .(;) &

2 72 36 36

REFERENCE: Baker, J. 1969. SoilProperties and Nutritional Status of Western Hemlock Tissue fromOver-stocked Stands. Information Report BC-X- 38; CanadianForest Research Laboratory, Victoria, B.C. K KENNEDY LAKE

LOCATION: Tofino - Uclueletlowland.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (9) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 49 Annual : 127.37 Jan. : 42 April-July : 17.50 July : 58 May -Sept.: 14.70 VEGETATION: Densewestern hemlock - salal - moss association.

TOPOGRAPHY: Moderatelysloping.

DRAINAGE: Moderately well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Marinedeposit; stony clay withsand lenses.

CLASSIFICATION: Orthic Dystric Brunisol, 1970 PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

L- F 4- 2 Litter of needles,leaves andliving moss roots ; wet.

H 2- 0 Well-decomposedorganic materials; abundant roots.

Bml 0- a Yellowish brown (loYR 5/8, m) clay; weak, finesubangular blocky; firm; coarse, medium, andfine roots are plentiful; clear, smooth boundary; 5 to lo inchesthick; pH 3.7. KENNEDY LAKE (cont'd)

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

Bm2 8- 24 Light olive brgwn (2.5Y 5/4, m) clay; weak, finesubangular blocky; firm; few roots; clear, wavy boundary; 13 to 21 inchesthick; pH 3.9.

BC 1 24- 38 Light olive brown (2.5~5/4, m) clay;moderate, finesubangular blocky; very firm; few, fine roots; clear, wavy boundary; 12 to 18 inches thick; pH 3.9.

BC 2 38 Dark yellowish brown (loYR 4/4, m) clay;weak, finepseudoblocky; firm; very few, fine roots; pH 4.0.

CHEMICAL DATA

Exchangeablecations pH OrganicTotalOrganic meq/loO g soilAvailable PH + matter N C P Hor inches (CaC12 )( H,02) $ z 7 C:N Ca Mg K PPm

L-F 4-2 3.5 3.7

H 2- 0 96.443.1 3.1 .37 55.94 152.4 11.7 .(.3 .2 2.40

Bml Q-3 3.7 3.7 4.63 .ll 2.6825.5 2.8 1.1 .1 0.64

Bm2 8-24 3.9 3.9 1.23 .lo 0.72 7.1 2.7 1.0 .1 1.15

BC1 24-38 3.9 3.9 1.26 .05 0.72 7.1 2.6 0.9 .1 1.24

BC2 38 + 4.0 4.0 1.85 .07 1.0-1 16.0 2.7 0.8 .2 1.19 KENNEDY LAKE (cont ‘d1

PHYSICAL DATA:

Brunisol**

Bml 0-8 - 3.0 27.9 69.1 c 1.45 45.3 2.77 1.32 4.56 1.64

Bm2 8-24 - 1.7 35.4 62.9 c 1.30 50.9 1.25 1.12 2.57 1.45

BC 1 24- 38 - 2.1 29.7 68.2 C 1.41 46.8 1.60 1.18 2.361.17

BC 2 38 + - 8.1 31.3 60.6 c 1.30 50.9 2.71 1.23 4.43 1.50

MINERALOGICAL DATA:

Mon t- Mixed moril- Chlo- Vermi- Kaolin- Amphi- Feld- Soil Particlelayers lonite rite* culite Illite ite bolesQuartz spar Soil parentSoil Soil size series material Hor. Depth P u Relative quantities**

Kennedy Marine BC2 3 f t c .2 1 - 3-4 - 3- 1- 2 4 4 Lake drift: .2- 2 - - 4 - 2-3 - 1 32

clay 2-20 - - 3 - 2 - 2 3- 4 4 20-50 - - 1 - 1-2 - 2 4 4

*Iron-rich chlorite **I. Trace; 2. Small; 3. Moderate; 4. Large

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey,Report No. 11. 1971 KOOTOWIS

LOCATION: Tofino - Uclueletlowland.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature(OF) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual : 49 Annual : 127.37 Jan. : 42 April-July : 17.50 July : 58 May -Sept.: 14.70

VEGETATION: Westernhemlock - salal - moss association. TOPOGRAPHY: Levelto very gently sloping or moderately sloping seepage areas at thefoot of hill remnants.

DRAINAGE: Imperfectlydrained. The solum is wet and mottlingappears in the B horizon.

PARENT MATERIAL: Marinedeposit; stony clay withsand lenses.

CLASSIFICATION: GleyedOrthic Dystric Brunisol, 1970

PROFILE DESCRIPTION :

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- F 8- 3 Layerpartiallyof decomposed needles,leaves, and mosses.

H 3- 0 Black tlOYR 2/1, w 1, well-decomposed,amorphous organic materials; abundantroots.

Bm 0- 6 Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6, m) clay; weak, fine subangularblocky; firm; plentiful, medium and fineroots; clear, smoothboundary; 3 to 8 inchesthick. KOOTOWIS (cont 'd

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

Bmg 6-18 Lightolive brown (2.5y 5/6, m) clay; common, medium, distinct,yellowish brown (lOYR 5/8 1 mottles; weak, finesubangular blocky; firm; plentiful, medium and fineroots; gradual, irregularboundary; 8 to 14 inchesthick.

18- 30 Lightolive brown (2.5Y 5/4, w) clay; comnon, prominent,greenish gray (5BG 5/11 gleying and few, medium, distinct,yellowish brown (lOYR 5/8 ) mottles;amorphous; slightly plastic, slightlysticky; few, fine roots.

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey, Report No. 11. 1971. KYE LOAMY SAND

LOCATION: Courtenay-SaywardValley area (5110 acres & 3200 acres gravelly loamy sand ) .

CLXMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual: 48 Annual : 53.93 Jan. : 35 April-July : 1.87 July : 64 May -Sept.: 1.84

VEGETATION: Mainlysecond growth Douglas fir, Lodgepolepine.

TOPOGRAPKY: Ranges from gentlysloping to rolling.

DRAINAGE: Well drained;permeability rapid.

PARENT MATERIAL: Coarse-texturedQuadra sand.

CLASSIFICATION: Podzol;(Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, 1970).

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 2- 0 Organic litter of needlesand leaves, little decomposed. pH 3.9.

A2 0- 3 Light gray (10 YR 6/1 moist, 7/1 dry 1 loamy sand, tosand, single grain structure, loose andporous. PH 5.2.

3- 6 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6 moist,6/3 dry 1 loamy sand to sand, weakmedium subangularblocky and singlegrain structure, weakly cemented. Firm and hardconsistence. pH 2.6. Horizonboundary gradual.

B22 6- 16 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/4 moist,6/3 dry) sand, Structure as inB21,very weakly cemented. pH 5.9. Horizonboundary clear.

B3 16- 19 Sand as above but with loose consistence and single grainstructure. pH 5.9.Horizon boundary abrupt. "

HorizonDepth inches

Bg 19-33Light brownish gray toyellowish brown (lOYR 6/2 to 5/8 moist ordry) massive sand, strongly cemented. Prominently mottled. pH 6.0.

C 35+ Lightbrownish gray to olive yellow (2.5 Y 6j2 to 6/6 dry 1 sand, loose and porous. Mottled. pH 6 .o.

CHEMICAL DATA :

Hor . Depth PH 0 .M. N C /N P inches k z ratio d

A0 3- 0 3 -9 56.90.4544.16

A2 0- 3 5 *2 1.14 0.01 66.1 0.01

B21 3- 6 5 -6 1.66 0.02 b8.1 0.07

B2 2 6-16 5.9 2.35 0.02 68.0 0.04

B3 1916- 5.9 1.52 0.02 44.1 0.02

Bg 19- 3519- Bg 6 .o 0.83 48.10.01

C 35+ 6 .o 0.55 0.00 0.03

.Hor . Depth Si Fe A1 Ti Ca Mg Na K P inches z

A2 0- 3 33-54 2.76 7.57 0.313.221.18 0 .ol

B2 1 3- 6 32.46 3.40 8.08 0.34 3.27 1.40 0.07

B22 6-16 B22 31-98 8.363.99 0.38 3.40 1.49 0.04

Bc 16-19 31.22 4.17 8.60 0.39 3.32 1.74 0.02

C 2.293544.08 0.52 8.39 5.61 29.66 0.03 KYE LOAMY SAND (cont,d.)

PHYS ICAL DATA:

Hor . Depth MoistureBulk Penaanen t inches Density EquivalentDensityWiltinginches

A2 0- 3 +1.54 6.6 2 .E

B2 1 3- 6 +1.37 6.4 2 .o

6- 16 2.0 B2 2 *1.30 4.4 16- 19 *7 B3 *Is37 2 1-3

Bg 19-35 *I. 37 *2.7 +1.3

Depth of Soil inches

4 6 8 12 16 18 20 24 30

Available Water ' .7J .4 .5 .6 .7 .7 .8 .9 1.0 inches

REFERENCE: B .C. Soil Durvey - Report No.6, 1959.

LANGF ORD LOAM t LOCATION: Victoriaand Metchosin (8525 acres).

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual: 50 Annua 1 : 34.34 Jan. : 39 April-July : 1.09 July : 61 May -Sept.: 1.01

VEGETATION: As on Cadboro series, thevegetation on these soils is dominantlyan oak-grass association. Some small areas are undergrass. The soilsusually have a southernaspect.

TOPOGRAPHY: Thetopography is gentlysloping to sloping

DRAINAGE.: Well drained,permeability of the A and B horizons is rapid tomoderate. The D horizon is veryslowly permeable and promoteslateral movement ofseepage water.

PARENT MATERIAL: Coarse-texturedmarine sediments underlain usually by glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: Black;(Orthic Sombric Brunisol, 1970 ).

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

AC 0- 3 Very darkgray (10 YR 3/l moist, 4/1 dry ) friable loam of moderate medium granular structure. pH 5.9. Horizonboundary clear.

A11 3- lo Verydark gray (10 YR 3/l moist, 4/1 dry 1 loam, weak verycoarse and moderate medium granular structure,friable. A few small roundedgravel fragments. pH 6.1. Horizonboundary diffuse. LANGFORDLOAM (cont 'd 1

HorizonDepth inches

A12 10-13 Very darkgreyish brown (lo YR 3/2 moist, 5/3 dry)sandy loam;weak granularto single grain structure;friable. pH 5.4.

B2 13-20 Darkbrown (10 YR 4/3 moist, 5/3 dry)coarse sandy loam; slightly firm. Compound weak coarse blockyand weak finegranular. Some scattered gravel. pH 5.5. Horizonboundary abrupt.

B3 20-26 Brown (10 YR 4/3 moist,5/4 ) loosegravelly sand containing much gravel and some cobbles. pH 5.6. Slightlymottled; moist from seepage. Boundary is wavy andabrupt.

26-49 Olive brown (2.5 Y 4/4 moist, 6/2 dry)strongly weatheredgravelly sandy loam till. Amorphous structure,highly mottled. Friable and slightly hardconsistence. pH 5.5. Horizonboundary is verygradual.

D, 49+Very darkgreyish brown (2.5 Y 3/2 moist, 5/2 dry) amorphous gravellysandy loam till. Firm andvery hard consistence.

CHEMICALDATA :

Hor Depth PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches z % ratio %

A, 0- 3 5.9 7.22 0.28 14.7

10-13 5.4 2 -99 0.13 13.3

B2 13-20 5 -5 1.89 0.10 11.0

B3 20- 26 5 .h 1.71 0.10 17.1

Dl 26- 49 5.5 0.71 0.03 13.7

REFERENCE: B. C. SoilSurvey - Report No. 6, 1959. LA20 SANDY LOAM

LOCATION: Courtenay, Hornby Islandand Duncan (1770 acres).

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF) Mean Precipitation(inches).

Annual: 49 Annual : 45.12 Jan. : 36 April-July : 1.54 July : 63 May -Sept. : 1.40

VEGETATION: Dominantlyan oak-grass association. In some areas first generationDouglas fir with an understory of grass may be found,and inother areas, as at CapeLazo, the vegetation entirely is grass.These soils usually have a southernaspect.

TOPOGRAPHY: Gentlysloping to sloping.

DRAINAGE: Well drained,permeability of the A and B horizons is rapidto moderate.The D horizon is veryslowly permeable and promotes lateral movement ofseepage water.

PARENT MATERIAL: Coarse - texturedmarine sediments underlain usually by glacial till.

PROFILE DESCRIPTION :

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

A1 0- 11 Black (10 YR 2/1 moist, 312 dry)friable sandy loam, medium cloddy-granularstructure with firm or hardconsistence (brittle). Low bulkdensity, fluffy when cultivated. pH 5.5. Horizonboundary clear. LAZO SANDY LOAM (cont'd)

Horizon Depth inches

B2 11-17 Darkyellowish brown (10 YR 4/4 moist, 5/4 dry) sandyloam with weak fine granular structure andfirm or hard consistence. A fewpebbles. Horizonboundary is gradual. pH 6.0.

B3 17-21 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/4 moist, 6/4 dry) gravellysandy loam containing scattered stones formingthe surface of an erosion pavement. Strong medium blocky structure, friable or very hardconsistence. Faintly mottled. pH 6.0.

21-30 Gray (10 YR 5/1 moist,7/1 dry) mottled gravelly sandyloam, firm and extremely hard consistence. Coarsewedge-like structure. pH 6.0.

30-4 8 Graygravelly sandy loam till containingscattered stonesand boulders. Extremely hard, somewhat mottled,impermeable. Similar tothe parent material of Shawnigan series.

REFERENCE: B.C. SoilSurvey - Report No. 6 - 1959. LOWERPALDI PLOT 2

I - LOCATION: Approx. 1 mile S . E. of Paldi, Cowichan Valley. cLIwrE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual : 49 Annual : 68.83 Jan. : 34 April-July : 2.62 July : 64 May -Sept. : 2-99

VEGETATION: Douglas fir andhemlock.

TOPOGKAPHY: Sloping.

DIIAINAGE: Moderately well.

PARENTMATERIAL: Compact glacial till.

CLASSLFICATLON: OrsteinPodzol, 1963; ( OrthicHumo-ferric Podzol, 1570. )

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

Lo- H 1- OM Forest litter invarious stages of decomposition (well developed F-H present).

Ac 0-6 t' Horizon of somewhat variabledepth showing signs of degradation(gravelly deposit).

BE1 6-13" Reddish brown colouredhorizon that is quite friable(gravelly deposit), pebbles have iron coatings.

13-3ow Brownishcoloured horizon that is quitefriable(gravelly deposit), slightly mottled. LOWER PALDI PLOT 2 (cont 'd1

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

Bf c 30- 36 = Gravellyhorizon that is quite compact andsomewhat cemented and mottled.

D 36" + Compacted,cemented, glacial till horizon. The mottling in the overlaping horizons indicatesthat this horizon seriously impedes drainage.

CHEMICAL DATA:

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH $ % PPm ppmPPm Ca Mg, K Na me/loo g me/lOO g

1- O'I 5.3 36.6 0.15 410 220 1640 4400470 1700 60 15.22 38.8

0-6 I: 4.8 2.1 0.10 230 150 180 640 130 200 20 2.42 6.6

6-18" 4.4 1.0 0.10 220 42 80 80 bo 40 20 0.45 4.4

18-30" 4.6 0.5 0.10 230 34 130 80 20 30 20 0.35 3.3

30-36" 5.2 0.3 0.10 100 loo 120 40 20 20 20 0.245 4.4

36" + 5.3 0.3 0.10 80 90 180 80 20 20 20 0.345 4.L

E. P. 679; ResearchDivision, B. C. Forest Service.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF Mean Precipitation (inches )

Annual: 49 Annual : 44.06 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.65 July : 63 May -Sept. : 1.49

VEGETATION: Douglas fir(planted 19 9) with some hemlockand cedar. Polystichum (Sword Fern; Site Type. TOPOGRAPHY: Sloping (4 - 6$) with a southernexposure. DRAINAGE: Well to moderately well drained.

PAKENT MATERIAL: Marineclay.

CLASSIFICATION: Concretionary Brown, 1965;(BisequaHumo-ferric Podzol, 1970 1.

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches 1 L-H 1 p-0 Consisting of needles,twigs and bark; black (5 YR 2/11 and partiallyhumified.

Ae Not continuous;found only under decaying logs.Thickness is lessthan 1 inch.

Bfccl 0- 4 Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/4 1; silty clay loam; strong brown (7.5 YR) when dry; moderate medium tofine subangular blocky; veryfriable, slightly plastic, plentiful roots; common concretions 2 to 5 mm in diameter;gradual wavy boundary. MEMEKAY ( cont 'd)

Horizon

Bf Darkyellowish brown (lo YR 4/41 silty clay loam, lightyellowish brown (10 YR 6/4) when dry;moderate medium subangular blockystructure; friable, plastic; some roots;gradual wavy boundary.

Dark yellowish brown ( LO YR 1; silty Btl 4/4 clay loam; pale brown (LO YR 6/3) when dry;moderate angular blocky; friable, veryplastic; some clay skins; few roots; diffuse boundary.

Olive brown (2.5 Y 4/4); siltyclay t? loam; coarsestrong blocky structure; firm to friable,very plastic, clay skins and blackenedped surfaces; few roots;diffuse wavy boundary.

Bt Olive brown to olive (2.5 Y 4/4 to 5 Y 514 1; 3 silty clay loam;coarse to very coarse strongblocky structure; firm, verysticky; clayskins and blackened ped surfaces, very few roots;cleary wavy boundary.

BC Olive (5 Y 5/41; siltyclay loam; pale yellow (5 Y 7/3 1 when dry;massive, very plastic;blackened ped surfaces; few fine faintolive yellow (5 Y 6/8) mottles; no roots;diffuse wavy boundary.

c1 Olive (5 Y ,5/31; silty clay loam, pale yellow (5 Y 7j3) when dry;massive, very plastic; common coarsedistinct light olive brown (2.5 Y 5/h 1 mottles; no roots.

REFERENCE: Keser, N. 1969. Soils andDouglas-Fir Growth in Sayward Forest. DoctoralDissertation. Department of SoilScience, University of British Columbia. 0 0 In 0 rc N 4

g. a a

0 0 In N N

co m a rt e4 -a U ...... Od (Ud;+;tWr-co

m1 c4 0 X IN m f rl r- a3 zf a3 (uo “0. 00 cg u) o\ ln 23 ;f m 00.. rl d rl N N (u N 4(u

~ m.

a 0 u U u Y 1“

...... mr-\ov)rltnQ\oo k/ WlNNNNd r)d

...... m~ m(udr( N N

... Nm a m I I l4 5 Id aJ ?

- a 4J MERVILLE LOAM

LOCATION: Occurs in small "islands" at Courtenay,Parksville, Nanaimo and Duncan (3500 acres 145 acres sandyloam).

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (91 Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual : 49 Annual : 44.06 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.65 July : 63 May -Sept.: 1.49

VEGETATION: The vegetationconsists largely of grasseswith scattered oak trees. Some ofthis vegetative type has been invaded by Douglas fir and maple among which relic oaks may sometimes be found.

TOPOGRAPHY: Gentlysloping.

DRAINAGE: Moderately well drained;permeability of the A and B horizons is moderatewhile that of the D is slow.During the winter months the soil is saturated to within a foot of the surface.

PARENT MATERIAL: Medium - tofine-textured marine sediments underlain by marine clay or glacial till.

PROFILEDESCRIPTION: A typicalMerville loamhas thefollowing characteristics:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 1- 0 Dark brown organic matter. pH 6.0. MERVILLE LOAM (cont 'd)

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

(10 A1 0- 8 Verydark grayish brown YR 3/2 moist, 4/;. dry) loam,weak coarsesubangular blocky and moderate medium granularstructure. Friable and soft consistence. pH 5.0. The horizonboundary is gradual.

B 8- 17 Darkbrown (lo YR 4/3moist and dry) silt loam, weak coarsesubangular blocky structure, friable consistence. pH 5.6.Horizon boundary is abrupt.

Darkgrayish brown (10 YR 4/2 moist, 6j3 dry) Bg 17- 34 silt loam with many prominentbrownish yellow mottles. Amorphous structure. pH 6.1.

D 3"+ Grayish brown (2.5 Y 5/2moist, 10 YR 8/1 dry) silty clay plus many brownishyellow mottles. Amorphous andplastic. pH 6.8.

CHEMICAL DATA :

Hor Depth PH 0 .M. N CjN P inches % % rat io f

A1 0- 8 5.0 17.25 0.82 12.2 ~1.09

B 8- 1.7 5.6 8.97 0.41 12.7 0.07

Bg 17- 34 6.1 1.24 0.06 12.o 0.31

D 34+ 6.8 0.69 0 .ol 40.0 0.02

Hor Depth PH Exchangeablecations S um z inches (m.e./Loogms) inches of Bas e Ca Mg K Na HSat. ions cat

A1 0- i3 5.0 2.17 0.73 0.15 0.18 22.93 26.16 12. IJ

B 8-170.56 2.25 5.6 0.12 0.24 15.80 18.91 16. I

17- 10.595.586.1 0.06 2.44 lq.o( *g 3'4 0.40 8-/.2

D 34+ 10.8919.44 6.8 0.21 0.50 96.132.29 1.25 MERVILLE LOAM (cont 'd1

PHYS ICALDATA :

HorSand Depth Clay Silt inches 2 .- .05 .05- .002 .002 mm mm lTlIll

25.04 Bg 17- 34 -7323 51 -23 D 34+ 3.l7 53.57 42.66

nor Depth Bulk PermanentMoisture Porosity inchesdens i ty equivalentwiltingTotal Non-Cap. pms cc $ % f %

A1 0- 8 0.75 15.7 33.3 65.8 13.8 B 8- 17 0.97 22 .-/ 13.2 65.9 5.4

17-34 29.7 15.4 BE; 1.58

Depth of Soil inches

4 5 8 12 16 18 20 24 30

Available water .5 .R 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.5 b:3

REFERENCE: B.C. SoilSurvey - Report No. 5, 1959. METCHOS IN MUCK

LOCATION: The area south of Malahat and on someof the Gulf Islands (1645 acres).

CLIMATE : MeanTemperature I?? ) MeanPrecipitation (inches)

Annual: 50 Annua 1 : 32.96 39 April-JulyJan. : 39 : 1.08 July : 62 -Sept. May : 1.01

VEGETATION: Mainly willow and alder with an understoryof sedges, grasses and shrubs.

TOPOGRAPHY:Depressional.

DRAINAGE: Poor and permeability is moderate. Upon becoming air dry the cultivated surface resists re-wetting.

PARENT MATERIAL: Shallow well decomposed organic materials.

CLASSIFICATION: Shallow muck; (Terric Mesisol, 1970).

PROF ILE DESCRIPTION:

HorizonDepth inches

1 0- 34 Black well decomposed muck, a few unrecognizable woody fragments in the lower part. Well humified and contains considerable mineral material. Weak granular structure. pH 5.6.

2 34- 40 Light brown peat with recognizable plant remains which appear to be sedges. pH 5.1.

3 4 O+ Gray, mottled silty clay loam. METCHOS IN MUCK (cont 'd 1

CHEMICALDATA :

H or Depth Hor PH N Loss on Total Cu inches % ignition P Pm

1 0- 34 5 -6 1.72 66.00 la

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959.

NEPTUNE GRAVELLY LOW SAND

LOCATION: Narrow discontinuousdeposits along beaches along the east coast of VancouverIsland (1040 acres ). CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (9) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 40 Annual : $o.oa Jan. : 35 April-July : 1.52 July : 63 May -Sept. : 1.43

VEGETATION: Mainlygrasses with a few scatteredconiferous or deciduous trees.

TOPOGRAPHY: Gentlysloping.

DRAINAGE: Well drained;permeability is rapid.

CLASSIFICATION: Rendzha; [RegoBlack or DarkGray Chernozem, 1970).

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

A1 0-20 Black (lo YR 2/1 moistanddry) sandy loam con- tainingpebbles and mollusc shells. Moderate finegranular structure, very friable; pebbles are stainedblack. pH 7.1.

A3 20- 31 Brown (lOYR 4/3 moist, 613 dry)gravelly loamy sandcontaining many shells, single grain structure and loose consistence. pH 6.9.

C 31 Olive brown (2.5 Y 4/4 wet, 6/4 dry)sand and gravel,mottled, slightly compact. pH 7.0. NEPTUNE GRAVELLY LOAMY SAND (cont 'd 1

CHEMICAL DATA :

Hor Depth PH 0 .M. N C /N P inches % z rat io z

A1 0- 20 7 -1 44.32 1.28 20.1 B 20- 31 6.9 4 *55 0.15 17.6

D 31+ 7 -0 0.55 0.03 10.6

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959. 0 P PARKSVILLE SANDY LOAM

LOCATION: Mainlyin the Qualicum Beach - CampbellRiver area (5,505 acres ).

CLIMATE ; Mean Temperature (OF 1 Mean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual: 49 Annual : 40.99 Jan. : 37 April-July : 7.47 July : 63 May -Sept. : 1.38

VEGETATION: Red Cedar,red alder, willow and occasionally cascara. Devil's club is sometimes presentin the understory of shrubs.

TOPOGRAPHY: Level.

DRAINAGE: Poorlydrained; permeability of thesolum is moderate whilethe D horizon is veryslowly permeable. The soil receives seepage water from the higher adjacent areas.

PARENT MATERIAL: Coarse-texturedmarine sediments underlain by glacial till or marine clay.

CLASSIFICATION: DarkGray Gleysolic; (Gleyed Sombric Brunisol, 1970 ).

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon Depth inches

A00 1- 0 Raw undecomposed litter of leaves,twigs and grass.

AI1 0- 3 Very darkgrayish brown (10 YR 3/2 moist, 4/2 dry) friable loam of medium granular structure. pH 5.3. Horizonboundary is clear. PARKSVILLESANDY LOAM (cont 'd )

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

A12 3- 5 Darkgrayish brown (lo YR 1+/2 moist,5/2 dry) friable sandy loamof weak granular to single grainstructure. pH 5.5.Horizon boundary is abrupt.

B 5- 9 Brown (10 YR 5/3 moist,6/3 dry) friable loamy sand,single grain structure. pH 5.7. Horizon boundary abrupt.

Bgl 9-18Light yellowish brown (10 YR 6/4moist and dry) firm loamysand with yellowish brown mottles. pH 6.0.

18-24 Pale brown (10 YR 6/3 moist)with many prominent Bg2 yellowish brown (lo YR 5/8 1 mottles. pH 6.2. Horizonboundary is abrupt.

D 2 4+ Lightbrownish gray (2.5 Y 6/2 moist) plastic sandy clay with many prominent yellowish brown mottles. Veryslowly permeable. pH 6.3.

CHEMICAL DATA :

Hor Depth PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches z $ rat io $

A11 17.60- 0.91 3 27.65 5.3

A12 3- 5 5.5 1.88 0.11 9.9

B 5- 9 5.7 0.83 0.03 16 .O

Bgl 9- 18 6.0 0.42 0.02 12.0

Bgz 18- 2 4 6.2 0.76 0.01 44.0

D 2 4+ 6 03 0.78 0 .ol 45.0

REFERENCE: B. C. SoilSurvey - Report No. 6, 1959. PORT ALBERNI PLOT 7

LOCATION: Approx. 7 miles N. W. ofBeaver Creek, Alberni Basin

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation ( inches )

Annual : 49 Annual : 68.83 Jan. : 34 April-July : 2.62 July : 64 May -Sept.: 2.09

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir with some hemlock.Understory consists mainlyof moss, vanilla leaf and Oregon grapewith some bracken fern and wintergreen. I TOPOGRAPHY: Gentlysloping. DRAINAGE: Well tomoderately well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Washed till.

CLASSIFICATION: OrthicConcretionary Brown, 1965; (MiniHumo-ferric Podzol, 1570. )

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- on Largely undecomposed forest litter.

Bf 0-24” Theupper portion of this is extremelybright reddish brown in colour grading to duller colours withdepth. The horizon is quiteporous and friablein nature and probably a gravelly SL (Hv) - L intexture. This horizon appears to contain quite a few concretionary materials andthe peb- blesappear to behighiy coated with iron oxides.

I PORT ALBERNI PLOT 7 (cont'd I

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

C 24*+ Glacial till parent material that is quite friable ti.e. does notappear to be compacted).

CHEMICAL DATA :

Profile next to tree No. 697

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH f $ ppm ppm ppm Ca Hg K Na me/loo g me/lOo

1- 0 5.280.5. 0.83 11039 80 1120 50

0-6' 5.9 6.1 0.10 130 1 55 13530

6- 12 I' 2.65.8 0.06875 1 75 105 20

12- 18 5.6 2.0 0.043 120 1 55 85 20

18" + 1.55.9 0.043 120 1 70 90 30

Profilenext to tree No, 714

1- 0 4,9 70.V 0.94 16533 40 1280 50 29.42 60.00

0-6' 5.54.7 0.100 110 1 loo 120 25 4.06 17.78

6- 12 I' 0.0905.5 110 1 60 loo 25 2.30 20.00

12- 18 I' 3.55.7 0.086 65 1 175 105 25 2.07 18.89 by Ignition Loss

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beaton and I, HacRae, 1966. Profile andChemical Characteristice of Soils on PacificLogging Company Limited ' 8 Forest Fertilization Trials on Vancouver Island (1963 - 1965). E. P. 679; ResearchDivision, B. C. ForestService. PORT ALBERNI PLOT 8

LOCATION: Approx. 7 miles N. W. of BeaverCreek, Alberni Basin.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (9) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual : 49 Annua 1 : 68.83 Jan. : 34 April-July : 2.62 July : 64 May -Sept.: 2.09

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists mainly of moss andwintergreen with some vanilla leaf and twinflower. I TOPOGRAPHY: Sloping. DRAINAGE: Well tomoderately well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: OrthicConcretionary Brown, 1965; (Orthic Hum0 - Ferric Podzol, 1970. )

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- 0" Largely undecomposed forest litter.

Bf 0-24" The upper part of thishorizon is extremely bright coloured andfriable throughout. Similar to plot No. T.

C 24" t Glacial till parent material that is not nearly as compacted as at the Duncan site. PORT ALBERNI PLOT 8 (cont'd 1

CHEMICAL DATA:

Profile next to tree No. 756

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH f $ PP~ppm PPQ Ca Mg K Na me/lOo g me/100 g

1- OIr 4.789.2. 0.86 205 81 loo 4000 740 2300 60 32*23 60.44

0-6' 5.6 0.0933.7 110 2 60 365 120 130 25 3.26 18.89

6- 12 I' 5.6 3.6 0.072 145 1 70 205 95 130 25 2.25 20.00

12- 1s" 5.6 2.3 0.072 130 1 70 240 120 90 20 2.51 18.89

18" + 5.6 2.2 0,082 150 1 60 420 12 0 80 40 3 -45 17.78 Profilenext to tree No. 819

1- 0" 5.3 7509.0.94 150 38 60 3900 660 1380 50 28.68 56.22

0-6' 5.9 5.5 0.082 95 1 70 420 175 140 30 4.03 16.67

6- 12 'I 5.9 2.3 0.047 80 1 80 500 95 80 20 3.57 14.44

12- 18" 5.71.8 0.047 80 1 65 910 260 75 25 6 099 22.22 * by Ignition Loss

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beatonand I. MacRae, 1966. Profile andChemical Characteristics of Soils on PacificLogging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on Vancouver Island (1963 - 1965). E. P. 679; ResearchDivision, B. C. ForestService. PORTALBERNL PLOT 9

LOCATION: Approx. 7 miles N. W. of BeaverCreek, Alberni Basin.

€L IMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual: 49 Annual : 68.83 Jan. : 34 , April-July : 2.62 July : 64 May -Sept.: 2.09

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir with some alder andhemlock. Understory consistsmainly of mossand vanilla leaf with some bracken, swordfern and wintergreen.

TOPOGRAPHY : Sloping.

DRAINAGE: Well tomoderately well.

PARENT, MATERIAL: Friableglacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: OrthicConcretionary Brown, 1965; (Orthic Humo - Ferric Podzol, 1970. )

PROFILEDESCRIPXON:

Horizon Depth inches

L- H 1-0" Largely undecomposed forest litter.

Ah- Ahq 0- 1/8" Thin,discontinuous, dark coloured horizon.

Bf 1/8-201 Brightreddish brown colouredhorizon that is porous,friable, appears to contain concretionary materials and is a gravelly SL (Hv) - L in texture. - C 2 0.'' + Glacial till parent material that is quite friable. CHEMICAL DATA:

Profile next to tree No. 908

Total Bray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. on N PAN P K Cat ions ppm Total CEC Horizon pH $ z Ppm ppm ppm Ca Mg K Na me/lOO g me/lOO g

1- 0 'I 4.9 87.9+0.95 85 58 160 4350 660 1840 70 32.19 53 33

0-6" 5.4 4.0 0.086 110 2 60 600 95 60 25 4.04 20.00

6-12" 5.4 2.2 0.043 125 1 70 570 95 80 25 3.94 18.89

12- 18 I' 5 *9 2.1 0.039 130 1 70 810 205 80 20 6.03 15.56

Profile next to tree No. 921

1- 0" 4.8 75.840.93 120 51 60 3750 6 10 1380 bo 27.46 60.56

0- 6 " 5.8 4.3 0.118 135 8 95 1000 95 145 30 6.28 18.09

6- 12 'I 5.5 0.0973.1 95 4 80 570 175 130 20 4.71 17 - 78

12- 18" 5 06 2.7 0.072 80 4 40 900 2 30 150 25 6.88 23.33

1a "+ 5.5 0.0501.5 85 1 75 1500 5 00 95 25 11.96 23 78

+ by Ignition Loss

REFERENCE: Harapiak, 3. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beaton and I. HacRae, 1966. Profile and Chemical Characteristics of Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trialson Vancouver Island (1963 - 1965). E. P. 679; Research Division, B. C. Forest Service. PORT ALBERNI PLOT 28

LOCATION: Approx. 7 miles N. W. of BeaverCreek, Alberni Basin.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual : 49 Annual : $8.83 Jan. : 3b April-July : 2.62 July : 64 May -Sept.: 2.09

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir with some hemlock,Understory consists mainlyof moss and vanilla leaf with some bracken,wintergreen, Oregongrape, trailing blackberry and grass.

TOPOGRAPHY: S loping.

DRAINAGE: Well to moderately well.

PARENTMATERIAL: Glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: OrthicConcretionary Brown, 1965; ( Orthic Hum0 - Ferric Podzol, 1970. )

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1-0" Largely undecomposed forest litter.

Bf 0-24- Brightreddish brown incolour, friable, and contains some concretionary material.

C 24n + Glacial till parent material.

I PORT ALBERNI PLOT 28 tcont 'dl

CHEMICAL DATA :

Profile next to tree No. 627

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OH N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH $ $ Ppm Ppm ppm Ca Hg K Na me/lOO g ma/100 g

1- 0 'I 5.5 91.1. 1.11 130 38 20 4700 560 1300 50 31.66 61.44

0-6 5.5 3.3 0.100 loo 5 35 600 160 95 10 4.60 16.67

6-12" 5.4 3.6 0.107 125 2 30 290 130 80 5 2.74 15 56

12-18" 2.95.6 0.082 140 2 45 16519055 5 2 955 14.44

Profile next to tree No. 645

1- 0 'I 5.0 91.0.1.24 125 56 550 4000 9001450 70 31.41 69 -56

0-6 5.7 5.0 0.107 85 4 55 63095 115 20 4.31 18.89

6-12" 5.6 4.5 0.107 155 8 55 780 175 65 20 5.60 18.89

12-18" 5.6 3.1 0.107 110 2 65 290 120 75 20 2.72 17 78

18" + 5.7 2.7 0.111 100 1 55 350 130 55 15 3 -03 15 -56

by Ignition Loss

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beatonand I. HacRae, 1966. Profile andChemical Characteristics of Soils on PacificLogging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials onVancouver Island (1963 - 1965). E. P. 679;Research Division, B. C. ForestService. PORT ALBERNI PLOT 30

~ ~~ LOCATION: Approx. 7 miles N. W. of BeaverCreek, Alberni Basin, Vancouver Island.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (9) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual : 49 Annua 1 : 68.83 Jan. : 34 April-July : 2.62 July : 64 May -Sept. : 2 .Oq

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir with some hemlock.Understory consist mainlyof vanilla leaf, moss andwintergreen with some bracken and trailingblackberry.

TOPOGRAPHY : Sloping.

DRAINAGE: Well t'omoderately well.

PARENTMATERIAL: Glacial till. CLASSIFICATION: OrthicConcretionary Brown, 1965; (Orthic Hum0 - Ferric Podzol, 1970. )

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

L-n 1- 0" Largely undecomposed forest litter.

Bf 0-24* Brightreddish brown, friablehorizon that contains some concretionarymaterial and is somewhat lightertextured than the B horizons of profileslocated downslope.

C 2bn t Glacial till parent material.. PORT ALBERNIPLOT 30 (cont 'd 1

CHEMICAL DATA:

Profile next to tree No. 826

Total Bray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH z d ppm ppm ppm Ca t4g K Na -/lo0 me/lOo g

1- 0 " 5 *6 8b.8* 1.16 115 76 40 5150 710 1560 50 35 080 59 78

0-6 I' 5.4 7.8 0.208 140 6 45 740 220 125 20 5.92 26.67

6- 12 5.4 4.4 0.140 125 2 30 235 95 110 5 2.26 22.22

12- 18" 5.5 1.9 0.090140 1 25 795 220 65 20 6.05 21.11

Profile next to tree No. 852

1- 0 " 5 *E 85.8+ 1.14 14548 40 4800 510 156070 32.48 64.78

0-6" 5.7 3.2 0.080 135 2 30 500 130 50 lo 3.74 17.18

6- 12 " 5.7 2.8 0.100 145 1 25 265 130 1545 2 -59 17 78

12- 18" 5.7 0.0901.9 120 1 $0 230 160 70 10 2.69 18.89

18-24" 5.7 1.5 0.070 115 1 40 670 220 60 15 5 -38 16.67 by Ignition Loss

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beaton and I. MacRae, 1956. Profile and Chemical Characteristics of Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trialson Vancouver Island (1963 - 1965 1 E. P. 679; Research Division, B. C. Forest Service. PORT ALBERNI PLOT 31

"~~- LOCATION : Approx. 7 miles N. W. of BeaverCreek, Alberni Basin, Vancouver Island.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF 1 Mean Precipitation ( inches 1

Annual: 49 Annual : 68.83 Jan. : 34 April-July : 2.62 July : 64 May -Sept.: 2.09

VEGETATION: Douglas fir.Understory consists mainly of moss andwintergreen with some vanillaleaf, bracken, Oregon grapeand trailing blackberry . 1 TOPOGRAPHY: Sloping. DRAINAGE: Well tomoderately well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: OrthicConcretionary Brown, 1965; (Orthic Hum0 - FerricPodzol, 1570. )

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1-0" Largely undecomposed forest litter.

Bf 0-2bn Brightreddish brown horizon that is friable, contains some concretionary material and is lightertextured than the B horizons of profiles downslope(probably a gravelly SL texture).

C ?4" + Glacial till parent qterial. PORTALBERNI PLOT 31 (cont Id)

CHEMICAL DATA :

Profilenext to tree No. 325

To tal Bray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH % % ppm ppm ppm Ca Mg K Na me/loo g me/loO g

1- or' 5 *6 85.7*1.16 155 52 o 5150 820 1460 30 36.35 61.22

0-6' 5.7 6.20.180 170 2 30 34095 90 10 2.75 22.22

6- 12 " 5.7 1.5 0.110 125 2 50 265 50 50 25 1.98 17.78

12- 18" 5.5 2.0 0.130 130 1 45 80 200 45 15 2.23 17.44

+ 5.7 2.0 0.068 120 1 50 960 310 50 35 7.63 21.11 Profilenext to tree No. 938

1- 0- 5 *8 85.2* 1.08 145 41 40 5300 770 1280 60 36.36 63.33

0- 6 " 5.5 0.1364.0 145 2 80 445 150 loo 25 3.83 18.89

6- 12 5.5 2.2 0.086 145 1 40 50 loo 83 30 1.40 16.67

12- 18" 5.3 2.2 0.079 145 1 45 80 150 65 20 1.89 17 -78

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beatonand I. MacRae, 1966. Profile and Chemical Characteristics of Soils on PacificLogging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on VancouverIsland (1963 - 1965 1.

E. Po 679; ResearchDivision, B. C. ForestService. PORT ALBERNX PLOT 48

1 LOCATION: Approx. 7 miles N. W. of BeaverCreek, Alberni Basin.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (91 Mean Precipitation ( inches )

Annual: 49 Annual : 68.83 Jan. : 34 April-July : 2.62 July : 64 May -Sept.: 2.09

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir with some hemlockand alder. Understory consistsmainly of moss, vanilla leaf andwintergreen.

TOPOGRAPHY: S loping.

1 DRAINAGE: Well tomoderately well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: OrthicConcretionary Brown,1965; (Orthic Hum0 - Ferric Podzol, 1970. ) PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1-0" Largely undecomposed forest litter.

Ah 0- 1/8- Dark colouredhorizon.

Bf 1/8- 22 " Brightreddish coloured horizon that is quite friable, contains some concretionarymaterials (probably a gravelly L texture 1. PORT ALBERNI PLOT 48 (cont 'd 1

CHEMICALDATA :

Profilenext to tree No. 738

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH k k ppm ppm pprn Ca Mg K Na me/lOo p me/100 g

1-0" 86.7+5.1 0.88 215 87 430 4050goo 1850 80 32.7362 .oo

0-6" 5.6 2.9 0.0861452.9 5.60-6" 3 80 930 200 706.60 30 20.44

6-12' 5.5 0.0721.6 90 1 75 380150 45 25 3 -36 18.00

12-18" 5.6 1.8 0.060 120 1 65 275 65 6575 2 *38 15 56

Profile next to tree No. 624

1- ou 85.9+4.90.95 70 36 3700450 105050830 28.24 64.89

0-6"0.175 5.8 5.4 170 1 45 23-333.16 310 25 105 150

6-12" 5.b 4.6 0.107 140 1 45 240 175 2595 2-99 18.89

12-21" 5.6 1.7 0.064 140 1 45 170 150 45 35 2.35 16.44

2In + 5.5 1.0 0.03970 1 75 1360 290 3035 9-40 15 78 * by Ignition Loss

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beaton and I. MacRae, 1966. Profile and Chemical Characteristics of Soils on PacificLogging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on VancouverIsland (1963 - 1965 E. P. 679;Research Division, B. C. Forest Service. PORT ALBERNI PLOT 49

LOCATION : Approx. 7 miles N. W. ofBeaver Creek, Alberni Basin, Vancouver Island.

CLIMATE: Mean Temperature (OF 1 Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual : 49 Annual : 68.83 Jan. : 34 April-July : 2.62 July : 64 my -sept.: 2.09

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir with some alder andhemlock. Understory consists mainly of mossand vanilla leaf with some wintergreen and bedstraw.

1 TOPOGRAPHY: S loping .

DRAINAGE : Well to moderately well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Glacial till. CLASSIFICATION: OrthicConcretionary Brown, 1965; (Orthic Hum0 - FerricPodzol, 1970.

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L-H 1- 0" Largely undecomposed forest litter.

Bf 0- 30" Brightreddish brown coloured B horizonthat is quitefriable, contains some concretionary material (probably a gravelly SL-L texture),

C 30" + Glacial till parent material. PORT ALBERNIPLOT 49 (cont 'd 1

CHEMICAL DATA :

Profile next totree No 785

Total BrayNon Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm CECTotal Horizon pH % 4% Ppm ppm ppm Ca W K Na me/loo g me/100 g

1- 0 I' 4.8 72.0*1.06 315 70 40 4500 8601200 loo 33.0852.44

0- 6 *' 0.093.45.8 115 2 75 280 55 125 55 2.4115.56

6-12" 2.16.8 0.08 lo5 1 55 190 55 75 65 1.87 15.00

12-18" 1.16.1 0.05 90 1 70 85225 80 55 2.27 14.33

Profile next to tree No. 824

1-0" 4.9 83.9+ 0.93 155 53 40 3800 690 1480 40 28.61 61.44

0- 6 '* 0.114.15.7 80 24++ 80 545 115 110 55 4.20 15.56

6-12" 5.7 2.1, 0.07 75 1 45. 200 45 55 60 1.77 11.11

12-24" 2.15.5 0.06 85 1 45 235 45 55 110 2.17 10.00

24" + 5.8 1.5 0.055 60 1 75 625 140 95 60 4.78 12.88 by Ignition Loss ** questionable value

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beaton and 1. MacRae, 1966. Profile and Chemical Characteristics of Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest FertilizationTrials on Vancouver Island (1963 - 1965 E. P. 679; Research Division, B. C. Forest Service. PORT ALBERNI PLOT 50

LOCATION : Approx. 7 miles N. W. ofBeaver Creek, Alberni Basin, Vancouver Is land.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (% ) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual: 49 Annual : 68.83 Jan. : 34 April-July : 2.62 July : 64 May -Sept.: 2.09

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas firwith some hemlock.Understory consists mainly of moss, vanillaleaf and sword fernwith some bracken, wintergreen and waxberry.

I TOPOGRAPHY: S loping.

DRAINAGE : Well to moderately well.

PARENTMATERIAL: Glacial till. CLASSIFICATION: OrthicConcretionary Brown, 1965;(0rthic Hum0 - Ferric Podzol, 1370. )

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L-H 1- 0 *’ Largely undecomposed forest litter.

Bf 0- 22 ” Brightreddish brown colouredhorizon that is quite friable andcontains some concretionary material (probably a gravelly L texture). C 22* + Glacial till parentmaterial. - PORT ALBERNI PLOT 50 (cont 'd )

CHEMICAL DATA:

Profile next to tree No. 855

Total Bray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH k $ ppm PP~Ppm Ca Mg K Na me/lOO g me/lOO

1- 0 " 4.6 79.2*0.79 220 64 520 3000650 1100 60 23.42 53.66

0-6 .. 5.3 3.5 0.08 130 2 90 350155 110 60 3.56 15.56

6-12' 5.3 1.6 0.06 Loo 1 95 425 210 8565 4.36 15.56

12-18" 5.3 0.071.6 95 1 90 330175 70 65 3.55 17.78

Profile next to tree No. 909

1-0" 4.7 89.9* 1.36 85 65 410 340024.4668.11 60 950 580

0-6" 5.4 4.5 0.12 125 1 85 420 75 1153.29 65 12.22

6-12' 5.6 3.2 5.66-12' 0.10 140 1 725 75 1805.71 75 105 17.22

12-18" 5.8 3.2 0.09 120 1 75 895360 7075 7.93 18-89

18" + 5.8 1.3 0.07 70 1 75 985380 55 65 8.53 15 *56 by Ignition Loss

E. P. 679; Research Division, B. C. Forest Service. PORT RENFREW

LOCATION: Port San Juan. Approx. 50 miles W. of Duncan.

CLIMATE: Climatic information not available.

VEGETATION: Primarily western hemlock.

TOPOGRAPHY: Flat.

DRAINAGE:Well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Outwash.

CLASSIFICATION: Degraded Dys tric Brunisol,I9 (0.

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

Hor. Depth PH Texture inches

L-fI 4- 0 3 -6 - mixeddecomposed undecomposedand forest litter.

Ae j 0- 1/2 4.1 sandyloam weakly eluviated and discontinuous.

Bfh 1/2- 31/2 4 07 sandyloam extremely stony, highly iron coloured.

Bf 31/2- 24 4.5 sandextremely stony, brownish yellow coarse material.

C 24 + 4.9 extremelysand stony yellowish,very coarse soil material. CHEMICAL DATA:

Depth PH 0 .M. N HCO 3- P Available K inches k 5 p .p .m. p. p .m.

4- 0 3 06 72 95 1.0 390.6 78.9

0-3 1/2 4.2 6.4 0.2 11.3 36 .o

3 1/2-6 4 .6 4.6 0.3 7.5 14.5

6- 12 4 -7 2.2 0.2 5.2 8.6

12- 18 4.5 1.1 0.1 3 01 5.5

18-24 4.9 0.5 0.1 1.6 3.5

24+ 4.9 0.7 0.13-5 2 -3

Depth Port Renf rew inches Ca Mg K Ca Mg K NH4-N C.E.C.

rneg/loo g

H,O - extractable NH4Cl - extractable

4- 0 0.18 0.33 0.63 14.6 4.4 0.6 0.2 25.8

0- 2 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.8 0.3 0.3 - 4.3

2- 6 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.2 0.3 0.1 - 4.5

6- 12 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 - 3.5 PORTRENFREN (cont 'd 1

I PHYS ICAL DATA:

Depth lOmIll. 10-5 mm 5-2 mm 2mm. inches

0-3 112 32 -9 8.2 5 .6 53.3

1/2-6 23 3 1/2-6 .R 11.0 12 .o 53.2

5- 12 35 .I 9 -9 11.5 43.3

12- 18 46 .o 12.1 3.7 32.2

18-2 4 48.3 19.3 9 -6 22.8

24+ 42.4 11.4 9.7 36.5

Depth 2-. 05mm 90- qJ 5- 2p 2P Texture inc hes coarse sands fine sandsfine sands coarseinches silts clays

0-3 Ll'2 28.6 15. I 2.9 6.1 Stony Gr. sand

I 3 1/?-.': 34.6 10.3 2.3 5 .B Stony Gr. sand

6-12 34.4 5.9 1.2 2.4 Stony Gr. sand

I?- 18 27.6 2 .R 0.7 1.2 Stony Gr. sand

13-74 20.0 1.2 0.3 1.2 Stony Gr. sand

?4+ 31. i 2.3 0.7 1.2 Stony Gr. sand PORT RENFREW (cont 'd1

PHYSICAL DATA (cont 'd 1

Particle Bulk S amp1e Depth size PercentaReMoisture Dens i ty Source inches llpp SaturationAvailableWiltinv g./cc.

Port Renfrew 4-0 5- 2 42 4 131 293 0.14

0- 2 0. (6

2-5 5- 2 1.03

2 69 29 40

I? 6- 12 5- 2 35 14 21 1 .L1

REFERENCE: Baker, J. 1969. SoilProperties and NutritionalStatus of Western Hemlock Tissuefrom Over-stocked Stands. Information Report BC-X-38, CanadianForest Research Laboratory, Victoria, B. C. PUNTLEDGE SILT LOAM

LOCATION: Principallyin the Courtenay and Parksville areas (11,705 acres).

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual: 48 Annual : 45.00 Jan. : 36 April-July : 1.60 July : 62 May -Sept. : 1.45

VEGETATION: The originalvegetation consisted of densestands of coniferous forestswhich have long since been logged. The present vegetation is mainlyred alder, willowand young conifers. Cascara is observed on occasionand the understory consists of shrubs, I sword fernand bracken. TOPOGRAPHY: Very gentlysloping and undulating.

DRAINAGE: Moderately well to imperfectlydrained, permeability of the B horizon is quitehigh but that of the D is very low. Duringthe winter the soil is saturated to within a foot of thesurface.

PARENT MATERIAL: Medium - tofine - texturedmarine sediments underlain by marine clay or glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: Concretionary Brown, (MiniHumo-Ferric Podzol, 1970).

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 2- 0 Moderately well decomposed dark brown fibrous mat ofleaves, needles and twigs. pH 4.2.

1 A2 0- 2 Dark reddishgray (5 YR 4/2 moist, 7.5 YR 5/4 dry)very fine sandy loa&, weak fine platy structure. pH 4.6. PUNTLEDGE SILT LOAM (cont 'd 1

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

J32 42- 9 Yellowishred(5 YR 4/6 moist,7.5 YR 5/6 dry) silt loam,weak medium subangularblock structure,friable; contains a very few soft concretions. Many roots. pH 5.5.

9-15 Yellowish brown (lo YR 5/6 moist, 6/4 dry 1 silt loam,weak medium subangularblocky, friable. pH 5.6.

15-24Pale brown (10 YR 6/3 moist,7/3 dry) silty clay loam with much yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6 moist)mottling, amorphous structure. pH 6.1.

24+ Light brownish gray (2.g Y 6/2 moist, 7/2 dry ) silty clay loam with mottling as in Dl (10 YR 5/8 moist 1. Amorphous and plastic. pH 5.9.

CHEMICALDATA:

Hor Depth PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches % B rat io $J

A0 2- 0 4.2 60.10 1.29 27.0

A2 0- 42 4.6 13.00 0.38 19.8

B2 42- 9 5.5 7.87 0 -25 18.2 0.05

B3 9- 15 5.6 6.07 0.21 16.8 0.06

Dl 15-241.93 6.1 0.06 18.7 0.03

D2 24+ 0.83 5.9 0.02 24.1 0.02

Hor Depth PH Exchangeablecations S um % inches tm.e./Ioogms I of Bas e Ca Mg K Na H Sat.cations

B2 9-9 5 *5 1.39 0.58 0.08 15.500.23 17.78 12.8 1.70 0.64 0.08 10.10 12.50 19.2 B3 9- 15 5 -6 15-24 6.11.30 2.53 0.03 19-56 5.70 14.4

D2 2 4+ 5.9 90.225.07 14.402.43 0.25 0.09 7.90 PUNTLEDGE SILT LOAM (cont 'd ) I PHYS TCALDATA :

Ho rMoisture Bulk Depth Perman ent Porosity in ches density equivalentdensityTotalincheswilting Non- Cap. gms cc z sa % %

B2 %- 9 0.64 32 -5 12.2 74 97 17.1

9- 0.77 12.1 75.4 11.2 *3 15 29.1

Dl 15-24 26.4 9.9

Depth of Soil inches

4 6 0 12 16

Available water .5 .8 1.0 1.6 2.1 inches

QUADRA

I LOCAT ION : SaywardForest, Campbell River,

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual : 49 Annua 1 : 44.06 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.65 July : 63 May -Sept. : 1.49

VEGETATION: Douglas fir (planted l95hl with some lodgepoleand white pines. Gaultheria (Salal 1 Site Type.

TOPOGRAPHY: Erosionallandscape with slopes to 24%.

DRAINAGE : Well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Coarse - texturedQuadra sand.

CLASSIFICATION: OrthicPodzol, 1955; (Orthic Humo-FerricPodzol, i970 1.

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- 0 Primarilyneedles andtwigs. The H layer is well decomposed.

Ae 3- 2 Lightbrownish gray (10 YR 6/2 loamy sand,pinkish gray (10 YR 6/2 when dry; tonguesup to lo inches,abrupt irregular boundary

Bfl 2- 7 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/8 loamy sand, lightyellowish brown (10 YR 6/4 when dry; medium coarseangular blocky in structure;weakly developed ironpans es- peciallybelow Ae tongues;roots plentiful; distinct wavy boundary. QUADRA (cont 'd )

Horizon Depth inches

B f, 7- 16 Olive yellow to light olive brown (2.5 Y 5/6 ) loamy,sand, brownish yellow (lo YK 6/6 when dry; weak coarse angularblocky to loose sandin structure;non-sticky, non-plastic; many roots; diffuse wavy boundary.

16-24 Lightolive brown (2.5 Y 5/6 ) loamy Bf 3 sand,very pale brown (lo YR 7/41 when dry, weak coarseangular blocky toloose sand in structure; non-sticky, non-plastic;roots common; gradual wavy boundary.

24- 31 Light olive brown (2.5 Y 5/4 ) loamy sand,very pale brown (lo YR 7/31 when dry;loose sand; moderately compacted; few roots;gradual wavybound- ary.

BC 31- 39 Olive (5 Y 5/31 loamy sand,light gray (10 YR 7/2 1 when dry; loose sand slightly compacted; few roots,diffuse wavy boundary.

39- 49 Olive (5 Y 5/3) loamy sand,very pale brown (10 YK 7/31 when dry;loose sand, slightlycompacted; no roots, diffuse wavy boundary.

c2 49-60 Olive (5 Y 5/31loamy sand,very pale brown (10 YR 7/3; loosesand, no roots.

REFERENCE : Keser, N. 1969. Soilsand Douglas-fir Growth inthe Sayward Forest.Doctoral Dissertation.Department of SoilScience, University of British Columbia. "_

u0 u1 d u 0 H

m $4 (d P.

I d Ln . d I d I"

il I P U

0co Y QUALICUM LOAMY SAND

LOCATION: Throughoutthe Nanaimo Lowlands (117,330 acres).

CLIMATE: Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 49 Annual : 44.28 Jan. : 36 April-July : 1.56 July : 62 May -Sept. : 1.41

VEGETATION: Principally of lodgepolepine with Douglas fir, hemlock, red alderand occasionally arbutus. The understory is dominantly salal. The forestdensity is lowerthan that on the Shawni- gan and Dashwood series.Occasionally large stumps are ob- I served in thesecond growth. TOPOGRAPHY: Gentlyundulating to gently rolling with occasional steep slopes.

DRAINAGE: Rapidlydrained; permeability is rapid.

PARENT MATERIAL: Coarsetextured materials.

CLASSIFICATION:Brown Podzolic;(Orthic Dystric Brunisol, 1970).

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 2- 0 Darkbrown to black loose litter of partially decayedneedles, wood, etc. pH 7.0. 1 A2 0- /2 Pinkishgray (5 YR 6/2 moist, 10 YR 6/2 dry) loamy sand,soft, single grained. Notcon- tinuous but ranges up to 3/4 inchin thickness. pH 4.6. - QUALICUM LOAMY SAND ( cont ' d 1

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

B22 'i$-lO Brown I7.5 YR 5/6moist, 10 YR 5/6 dry 1 loamy sand,single grained structure. Upper inch weaklycemented orterde. Verypermeable; pebbles are ironcoated, pH 6.0.Horizon bound- arydiffuse.

19Yellowish brown YR 5/6moist, 6/6 dry ) loose B23 lo- (lo sandof single grain structure. pH 6.1.Horizon boundary diffuse.

19-44Sand as abovebut somewhat palerin color. B3 Slightly more compact. pH 6.1.

C 44+ Lightolive (2.5 Y 5/4 moist, 2.5 Y 7/4 dry) loosestructureless sand grading into gravel at considerabledepth. Well stratified. pH 6.1.

CHEMICALDATA:

Hor Depth PH 0 .M. N C /N P inches % $ ratio $

A0 2- 0 5.0 49.88 1.72 16.8 1 A2 0- 12 4.6 3*17 0.06 30.6

B2 9-lo 6 .o 1.93 0.07 16 .O 0.03

B3 10- 19 6.1 0.97 0.04 14.1 0.03

B1 19- B1 44 1.52 6.1 0.05 17.6 0 .Oh

c2 44+ 6.1 0.55 0.02 16 .o 0.02

Hor Depth Hor PH Exchangeablecations S urn % Ex .Mn inches (m. e. /Ioogms of Base p.p.m. Ca MS K Na H Sat.cations

B2 2 ?2- lo 6.0 0.030.93 0.10 0.05 2.34 32.23.45 * 31

B2 3 0.53 6.110-19 0.00 0.08 0.06 1.21 1.88 35 -6 .04

B3 19- 44 6.1 0.45 0.00 0.04 0.07 1.78 23.92.34 C 4 4+ 0.50 6.1 0.10 0.090.03 1.01 1.73 41.6 .20 QUALICUM LOAMY SAND (cont 'd 1

PHYS ICAL DATA:

Hor Depth S and Silt Clay inches 2.. 05 .05-. 002 .002 mm Rm m

A2 0-3 83.94 12.31 3 a65

B22 3-10 90.14 6.10 3.76

B23 3-2194.2010- 19 2 -53

B3 19- 44 91.82 5.16 3.02 C 4 4+ 89 43 2.138.44

Hor Depth Bulk Moisture Permanent Poros i ty inches density equivalentTotaldensitywiltinginches Non-Cap.

822 +- lo 1.37 26.610.9 50.1 3-8 B23 10-19 B23 1.5'0 10.9 3 *9 45.8 24.6

B3 19- 44 1.54 *lo.9 "3 09 42.5 26.0 C 4 4+ 1.70 26.6 37.5 I I LOCATION: Sayward Forest,Campbell River

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF 1 Mean Precipitation (inches 1

Annual: 49 Annua 1 : 44.06 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.65 July : 63 May -Sept.:1.49

VEGETATION: Douglas fir(planted 1947) with cedar and some hemlock. Gaultheria(Salal) Site type.

TOPOGRAPHY: North-westerlyaspect with a 5 - 6 $ slope.

DRAINAGE: Well.

PARENTMATERIAL: Sandstone-rich till underlain by CretaciousSandstone

CTLASSIFICATION: ConcretionaryPodzol; 1965; (OrthicHumo-Ferric Podzol,

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 2- 0 Dark reddish brown (9 YR 2/2 1, primarily needles,twigs, leaves and bark. The H layer is moderately well decomposed.

Ae 0- 2 Reddishgray (5 YR 5/2 ) sandyloam, pinkishgray (7.5 YR 6/2 ) when dry; single grainin structure; abrupt, irregular boundary. QUINSAM (cont

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

Bfccl 2- 4 Yellowishred (5 YR 4/6 1 sandyloam, brown (7.5 YR 5/4 ) when dry;moderate medium subangularblocky in structure; many concretions,roots plentiful; gradient diffuse boundary.

Bfcc2 4- 6 Yellowishred (5 YR 4/4 1 sandyloam, brown (7.5 YR 5/4 1 when dry; weak coarse subangularblocky in structure; non-sticky, non-plastic; some concretions, many roots; clear wavy boundary.

Bfl 6- 12 Strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6 ) sandyloam, reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/6 ) when dry, weak coarsesubangular blocky in structure; non-sticky,non-plastic; roots common, gradual wavy boundary.

Bf2 Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/41 sandy loam, pale brown (lo YR 6/31 when dry; weak coarsesubangular blocky in structure; non-sticky,non-plastic; some roots; clear wavy boundary.

BC 19- 26 Dark brown (lo YR 4/3 ) sandyloam, pale brown (lo YR 6j3 ) when dry;moderate subangularblocky in structure; moderately compacted;root mat at BC/C interface, abrupt wavy boundary.

C1 26- 31 Dark grayish brown (2.5 Y 4/2 1 sandyloam, light brownish gray (10 YR 6j2 1 when dry; massive,extremely firm, no roots.

REFERENCE: Keser, N. 1969. Soilsand Douglas-Fir Growth inthe Sayward Forest.Doctoral Dissertation,Department of Soil Science, University of BritishColumbia.

rl y1

0 r) 1I I I I I I I I I Uco 0

I k

EW n h -a U E

3LINOT

i I R " ROACHLOGGING PLOT 17

LOCAT ION : Robertson Rivervalley, south of

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF)

Annual : 49 Annua 1 : 56.01 Jan. : 3.1 April- July : 2 .oo July : 64 May -Sept. : 1.76

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understoryconsists mainly of salal with sume Oregon grape. I TOPOGRAPHY: Sloping to 30% with a south aspect. DRAINAGE: Well

PAKENT MATERIAL: Glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1965; (Mini Hum0 - Ferric Podzol, lqjo )

PROFILE DESCRIRION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1/2- om Forest litter.

Ae 9- lip'' Discontinuousdegraded horizon.

Bf 1/?- 12 '* Brownishcoloured horizon.

Bfc 12- 18" Slightlycemented horizon.

C 18" + Stony,gravelly bedrock modified rill. ROACH LOGGING PLOT 17 ( cont ' d 1

CHEMICAL DATA:

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH $ 5 ppm ppm ppm Ca Mg K Na me/lOO g me/lOo &

2-1 0 '1 4.4 30585.1,0.54 25 80 3300 720 840 90 24.9655.55

0- 6 " 5.95.7 0.11 140 4 70 140 25 50 70 13.331.31

6-12' 5.5 4.3 5.56-12' 0.08 135 7 45 9055 15 45 0.90 12.22

12-18" 5.5115 0.05 4.3 4 45 15 50 55 45 0.70 11.11

18-24" 5.7 3.9 0.09 loo 370 45 15 45 50 0.81 13.33 Profilenext to tree No.492 - same as above, exceet B horizon extendsfrom $ - 36 andshows no evidence of Cementation.

6-12" 5.8 3.8 0.05 55 6 60 140 25 1.3060 55 10.00

12-18" 5.7 5.1 0.08 loo 2 60 200 35 1.7380 55 13.78

18-24' 5.9 2.4 0.06 125 1 70 200 55 70 50 1.85 10.00

* by Ignition Loss

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beaton and I. MacRae, 1966. Profile and Chemical Characteristics of Soils on PacificLogging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials onVancouver Island (1963 - 1965).

E- P. 679;Research Division, B. C. ForestService. ROACH LOGGING PLOT 18

LOCATION: RobertsonRiver valley, south of CowichanLake

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual : 49 Annual : 56.01 Jan. : 37 April-July : 2 .OO July : 64 May -Sept.: 1.76

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists of salal.

TOPOGRAPHY: Slopingto 30% with a southaspect. I DKAINAGE: Well PARENTMATERIAL: Till andcolluvium mixture.

CLASSIFICATION: OrthicAcid Brown Wooded, 1965; (Mini Humo - FerricPodzol, l?70. )

PROFILEDFSCRIPTIOM:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- 0 .' Forest: litter.

Bf 0- m" Reddish brown coloured horizon that is stony, contains some concretionsand is quite friable.

C 20" + Stony,bedrock modified parent material. ROACH LOGGING PLOT 18 (cont'd)

CHEMICAL DATA:

Total Bray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cationsppm Total CEC Horizon pH % % PPm PPm Ppm Ca Mg K Na me/lOO g me/lOO g

1- 0 'I 5.6 88.9 0.47 335 23 160 54001100 400 90 37.4666.65

0-6" 5.6 3.1 0.06 125 2 45 100 15 45 45 0.93 9.89

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beaton and I. MacRae, 1966. Profile and Chemical Characteristicsof Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on Vancouver Island (1963 - 1965 1. E. P. 679; Research Division, B. C. Forest Service. ROACH LOGGINGPLOT 19

LOCATION : RobertsonRiver valley, south of CowichanLake.

0 CL IMATL : Mean Temperature ( F) Mean Precipitation (inches )

Annual : 49 Annual : 56 .Ol Jan. : 37 April-July : 2.03 July : 64 May -Sept.: 1.76

VEGETATION : PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists mainly of salal.

TO POG RA PHY : Sloping to 352 with a southaspect.

DRAINAGE : We1 1

PARENT MATERIAL: Shallow till / Bedrock

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1955; (MiniHumo-ferric Podzol, 1573. )

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- Oln Forest litter.

Ae- AG 0- 1*' Degradedhorizon.

Bf 1- 12" Brown colouredhorizon containing many pebbles coatedwith iron oxides.

D l?*+ Unshatteredbedrock. ROACH LOGGING PLOT 19 (cont 'd 1

CHEMICAL DATA:

TotalBray Non Ex. Acetate Ext. OM N PAN P K Cat ions ppm Total CEC Horizon pH $ % ppm ppm ppm Ca Mg K Na me/lO3 g me/100 g

1-0'' 4.8 81.4s0.60 240 42 o 4400 1000 820 90 32.65 55 55 0- 6* 5.8 4.8 0.09 130 3 95 330 6585 55 2.76 14.44

6-12'' 5.8 5.1 0.10 195 6 80 600 75 80 60 4.08 16.67 Profile next to tree No. 695 - sane as abovedescription - soil subject to movement inboth profiles, i.e. col- luvial material.

1- 0 'I 5.088.3' 0.75 260 36 160 6000 940 56090 39.55 72.20

0- 6' 5.4 5.9 0.11 125 3 115 470 50 65 50 3-15 12.50

6-12'' 5.4 4.3 0.07 140 2 85 300 50 75 50 2.32 13.33 * by Ignition Loss

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beatonand I. HacRae,1966. Profile and Chemical Characteristics of Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on VancouverIsland (1963 - 1965). E. P. 679; ResearchDivision, B. C. ForestService. ROACH LOGGINGPLOT 27

LOCATION: RobertsonRiver valley, south of CowichanLake

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual: 49 Annua 1 : 56.01 Jan. : 37 April-July : ? .oo July : 64 May -Sept. : 1.76

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists mainly of salal with some moss.

TOPOGRAPHY: Slopingto 25% with a southeastaspect.

I DRAINAGE : We1 1

PAREhT MATERIAL : Glac ial til 1.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1965; (MiniHumo-ferric Podzol, 1577. )

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches L-H 1/2-0- Forest litter.

Ae- AT 0-1 1/2* Degradinghorizon that is somewhat discontinuous.

Bf 1 1/2-24” Stony,friable, brownish horizon, contains a few concretions.

C/D 2hn + Bedrockmodified till overlyingbedrock. ROACH LOGGING PLOT 27 (cont 'd 1

CHEMICAL DATA:

Total Bray Non Ex. AcetateExt. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH $ d PP~ppm ppm Ca Mg K Na me/loo g me/lOO g

2-1 0 1' 5.2 77.7* 0.91 340 42 20 4100 1000 780 120 31.23 50.00

0- 6' 5.4 8.2 0.13 140 25 95 460 85 95 45 3.43 16.67

6-12'' 5.25.4 0.09 125 26 60 70 25 90 45 0.9813.33

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beaton and I. MacRae, 1966. Profile and Chemical Characteristics of Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on Vancouver Island (1963 - 1965). E. P. 679; Research Division, B. C. ForestService. ROACH LOGGING PLOT 28

I I LOCATION : Robertson River valley, south of cow 'ichan Lake.

0 CLIMATE : Mean Temperature ( F 1 Mean Precipitation (inches 1

Annual : 49 Annua 1 : 56 .ol Jan. : 37 April- July : i! .Oo July : 54 May -Sept. : 1. (6

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir. Understory consists mainly of salal with some bracken.Bracken dominates on old catroad.

TOPOGRAPHY: Sloping to 20% with a southeastaspect. 1 DPAINAGE: Well PARENTMATERIAL: Shallow till / Bedrock.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1963; ( MiniHumo-ferric Podzol, 1:77.)

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1/2- or' Forest litter. - Aej 0- 1" Weakly eluviatedhorizon.

Bf 1-18" Brownishhorizon, contains some concretions.

D 18" + Shatteredbedrock. ROACH LOGGINGPLOT 28 (cont 'dl

Profile next to treeNo. 325 HorizonDepth inches - Ae j 0- 1 """

Bf 1-24"Contain quite a few concretions.

C 24" + Bedrockmodified till.

CHEMICAL DATA: Upper Pit .W.(N Corner 1

TotalBrayNon Ex.Acetate Ext. N PAN POM PAN N K CECTotalCations ppm HorizonpH % % ppmPPmPPm Ca Mg K me/100Na g me/loO g

1 " 2- 0 5.488.5* 0.99 295 195 150 2800 7202650 220 27.66 44.40

0- 6 " 4.75.3 0.09 310507014521 loo 2.4450 11.22

6-12 " 5-5 3.4 0.09 3308535 11527 75 50 2.76 11.22

12-18 'I 0.072.55.6115 13 25050 50 60 50 2.03 7 a89 Lower Pit (S .E. Corner)

2' 2' 1 0 13 5.255.9+ 0.58 740 40 0 2250760 400 110 19.00 44.44

0-6' 5.6 0.062.6 105 16040 25 50 70 50 1.61 8.33

6-12 " 5.5 2.2 0.04 90 6518 1.2350 35 35 125 8.99

12-18" 5.3 2.0 0.05 85 18 55 65 25 25 60 0.76 10.40

18" + 0.041.45.4 60 7514 60 5025 15 0.70 lo. 00

* by Ignition Loss

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer,J. D. Beaton and I. MacRae, 1966. Profile and Chemical Characteristics of Soils on Pacific Logging Company Limited's Forest Fertilization Trials on Vancouver Island (1963 - 1965 I. E. P. 679; Research Division, B. C. Forest Service. ROYSTON GRAVELLY LOAM

LOCATION: Primarlyaround Courtenay (22,020 acres).

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation Iinches )

Annual: 49 Annual ; 51.91 Jan. : 36 April-July : 1.79 July : 64 May -Sept. : 1.59

VEGETATION: Densestands of Douglas fir,balsam fir, hemlockand red cedar.The undergrowth is thickand is mainly salal, swordfern,huckleberry and Oregon grape.

I TOPOGRAPHY: Undulatingsteeplyto sloiing topography.

DRAINAGE: Well drained,permeability of the B horizon is moderatebut thatof the C is veryslow. Water moves laterallyover the parent material during the winter.

PARENT MATERIAL: Compacted clay loam glacial till containinggravel and stones.

CLASSIFICATION : Brown. Podzolic;(Orthic Dystric Brunisol, 1970 1.

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 2- 0 Darkbrown plantremains varying greatly in state of decomposition. pH 4.8.

B2 0- 9 Darkbrown (lo YR 4/3 moist, 7.5 YR 5/6 dry) gravellyloam, Weak medium subangularblocky structure,stones and gravel coated with iron staining, a few concretions.Roots abundant, verypermeable. 50 percentgravel. pH 5.7. ROYSTON GRAVELLY LOAM (cont 'd 1

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

B3 9-20 Brown (7.5 YR 4/4 moist, lo YR 6/4 dry)gravelly loam, moderatecoarse subangular blocky structure. Few roots;gravel coated with iron staining. 25 percentgravel; horizon boundary is abrupt. pH 6.0.

Cl 20-36 Brown (10 YR 5/3moist 1 toyellowish brown (lo YR 5/6 moist,6/4 dry) clay loam, pseudo- platy; partiallyweathered and strongly mottled. PH 5.0.

c2 36 + Dark greyish brown todark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/2 to 4/4 moist, 6/4 dry)gravelly light clay loam till. Impervious to rootsand water. Many dark spots andstains. pH 5.1.

CHEMICAL DATA :

Hor Depth PH 0 .M. N C /N P inches I % rat io k

Ao 2- 0 4.8 66.10 1.89 20.3 1 B2 2 b- 9 5 -7 0.072.90 24.0 0.05

9-20 6 .o 1.65 0.06 16 .O 0 .ol B23

C1 2 0- 36 5 -0 1 .lo 0.03 21.3

c2 36 + 5.1 0.83 0.02 2h.l 0.02

Hor Depth PH Exchangeablecations S um I Ex .Mn inches (m.e. /LoOgms of Base p .p .m. Ca K Na H Sat.cations

B2 2 3-9 5.7 3.04 0.130.23 0.35 5.25 9.00 41.7 1.16 9- 20 2.736.0 0.52 0.28 0.11 3.40 7.04 51.7 0 .lo B2 3 c2 36 + 5.1 4.028.90 0.15 0.22 3.80 17.09 76 *7 ROYSTON GRAVELLYLOAM (cont 'd 1

Hor Depth Si Fe Al Ti Ca Ms Na K P inches c+

C? 36 + 29.2L 5.78 9.02 0.59 1.55 2.01 1.94 0.78 0.07

PHYS ICAI. DATA :

HorSand Depth Silt Clay inches 2- .05 .05- .002 .002 m m mm

B2 2 9-9 50 * 05 32.511 17 .&1 9- 20 40.61 37 22.06 B23 -33

C1 20- 36 51.91 30 * 37 17.72

40.42 30.42 29.16 c2 36 4-

HorBulk Depth Moisture Permanent inches density equivalentwilting

9- 20 1 .h5 22.9 10.1 B73

Depth of Soil inches

1+ G 8 12 16 18

Available water .is 1.3 1.7 2.3 3.2 3.9 inches

REFERENCE: R. C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959.

" S SAANICHTON CLAY

LOCATION: Victoria - SaanichPeninsula area (15,335 acres). CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (91 Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual : 50 Annual : 37.74 Jan. : 38 April-July : 1 .l5 July : 63 ' May -Sept.: 1.04

VEGETATION: The nativevegetation is dominantlyDouglas fir,although some arbutus,maple and red alder occur. The shrub cover, only mod- eratelydense, consists of snowberry, salal, rose,Oregon grape andbracken. In some places,Douglas fir appears tohave invaded the Garry oak-grass-shrub association commonly seen on Cadboroand Langford soils.

TOPOGRAPHY: Gentlysloping.

DRAINAGE: Well drained;permeability is highto medium in thesolum but very low in the parent material. The C horizon is somewhat mottled at the upper boundary. PARENT MATERIAL: Fine - texturedmarine sediments. CLASSIFICATION: AcidDark Brown Forest;fOrthic Sombric Humo-Ferric Podzol, 1970)

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 1- 0 A semi-decomposed layer of needles,twigs, leaves, etc. pH 6.2. S AANICHTON CLAY ( con t ' d 1

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

A1 1- 0 Very darkgrayish brown (10 YR 3/2 moist, 4/2 dry) clay loam, strongto moderate medium granular structure which appears to be largely worm casts. Friable, a few small gravelfragments. pH 5.9.Horizon boundary is abrupt.

2- 6 Brown (lo YR 4/3 moist, 5/4 dry)clay, moderate medium to coarse subangular blocky structure, numerous worm holes, a few small fragile concretions. pH 5.8. Horizonboundary is clear.

B2 6- 11 Yellowish brown (lo YR 514 moist, 5/8 dry)clay, weak coarseto very coarse subangular blocky structure,friable and slightly hard consistence. Many roots,scattered gravel which is coatedwith ironoxides. pH 5.7. Horizonboundary is clear.

11-19 Lightbrownish gray (2.5 612 moist, 7/4 dry) B3 Y clay. Amorphous to weak fineblocky structure, firmand hard consistence. pH 5.3.Horizon boundary is clear.

C1 19-30 Pale brown (10 YR 6/3 moist, 7/3 dry)mottled clay. Amorphous structurewhich is plastic and veryhard. Few roots. pH 5.1.

c2 30+ Pale brown (lo YR 6/3moist, 7/3dry 1 amorphous clayshowing weak stratification.Blackish stains on cleavagefaces, an occasional pebble. pH 5.3.

CHEMICAL DATA :

H or Depth Hor PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches z z ratio %

A0 1- 0 6.2

20.2 0.16 A1 0- 2 5.9 11.87 0.34

B1 2- 6 5 .a 4.14 0.14 17.2 0.09

B2 6- 113.04 5.7 0.13 13.5 0.14

19 5.3 1.65 5.3 11- 19 0.06 16 .O 0.03 B3

C1 19- 30 5.1 0.69 0.03 13.3 0.02

c, 30+ 5.3 0.73 0.03 14.1 0.03 SAANICHTON CLAY (cont'd)

I Hor Depth PH Exchangeablecations S urn k Ex .Mn inches (m.e ./loogms of Base p .p .m. Ca & K Na H cations Sat.

A1 0- 2 23.92 5.9 4.72 0.80 42.'?713.33 68.9 15.19

Bl 2- 6 5.8 5.96 1.83 0.330.69 8.10 52.116.91 15.56

B? 6-11 5.7 3.08 1.99 0.55 0.27 8.23 14.12 41.7 8.83

0.24 6.1511.74 B3 11-17 5.3 1.953.07 0.33 47.5 .16

C1 17-30 5.1 4.543.81 0.19 0.26 5.1313.93 63.2 .lo

c2 3'3+ 5.3 9.42 7.05 0.15 0.57 3.43 20.62 83.1 1.14

PHYSICAL DATA:

Hor Depth MoistureBulk Pe rman en t Porosity in ches density equivalentdensityinchesTotalwilting Non-Cap.

I A1 0- 2 0.56 41.9 14.1 69.5 22.9 0 .9? 29.9 9.5 64.5 B19.5 2- 29.96 0.9? 15.4

E2 6- 11 1.12 27.4 57.3 8.9 14.6

B3 11- 19 1.29 2b.o 7 a5 52.4 12.8

C1 19- 30 1.48 47 05 7.3

c2 30+ 1.51 47.9 4 *3

Depth of Soil inches

4 6 8 12 16 18

Available water .l 1.1 1.5 2.4 3.7 3.2 inches

REFERENCE: B.C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959. SANDHILL

1 LOCATION: Tofino - Uclueletlowland.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual: 49 Annual : 127.37 Jan. : 42 April-July : 17.50 July : 58 May -Sept. : 14.70

VEGETATION: Westernhemlock, western red cedar, yellow cedar and labrador tea.

TOPOGRAPHY: Leveland very gently sloping. 1 DRAINAGE: Imperfectlydrained. Mottling is common inthe upper profile and much of the soil is wet abovethe discontinuous pan.

PARENT MATERIAL: Outwash sandsand gravels.

CLASSIFICATION: GleyedOrthic Ferro-Humic Podzol, 1970

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L-F 6- 3 Undecomposed and partially decomposed needles,leaves, and mosses.

H 3- 0 Black (loYR 2/1, m) decomposedamorphous organic material.

Bh 0- 3 Verydarkgrayish brown (lOYR 3/2, m) sandy loam; weak, finesubangular blocky; firm; plentiful, medium andfine roots; some gravel; gradual irregular boundary with some tongues intounderlying horizon; 1 to 4 inchesthick. SANDHILL (cont ' d )

Horizon Depth ' inches

Bhf g 3- 12 Darkgrayish brown (lOYR 4/2, w) sandyclay loam;cormon, medium, distinctyellowish brown (loYR 5/6) mottles; amorphous; firm; few, medium and fine roots; some gravel; clear, smooth boundary; 6 to 11 inchesthick.

Bfch 12- 19 Darkbrown (10YR 4/3, m) loamy sand with thin wavy dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, m) dis- continuoushorizontal pans; single grain; firm; very few, fineroots; some gravel; clear, smoothboundary; 6 to 10 inchesthick.

BC 19- 30 Olive (5Y 4/4, m) coarsesand; single grain; nonplastic,nonsticky; no roots; some gravel.

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey,Report No. 11. 1971, SANDWICK GRAVELLY LOAM

LOCATION: Almost entirelyin the Courtenay area (1690 acres).

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF 1 Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 49 Annual : 53.76 Jan. : 35 April-July : 1.94 July : 63 May -Sept.: 1.73

VEGETATION: The nativevegetation is largelyan oak-grass association although,throughout an appreciable portion of the series, stands of first generation Douglas fir with an understory of grasseshave become dominant.This represents a recent (perhaps less than loo years)invasion of the oak-grass association.Relic oak trees may occasionallybe found among the young fir trees.

TOPOGRAPHY : Gentlyundulating to steeply sloping topography, usually with a southern aspect.

DRAINAGE: Welldrained, pemeability of the A and B horizons is moderate butvery slow in the C horizon. Lateral movement of water over the parent material is indicated by mottling.

PARENT WTERIAL: Compacted clay loam glacial till containingmoderate amountsof gravel,cobbles and stones.

CLASSIFICATION: AcidDark Brown Forest;(SombricHumo-Ferric Podzol, 1970).

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 1- 0 Brown darkto brown forest- litter. SANDWICK GRAVELLY LOAM(cont 'd 1

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

0- 9 Verydark brown toblack (lo YR 2/2 moist, A1 3/2 dry)gravelly loam; strongcoarse granular and medium subangularblock structure, friable consistence, 27 percent gravel. pH 5.2. Horizonboundary is clear.

9-16 Dark grayish brown (lo YR 3/2 moist, 4/3 dry 1 gravelly loam, compound moderate medium granular and weak coarse subangular blocky structure.Friable and porous, many roots; color becomes lighterwith depth. 20 percent gravel. pH 5.3.Horizon boundary is clear.

16-22 Darkyellowish brown (10 YR 4/4 moist,6/4 dry 1 gravelly loambecoming lighter in color with depth.Structure as in Bl, 20 per centgravel. pH 5.3.Horizon boundary is abrupt.

C1 22-39 Brown (lo YR 5/3moist, 6/4dry)heavy loam, massivestructure. Few roots, 16 percent gravel. pH 5.4.

Dark grayish brown (lo YR moist, 6/4 dry 1 grav- c2 39+ ellyclay loam till of massivestructure. Imper- meable, many darkstains. 21 per centgravel, scatteredstones throughout the profile. pH 5.6.

CHEMICAL DATA :

Hor Depth PH 0 .M. N C /N P inches k I ratio $

A0 1- 0 4.9 67.53 1.17 33.5

0- 9 5.2 19.32 0.67 16.7 0.12

B1 9- 16 5.3 9.45 0.37 14.8 0.11

16- 22 1.79 0.04 26 .o 0.03 B2 5.3

Cl 22- 39 5.4 4.28 0.16 15 95 0.05

c2 39+ 5 -6 0.83 0.02 24.1 0.03 SANDWICKGRAVELLY LOAM (cont 'd 1

Hor Depth PH Exchangeablecations S urn z inches (m.e./loogms) Of Bas e Ca Jk K Na H cations Sat.

A1 0- 9 5.2 4.30 1.18 0.18 0.22 27.80 33.88 17 -9

B1 9- 16 5.3 0.73 1.15 0.07 0.12 16.33 17.42 f5 -3

B2 16- 22 5.3 4.40 1.72 0.05 0.36 13.787.25 4 1.4

C1 22- 39 5.4 0.50 0.20 0.04 10.150.13 11.02 7.9

c2 39+ 3.6 20.40 6.90 0.14 0.62 4.38 32.44 86 .'j

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959. S ENTON

LOCATION: Sayward Forest, CampbellRiver. Approximately a mile west of Elk Falls.

CLIMATE: Mean Temperature (% ) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 49 Annual : 44.06 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.65 July : 63 May -Sept.: 1.49

VEGETATION: Douglas fir (planted1941). Gaultheria (Salal) Site Type.

TOPOGRAPHY: Verygently sloping.

DRAINAGE: Well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Gravellyand sandy glaciofluvial material.

CLASSIFICATION: DegradedAcid Brown Wooded, 1965;(MiniHumo-Ferric Podzol, 1970 1.

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

L- H 1- 0 Verydark brown (lo YR 2/2 needles,leaves andtwigs. The H layer is well decomposed.

Ae Not continuous;found often under decaying logs.Thickness is less than 1/4 inch.

Bfl 0- 2 Darkbrown (7.5 YR 4/4 ), loamy sand, brownish yellow (lo YR 6/6) when moist; weak finesubangular blocky structure; friable, non-sticky,non-plastiq roots plentiful, gradualirregular boundary. SENTON (cont 'd)

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/61loamy sand, Bf2 2- 7 weakmedium subangular blocky in structure; friable,non-sticky, non-plastic; slightly compacted inplaces; many roots;gradual wavy boundary.

Bf 7- 15 Yellowish brown (lo YR 5/6 ) sand, light 3 yellowish brown when moist; single grain, compacted inlocations; some roots,gradual wavy boundary.

BC 15- 30 Olive brown (2.5 Y 4/4 ) sand, pale brown (10 YR 6/31 when moist;loose single grain; few roots,diffuse irregular boundary.

C 30- 51 Olive brown (2.5 Y 4/4), sand, pale brown (10 YR 6/3 ) when moist; loose sand, no roots.

REFERENCE: Keser, N. 1969. Soils of Douglas-FirGrowth in Sayward Forest. DoctoralDissertation. Department of Soil Science,University of British Columbia.

l(u 00 00.. rl 81 x i E(uo rl

3 rnt 1 I I I I 1 m '9 -

a mrl 0 a 0 ai-r-mw..... m r(

"I I l-lc c)* L aJ 3

a L

m3a 2

NOZI8OH i‘ON AW-X SHAWNIGAN GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (% ) Mean Precipitation(inches I Annual: 49 Annua 1 : 43.36 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.50 July : 62 May -Sept.: 1.34

VEGETATION: The nativevegetation is mainlysecond growth Douglas fir,balsam, hemlock,red alder and maple with an understory of shrubs. The many largestumps furnish evidence of a one-timeheavy stand of virgintimber. Red alder andfireweed are common inburned or cut- over areas.

TOPOGRAPHY: Rollingmorainic to steeplysloping topography.

DRAINAGE: Well drained and permeability is moderateexcept in the parent: material where it is veryslow. Lateral movement of water over theparent material is common duringthe winter and earlyspring.

PARENT MATERIAL: Compact gravellysandy loam glacial till containingmoderate amounts of cobbles and stones.

CLASSIFICATION:Brown Podzolic;(Orthic Dystric Brunisol, 1970).

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 3- 0 Dark brown organic litter, generallyquite fibrous andcomposed of needles,twigs, leaves and moss roots. pH 5.1. 1 A2 0- /4 Gray (10 YR 6/1 moist, 7/2 dry)sandy loam with weak fine platy structure.- SHAWNIGAN GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM (cont ' d 1

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

B2 ?L 9 Dark brown (lo YR 6/3dry, 4/3 moist ) gravelly sandy loam;weak finegranular and weakmedium subangularblocky structure. Horizon is porous andvery splotchy, Iron oxides coat the sand and gravel separates. About 20 percent of the horizon is gravel.The lower horizon boundary is smoothand gradual. pH 5.9.

B3 9- 19 Yellowish brown (lo YR 5/4moist, 6/3 dry 1 gravellysandy loam,somewhat lighterin color than B2. Structure as in B2, friableconsistence. Iron coatings are less marked.About 25 per cent of thehorizon is gravel. Lower horizonboundary is abrupt. pH 5.9.

19- 30 Grayish brown (lo YR 5/2 moist,6/2 dry) compact gravellysandy loam, Frequently of coarse wedge- likestructure, distinctly mottled. Roots generally mattedin this horizon. pH 5.7.

c2 30+ Gray (10 YR 5/1moist, 6/1 dry) compact massive gravellysandy loam till. Extremelyhard and impermeable toroots and water. pH 5.7. At 5 feet--pH5.2.

CHEMICAL DATA:

Hor Depth PH 0 .M. N C /N P inches % % rat io %

A0 3- 0 5.1 37.26 0.78 27 07

A,. 0- ljb 5 -8 3.59 0.07 29.7 1 B2 h- 9 1.93 5.9 0.05 22.4 0.08

B3 9- 19 5.9 1.52 0.04 22.1 0.03

C1 19- 30 5.7 0.96 0.02 27 -9

0.02 0.04 C2 Q 45 5.7 0 -55 1599

Q 60 5.2 0.69 0.01 40.0 SHAWNIGAN GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM (cont 'd 1 I Hor Depth PH Exchangeablecations S urn % Ex ."I inches (m.e./loogms inches 1 of Base P?m Ca Mg K Na H cations Sat.

R2 fi- 9 5.9 1.68 0.45 0.2-/ 3.60 6 .oo 40.0 1.42

B3 9- 19 1.36 5.9 0.14 0.18 0.1141.6 4.30 2.51 1.92

C1 0.79 5.7 19- 30 0.08 0.10 0.07 1.70.45 38.0 2.74

c2 @ -45 5.7 0.592.60 0.07 0.15 2.18 1.0661.0 5.59

Hor Depth Si Fe AI Ti Ca Mg Na K P

1 PHYSICAL DATA:

Hor Depth Sand Silt Clay inches 2- .05 .05- .002 .002 mm mm m mm

A2 0- 44 51e57 43.22 5.21 l/4- 9 55.74 35.94 8.32

B3 9- 19 55.23 24.60 10.17

c1 I?- 30 55.99 35.81 8.20

HorBulk Depth Moisture Permanent inches dens ity equivalentwilting

B3 9- 19 1.45 20.1 6.7 SHAWNIGAN GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM (cont 'd 1

Depth of Soil inches

4 6 8 12 16 18 20 24 30

Availablewater .4 .6 .8 1.1 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.2 inches

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959. SOMASS LOAMY SAND

LOCATION: AlberniBasin (2135 acres + lo00 acres gravelly loamy sand).

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature(OF) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual: 49 Annual : 78.65 Jan. : 35 April-June : 2.62 July : 64 May -Sept.:1.75

VEGETATION: Douglas fir, hemlock,red cedar with an understory of salal.

TOPOGRAPHY: Gentlyrolling.

I DRAINAGE: Well drained;permeability is rapid.

PARENT MATERIAL: Coarse-texturedglacio-fluvial material.

CLASSIFICATION: ConcretionaryBrown;(Mini Hum-Ferric Podzol, 1970).

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

A00 2- 1 Darkbrown partially decomposedremains of mosses,needles, leaves and wood.

A0 1- 0 Black (5 YR 2/1 moist, 2/2 dry) well decomposed organiclayer, resembles greasy mor. pH 4.1.

B2 *- 9 Yellowishred (5 YR 5/6 moist, 7.5 YR 4/4 dry) loamy sand, weak coarsesubangular blocky structure,weakly cemented at thetop of thehorizon. There are some small (3 mn. ) concretions and the pebbles are iron-coated,Horizon boundary is clear. pH 5.2. SOWS LOAMY SAND (cont ‘dl

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

B3 9- 18 Strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6 moistand dry) loamy sand, weak coarsesubangular blocky and single grain.Very friable and soft. Horizon boundary is clear. pH 5.6.

18-30 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/4 moist, 6/4 dry) loawsand, single grained structure, friable; containsgravel. pH 5.6.

30+ Gray stratifiedgravel andsand. pH 4.6.

CHEMICAL DATA :

Hor Depth pH 0 .M. N C/N P inches sa f ratio f

A0 2- 0 4.1 1.5761.41 22.7

4.1 A2 0- yk 11.59 140.48 .O J32 44- 9 3.54 5.2 0.20 17 -7 9- 18 5 2.28 8.8 B3 06 0.15 C 18- 30 5.6 0.44 0.03 5.1

D 30+ 4.6 1 * -79 0.03 34.6

REFERENCE: B. C. SoilSurvey - Report No. 6, 1959. SPROAT GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM

L 1 LOCATION: Mostlyin the Alberni Basin (10,660 acres).

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (9) Mean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual: bg Annual : 57.17 Jan. : 36 April-July : 2.05 July : 63 May -Sept.: 1.66

VEGETATION: The nativevegetation is mainlysecond growth Douglas fir, hemlockand red cedar with an understory of shrubs. The many large stumpssuggest a one time excellentstand of virgin timber. Red I alder is common oncut-over areas. TOPOGRAPHY: Rolling to steeply sloping.

DRAINAGE: Well drained;permeability is moderateexcept in the parent material where it is veryslow. Lateral movement of water overthe parent material is cornonduring the winter. The moisturedeficiency during the summer months is not so pronounced as inthe Shawnigan soils and, as wouldbe expected, the surplus during the winter is much greater.

PARENT MATERIAL: Compact gravellysandy loam glacial till containingmoderate numbers ofcobbles and stones.

CLASSIFICATION: ConcretionaryBrown;(Mini Humo-Ferric Podzol, 1970).

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 4- 0 Very darkgray brown (lOYR 3/2 moist 1 organic layer of decomposingforest litter. Fibrous mass of needles, moss, twigs, etc. pH 6.5. S PROAT GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM (cont ' d 1

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

A2 Lightbrownish gray to pinkishwhite (10 YR 6/2 to 7.5 YR 7/2 dry ) sandyloam, weak platy structure,friable and porous. pH 6 .la

82 9 Reddish brown (5 YR 4/4-3/4 moist, 7.5 YR 9- 5/6 to lo YR 516 dry)gravelly sandy loam. Very weakmedium subangular blocky structure. Scatteredconcretions occur throughout. Hor- izonboundary is smoothand clear. 50 per centgravel. pH 5.7.

B3 9- 18 Yellowish brown (lo YR 5/4 moist,6/4 dry) gravellysandy loam. Compound weak granular andweak medium subangular blocky structure, friable andporous. Few concretionspresent; 35 percent gravel. Horizon boundary is smoothand abrupt. pH 6.0.

18- 30 Gray (10 YR 5/1-5/2moist 6/3 dry). Compact gravellysandy loam till inthin wavy layers. Mottling is common androot mats are present betweenthe layers. pH 5.9.Horizon boundary is abrupt.

c2 Gray (10 YR 5/1, 6/3dry 1 sandy loam till. Stonesand gravel are common; impervious to water and roots. pH 6.0.

CHEMICAL DATA :

Hor Depth PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches z z rat io 7

Ao 4- 0 6.5 48.30 0.73

A2 0- 1 6.1 2.90 0.06

B2 1- 9 5.7 4.14 0.08 0.08

B3 9- 18 6 .o 2.62 0.07 0.02

C1 18- 30 5.9 1 .lo 0.02 0.03

c2 30+ 6 .o 0.06 0 .ol 0.05 S PROAT GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM ( cont 'd )

Hor Depth PH Exchangeable cations s urn $ Ex .Mn inches (m.e./loogms of Bas e p .p .m. Ca ME K Na H Sat.cations

B2 1- 9 5.7 2.66 0.69 4.60 7.95 42.2 1.19

*3 9- 18 5.0 1.04 0.57 2.60 4.21 38.2 .13

C1 1s- 30 5.9 0.76 0.44 1.60 2.80 42.9 * 17 c2 30+ 6.0 1.36 0.66 2.76 4.78 42.2 -37

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No, 6, 1959. STAMP GRAVELLY LOAM

LOCATION: Alberni Basin (18,290 acres).

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation (inches 1

Annual: 49 Annual : 57-17 Jan. : 36 April- July: 2 .O5 July : 63 May -Sept.: 1.66

VEGETATION: The native vegetation consists of second growth Douglas fir, hemlock, cedar and alder. The understory is dominatedby salal, with sword fern and Oregon grape. ' TOPOGRAPHY: Undulating to steeply sloping. DRAINAGE: Well drained; permeabilityof the B horizon is moderate but that of the C is very slow. Water moves laterally over the parent material during the winter.

PARENT MATERIAL: Compact clay loam glacial till containing moderate amounts of gravel and stones.

CLASSIFICATION: Concretionary Brown;( Mini Humo-Ferric Podzol,1970).

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

HorizonDepth inches

A0 2- 0 Dark brown organicmat consisting of needles, leaves, wood andmoss which is semi-decomposed. PH 5.2. A thin transition horizon. pH 5.5. STAMP GRAVELLY LOAM (cont 'dl

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

Yellowishred (5 YR 4/6 moist, 7.5 YR 5/6 dry) veryfriable gravelly loam.Concretions are concentrated in theupper two inches.Strong medium granularand moderate fine subangular blockystructure. 40 percent gravel. pH 5.3. Horizonboundary is clear andsmooth.

12-24 Yellowish brown (lo YR 5/6 moist,6/4 dry) fri- B3 able loam containing a few fragments of partially weatheredparent material. Moderatecoarse blocky structure. 15 percent gravel. pH 5.2. Horizon boundary is abrupt.

24-26 Darkyellowish brown (lo YR 4/4 moist, 6/4 dry) somewhat mottled,partially weathered till. pH 6.1.

26+ Darkyellowish brown (lo YR 4/4 moist, 6/405/3 dry)impervious clay loam,very firm and very hardconsistence, amorphous structure. Consider- ablebrownish staining on cleavagefaces. pH 6.0. A few stones and cobbles are scattered through the profile.

CHEMICALDATA:

Hor Depth PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches % % rat io $

A0 2- 0 5.2 68.03 1.o> 37 .6

A2 0- % 5.5 11.45 0.30 22.1 I32 44- 12 5.3 3.45 0.09 22.2 0.05 B3 12-24 5.2 2.48 0.06 24.0 0.03

C1 24- 26 6.1 0.83 0.02 24.1 0.04

or Depth H or PH Exchangeablecations S um ps Ex .Mn inches (M.e./loogms)of inches Bas e p .p .m. Ca Mg K Na H cations Sat.

5.3 1.695.3 0.52 0.14 0.11 8.53 22.4 * 07 B2 y+-12 10.99 B3 12-24 5.2 4.92 2.27 0.12 0.19 9.60 17 .lo 43.9 .14 .21 C1 2 4-26 6.1 10.06 6.99 0.11 0.27 27.083.65 86.5

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1959.

TOF IN0

LOCATION: Tofino - Uclueletlowland.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (9) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual: $9 Annual : 127.37 Jan. : 42 April-July : 17.50 July : 58 May -Sept.: 14.70

VEGETATION: Dominantly mosses, Labrador tea andstunted lodgepole pine.

TOPOGRAPHY: Depressional or level.

DRAINAGE: Verypoorly drained; low porosityand a highwatertable.

PARENT MATERIAL: MarineDeposit; stony clay with sand lenses.

CLASSIFICATION: Rego Humic Gleysol, 1970

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

Of 11- 9 Living sphagnum moss and litter of sedges and herbs ; wet.

Om 9- 2 Partially decomposed mosses, sedges, and herbs; wet; pH 4.0.

Oh 2- o Very dark gray ( lOYR 3/l, m), well-decomposed organic material; wet; clear, smoothboundary; pH 4.6.

Ah 0- 4 Dark gray (5Y 4/1, m) clay; amorphous; slightly plastic,slightly sticky; abundant, medium and fine roots; clear, wavy boundary; 3 to 6 inches thick; pH 5.0. TOFINO (cont ) 'd

HorizonDepth inches

cg 4- 18Yellowish brown (lo YR 5/6, m) clay;many, prominent, greenish gray(5BG 5/1, m 1 mottles; amorphous; slightly plastic, slightly sticky; plentiful, medium and fine roots; pH 5.2.

CHEMICAL DATA:

Exchangeable cations pH OrganicpH Total Organic rneq/loosoil gAvailable Depth pH f matter N C P Hor inches (CaC19 ) ( H,O, ) z z % C:N Ca Mg K ppm Om 9-2 4.0 2.3 R4.96 49.28

Oh 2-0 70.6340.961.032.6 4.6 39.5 12.6 5.3 0.70 .1

Ah 0-4 5.0 2.7 15.8727.8528.90.55 8.9 2.9 .1 0.64

Cg 4-15 5.2 3.7 10.613.20.450.03 0.78 5.0 .3 1.24

PHYS ICAL DATA: Bulk Hor Depth Gravel Sand Silt Clay Texture density Porosity Oxalate Dithionite inches k 7 z % g/cc % %l?e$A %Fe %A1 1

Oh 2-0 3.12 2.(0 1.23 0.78

Ah 0-4 - 14.437.548.1 c 1.36 48.7 1.30 1.201.193.46 cg 4-18 - 11.035.054.0 c 1.5641.11.151.170.93 0.14

REFERENCE: E. C. Soil Survey, Report NO. 11. 1971. TOLMIESANDY CLAY LOAM

LOCATION: Scatteredthroughout the Nanimo Lowlands.(ll,915 acres + 7.745 acres- loam + 1225 acres-sandy loam + 1045 acres-finesandy loam).

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (9) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual: 49 Annual : 41.01 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.b5 July : 62 May -Sept. : 1.31

VEGETATION: Douglas fir,broad-leaf maple, willows and in theVictoria- Saanich area anoccasional Garry oak. The understoryconsists of shrubs,ferns and bracken.

TOPOGRAPHY: Mainlylevel to depressionalbut in places is gentlysloping.

DRAINAGE: The soil is poorlydrained. The A horizon is permeablebut the horizonsbelow are veryslowly permeable and mottled.

PARENT MATERIAL: Medium - to fine - texturedmarine sediments underlain by marineclay or glacial till.

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

A0 1- 0 Dark brown semi-decomposed litter of moss,needles, leavesand twigs. pH 5.6

A11 0- 4 Black (10 YR 2/1 moist, 3/2 dry ) loam,strong medium granularstructure, friable and soft consistence. Many rootsbind the soil together. pH 5.8. Horizonbounaary is clear. TOLMIE SANDY CLAY LOAM (cont 'd 1

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

A12 4- 8 Dark brown (10 YR 4/3 moist, 5/2 dry 1 loam, weak coarsesubangular blocky structure, friable. pH 5.5. Boundaryabrupt.

AB 8- 16 Grayish brown (lo YR 5/2 moist, 7/3 dry 1 sandy clay loam, slightlymottled. Weak coarsesub- angularblocky structure, friable and slightly hardconsistence. Some gravelpresent. pH 5.2.

BG 16-26 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/4 moist, 6/4 dry) sandyclay loam with many reddish brown mottles. Weak coarseblocky to amorphous structure, plastic andhard. A pebble line at lower limit. pH 4.9.

D 26 -t Gray (10 YR 611moist, //1 dry 1 gravellysandy loam till. Angularwedge-like structure. Many yellowish brown mottles.Very dense and very slowlypermeable. No roots. pH 6.0.

CHEMICAL DATA :

H or Depth Hor PH 0 .M. N C/N P inches % % ratio %

A1 1 0- 4 5.8 0.6613.11 11.5 0.10

A12 4- 8 5.5 4 .OO 14.50.16 0. LO

AB 8- 16 5 *2 1 .lo 0.06 lo.6 0.03

Bg 16- 26 *9 1.lo 0.06 10.6 0.02 D 26 + 5.2 0.69 0.02 20.0 0.02 TOLMIE SANDY CLAY LOAM (cont 'd 1

Hor Depth Pi1 Exchangeable cations SUm d inches (m.e./Ioogms I of Bas e Ca MR K Na H Sat.cations

A11 0- 4 5.8 17.46 3.51 0.53 0.42 13.95 35.87 61 .O

A1 2 4- 8 5.5 6.90 1.94 0.28 9.100.35 18.57 51.1

AB 8- 16 5.2 3.52 2.10 0.19 0.27 4.98 11.06 55 .o

16- 26 4.9 6.50 5.74 0.24 5.60 18.46 69.5 Bg 0.38 D 26 + 5.2 9.45 8.14 0.18 0.45 2.78 21.00 86.8

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey - Report No. 6, 1939.

UCLUELET

LOCATION: Tofino - Uclueletlowland. CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (9) Mean Precipitation(inches)

Annual : 49 Annual : 127.37 Jan. : 42 April- July : 17.50 July : 58 May -Sept. : 14.70

VEGETATION: Westernhemlock and western red cedar with a denseunderstory of salal and deerfern.

TOPOGRAPHY: Gentlysloping.

DRAINAGE: Moderately well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Outwash sandsand gravels.

CLASSIFICATION: OrthicFerro-Humic Podzol, 1970

PROFILE DESCRIPTION :

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

L-F 6- 3 Undecomposedand partially decomposed needles, leaves,and mosses; pH 3.7.

H 3- 0 Verydarkgray (lOYR 3/l, d), decomposed organic material; pH 3.1.

Ae 0-0.5 Lightgray (lOYR 7/2, d 1 silt loam; amorphous; loose;fine roots.

Bh 0.5-2 Darkgrayish brown (lOYR 4/2, m) gravellysandy loam; weak, finesubangular blocky; friable; fine roots; clear, wavy boundary; 1 to 3 inchesthick; pH 3.6. UCLUELET (cont ‘d)

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

Bhf 2-7-5Dark brown (lOYR 4/3, m 1 gravellysandy clay loam;weak, finesubangular blocky; firm; fine roots;clear, wavy boundary; 3 to 7 inches thick; pH 4.4. B fhl 7.5-16 Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/8, ml, gravellysandy clay loam;weak, finesubangular blocky; firm; few, fineroots; gradual, irregular boundary; 6 to 11 inchesthick; pH 5.0. Bfh2 16-24 Darkbrown (loYR 4/3, m), gravelly loamy sand; singlegrain; counnon, fine,yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, m) distinctmottles; nonplastic, nonsticky;few, fine roots; clear, wavy boundary; 6 to 12 inchesthick; pH 5.0.

Bfh-j 24- 35 Darkbrown (lOYR 4/3, m), gravelly loamy sand; singlegrain; comn, fine, distinct yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6, m) mottles; nonplastic, non- sticky;thin iron coatings onsand and gravel particles;weakly cemented; few, fineroots in claypockets; abrupt smooth boundary; 7 to 15 inches thick; pH 5.0.

BC 35-48 Olive (5Y 4/4, m) gravellysand; single grain; nonplastic,nonsticky; no roots; p~ 5.4. UCLUELET t cont 'd 1

CHEMICAL DATA :

Exchangeable cations pH OrganicTotal Organic meq/loo g soil Available Depth pH + matter N C P Horizoninches (CaC1.2) (HaO7) % P % C:N Ca Mg K ppm

L- F 52.806-91.04 3 3.8 3.7

H 3- 0 3.1 90.343.2 .83 62.952.40 20.2 14.1 0.44 3.05

Ae 0-0.5

Bh 0.5-2 3 -6 3.6 18.61 .36 10.7930.0 3.5 0.2 0.1 2 .oo

Bh f 2-7.5 4.4 4.3 10.94 .lg 6.3433.7 2.3 0.1 0.1 2.05

Bfhl 7.5-16 5 .O 5.0 6.21 .ll 3.60 32.1 2.2 0.1 0.1 4.41

Bfhe 16-24 4.9 4.9 7.19 .ll 4.17 39.3 1.7 0.1 0.1 6 .lo

B fh3 24-35 5.0 4.9 6.96 4.9 5.024-35Bfh3 .ll 4.04 1.638.1 0.1 0.1 4.84

BC1.15 5.4 5.435-48 .02 33.50.67 0.1 1.0 0.1 40 .OO

PHYS ICAL DATA :

Bulk Horizon Depth Gravel Sand Silt Clay Texture density Porosity Oxalate Dithionite inches % % k % g cc % $Fe $A1 $Fe %A1 Bh 19.20.5-219.361.536.9 GSL 0.81 1.58 2.20 2.01

Bhf 2-7.5 41.0 65.913.9 20.2 GSCL 1.02 61.5 1.22 3.454.034.03

Bfhl 7.5-16 44.2 62.115.7 22.2 GSCL 1-25 52.80.93 4.18 4.523.99

B fh2 16-24 63.416-24 Bfh2 82.011.6 6.4 GLS 2.583.98 0.73 4.19

Bfh3 17.224-35 3.4 79.4 61.3 GSL 3.330.58 2.40 4.53 BC92.2 57.935-48 - 7.8 GS 2.06 3.12 0.43 1.83 UCLUELET (cont 'd 1

MINERALOGICAL DATA:

al U LC d

Outwash: BC 4 ft+ c.2 1 - 21 l? - 1 11 sands and .2-2 1 - 111-1 4 2-3 gravels 2-20 - - 1- - - 1-2 3 2

20-50 - - 1- "4 44

*Iron- rich chlorite **l. Trace; 2. Small; 3. Moderate; 4. Large

REFERENCE: B. C. Soil Survey, Report No. 11. 1971. UCLUELET I

I LOCATION: Tofino - Ucluelet Lowland, west coastof Vancouver Island.

CLIMATE : MeanTemperature (OF ) MeanPrecipitation (inches 1

Annual : 49 Annual : 127.37 Jan. : 42 April-July : 4.38 July : 58 May -Sept.: 2.94 VEGETATION: Primarily western hemlock, western red cedar, lodgepole pine, balsam and Douglas fir with a few shrubs, ferns and mosses.

TOPOGRAPHY: Undulating with a2 to 5% slope and aNNW aspect.

DRAINAGE: Moderately well drained. PARENT MATERIAL: Coarse - textured outwash material.

CLASSIFICATION: Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol, 1970.

PROFILE DESCRIPTION: -Hor Depth Colour Dry ColourMoist Texture Structure Other Characteristics (cm) 0 F- H 40- 0 12.8 C; semi-decomposed and decomposed needles and twigs

Ae 0-10.0 Brown Grayish-brown loam weak platy Wavy boundary, discon- 10 YR 5/2 7.5 YR 5.5/2 t inuous Bhf lo- Dark brown Very dark-brown loam amorphous 12.2OC; fairly distinct 17.5 10 YR 313 10 YR 2/2 to massive boundary Bfc 17.5- Yellowish Dark-red s and mass ivc Compact lamellae; 21.5 brown 2/5 YR 3/6 presence of bifurcation 10 YR 5/4 of compact lamellae 0 C 21.5 + Grayish Brownish s and single 11.1 C; friable b town yellow grained 10 YR 5/2 lo YR 6/8 UCLUELET I (cont 'd1

CHEMICAL DATA:

Horizon pH PH Organic 0 .M. N P S C/N C/N/S H2O CaC1, C z % z p.p.m. ss rat io rat io

F- H 4.2 3.4 48.7 84.3 0.95 75.0 0.08 51 608: 12: 1

Bhf 5 -2 4.4 1 *5 13.0 0.22 12.0 0.04 34 188:5:1

Bfc 5 02 4.6 2.3 4.0 0.05 25.0 0.02 46 115:2:1 c 5.3 5.4 0.4 0.7 0.03 42.0 0.01 14 41:3:1

PHY S LC AL DATA :

Particle size Distribution Basedon less than 2m. soil, ut. $ Hor Depth B .D. Total c 0.2 2- 5- 20- 50~- wt.% Texture cms . g./cc. Porosity 0.2p -2p 511 2 0p 50p 2m. c2mm class

F- H 40- 0

Ae 0- lo 1.17 55.8 2.0 11.6 5.0 23.0 8.0 50.0 82.6 Loam

Bh f 10-17.5 1.40 47.2 3.0 e.0 3.0 9.0 5.0 73.0 50.0 Sandy Loam Bfc 17.5-21.2 1.63 38.5 4.0 4:o 0.1 2.0 2.0 88.0 53.0Sand

C 21.2 + 1.60 39.6 2.0 3:O 0.5 1.0 1.0 93.0 55.7 Sand

REFERENCE: Bhoojedhur,Seewant. 1969. Genesis of a podzolsequence on thewest coast of VancouverIsland. Masters thesis, U. B. C. UCLUELET IT.

LOCATION: Tofino - Ucluelet Lowland, west coast of Vancouver Island.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (9) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual : 49 Annual : 127.37 Jan. : 42 April-July : 4.38 July : 58 May -Sept.: 2.94

VEGETATION: Primarilywestern hemlock,western red cedar, lodgepole pine, balsam andDouglas fir.

TOPOGRAPHY: Undulatingwith a 2-5s slopeand a NNW aspect.

DRAINAGE: Moderately well drained.

PARENT MATERIAL: Coarse-texturedoutwash material.

CLASSIFICATION: Orthic Hum-FerricPodzol, 1970.

PROFILE DESCRIPTION :

Horizon Depth (cm) Colour Dry ColourMoist Texture Structure Other Characteristics

F-H 30- 0 S emi-decomposed and decomposed needles, leavesand twigs

Reddish brown sandy weak platy Boundary wavy clear 5 YR 3/3 1oam Bf 5- 70 Yellowish Yellowishredsandy single Boundary wavy clear brown 5 YR 4/6 loam grained lo YR 514

C 70 + sand single No evidence of pan grained UCLUELET I1 ( c ont 'd 1

CHEMICAL DATA:

Horizon pH PH Organic 0 .M. N P S C/N C/N/S H -20 CaC1, H-20 C % % 7 p.p.m. z ratioratio

Ae 4.6 3.4 5.8 10.3 0.18 12.3 0.02292:9:1 32

Bf 4.7 4 -9 4 .O 6.9 0.12 0.2 0.06 33 66:2:1

PHYS ICALDATA:

Particle size Distribution Based on less than 2m. soil, wt. $ Hor Depth DensityPorosity < 0.2 2- 5- 20- 50~- ut. $ Texture 0.2p -2p 5P 2 OH 5 op 2m <2m class

F-H 30-0

Ae 0- 5 1.32 50.0 2 9 3 20 12 52 20.0 Sandy Loam

Bf 5-80 1 .oo 62.3 4 9 4 14 9 29.4 61 Sandy Loam

REFERENCE: Bhoojedhur,Seewant. 1969. Genesis of a podzolsequence on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Masters thesis, U. B. C. UCLUELET 111

LOCATION: Tofino-UclueletLowland, west Coast of Vancouver Island.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (9) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual: 49 Annual : 127.37 Jan. : 42 April-July : 4.38 July : 58 May -Sept.: 2.94

VEGETATION: Primarily westernhemlock, western red cedar, lodgepole pine, balsamand Douglas fir.

TOPOGRAPHY: Undulatingwith a 2-5s slopeand a NpW aspect.

DRAINAGE: Moderately well drained.

PARENT MATERIAL: Coarse-texturedoutwash materials.

CMSIFICATION: Placic Hum-FerricPodzol, 1470.

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

HorizonDepth (cm) Colour Dry ColourMoist Texture Structure Other Characteristics

F-H lo- 0 and ed S emi- decompos decomposed needles, leavesand twigs

Ae 0-7 -5 Brown Grayish-brownloam Boundary wavy clear 10 YR 5/3 10 YR 5/2

Bfc 7.5-20.0 YellowishStrong brown sandy Merginginto Bf brown 7.5 YR 5/6 loam lo YR 5/6

Bf 20.0-42.5 yellowishsandyDark Dark Gradualboundary

' yellowishloam brown brown 10 YR 4/4 10 YR 414 UCLUELET 1x1 (cont 'd 1

C 42.5 + Lightolive Very sanddark brown grayish brown 2.5 y 5/4 2.5 y 3/2

CHEMICAL DATA:

Horizon pH PH Organic 0 .M. N P S C/N C/N/S H2O CaC 1 C % % % p.p.m. z rat io rat io

F- H 4 *9 3.116.0 1.57 65.7 37.9 0.14 24 271:11:1

5 .1 4.3 5.7 9.9 0.15 9.9 5.7Ae 4.3 5.1 16.0 0.03 38 190:5:1

Bfc 5.3 5.3 2.3 4.0 0.08 2.0 0.05 29 47:2:1

5 .4 3.5 6.0 0.13 0.3Bf 0.13 6.05 *3 3.5 5.4 0.05 27 70:3:1

C 5 -7 5.4 0.5 0.8 0.04 16.0 0.02 12 24:2: 1

PHY S ICAL DATA :

Particle size Distribution Basedon less than 2m. soil, wt. $ H or DepthHor B .D. Total 0.2- 2- 5- 20- 50~- wt.$ Texture cms . g ./cc . Porosity0.2p 2p 5p 2 9j.I 5 op 2m. c2m. class

Ae 0-7.5 1.08 59 2 2 11 6 24 14 43 40 .O Loam

Bfc 1.5-2.9 1.46 44.9 4 6 1 4 4 79 Sandy56.5 Loam

Bf 20-42 47.51.39 3 7 5 5 4 76 58.3 Sandy Loam

C 42 + 1.96 26 .o 2 2 1 2 2 92 Sand54.2

REFERENCE: Bhoojedur,Seewant. 1969. Genesis of a podzol sequence on the west coast of Vancouver Is land. Masters thesis, U. B . C . UPPER PALDI PLOT 5

LOCATION: Approx. I/? mile from N. W.corner of Paldiairstrip, Cowichan Valley.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (91 Mean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual: 49 Annual : 39.67 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept.: 1.19

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas fir with some hemlock.Understory consists mainly of salal with some feather moss,bracken fern, Oregon grape and wild rose.

TOPOGRAPHY: Mainlyflat with little or noslope.

DRAINAGE: Well tomoderately well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Glacial till.

CLASSIFICATION: MinimalPodzol, 1963;(Mini Hum0 - FerricPodzol, 197q.I

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches

L ( 2- 1/2'* land F-H (1/2-0") 2-0'' Forest litter invarious stages ofde- composition.

Ae 0- 3/4" Degraded, somewhat discontinuoushorizon.

Reddish brown coloured,friable horizon in B f 1 3/4-6" whichpebbles are coatedwith iron oxide. UPPER PALDI PLOT 5 (contId)

H.or izonDepth inches

Bf2 6- 18" Brownish coloured horizon.

C 18" + Compacted, glacial till parent material (probably a gravelly SL texture).

CHEMICAL DATA:

Total Bray Non AcetateExt. Ext. OM N PAN P K Cations ppm Total CEC Horizon pH k d ppm ppm Ca ppm Mg K Na me/lOO g me/lOO g

2- OV1 4.2 49.0 0.65 800 300 640 1280 340 1120 20 6.15 51 .o

0-3/4" 3.6 7.0 0.15 440 16054054 60 140 20 1.55 20.0

3/4-6" 4.6 3.7 0.15 300 4 180 60 80 40 20 0.57 11.1

6-18" 3.34.4 0.15 190 8 80 40 50 80 20 0.54 12.2

18" + 4.6 1.6 0.15 230 6 120 40 10 20 20 0.205 8.8 UPPERPALDI PLOT 5

LOCATION: Approx. 1 mile S. E. of Paldi, Cowichan Valley.

CLIMATE: Mean Temperature (% ) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual : 49 Annua 1 : 39.67 Jan. : 37 April-July : 1.33 July : 64 May -Sept. : 1.19

VEGETATION: PrimarilyDouglas firwith some hemlock.Understory consists mainlyof salal with some feather moss, brackenfern, Oregon grape and wild rose.

TOPOGRAPHY: Mainly flat with little orno slope.

DRAINAGE : Well to moderately well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Glacial till. CLASSIFICATION: MinimalPodzol, 1963;(Mini Hum0 - FerricPodzol, 1970.)

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

Ho rizon DepthHorizon inches L 2- 1/2 Undecomposed forest litter.

F-H 1/2- 0 I' Distincthorizon decomposingof forest litter.

Ae-Ae j 0- 3/4 I' Discontinuous,eluviated horizon.

B fl 3/4- 6 " Reddish brown coloured,friable (probably a gravelly SL texture). UPPER PALDI PLOT 5 (cont’d)

Horizon Depth inches

Bf2 6-20” Brownishcoloured. C 20” +

REFERENCE: Harapiak, J. T., R. C. Speer, J. D. Beaton and I. MacRae, 1966. Profile And Chemical CharacteristicsOf Soils OnPacific Logging Company Limited’s Forest Fertilization Trials On Vancouver Island (1963 - 1965). E. P. 679; Research Division, B. C. Forest Service. V w ” WOSS CAMP

LOCATION: Approx. 3 miles N. of Woss Lake, Nimpkish River valley.

CLIMATE: Climatic information not available.

VEGETATION: Primarily western hemlock.

TOPOGRAPHY: Flat.

DRAINAGE:Well.

PARENT MATERIAL: Outwash.

CLASSIFICATION: Orthic Dystric Brunisol, 19.10.

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

Hor. DepthHor. pH Texture inches

L- H 5- 0 4.1 - mixeddecomposed undecomposed and forest litter.

Ae j 0- 1 5 .2 sandy loam weakly eluviated, not clearly defined, discontinuous.

Bfh 1- 20 5.2 sandyloam yellowish material, darker at the upper and light at the lower limits of the horizon.

B-C 20- 30 5.4 sandyloam transition zone, some iron staining.

C 30 + 5,6 sandyloam gray material with increased silt and clay content. WOSS CAMP (cont 'd 1

CHEMICAL DATA :

Depth pH O.M. N HCO 3- P Available K inches $ 5 p.p.m. p.p.rn.

5- 0 4.1 1.3 49.9 46.3 324.9

0- 4 5.1 11.1 0.5 7*1 64.9

4- lo 5 -2 6.2 0.4 8.4 23.5

lo- 20 5.5 3.2 0.2 1.6 12.9

20- 30 5 .G 2 .o 0.2 9.8 14.?

30+ 6.1 1.2 0.2 8.2 14.1

Depth Woss Camp inches Ca MI: K Ca Mg K NH 4- N C.E.C.

meg/loo g

H20 - extractable NHbC1 - extractable

5- 0 0.20 0.05 0.55 17.7 4.3 1.2 0.5 47.6

0- 2 0.36 0.20 0.19 1.4 0.3 0.2 - 5.6

2- 5 0.21 0.16 0.07 1.4 0.3 0.1 - 4.9

6- 12 0.05 0.02 0.05 1.7 0.2 - - 4.8 WOSS CAMP (cont‘d 1

PHYS ICAL DATA :

Dep t’h >lo m. 10-5 UUII. 3-2 m. <2 mm. inches

0- 4 - 3.5 6.7 S/.8

lo- 2,2 - 8.8 10.1 81.1

Depth 2- .05 m 50- 5p 5- 2p 2tJ Texture in ches coarse sands fine sandsfineinchescoarsesands silts clays

11-1 1 4s.‘i 20.5 2.8 6 -5 Gr. sand

.’ I- ; 3 46.5 2h.7 4.6 4.6 Gr. sand

.>arnp,~t: Depth ParticleMoisturePercentage size Bulk Density Sotirce inches mm SaturationAvailableWilting 6. CC

17- ? 5- 2 70 ;?a 42 0.el.

2 14 30 44

7- c, 3- 2 50 30 TO 0.63

2 68 31 37

REFERENCE: Baker, J. 1969. SoilProperties andNutritiL1nal Status of Western Hemlock Tissue from Over-stocked Stands. InformationReport BC-X-j’, CanadianForest Research Laboratory, Victoria, B. c. I t

WRECK BAY (I1

LOCATION: Tofino - Uclueletlowland.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Hean Precipitation(inches 1

Annual : 49 Annual : 217.37 Jan. : 42 April- July : 17.50 July : 58 May -sept.: 14.70

VEGETATION: Sphagnum mosses,sedges, Labrador tea and a few stuntedlodgepole pine and yellow cedars.

TOPOGRAPHY: Depressionaland level.

DRAINAGE: Very poorlydrained with the watertable at ornear the surface for most of the year.

PARENTMATERIAL: Stratified outwashsands.

CLASSIFICATION: Placic Humic Podzol,1970

PROFILE DESCRIPTION:

Horizon DepthHorizon inches

Of-Om 6.5-1Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, w) semidecomposedmosses, leaves,and needles; fibrous, abundant, fine, medium, andcoarse roots; abrupt, smoothboundary; 5 to 8 inchesthick; pH 3.1.

Oh 1- 0 Black (Lon 2/1, w ) or verydark gray (loYR 3/l, d ), decomposed organic matter; slightlysticky; abundant, fine, medium, andcoarse roots; abrupt, smooth boundary; 0.5 to 2 inchesthick; pH 3.2. WRECK BAY (1) (cont'd)

H orizon DepthHorizon inches

Bhl 0-3 Black (lOYR 2/1, w), verydark gray (10YR 3/l,m), orgray (lOYR 5/1, d 1 sandyloam; weak, fine subangularblocky; nonplastic, nonsticky; abundant, fine and medium roots; occasional fine to medium concretions;abrupt, smooth boundary; 2 to 5 inches thick; pH 3.1.

Bh2 3- 3.5 Verydark brown (loYR 2/2, w ) ordark gray ( loYR 4/1, d) sandyloam; weak, finesubangular blocky; nonplastic,nonsticky; abundant, fine and medium roots;abrupt, smooth boundary; 0.5 to 1.5 inches thick; pH 3.4.

Root mat 3.5-4 Verydark brown (loYR 2/2, w) mat of livingroots andsingle loose sand grains; fibrous; very a- bruptboundary with iron pan below; 0.5 inchthick.

Bfhc 4-4.1 Black (lOYR 2/1, w) ordark brown (7.5YR 3/2, d) amorphous material forming an undulating pan that cementsthe sand grains and fine gravel. The pan variesin depth from 4 to 8 inchesand occasionally bifurcates. It is completelyimpervious to roots.

Bfc 4.1-7 Verydark grayish brown (loYR 312, w) or brown (LOYR 5/3, d) low sand;strongly cemented with ironcoatings on individualgrains; nonplastic, nonsticky; no roots;clear, wavy boundary; 2 to 5 inchesthick; pH 3.8.

IIBf 7-18 Darkgrayish brown(2.5Y 412, w ) orlight olive brown (2.5~5/4, d ) loamy sand;single grain; saturated,flowing; no roots; pH 5.2. WRECK BAY (I1 (cont’d)

CHEMICAL DATA :

Exchangeable cat ions meq/loo g SOLI pH Organic Total Organic Available Depth PH + matter N C P Horizoninches (CaClp ) (H,O:, ) % % k Ca C:N Mg K ppm

Of-Om 6.5- 1 2.93-1

Oh 1 -0 3.1 2.9 49.1 .80 4.935.3328.49 1.0 .3 3.48

Bhl 0 -3 3.1 3.0 .3615.3 0.9 3.424.318.85 1.40 .1

Bfhc 4 -4.1 5.9 .07 3.40 48.6 1.7 0.2 .1

Bfc 4.1-7 3.7 3 -6 2.1 .04 1.20 28.5 0.6 0.1 .1 4.00

IIBf 7 -18 5.1 4.8 2.1 -02 1.20 60.0 0.8 0.1 .1 38.00

PKYS ICAL DATA :

Bulk Depth Gravel Sand Silt Clay Texture+ densityPorosity Oxalate Dithionite Horizoninches I % 7 % g/cc k SF e kAl kFe SAL

Bh 1 0- 3 - 54.8 25.4 19.8 SL 0.06 .52 0.14 0.58

Bh2 3-3.5 -15.9 73.9 10.2 SL 0.34 2.20 0.85 2.82 Bfhc 4-4.1 8.80 1.36 15.99 2.41

Bfc 4.1-7Bfc 12.2 81.5 7.2 11.3 LS 1.78 32.8 1.98 2.06 1.782.53

IIBf 29.0 7-18 88.0 1.8 10.2 JS 0.96 4.00 1.31 1.81 WRECK BAY (I11

LOCATION: Tofino - Uclueletlowland.

CLIMATE : Mean Temperature (OF ) Mean Precipitation(inches )

Annual: 49 Annua 1 : 127.37 Jan. : 42 April-July : 17.50 July : 58 May -Sept. : 14.70

VEGETATION: Dominantly mosses, labrador tea, and a few stuntedlodgepole pineand cedar.

TOPOGRAPHY: Flat to depressional

DRAINAGE: Imperfect . PARENTMATERIAL: Glacio - Fluvialdeposit.

CLASSIFICATION: GleyedPlacic Ferro- Humic Podzol, 1r70.

PROFILEDESCRIPTION:

HorizonDepthColour-Dry Colour-Moist TextureStructure 0 ther (cm) Characteristics

0 F-H 47.5-0 12.8 C, decomposed or- ganicremains; boundary clear .

Ahe 0- 2 5 Dark-brown Black sandy weak platy Boundary clear; variable '7.5 YR 3/2 5 YR 2/1 1 oam to thickness of Ahe range structure-from 0-4 to 0-16. less

Bhf e 2 5- Dark Dark-reddishsand mass Presenceive of a compact 42.5 yellowish brown inch- half- about band brown 5 YR 3/2 containing thick de- lo YR 4/4 cayedroots; bifurcation of band. Other HorizonDepth Colour-Dry Colour-Moist Texture Structure Characteristics (cm)

Bf 1BC 1 42.5- Grayish-Dark-grayish sandsingle brow n brown 102.5 brown grained 2.5 Y 5/22.5 !i 4/2

C 102.5 + Grayish Verysinglesand dark brown grayish brown grained 2.5 Y 5/22.5 Y 3/2

CHEMICAL DATA :

Hor PH pH Organic O/M N P S CJN C/N/S H2O CaC1,- C % d k ppm k

F-H 3.4 4.3 44.2 76.5 1.12 0.1368.0 39 340:9:1

Ahe 4.6 4.0 6.8 11.7 0.33 102.0 0.08 20 85: 4:l

Bhfc 5.1Bhfc 4.4 5 *o 8.6 0.12 75.0 0.07 41 71:2:1

Bf(BC)4.7 5.3 1.0 1.7 0.02 32.0 0.01 50 100:2:1

C 5.5 4.8 0.4 0.7 0.01 40.0 0.01 41 41: 1:l

Elementalanalysis on the 2 soil

S io, Si02

" Hor Fe203 MnO2 CaO Na20 K20 A1203 Si02 R203R203 A1203 Loss on MgO . ~.

Ahe 2.84 0.060.710.38 3.14 1.42 15.4075.85 16.02 4.74 4.93 31.0

Bhfc6.76 0.11 1.88 0.63 4.22 1.18 20.9564.23 24.99 2.57 3.07 15.5

Bf(BC) 6.09 0.131.73 0.92 4.19 0.94 18.84 67.32 22.48 2.993.57 6 .o

C 4.85 0.08 1.45 1.08 4.351.2518.46 68.36 20.79 3.293.70 4 .O WRECK BAY (11) (cont'd

Elementalanalysis on the 2 u clayfraction*

SiO, SiO,

" Hor Fe203 Mn02 MgO CaO Na20 K20 A1203 Si02 R,03 R203 A1203 Loss on ignition

Ahe 3.950.16 1.72 0.130.994.6129.98 59.46 28.59 2.08 2.0534.8

Bhfc 3.09 0.13 0.92 0.092.37 11.28 39.0643.06 36.061.19 1.10 43.5

Bf(BC) 0.87 0.05 0.29 0.25 4.88 11.36 48.00 34.30 41.090.83 0.71 39.0

C 3.09 0.14 1.01 0.77 2.01 4.66 51.00 37.32 46.06 0.81 0.7338.3

*Basedon oven-dry weights ( llooc) **LOSS on ignition at 90ooc for 2 hrs

PHYS ICAL DATA :

Particle-sizedistribution based on less than 2 nun soil, wt 5 Hor Depth Hor Bulk Tota 1 0.2 2- 5- 20- 50p- wt :$ Texture (cm) DensityPorosity <0,2p -2p 5P 2 Op 5 op 2& <2mm Class

F-H 48- O

Ahe 63.80.960- 25 2.0 8.0 7.0 12.0 10.0 61.0 N.D. Sandy Loam

Bhfc 25-42 1.59 40.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 92.0 Sand26.1

C 102+ 0.937.7 1.65 0.4 0.3 0.6 Sand1.0 9.0 97.0

REFERENCE: Bhoojedur, Seewant. 1960. Genesis of a podzolsequence on the west coast of Vancouver Island.Masters thesis, U. B. C. XY

REFERENCES :

SelectedReferences Related to Geology

Authors and Publications Reported inthe Compendium SELECTED REFERENCES RELATED TO GEOLOGY

ARMSTRONG, J.E., D.R. CRANDELL, D.J. EASTBROOK, J.B. NOBLE, 1965. Late Pleistocenestratigraphy and chronology in southwestern British Columbiaand western Washington. Geological Society of America, Bulletin V.76,p. 321-330.

BANCROFT, J.A. 1913.Geology of thecoast and islands between the Strait ofGeorgia and Queen CharlotteSound, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 23. Ottawa, Ontario.

CLAPP, C.H. 1913.Preliminary report on southern Vancouver Island. GeologicalSurvey of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario.

CLAPP, C.H. 1913.Geology of Victoriaand Saanich map-areas, Vancouver Island,British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 36. Ottawa, Ontario.

CLAPP, C.H. 1914.Geology of the Nanaimo map-area,British Columbia. GeologicalSurvey of Canada, Memoir 51. Ottawa, Ontario.

CLAPP, C.H. 1917.Sooke and Duncan map-areas,Vancouver Island, Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 96. Ottawa , Ontario.

DAWSON, G.M. 1887. Reporton a geologicalexamination of thenorthern part of VancouverIsland and adjacent coasts. Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. Dawson Brothers.Montreal, P.Q.

EASTWOOD, G.E.P. 1968.Geology of the KennedyLake area, VancouverIsland, BritishColumbia. Bulletin No. 55. B.C. Department of Minesand PetroleumResources. Victoria, B.C.

FYLES, J.G. 1959. Map 49-1959 (1:63,000);Surficial geology. Oyster River, Comox, Nanaimo,and Sayward Districts, BritishColumbia. Geological Surveyof Canada. Department d Minesand Technical Surveys. Ottawa, Ontario.

FYLES, J.G. 1960. Map 32-1960 (1:63,000);Surficial geology. Courtenay, Comox, Nelson,Nanaimo,and Newcastle Districts, Vancouver Island, BritishColumbia. Geological Survey of Canada,Department of Mines andTechnical Surveys. Ottawa, Ontario.

FYLES, J.G. 1963. Map 27-1963 (1:63,000);Surficial geology. Nanaimo, British Columbia.Department of Mines and Technical Surveys. Ottawa, Ontario.

FYLES, J.G. 1963.Surficial geology of HorneLake and Parksvillemap-areas. CanadaDepartment of Mines and Technical Surveys, Memoir 318:142p. Ottawa, Ontario.

FYLES, J.T. 1955.Geology of the Cowichan Lake area, VancouverIsland, BritishColumbia. B.C. Dept. of Minesand Petroleum Resources. Bull.37. GUNNING, H.C. 1930.Buttle Lake map-area. Geological Survey of Canada. Summary Report - 1930, Pt. A: pp.56-78.

HALSTEAD, E.C. 1966.Surficial geology of Duncanand Shawnigan map-areas, British Columbia(92B/13, 92B/12-east half).Geological Survey of Canada.Department of Minesand Technical Surveys. 3 pp.

HALSTEAD, E.C. 1968.The Cowichan Ice Tongue,Vancouver Island. Canadian Journal of EarthSciences. Vol. 5: pp.1409-1418.

HOADLEY, J.W. 1953.Geology of Zeballos-Nimpkishmap-area. Geological Survey of Canada. Mem. 272.

LeROY, O.E. 1908.Preliminary report on a portionof the main coast of British Columbiaand adjacent islands included in New Westminster andNanaimo districts.Geological Survey of Canada.Publication No. 996.

McCONNELL, R.G. 1914.Texada Island, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada. Memoir 58.

MATHEWS, W.H. 1947.Calcareous deposits of theGeorgia Strait area. B.C. Dept. of Minesand Petroleum Resources. Bul. No. 23:113p.

MATHEWS,FYLES and NASMITH, 1970.Postglacial coastal movements in southwesternBritish Columbia and adjacent Washington State. Canadian Journal of EarthSciences. Val. 7: pp.690-702.

MULLER, J.E. 1965. Map 2-1965 (1:126,720);Geology. ConoxLake area. GeologicalSurvey of Canada,Department of Minesand Technical Surveys. Ottawa, Ontario.

NULLER, J.E. and D.J.T. CARSON. 1969.Geology and mineral deposits of Albernimap-area, British Columbia (92F). Geological Survey of Canada. Paper 68-50.

MULLER, J.E. and J.A. JELETZKY, 1970.Geology of theupper cretaceous NanaimoGroup, Vancouver Islandand Gulf Islands. Geological Survey of Canada.Paper 69-25.

NEWCOMBE, C.F.1914. Pleistocene raised beaches at Victoria, B.C. Ottawa Naturalist.Vol. 28:pp. 107-110.

NORTHCOTE, K.E. 1968.Geology of Port Hardy-CoalHarbour area. B.C. Minister ofMines Annual Report, 1968: pp. 84-87.

STEVENSON, J.S. 1945.Geology and oredeposits of theChina Creek area, Vancouver Island,British Columbia. B.C. Minister ofMines Annual Report,1944:pp. 142-161. BAKER, J. 1970. Some Effect of Urea Fertilization on Soil Char- acteristics and TissueMineral Content in Overstocked Western Hemlock Stands.Information Report, BC-X-39. Canadian Forestry Service, Forest Research Laboratory, Victoria, B. C.

FurtherInformation: Dr. J. Baker, Canadian Forestry Service, NorthernForest Research Center, 5320 - 122 St., Edmonton, Alta.

Methods : pH determination,using a saturation paste and a glass electrode;total nitrogen by theKJeldahl procedure; ex- changeablecalcium, magnesiumand potassium byammonium chlorideextraction, and cation exchange capacity by the distillation of adsorbed ammonium fromthe ammonium chloride extraction.Exchangeable ammonium of the litter surface was determined by direct distillation of thesample. B.C. SOIL SURVEY, Report No. 6, 1959(Day, J. H., L. Farstad, D. G. Liard. Soil Survey of Southeast Vancouver Is land and Gulf Islands,British Columbia).

FurtherInformation: Mr. L. Farstad, Head, SoilSurvey Section, Research S tat ion , Canada Dept. ofAgriculture, 6660 N. W. MarineDrive, Vancouver, B . C.

Methods : Totalanalysis--Standard methods were usedexcept that iron was determined by theJones reduction method. K,O and Na20 were determined on the flame spectrophotometer from a J. LawrenceSmith fusion. P was determined by the HClOq-hydrazine sulfate method of Shelton and Harper. (IowaState College Jour. of Sc., Vol. 15, ly41). Exchangeablecations--Standard methods were used as outlined byPeech et a1 (USDA circ. 757, 1947)except that potassiumand sodium were determinedin HC1 on theflame spectrophotometer. Hydrogen was determined by thecal- ciumacetate methodof Shaw. (Jour. AOAC, Vol.35, No. 3, 1952 1. Reaction (pH) by theglass electrode on a soil paste (Doughty,Sce. Agric. Vol. 22, 1941). Loss on ignition, 850'~. forone-half hour. Hygroscopic water, l05OC. for 24 hours. Totalnitrogen, Kjeldahl method usingboric acid. Organic matter, modified wet combustionmethod of Wakely (as usedin Peech, USDA Circ. 757, 1947 ). Mechanicalanalysis on the organic-free, iron-free, sample correctedto the oven dry basis bythe pipette methodof Alexander and Kilmer with modifications by Toogoodand Peters. Capillaryand non-capillary pore space andbulk density of three-inchsoil cores by the methodof Leamer an3 Shaw. (Jour, Am. SOC.Agron. Vol. 33:1003-1008, 1941). Permanentwilting percentage by the dessicator methodof Lehaneand Staple. (Soil Sce. Vol. 73, 1951). Moistureequivalent by the method of Veihmeyer et al. (FirstInter. Congress of SoilSc., 1927). B. C. SOIL SURVEY, Report No. 11, 1971.(Valentine, K.W .G. soilsof the Tofino - Uclueletlowland of British Columbia). FurtherInformation: Mr. L. Farstad, Head, SoilSurvey Section, Research Station, CanadaDept. of Agriculture, 6660 N. W. MarineDrive, Vancouver 8, B. C.

Methods : pH (CaC12): Schofield, B. K. c A. W. Taylor,1955 SoilSci. SOC. Amer. Proc. 19: pp.164-167. pH (H202): 2 ml. of H202 were added tothe solution used for the pH (CaC12) determination.The mixture was stirred and the pH measured after about 15 minutes. Organic Matter: Method of Peech, M. et al., 1947 given inAtkinson, H. J., et al., 1958.Chemical Methods of Soil Analysis,Contribution No. 169 (revised), Chem. Div., Sci.Serv., Canada Dept. of Agric. Ottawa. p. 16. OrganicCarbon: Calculated as 58% of totalorganic matter. TotalNitrogen: Kjeldahl method given in Atkinson, op. cit. p. 20. Exchangeablecations: Ca, Mg, and K were extractedwith 2 N NaCl after CaC12 equilibration using the method of Clarke, J. S. 1965. Can. J. Soil Sci. Vol. 45 (3f: pp 311-322. Ca and Mg were determined by titration with EDTA, Jackson, N. L. 1958. SoilChemical analysis, Prentice Hall, Engle- wood Cliffs, N. J. Ca alone was determined by CYDTA. K was determinedby atomic absorption. AvailablePhosphorus: Bray method in Atkinson, op. cit. p. 25. Ironand Aluminum: Oxalateextractions were made using the methodof McKeague, J. A. and J. H. Day, 1956.Can. J. SoilSci. Vol. 46 (1): pp. 13-22. Dithionite extractions were made according to the method of Mehra, 0. P. and M. L. Jackson.1960. Clays andClay Minerals.Proc. 7th Conf.: pp.317-327. (Natl. Acad. Sci. - Natl. Res. Council Publ. ). Iron and Aluminum were then measured colorometrically.

Gravel:Particles over 2mm. indiameter were sievedfrom thewhole field sample of soil (air dried), washed,dried, weighedand expressed as a percentage by weight of the totalsample. Sand, Silt andClay: Pipette Method of Kilmer, V. J., and L. T. Alexander.1949. Soil Sci.. 68: 15-24.Results are given as percentages of thetotal material less than 2 mn. indiameter. BulkDensity: This was measured by theclod method as givenin Black, D. A. (Editorin Chief) 1965. Methodsof SoilAnalysis. Part I, pp. 381-383. AmericanSOC. of Agronomy, Inc. , Wisconsin, 2 vols. BHOOJEDHUR, S. 1969. Genesis of a podzol sequence on the West Coast of Vancouver Island. Masters thesis, Department of Soil Science, U. B. C.

Further information: Dr. L. Lavkulich, Associate Professor, Dept. of Soil Science, University of B. C. Vancouver 8, B. C.

Methods : The measurementof pH in water and calcium chloridewere carried out onthe field samples. A soil water ratio of 1 to 2.5 and 1:2 soil to 0.1 M CaC12 were used. Total carbon and sulphur contents were determined by the dry combustion method using the Leco Induction furnace (Black, 1965). Total nitrogen was determinedby the macro Kjeldahl method as described in Methods Soilof Analysis (Black, 136;1. Available phosphorus was determined colorimetricallyby using ammonium fluoride as the extracting solution, chloro- molybdic acid as the complexing agent and stannous chloride as reducing agent (Jackson, 19581. The three elements, iron, aluminium and silicon, were determined spectrophotometrically by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer, following extraction of the samples with sodium acetateacetic acid adjusted to 3.5 pH and by sodium dithionite and citric acid ain water-bath set between75- 8ooc. Oxalate extractable Fe,Al, Mn were determined spectrophotometrically by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer after shaking the samples for four hours in the dark with a mixture of ammonium oxalate and oxalic acid adJUsted to pH 3.0 (McKeague and Day, 1966). One normal KC1 was used to extract exchangeable aluminium according to the method described in Methodsof Soil Analysis 1965). The determination was carried out usingan atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Amorphous aluminium and silicon were determinedon the less than 2 mm soil as well as on the coarse clay fraction.The procedure followed for the extraction was pretreatmentfor removal of O.M. and Fe before boiling in 0.5 NaOH (Black, 1965). Aluminium and silicon were determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Exchangeable acidity was extracted from the soil samples with O.5N barium chloride- 0.05 N triethanolamine adjusted to pH 8.0 and titration with0.2 N HC1 (Black, 1965). Exchangeable cationswere extracted from the samples with normal ammonium acetate adjusted to 7.0.pH Exchangeable K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe were determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The cation exchange capacity was determined by the displacement of the adsorbed ammonium with normal sodium chloride and distillation of the ammonia extract by the macro-Kjeldahl method (Black, 19651. For the determinationof lime potential and pH dependent cation exchange capacity the soil samples were equilibratedby shaking with 0.01 M CaC1, for five days and then centrifuged. RHOOJEDHUR (cont'd) The supernatant solution was used to determine calcium, magnesium and aluminium for the caldulation of lime potential,. The centrifugate was shaken for21, hours with 2 N NaC1. Calcium, magnesium and aluminium were determinedby the atomic absorption spectrophotometerfor the calculation sf pH-dependent cation exchange capacity (Clark, 1965). Elemental analyses were conductedon the soil samples. The elements, Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, Nay K, were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometeron less than 2 mm soil and on the clay fraction. Silicon was determinedby difference. The samples were ignited at90ooC for ? hours and then digested three times with a mixtureof concentrated hydrofluoric, perchloric and hydrochloric acid prior to elemental determinations.

Identification of the clay minerals present in the fine silt, coarse clay and fine clay fractionswere made using x-ray diffractometer with high angle goniometer.The radiation was CuK using a nickel filter. The procedure followed for the initial treatment priorto x-radiation was that described by Kitcrick and (14/;3). Hope The following slideswere prepared for the x-ray examination of the clay samples:(1) Mg-saturated, air dried sample; (2 1 Mg-saturated glycerol solvated sample;(3) K- saturated, air dried sample; and(4) K-saturated, heated sample33g°C and 500%. For the differential thermal analysis the sampleswere placed in one hole ofa specimen holder, and calcined aluminium oxide (o-A1,03) an inert materialwas placed in another hole of the specimen holder. One Junctionof the difference thermocouple was placedin the middle of the sample and the other junction in ofthat the inert material. Both holder and thermocouples were placed in a furnacewhich produced a uniform rateof increase in temperature. The sample was heated at a rateof 2o°C per minute,up to a temperature of l2OooC. The pattern of the thermal reaction was recorded on a chart as a functionof temperature.

A number of physical determinations were carried outon the samples. As soon as the samples reached the laboratory,a portion of each sample was taken immediatelyto determine field water contentby drying the samples for24 hours at lO>OC. Bulk density was determined using the clod method un dried samples (Black, 1965). Particle size analysesof the soil samples were determinedby a modified methodof Kittrick and Hope (19631, whereby a pretreatment for organic matter and iron removal was undertaken, before applying centrifugation, sedimentation and gravimetric techniquesfor the separation of particle sizes. Water contents at four different negative pressures using the porous plate extractor de-were termined gravimetrically (Black, 1965). KESER, . N, 1969. Soils and Douglas-Fir Growth in Sayward Forest. Doctoral Dissertation. Department of Soil Science, University of British Columbia.

Further Information: Dr. N. Keser, Research Division,B. C. Forest Service, Parliament Buildings, Victoria, B. C.

Methods : The pH measurements were made using a Beckman model pH meter witha glass electrode. As suggested by Schofield (1949).01M Ca C1, was used in the pre- paration of samples. The organic matter determinations weremade with the Walkey-Black method (Jackson, 1958). The KJeldahl technique was employedto obtain the total nitrogen contentof the samples (Jackson, 1958). The exchangeable K and wereNa determined with a Perkin- Elmer flame photometer (Jackson, 1958). The pH of the ammonium acetate was adjusted 6.5,to approximately the average pH of the samples. Available phosphorus analyses were undertaken with the Bray- PI method (Jackson, 1958). In the determination of the cation exchange capacity, the concept and procedures which have been proposed and outlined by Clark (1965,1966) for the coastal soilof British Columbia were followed. Sodium chloride solution was used for extraction. The determination of Ca+Mg was made by titration with EDTA (Jackson,1978) and A1 colorimetrically using 8-hydroxyquinoline (Sandell, 1950). The A1 determinations were made only for the soils with a pH 3 or less. Cu was determined colorimetrically (Warren and Delavault, 1959) and Zn with the dithizone method (Warren and Delavault, 1949). A colorimetric technique was also used for the Pb analysis (Sandell, 1959). Fe and Mn were determinedby X-ray fluorescence (Mortensen et al., 1965) and B and Co by spectrographic analysis(the powder spark method). (Specht et al., 1965). The thiocy- anate method for Mo (Reisenauer,1965) and the atomic absorption technique (Prince,1963) for Mg were employed.

Bulk density determinations using soil cores made were by drying the soil atlO5O C for 24 hours and weighingit, and calculating the bulk density in gms/cc.In the case of the peds bulk density was determined by the paraffin coating method outlined by Blake (1965). Triplicate determinations were madefor bothcore and ped samples. Particle size determinations were made by the pipette method as outlined by Kilmer and Alexander (19491, and Jackson (1965). Samples were extracted three times by the diothionite-citrate-bicarbonate procedure of Mehra and Jackson (1960) prior to the analysis. In the separation of the different sand fractions, the dry sieving technique was employed (Day,1965 ). The percentage of silt and clay particleswas calculated from the samples obtained bya pipette from a temperature con- trolled soil suspension. The sampling depth was set as KfSER (cont’d) lo cn~and thesampling for each particlesize was calculatedaccording to Stoke’s Law. Theamount of fineclay was determinedby centrifugation (Jackson, 1956 I. The water retentionvalues corresponding to tensions of .l, .3, .9, >, 15 bars5 were determined on 2 nun material at 2oc’ C (Richards, 1148). A millipore mem- branewith a hangingcolumn was employed for .1 tension.For the tensions corresponding to .3 and . !,] bar, a low-pressureand for 5 and13 bars a high-pres- sure plate extractor was used.The relative vapour pressureof the compressed air was increasedto the valuecorresponding to the desired tension by use of humidifiers.

Mineralogicalanalyses were undertakenusing a Philips X-ray diffractometerequipped with a propvrtional pulse-heightanalyser. Cu K 1 (X 1 .>4030) radiation was employed.The receiving slit was equippedwith a Ni filter. Particle size separation was made accordingto the pro- cedurepresented by Kitrick and Hope (1163). X-ray analyses were runon the Ca- andK-saturated samples of fineclay ( .2u), coarseclay (2 - .2u)and silt (2 - 5ou) fractions.For glycerine and heat treatments, the tech- niquesoutlined by Mackintoshand Gardner (1934) were followed. No additionaltreatments were undertakenfor identification oi kaolinitein the presence oi chlorite.

APPENDIX A

GEOLOGY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF VANCOUVER ISLAND

CLIMATE OF VANCOUVER ISLAND

Climaticrecords of D.O.T. stations on Vancouver Is land

Climatic bar graphsfor selected stations on Vancouver Island THE BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF VANCOUVER ISLAND by Dr. K.E. Northcote*

Thegeologic history of Vancouver Island is largelyone of volcanism recordedin three cycles. Each cycle had associated periods when sedimentation dominatedin all or part ofthe region. The last two volcaniccycles contain abundantevidence of plutonic activity, particularly during their late stages.

First Cycle: Duringthe first volcaniccycle Mid-Paleozoic volcanics and Carboniferous sedimentsof the Sicker Group were deposited.The volcanic rocks consist of greenstone,intermediate to siliceous pyroclastic rocks and flows with volcanic- derived clastic andcherty sediments deposited in a largelymarine environment. The firstcycle terminated with deposition of Middle Pennsylvanian clastic sedimentsand Buttle Lake limestone. TheSicker rocks are intruded by diabase dykesand sills andby masses ofquartz-feldspar porphyry. A periodof uplift anderosion may haveterminated deposition of Sickerrocks. Becauseof the long history of Sicker rocks being subjected to various geologicalprocesses, the Sicker Group contains some ofthe most intensely deformedand metamorphosed rocks on theisland. Rocksof theMetamorphic Complex may be derived in part from the Sicker Group.

SecondCycle: Thesecond cycle of volcanism is represented by theVancouver Group. This cycleconsisted of two periods of volcanismseparated by a periodof quiescence duringwhich calcareous and clastic sediments were deposited. It is probable thatthe VancouverGroup, along with the Sicker Group, comprises a part of the Crystalline Complex. Firstthe Triassic Karmutsen volcanics were deposited as shieldtype basaltic upwellingsin an initially mainly submarine but later partlyemergent environment. The basalts consistof pillow lavas, pillow breccias, amygdaloidal and massive flowsand have some interbeddedtuffaceous sediments. Intrusive activity accom- panyingKarmutsen volcanics appears tobe limited to dykes and sills of diorite or diabasecomposition which are thoughtto be feeders for flows higher in the sequence. A quiescentperiod in the second cycle resulted in deposition of from 37'7 to 2,000 feet ofmassive gray to thin bedded black Upper TriassicQuatsino limestone andthin bedded carbonaceous limestone of the Parson Bay Formation. Duringlower to mid Jurassic time a resurgence of volcanism,this time of an explosivenature resulted in the deposition of 6,000 to 8.003 feet of viscous Bonanzaflows and pyroclastics. The volcanicrocks near the bottom of the seq- uenceconsist of basaltic to andesitic tuff, breccia and lava flowsinterbedded with Lower Jurassicgreywacke and argillite. An upperdivision of comonlyred colouredrhyodacite lavas, tuffs, breccias and ignimbrites are interbeddedwith lava,tuff and breccia of basaltic andesiteand andesite composition. Marine fossilsand some plantfragments suggest an environment of chains of volcanic islandsin a shallow sea.

* B.C. Departmentof Mines and Petroleum Resources, Victoria,British Columbia. A peri-od of intenseplutonism accompanied the .later stages ofBonanza volcanism.These rocks are calledthe Island Intrusions and range in composition from dioriteto quartz monzonite with very minor amounts of granite. Thesecond cycle of volcanism was terminated by a period of uplift, erosion and deposition of clasticsedimentary rocks. These rocks are of Late Jurassic, Lower Cretaceousand Upper Cretaceous (Nanaimo Group)age and consist of grey- wacke,sandstone, conglomerate, shale, carbonaceous shale and coal,

Th ird Cycle : Tertiaryvolcanism is consideredseparately in the areas south and north of theLeech River-San Juan River faults respectively. Southof the Leech River fault, EoceneMetchosin basic volcanics, consisting of basalticpillow lavas and lavaflows, were depositedand were subsequently intruded by Eocenegabbro and quartz diorite. North of theSan Juan River fault there are scatterederosional remnants of basalt flowsand rhyolite tuffs. A large numberof intermediateand basic dykes cut earlier formations.Tertiary plutonic activity north of the San Juan River fault is manifestin many places by stocksbut it is obviousthat at thepresent level of erosionplutonism was less intenseduring Tertiary than Mid-Jurassic time. Finally,Oligocene to Miocenesandstone shale and conglomerate, the youngest formations, were depositedand now form a narrowwedge along part ofthe West Coastand unconformably overlie older rocks.

References:

Muller.J.E., Carson. D.J.T. 1969.Geology and Mineral Possibilities of Vancouver Island.Canadian Mining Journal, May, 1969.

Northcote, K.E., Muller J.E., 1972.Volcanism, Plutonism and Mineralization: Vancouver Island,Canadian Institute of Miningand Metallurgy Bulletin. October, 19 72. n Z a -I cn " P

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E R A PERIODERA EPOCH BEGINNING OF INTERVAL ( MILLION YEARS 0 .u QUATERNARY Pleistocene I - 1

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I oc 00

15C N UPPER - 50 -0 JURASSIC Bothonicm ------I66 - v) MIDDLE --BaJoclan - W LOWER I8 I 2 UPPER 20c - - 200 - zoo TRIASSIC MIDDLE LOWER (230) UPPER 2 5C - ? 50 PERMIAN MIDDLE -260 LOWER 2 80

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MISSISSIPPIAN Tournaisian 345 3 5( 550

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LOWER 6 01 -- ?-3-?- 3- ?-. 3- ?-3 -* 3-? 600 n z a a Z I- z c u) z 0 u) a 0 - a 0 - v) m 0 u) u) v) W - z w U z a a a cr > a W W n W W n m I- a W - -1 c SURFICIAL DEPOSITS OF THE SAYWARD FOREST (Keser)

Surficialgeology of the Sayward Forest is very much related tothe recent glacial and post-glacial evznts that took place in British Columbia especially on this part ofVancouver Island.

At least two majorglaciations have taken place in the area. Duringthe last glaciation, which ended 10 to12,000 years ago, the Cordilleran ice sheetcovered most of British Columbia including VancouverIsland. During the glaciation maximum, thethickness of the ice sheetreached a little over 6000 ft in the vicinity of Buttle Lake,situated 20 miles S.W. ofCampbell River. The highpeaks such as GoldenHinde (7219 ft) andElkhorn (7200 ft)stood above the icesheet and consequently escape the ice erosion.

The land,under the heavy load of ice, subsided and the limit ofthe sea stoodapproximately 600 ft above its presentposition. Probably,the maximum submergence took place in this vicinity on the islandbecause of the greater thickness of the ice in the general area. On the West Coastthe submergence was half as much (300 ft) 2nd inthe vicinity of Victoria it was even less, approximately 200 ft.

The reboundingof the land was gradualalthough not at a constant rate. As theresult of theglaciation and the events that immediately followed it, considerableamounts of assorted materials were transportedand deposited on the area.

The principal surficial materials consist of glacial tills, glaciofluvialdeposits and marine sediments. The occurrenceof alluvial andpeat deposits are minor inextent. The following strati- graphicunits are observedin the area:

Salishsediments: shorline and fluvial deposits related to the present sea, river, andlake levels.

Capilanosediments: marine, fluvial, and lacustrine deposits relatedto former (higher) sea, river, andlake levels.

Vashon drift: Till; lyingunconformably on the Quadra sediments andconstituting the uppermost drift sheet of the area.

Quadrasediments: Interglacial deposits; sands,plant-bearing silts andgravels.

Dashwood drift: till; locallylying conformably beneath theQuadra sediments.

Reference: J. G. Fyles, 1963. Surficialgeology of HornLake and Parksvillemap-areas. Memoir 318. G. S. C., Ottawa.143p. LATEPLEISTOCENE GEOLOGIC-CLIMATE SUBDIVISIONS AND STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS INSOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND NORTHWESTERN WASHINGTON

ABSOLUTE r LOWLANDFRASER I SOUTHERN EASTCOASTAL PUGET TIME GEOLOGIC CLIMATE BRITISH COLUMBIA WASHINGTON LOWLANDS LOWLAND - THOUSANDS UNITS 9rmstrong (1956 et sac VANCOUVER Crandell (1963) OF YEARS Easterbraak andunpublished N.) ( 1963) ISLAND Molenaar B.P. Fyles (1963) 8 Garling (1963)

10 - SUMAS Sumar Drlft Capllano II- s.dlmrntr Whatcom Bellinghom >glaclomarlnr glaclomarine EVERSON deposits drift Capllano INTERSTADE 12- N~~~~~ sediments Darning stony clay 1 13- Cloverdale sediments J 14- I VASHON STADE SurreyDrift Vashon Drift Vashon Drift Vashon Drift 16- /

I7-

Creek 19- Drlft

21-

23-

25- J 0 a W 29 - I- t Quadrasediments Quadra Kitsap 33- sediments Formation

" - - - -. SALMON SemiamuDrlft ."" SalmonSprings SPRINGS (?) (ageunknown) Drlft GLACIATION DorhwoodDrift (age unknown

REFERENCE: ARMSTRONG, J.E. CRANDELL, D.R., EASTERBROOK,D.J. AND NOBLE, J.B. 1965, UTE PLEISTOCENE STRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND NORTHWESTERNWASHINGTON. BULL. GEOL. SOC. AMER. 76 pp.321-330 CLIMATE OF VANCOUVER ISLAND

The CoastalPressure System, affecting the island, consists of the Aleutian Low inwinter and the Hawaiin High in summer. Consequently,the prevailingwinds are fromthe south-east in winter and north-west in summer. Long fiords,along the west coast,extend the marine influence inland. However, theVancouver Island Ranges (Insular Mountains), constituting the backboneof the island in the SE-NbJ direction,significantly modify the easterly moving moisture laden air. Althoughboth the east and west coastclimates appear as Marine West Coast Type(Cfb) in Koppen'ssystem, they are significantlydifferent. On the lee side of themountains, a rain shadow area withlower precipitation (Campbell River 56.67"), greaterextremes of temperatureand more sunshine prevails.Contrariwise, on thewestern (windward) coast, high totals of precipitation(Tofino:121.05"), small proportionof snow, small annual temperaturechanges, high cloudiness and low sunshine are characteristic. Fog,especially in summer, is a predominantfeature along the western coastline. It is interestingto note that the highest recorded precipitation on thecontinent occurs on the west coast of VancouverIsland at Henderson Lake,north of the entrance to Alberni Canal. The precipitation statistics ofthis station are, Mean Annual: 262"; Maximum Annual:320"; Maximum 24 hours: 16"; May - September: 47". SoutheasternVancouver Island, on the lee ofboth the Olympic and Van- couverIsland Mauntains, presents a veryunique climate (Koppen'sCool MediterraneanType, Csb). Here, the totalprecipitation is low(Victoria: 27.35")and the summer moisturedeficiency is critical. Victoria is one of thehighest (275 days) sunshine receiving areas in Canada. On highmountainous terrain a continentaltype of climate prevails (Koppen's Humid ContinentalTypes, Dfband Dfs) with cool short summers. Thecold climatic conditions are suitablefor the development of snowfields; approximately50 glaciers exist on Vancouver Island.

Reference: J.D. Chapman, 1952. The Climateof British Columbia. I I f ~-mdmn~-mr-rio~;r~nn~m~P-O mrimonr-~-a rimo~u~m mw~(umC.a33uw~3oo*~w...... Ur-N r-mwmmnrno...... r-dndn33...... OOOOOOOddOooOOOdCddd=oooooooA=ooooood

iin- 30 x

P2 (d

W r 0 V 4 ...... O(UN(U~O*~V)~~OO~L~NN~L~~QL~N(UN~- dd

- cn 0 r(x U P) rn c U e Y LC m 6 U U 0 d Q. 2 C I4 C .. ab4 3 W r( 9) d C & rl I4 c. P) 0 LC 3 0 LC P) 3 Y B U LC % d D4 P) 4.. IL P) al u Y Y rl P) 4 ? d P rl U um 4 d LC 2! 3: LC C M f: d d P) 0)o U 9) u & e e c 0 0 d E .d.. 5 9) C C P) 9) c 6 L)u V m .d 4 1 2 U 5 ic & & Jz Iu w d f: P) m 0 0 0 0 ra 0 0 4 4 4 m w m D4 L4 IL H e H AVERAGE MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURES FOR SOUTHEAST VANCOUVER ISLAND (Degrees Fahrenheit.)

Stat ion Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ann

Becher Bay ...... 40 42 43 47 52 57 60 60 56 5144 41 49 Cordova Bay ...... 39 41 43 48 53 5861 61 57 51 44 40 50 Cowichan Bay ...... 36 3842 48 54 59 6463 58 50 42 39 49 CowichanLake(Forestry1 . 35 37 41 46 53 58 6363 58 50 40 36 48 CowichanLake (Weir) .... 37 41 41 46 51 58 63 63 57 5141 38 49 Dominion Astro. Obs. .... 37 40 43 49 55 59 64 63 59 51 44 40 50 Duncan(Forestry) ...... 37 41 42 47 52 59 6462 56 50 42 38 49 Elk Lake ...... 39 42 43 48 53 5864 62 57 52 44 40 50 Ganges ...... 37 39 42 48 54 5862 62 58 50 43 39 49 JamesIsland ...... 39 40 43 49 54 5862 62 58 51 44 41 50 Saanichton (C.D.A.) ..... 38 39 42 48 5458 62 61 57 50 43 40 49

Saltspring Is. (Vesuvius ) 38 40 42 4854 60 64 63 58 50 42 39 50 ShawniganLake ...... 35 37 4147 53 5863 63 58 50 42 37 49

Victoria(Gonza1es Hts.)39 41 4449 54 57 60 60 58 52 45 42 50 Victoria(Internationa1 A.) 37 40 42 4854 58 62 64 57 50 43 4050 Victoria(Quesne1 Ave.) .. 41 44 44 49 55 60 6463 58 52 4542 51

Victoria(Tillicum) ..... 40 42 4348 53 59 6362 57 51 4441 50 William Head ...... 40 41 43 4852 57 60 60 55 50 4441 49

Youbou ...... 38 42 42 47 52 6065 64 58 52 43 4050 ...... "" ..... ___ .

AVERAGE MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURES FOR EAST VANCOUVER ISLAND AND STRAITS (DegreesFahrenheit.)

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov AnnDec

~-~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~

Alert Bay ...... 38 40 41 4651 54 57 58 5549 42 40 48

Bull Harbour ...... 39 40 4245 50 5356 57 5449 44 40 47

Campbell River ...... 3539 40 46 52 58 64 62 56 48 40 37 48

Campbell River(Airport) ..... 3236 39 45 50 56 6462 5448 41 3547

Chatham Point ...... 3341 42 47 52 57 61 60 5649 42 39 48

Comox (Airport) ...... 3539 41 46 5459 63 62 57 48 42 38 49

CortesIsland ...... 37 40 4247 54 60 64 63 58 50 42 39 50 Cumberland ...... 3437 41 47 5358 63 63 5749 4137 48 Denman Island ...... 37 40 41 4652 58 65 63 5649 41 38 49

Departure Bay ...... 39 40 43 4956 61 65 65 60 5244 41 51 Nanaimo ...... 3739 42 48 55 6364 64 59 51 43 39 50

Nanaimo (Airport) ...... 35 38 40 46 53 58 63 62 57 4941 38 48 Nanaimo (Water Reservoir) .... 35 38 40 46 50 58 64 65 57 50 4237 49 Port Hardy (Airport) ...... 36 39 4044 49 54 57 5753 48 4138 46

Qualicum River(Fish Research) 36 40 41 48 53 59 65 62 54 54 43 38 50 AVERAGE MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURES FOR WEST VANCOWER ISLAND (DegreesFahrenheit.)

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Ann

~ .-~ ~~ ~ ~ ..~ ~~ ~ ~ Alberni(Lupsi Cupsi) ...... 35 38 40 46 54 59 6463 58 50 42 38 49

Alberni (McCoy Lake) ...... 3539 4047 52 59 6564 58 5040 36 49

Alberni(Robertson Creek) .... 34 38 40 4652 61 6364 58 49 40 35 48

AmphitritePoint ...... 42 b4 43 47 51 54 58 59 56 52 45 42 49

Ash River(Generating Station) 35 38 39 45 52 59 6464 59 50 40 36 48

Bamfield (East)...... 40 43 42 46 49 54 5858 55 51 44 4148 BearCreek ...... 34 37 37 42 4955 59 58 54 47 3736 45 EstevanPoint ...... 40 41 42 46 50 54 57 57 55 50 45 42 48

Gold River ...... 38 41 42 47 53 59 67 65 59 51 41 38 50 Holberg ...... 35 37 36 39 54 49 53 5450 46 37 36 43 Jordan River ...... 38 41 42 46 51 55 5858 55 5045 41 48 Pachena Point ...... 4040 42 46 50 53 5656 54 50 45 42 48 Port Alberni (Redford) ...... 37 41 42 48 54 60 6665 59 5242 38 50

Port Alice ...... 39 41 5246 52 57 61 61 57 5143 40 49

Quatsino ...... 37 38 41 46 51 56 59 60 56 50 43 39 48

SpringIsland ...... 40 42 41 45 50 54 57 58 56 50 b5 42 48 Tofino(Airport) ...... 41 4242 45 50 55 58 58 56 51 44 42 49

Tofino(Village) ...... 39 41 41 45 M M 55 57 53 52 M 40 M

ZeballosIron Mines ...... 35 38 44 46 50 58 62 6360 52 41 36 49 EXTREMPS OF TEMPERATURE FOR EACHMONTH OF THE YEAR 1970 WITHABSOLUTE TEMPERATURES FOR SOUTHEAST VANCOUVER ISISLAND (OF 1

STATION JANFEB MAR APR MAY JUNJUL AUG SEP OCTNOV DEC ABSOLUTE

~ ~ BEAR CREEK 46 57 M M 70 84 82 80 M M 63 42 95 MAX 24 30 M 3129 38 42 40 2931 32 18 1 MIN CORDOVA BAY 55 56 58 M M M M M M M M M 94MAX 27 33 30 M M M H M M M M M ~MIN COWICHAN BAY 55 58 60 62 71 82 88 81 75 72 63 49 96 MAX 26 31 26 30 34 40 46 45 37 29 23 22 3 MIN COWICHAN LAKEFORESTRY 49 60 64 65 77 90 93 91 79 79 65 48 loo MAX 24 26 23 29 33 41 41 46 34 28 23 19 0 MIN COUICHAN LAKE WEIR 50 59 62 64 77 86 90 88 77 78 64 49 98 MAX 22 27 21 28 31 40 42 43 31 27 20 19 5 MIN DUNCAN F ORES TRY 57 61 62 65 76 86 91 83 78 72 64 5099 MAX 22 27 20 29 31 39 41 40 29 23 19 20 - 7 MIN EAST S OOKE ANDERSON COVE 55 62 60 70 75 89 87 82 77 70 68 48 91 MAx 25 30 23 28 32 40 41 43 30 29 24 22 6 MIN ELK LAKE 55 57 59 65 73 85 87 82 73 71 63 49 93 MAX 28 31 29 32 34 M 45 46 40 33 25 25 5 MIN JAMES ISLAND 55 53 57 60 70 82 85 78 71 68 57 48 95 MAX 29 34 33 33 37 43 49 48 43 35 26 29 7 MIN PORT RENFREW BCFP M M 58 62 74 83 80 74 75 72 63 50 M MAX M M 26 31 33 39 46 44 36 30 24 25 M MIN RIVER JORDAN 53 56 59 60 65 78 78 74 67 66 64 49 88 MAX 28 32 29 32 35 41 44 43 37 33 26 27 4 MIN SAANICHTON CDA 57 56 59 61 72 83 85 78 74 70 62 4994 MAX 28 32 30 32 34 44 48 46 40 31 25 25 7 MIN SAANICH DENSMORE 56 57 6560 74 85 M 83 7476 63 49 88 MAx 25 2630 3130 40 M 43 34 27 2325 7 MIN SAANICH DOM ASTRO OBS 55 57 58 62 73 85 89 80 76 75 62 48 101 MAX 29 33 30 32 36 42 48 48 41 34 24 25 2 MIN SALTS PRINGISLAND 55 57 60 62 72 84 86 81 74 73 66 50 lo1 MAX 28 34 29 3‘1 36 45 48 48 43 32 24 24 5 MIN SALTSPRING VESWIUS 56 54 59 62 71 84 84 80 70 71 57 5193 MAX 28 34 27 34 37 47 50 49 42 32 23 25 4 MIN SHAWNIGAN LAKE 53 736058 58 84 89 82 75 76 62 47 99 MAX 25 30 23 29 34 44 47 47 35 30 22 22 - 6 MIN SOUTH PENDER ISLAND M M M 62 71 85 86 78 74 71 59 50 M MAx M M M 33 36 41 45 39 41 32 25 25 M MIN VICTORLA GONZALES HTS 56 56 735860 86 85 77 73 71 60 49 95 MAX 30 35 32 3935 47 49 50 44 35 26 27 4 MIN VICTORIAINTERNATIONAL A 58 56 6259 72 84 7885 74 72 63 5097 MAX 25 30 26 29 34 43 46 46 37 29 25 23 4 MIN VICTORIA MARINE RADIO 53 59 58 59 67 83 78 71 69 65 67 49 M MAX 28 33 28 31 34 42 43 44 37 32 26 25 M MIN VICTORIAQUESNEL AVE 56 58 60 65 76 87 87 80 75 73 62 50 94 MAX 26 31 28 33 33 43 49 47 38 28 26 24 6 MIN VICTORIATILLICUM 57 58 61 64 73 86 88 80 75 72 63 50 96 MAX 23 28 24 3130 39 43 3343 24 24 21 4 MIN WILLIAM HEAD 52 605855 70 6263677583 78 49 88 MAX 32 36 31 35 40 46 49 46 41 34 28 30 7 MIN EXTREMESOF TEMPERATURE FOR EACH MONTH OF THEYEAR 1970 WITHABSOLUTE TEMPERATURES FOR EASTVANCOWER ISLAND (OF 1

STATIONJAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DECABSOLUTE

ALERT BAY 49 58 5-7 60 74 Rtj 76 73 74 58 63 45 92 MAX 28 32 29 32 37 42 46 45 39 33 22 22 8 MIN

CAMPBELLRIVER A 52 56 6361 8673 :),7 84 72 73 61 45 99 MAX lo 25 18 3025 36 38 37 28 22 IO 9 -11 MIN

CAMPBELLRIVERBCFS 5749 6561 76 8986 84 75 75 4359 M MAX 19 22 24 28 34 40 45 42 37 30 17 17 M MIN

CAMPBELL R LAKEVIEW FC M M M M M M M 80 75 77 62 44 MMAX M M M M M MM M 42 31 27 13 9 MMIN

CHATHAM POINT 4861 58 50 72 81 79 76 6365 60 47 92 MAX 25 33 29 33 3933 29 33 25 45 4749 3539 21 23 5 MIN

COALHARBOUR RUPERT IN 45 646055 75 87 81 74 646268 45 M MAX 22 29 24 3530 41 42 43 35 33 21 20 M MIN

COMOX A 52 626153 72 8687 80 68 69 5055 94 MAX 23 29 27 3430 41 3646 47 29 19 20 - 6 MIN CORTESISLAND 6153 53 62 72 83 87 8158 65 66 48 89 MAX 23 31 29 33 383329 31 23 46 52 51 43 252331 7 MTN

CUMBERLAND 49 58 M M M M M M M M M M 111MAX 16 26 M M M MM M M M M M -5MIN

HORNBY ISLAND 52 52 M 59 69 84 83 79 M M M M MMAX 26 30 27 29 M 41 47 48 M M M M M MIN

NANAIMO A 56 636357 73 86 788590 74 61 52 98 MAX 22 23 21 27 3732 43 42 31 26 12 22 - 4 MIN

NANAIMOCHUB

NANAIMODEPARTURE BAY 5555 M 61 70 9183 82 74 5673 53 M MAX 28 31 26 31 35 41 48 46 3038 2319 M MIN

OYSTERRIVER UBC 53 54 6285 69 62 845569 69 79 46 M MAX 18 28 26 28 33 37 43 42 34 28 18 17 M MIN

PORTHARDY A 48 5855 56 7869 76 89456360 66 69 MAX 24 28 2923 32 40 43 41 33 28 20 17 6 MIN

QUALICUM R FISHRESEARCH 53 52 626169 82 82 82 71 5464 49 88 MAX 24 28 24 4334 30 45 44 34 29 20 23 4 MIN

STRATHCONA DAM 4765 60 58 737585 89 86 76 62 43 M MAX lo 23 18 29 32 40 42 2733 43 13 8 M MIN EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE FOR EACHMONTH OF THE YEAR 1970 WITH ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURES FOR WEST VANCOUVER ISLAND (OF 1

STATION JANFEB MARAE'R MAY JUNJUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ABSOLUTE

ALBERNILUPS I CUPS1 52 56 64 66 81 93 96 89 78 76 56 49 101 MAX 25 28 22 28 33 40 46 44 30 26 21 23 - 7 MIN

ALBERNI MCCOY LAKE 49 58 65 68 81 93 98 93 78 78 55 48 105 MAX 21 26 19 24 30 37 43 h0 27 27 15 20 - 5 MIN

ALBERNI ROBERTSON CREEK 47 58 63 67 82 94 97 92 78 77 57 45 103 MAX 19 25 43383125 19 41 29 27 14 19 - 8 MIN

AMPHITRITEPOINT 51 56 625857 71 6573 67 64 5069 84 MAX 31 36 34 33 36 44 48 47 44 37 26 26 11 MIN

BAMFIELD EAST 52 62 616991 76 71 73 6869 52 91 MAX 27 31 26 30 32 42 43 44 35 31 26 27 13 MIN

BULL HARBOUR 49 58 57 6353 80 74 67626969 45 loo MAX 26 32 26 29 32 42 44 3443 2531 23 9 MIN

CAPESCOTT 49 58 56 52 6961 66 65 70 60 70 49 79 MAX 29 36 30 34 37 44 48 48 45 37 24 25 12 MZN

ESTEVAN POINT 52 58 5759 61 74 696365 63 5061 84 MAX 27 33 28 31 35 43 45 45 38 34 23 25 7 MIN

HOLBERG 586043 49 61 75 70 64 71 71 64 42 M MAX M 29 26 25 3533 41 42 38 28 18 18 M MIN

HOLBERG FIRE DEPT 48 60 60 64 71 86 78 75 74 67 60 45 M MAX 24 30 22 28 30 41 41 44 35 35 20 19 M MIN

KILDONAN FATTI BAS IN 53 61 63 M 70 90 79 7573 70 66 56 MMAX 29 34 25 M 35 4947 48 41 2634 27 M MIN

PACHENA POINT 51 56 57 60 67 79 71 66 70 69 66 50 89 MAX 27 30 27 30 34 39 41 41 34 31 23 23 4 MIN

PORT ALBERNI A 52 60 63 66 79 91 97 88 78 78 57 49 M MAX 25 27 20 21 30 37 112 39 26 28 16 20 M MIN

PORT ALBERNI REDFORD 52 60 65 68 82 95 97 89 81 79 58 49 lo1 MAX 27 30 24 28 34 41 48 46 32 30 21 23 4 MIN

PORT ALICE 52 62 61 61 75 85 81 77 71 73 61 52 94 MAX 27 34 28 32 35 41 51 48 M 36 22 22 9 MIN

QUATS I NO 50MMMMMMMMMM48 93 MAX 24MMMMMMMMMM22 2 MIN

SPRING ISLAND 5752 61 58 61 78 69 67 50676568 94 MAX 283632 32 36 4343 46 40 38 26 25 13 MIN

TOFINO A 52 6259 62 72 81 79 74 72 70 70 50 91 MAX 26 31 25 30 34 40 42 43 35 2331 22 5 MIN UPPERNANAIMO LOWLANDS

CLIMATIC GRAPHS

- 50 &- U h 0 0 E 40 P 0 Freezing Point .-c Y 2 3c CAMPBELLRIVER f c 0 M.A.Temp: 48" 2 20 C Tot. Ppt : 56.67" 0 Q, = 10

JFMAMJJASOND

Freezing Point """"" 15 COMOX

M. A. Temp : 49" 10 c 0 Tot.Ppt : 47.40" 0) = IO 5

JFMAMJJASOND LOWERNANAIMO LOWLANDS

CLIMATIC GRAPHS

- 50 LI 0 Y a a a j401 a . Freezing >r """""" 30 ------S NANAIMO t c Q M. A. Temp: 50" = 20 lo 4 Tot. Ppt : 41.42''

JFMAMJJASOND

60 a "a a a h 50 - LL a 0 v a a a 2401 e a Ql t- Point """""_ ""_Freezing- "" 330 t I= V I CTORlA a a M.A. Temp: 50" = 20 IO 3

c~ f Tot. Ppt : 27. 35" 0 C IO 5 r"

JFMAMJJASOND ESTEVANCOASTAL PLAIN CLIMATICGRAPHS

6o r e e - 50 1 e e e e e

I- FreezingPoint 0 h """"""""""" c -c 30 15 c PACHENAPOINT c 0 M.A.Temp: 48' = 20 IO c Tot. Ppt : 113.89" 0

IO 5

JFMAMJJASOND

e e e LL 0 v h 40 20 ; E c 0 ? Point Freezing .-c """"""""""" v h 30 - l5 t TOFINO f Q c a 0 M.A. Temp : 49' 20 IO 2 c t c U C Tot.Ppt : 121.05" Q) 0 IO 52 c 0 zQ) JFMAMJJASOND

Temp Ppt m WEST MOUNTAIN ZONE

CLIMATIC GRAPHS

LL 0 0 20 2 Q) c u Freezina Point .-c 15 - PORT ALICE a 2 M.A.Temp: 49' c t '0 Tot. Ppt 116.48" 5x c U zQ) JFMAMJJASOND

h 50 LL 0 v n 40 E ? Freezing Point ZEBALLOS _X 30 c M.A. Temp t : 49O c 0 2 20 Tot. Ppt : 150.00"+ c 0 Q) 2i IO

JFMAMJJASOND MAJORVALLEY SYSTEMS

CLIMATICGRAPHS

- 50 LL 0 v

Q a 20 2 E 40 Q) ? 0 FreezingPoint t """~"""""""""""".- A v i 30 15 + c Z YOUBOU 0 a 20 Temp:IO i- M.A. 58" c 4- 0 a, Ppt. 0 Tot. : 74.08" = IO 5= c 0 a, 2 JFMAMJJASOND

@a 60 a a

- 50 a LL 0 v h v) 40 20 a, 2 c 0 ? Freezing Point .-e """""""""""""""

2 30 15 4- S 0. 4- ALBERNI c Q 0 = 20 IO M.A. Temp : 4 9" c 0 Tot. Ppt. : 73.24" a, = IO 5

JFMAMJJASOND NAHWITTI LOWLANDS

CLIMATIC GRAPH

50 h 1* LL 0 V a 4c 20 E T """"-"""--Freezing Point -" 3c 15 f HOLBERG c 0 M.A. Temp : 4 3' 2 2c IO C Tot. Ppt : 144.90" 0 Q) IC 5

JFMAMJJASOND SUQUASH BASIN CLIMATIC GRAPH 60 e. e e h 50 LL v h u) a 40 20 Q) E JZ Q) u t- Freez i ng Point .-c """"""""_""""""" v -% 30 l5 PORT HARDY r+- c a 0 M.A. Temp: 46" 20 2 z IO r c + Tot. Ppt : 68.89" 0 c aJ z0 = IO 5 C 0 0) E JFMAMJJASOND zW J W 3 J m APPENDIX B

SYSTEM OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION FOR CANADA

The Canadian soil classification system

Soil horizons and layers

Soil drainage classes

Classification of some Vancouver Island soils according to the Canadian and Americansystems of soil classification THE CANADIAN SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

The Canadian Soil Classification System is a taxonomic one and based on the study of soils in their natural relationships.The system regards the soils as individual natural bodies, each with theirown morphology and characteristics. It provides the orderly arrangement of soils into categories according to their relationship to each other.

All soils are arranged in such a way that they succeed or accompany each other and thus provide groupings from a high level with broad generalization to succeeding series of lower levels, each level in descend- ing order being more specifically defined. There are six categories or levels in the scheme.

Order: Soils with similar gross genetic properties. The highest level

of generalization.

Great Group: Soils having certain morphological features in common

that reflect a similar pedogenic environment.

Subgroup: Soils within a Great Group that defines the central concept

of the great group and restricted variations from this central

concept.

Family: A grouping of soils withina subgroup that are relatively homo-

geneous in genetic horizons, mineralogy and soil climate.

Series: A group of soils having horizons similar in differentiating

characteristics in the soil profile and developed from a part-

icular kind of parent material.

Type: A division of a series differingonly in the texture of the sur-

face horizon or layer. The lowest level of generalization. Soilphase is a subdivision of any class but it is not itself a category of thesystem; e.g. stony phase, a slope phase,erosion phase, etc.

1. Chernozemicorder: The chernozemicsoils are developedprimarily

undergrassland communities in cool semi-arid to sub-humid

climate. Thesesoils have dark colored mineral organichor-

izon(chernozemic-Ah) at thesurface and brownish, usually

prismatic and non-saline B horizons underlain with calcareous

parent material. The orderconsists of fourgreat groups,

Brown, Dark Brown, Blackand Dark Gray. The divisioninto

groups is basedlargely on thecolor of the surface soil,

which is a reflection of the climate andvegetation under

whichthese soils have developed.

2. SolonetzicOrder: These soils have developed on a salineparent

material usuallyunder grassland comnunities. Climate may

varyfrom arid to semi-arid. The salineparent material

playsthe most important influence in the development of

these soils. A solonetzic B horizonwhich is finetextured

andcolumnar orblocky in structure is thepriaary morpho-

logiccharacteristic of thesesoils. Two greatgroups have

beenrecognized: Solonetz and Solod.

3. LuvisolicOrder: These soils have developed under deciduous,

mixed, orboreal forests, or under forest-grassland transi-

tionzones in moderate to cool climates. These soils have

aneluvial horizon (Ae) overan accumulation horizon in which

silicate clay is the mainaccumulation product (Bt). The

parent materials are generally neutral to alkaline in reaction. These soils are well- andimperfectly drained and subdivided

into two greatgroups: Gray Brown Luvisol andGray Wooded

(Gray Luvisol).

4. PodzolicOrder: Podzolic soils have developed under coniferous,

mixed forestor heath vegetation, mostly in cold to temperate

climates. The soils have B horizonsin which the main accumu-

lation products are organic matter combined invarying degrees

withFe and A1 (Bh, Bhf,Bf, Bfh). Podzolic soils are well

and imperfectlydrained. The order is comprisedof threegreat

groups: Humic Podzol,Ferro-Humic Podzol, and Humo-Ferric Podzol.

5. BrunisolicOrder: Brunisolic soils have developed under forest,

mixed forest and grass,grass and fern,heath, tundra or alpine

vegetation. A brown-coloredsola (Bm) developed as a result of

slight alteration by hydrolysis,oxidation or solution, is a

characteristicfeature of thesesoils. They haveno distinct

eluviation (Ae) oraccumulation (st, Bh, Bhf,Bf, Bfh) horizons.

These soils, which are well-andimperfectly drained have been

classifiedinto four sub-groups: Melanic Brunisol, Eutric Bruni-

sol, Sombric Brunisol, and Dystric Brunisol.

6. RegosolicOrder: These are well-andimperfectly drained mineral

soils with good to moderateoxidizing conditions, having hor-

izondevelopment too weak to meet therequirement of soils in

any otherorder. There is onlyone great group, the Regosol

Great Group, inthis order.

7. GleysolicOrder: Gleysolic soils are saturatedwith water and

are underreducing conditions continuously or during some

period of theyear. Because of thepoorly drained conditions, the normalprocesses of developmenthave been restricted In

thesesoils. There are threegreat groups: Humic Gleysol,

Gleysol, and Eluviated Gleysol.

8. OrganicOrder: These are soilsthat havedeveloped primarily

from organicdeposits. The soils are saturatedfor mostof the year, or artificially drained, and contain 30% or more

organic matter to a depth of 16 inchesif it is fibric moss

and to 24 inchesif it is other or mixed kindsof moss.

There are threegreat groups in the Organic Order: Fibrisol,

Mesisol andHuaaisol, arrangedin increasing order of organic

decompos ition. -cc-I"

3 0 m E 3 a 3 0 3 3 a 0 0 0 m U m m L. 0 4 x .4 U M w 9 3 Y LL U 5 4 4J rl 3 h m U \c c - -47

._Iu U i 3 0 0 * m 0 x M +0 a U

\c L -3 00 mm .4 .4 U cc .4 aa * L.I. 0P I. mm 0 0 3 s 2 5 I a 0 a I. M D m rnm NN

a a I. U Y m ai I. 0

I. TJ 0

m >. Y U

33 3.4 NCU hN 3- 3.(N 3- 3h

""""33 hhhr"h

x b. 0 Y 4 0 h J

3 4 SOIL HORIZONS ANDLAYERS (The System of Soil Classification for Canada, 1970)

0 developedunder poorly drained conditions Of (Fibric) - least decomposed Om (Mesic) - partly decomposed Oh (Humic) - well decomposed L,F,H. Developedunder well to imperfectly drained conditions L (litter) - least decomposed F (fermented 1 - partly decomposed H (humus) - well decomposed. Master Mineral Horizons: contain less than30% organic matter:

A a) zone of removal (leaching)of clay, iron, aluminum (Ae) b) zone of accumulation of organic matter (Ah)

B (a) accumulation of clay (Bt), iron (Bf), or organic matter(Bh) (b) prismatic or columnar structure with high exchangeable Na (Bn). tc) slightly altered by hydrolysis, oxidation or solution(Bm) (dl mottled and gleyeddue to reduction (Bg ).

c comparatively unaffected by the pedogenic processes operative in A and B except gleying and accumulation of carbonates and other soluble salts.

R underlyingconsolidated bedrock.

Lowercase Suffixes: used with master horizons (incompletelist)

ca a horizoncaa enriched insecondary carbonate.

C cemented a horizon (orstein, duripan).

a gray and/or mottled horizon indicative of periodic or permanent wetness.

S horizon with salts, saline

sa a horizon with secondary enrichment of salts.

k denotes the presence of carbonate

P a layer disturbed by man's activities (cultivation, pasturing)

Z a permanently frozen layer.

j denotesan expression of, butfailure to meet, thespecified limits of the suffix it modifies (Aej,Btj ). SOIL DRAINAGE CLASSES

Soils are free ofany evidence of gleying throughout the profile. Rapidly drained soils are comnonly soils of coarse texture or soils on steep slopes.

2) Well drained -- The soilmoisture content does not normally exceed field capacity in any horizon (except possibly the C) for a significant part of the year.

soils are usually free of mottling in the upper 3 ft., but may be mottledbelow this depth. B horizons, ifpresent, are reddish, brownish,or yellowish. 3) Moderately well drained -- The soilmoisture in excess of field capacity remains for a small but significant period of the year.

Soils are cornsonly mottled in the lower B and C horizons or below a depthof 2 ft. The Ae horizon, ifpresent, may be faintly mottled in finetextured soils and in medium-textured soils that have a slowlypermeable layer below the solum. In grasslandsoils the B and C horizons may be only faintly mottled and the A horizon may be relatively thick and dark. 4) Imperfectlydrained -- The soilmoisture in excess of field capacityremains in subsurface horizons for moderately long periods during the year.

Soils are commonly mottled in the B and C horizons; the Ae horizon, if present, may bemottled. The matrix generallyhas a lower chroma than in the well-drained soil on similar parent material.

5) Poorlydrained -- The soil moisture in excess of fieldcapacity remains in all horizons for a large part of the year.

The soils are usuallyvery strongly gleyed. Except in high-chroma parent materials the B, if present, andupper C horizonsusually havematrix colors of low chroma. Faintmottling may occurthrough- out.

6) Very poorlydrained -0 Free water remains at orwithin 12 inches of the surface mostof the year.

The soils are usuallyvery strongly gleyed. Subsurface horizons usually are of low chroma and yellowishto bluish hues. Mottling may bepresent but at depth in the profile. Very poorlydrained soils usually have a mucky or peaty surface horizon.

Note: In some instances it may bedesirable to indicate whether the moisture status is a result ofhigh groundwater level, low permeability,seepage, or telluric water. If so, an appropriate notation can be made following the drainage class designation,for example DhTW (telluric water), D6GW (groundwater ), and D5P (permeability). d 0 u rld rl Ndd-rl 00 0- 0 0 LC ~m r~Ommh

LI m 8 LC 0 ra

m .I4al LC E o €5 v3 rl d 0 v) & 0 u

l-4 0

APPENDIX C

LISTING OF SOILS - ACCORDING TO Alphabetical order

Parent material

System of soil classification for Canada

Forestproductivity zones (Schmidt 1

Biogeoclimatic zones (Krajina)

Forestregions and sections (Rowel ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF SOILS

Alberni clay (I) Parksvillesandy loam

Alberniclay (11) Port AlberniPlots 7,8,9,28,30,31,48,49,50

Arrowsmithpeat Port Renfrew

Bowserloamy sand Puntledge silt loam

Cadboro gravellysandy loam Quadra

Cassidycomplex Qualicum loamy sand

Chemainuscomplex Quinsam

Cowichan clay loam RoachLogging Plots17,18,19,27,28

Custer loamy sand Roystongravelly loam

Dashwood gravelly loamy sand Saanichtonclay

Duncan Plots2,6,9,12,16,19,22 Sandwick gravelly loam

Esquimalt sandyloam Sandhill

Fairbridge silt loam Senton I Gos 1ing Shawnigan gravellysandy loam Hart Somass loamy sand

Haslam complex Sproatgravelly sandy loam

Jeune Landing Stamp gravelly loam

Kennedy Lake To f ino

Kootowis Tolmiesandy clay loam

Kye loamy sand Ucluelet I

Langf ord loam Ucluelet I1

Lazo sandy loam Ucluelet 111

Lower PaldiPlot 2 Ucluelet

Memekay Upper PaldiPlot 5

Mervi 1le loam Woss Camp

Metchos in muck Wreck Bay (I)

I Neptunegravelly loamy sand Wreck Bay (11 1 SOILS ARRANGED BY PAREHT MATERIAL

GLACIAL TILL: VOLCANIC - RICH TILL: Gosling

SANDSTONE - RICH TILL :

UNDIFFERENTIATED TILL:

Cadboro gravelly sandy loam PortAlberni Plot 7 Duncan Plot 2 Port Alberni Plot 8 Duncan Plot 6 PortAlberni Plot 9 Duncan Plot 9 Port Alberni Plot 28 Duncan Plot 12 PortAlberni Plot 30 Duncan Plot 16 PortAlberni Plot 31 Duncan Plot 19 Port Alberni Plot 48 Duncan Plot 22 Port Alberni Plot 49 Lower PaldiPlot 2 Port Alberni Plot 50 Roystongravelly loam Roach Logging Plot 17 Sandwick gravelly loam Roach Logging Plot 18 Sptoat gravelly sandy loam Roach Logging Plot 27 Stamp gravelly loam Roach Logging Plot 28 Upper PaldiPlot 5

MARINE : COURSE TEXTURED SEDIMENTS :

Bawser loamy sand Lazosandy loam Dashwood gravelly 10- sand Parksville sandyloam Langf ord loam Neptune gravelly loamy sand

MEDIUM - FINE TEXTURED SEDIMENTS:

Alberni clay (I1 Merville loam Alberni clay (I11 Puntledge silt loam Cowichan clay loam Saanichton clay Fairbridge silt loam Tof ino Kootowis Tolmiesandy clay loam Kennedy Lake Ucluelet Memekay GLACIO - FLUVIAL:

Custer loamy sand Somass loamy sand Esquimaltsandy loam Ucluelet I Hart Ucluelet I1 JeuneLanding Ucluelet 111 Port Renfrew woss camp Qualicum loamy sand Wreck Bay (I) Sandhill Wreck Bay (I11 Senton SOILS ARRANGED BY THE SYSTEM OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION FOR CANADA

PODZOLIC : HUMIC PODZOL :

Jeune Landing

FERRO - HUMIC PODZOL:

Sandhill Ucluelet Wreck Bay (I1 Ucluelet I Wreck Bay (111

HUM0 - FERRIC PODZOL: Alberni clay (I1 PortAlberni Plot 7 Alberni clay (XI ) Port Alberni Plot 8 Bowser low sand PortAlberni Plot 9 Custer loamy sand Port Alberni Plot 28 Duncan Plot 2 PortAlberni Plot 30 Duncan Plot 6 PortAlberni Plot 31 Duncan Plot 9 PortAlberni Plot 48 Duncan Plot 12 Port Alberni Plot 49 Duncan Plot 16 PortAlberni Plot 50 Duncan Plot 19 RoachLogging Plot 17 Duncan Plot 22 RoachLogging Plot 18 Fairbridge silt loam RoachLogging Plot 19 Gosling RoachLogging Plot 27 Hart RoachLogging Plot 28 Kye loamy sand Senton Lower PaldiPlot 2 Ucluelet I1 Memekay Ucluelet 111 Quadra Upper Paldi Plot 5 Qu insam

BRUNIS OLIC : SOMBRfC BRUNTSOL:

Cadboro gravelly loamy sand Merville loam Esquimaltsandy loam Saanichton clay Langf ord loam Sandwickgravelly loam Lazosandy loam DYS TR IC BRUNIS OL :

Dashwood gravelly loamy sand Royston gravelly loam Haslam complex Shawnigan gravelly sandy loam Kennedy Lake Somass loamy sand Kootowis Sproat gravelly sandy loam Port Renfrew Stamp gravelly loam Puntledge silt loam woss camp Qualicum loamy sand

REGOS OLIC : REGOSOL:

Cassidy complex Neptune gravelly loamy sand Chemainus complex

GLEYS OLIC : ELUVIATED GLEYS OL :

Cowichan clay loam

HUMIC GLEYS OL :

Parksville sandy loam Tolmie sandy clay loam Tof ino

ORGANIC :

Arrowsmith peat Metchosin muck

SOILS ARRANGED BY FOREST PRODUCTIVITY ZONES (SCHMIDT 1

MARITINE LOWLANDS : ESTEVANCOASTAL PLAIN:

Kennedy Lake Ucluelet I Kootowis Ucluelet XI sandhill Ucluelet I11 Tof ino Ucluelet Wreck Bay (I1 Wreck Bay (111

WEST COAST VANCOWER ISLAND: KWQUOT :

Jeune Landing

NITZNAT :

Port Renf rew

EAST SLOPE VANCOUVER ISLAND: NIMPKISH:

Woss Camp

SAYWARD :

Senton Gosling Quinsam Fairbridge silt loam Qualicum loamy sand Dashwood gravelly loamy sand Quadra Custer loamy sand Puntledge silt loam Chemainuscomplex Memekay Cassidy complex Kye loamy sand Bowser loamy sand Hart Arrowsmith peat S PROAT :

Alberni clay (I) PortAlberni Plot 30 Alberni clay (111 Port Alberni Plot 31 Arrowsmith peat Port Alberni Plot 48 Cassidy complex PortAlberni Plot 49 Cowichan clay loam PortAlberni Plot 50 PortAlberni Plot 7 S omass loamy sand Port Alberni Plot 8 S tamp gravelly loam PortAlberni Plot 28

COW ICHAN :

Arrowsmi th peat Roach Logging Plot 17 Cass idy complex Roach Logging Plot 18 Chemainuscomplex Roach Logging Plot l9 Lower PaldiPlot 2 Roach Logging Plot 27 Shawnigan gravelly sandy loam Roach Logging Plot 28 Upper Paldi Plot 5

STRAIT OF GEORGIA:

Alberni clay (I1 Haslam complex Arrowsmithpeat Langford lorn Bowser loamy sand Lazosandy loam Cadboro gravellysandy loam Merville loam Cassidy complex Metchosin muck Chemainus complex Neptune gravelly loamy send Cowichan clay loam Parksvillesandy loam Custer loamy sand Puntledge silt loam Dashwood gravelly loamy sand Qualicum loamy sand Duncan Plot 2 Quinsam Duncan Plot 6 Roys ton gravelly loam Duncan Plot 9 Saanichton clay Duncan Plot 12 S andwick gravelly loam Duncan Plot 16 S enton Duncan Plot l9 Shawnigan gravellysandy loam Duncan Plot 22 Sproat gravelly sandy loam Esquimaltsandy loam Stamp gravelly loam Fairbridge silt loam Tolmiesandy clay loam J Y Q 0 t- 0 v) -1 Q z 0 W 0 I Y

I Y v) z U 0 Q 0 -1 w I- -I W I 3 v) W w 0 I 0 3

-1 -1 a a I- I- 0 v) a a 0 0 0 0 SOILS ARRANGED BY BIOGEOCLIMATIC ZONES (KRAJINA 1

COASTAL DOUGLAS - FIR:

Arrowsmith peat Langford loam Bower loamy sand Lazo sandy loam Cadboro gravelly loamy sand Lower PaldiPlot 2 Cass idy complex Hemekay Chemainus complex Herville loam Cowichan clay loam Metchosin muck Custer loamy sand Neptune gravelly loamy sand Dashwood gravelly loamy sand Parksville sandy loam Duncan Plot 2 Puntledge silt loam Duncan Plot 6 Quadra Duncan Plot 9 Qualicum loamy sand Duncan Plot 12 Qu insam Duncan Plot 16 Royston gravelly loam Duncan Plot lg S aanichton clay Duncan Plot 22 Sandwick gravelly loam Esquimaltsandy loam S enton Fairbridge silt loam Shawnigan gravellysandy loam Gos 1ing Sproatgravelly sandy loam Hart Upper PaldiPlot 5 Haslam complex Tolmiesandy clay loam Kye loamy sand

COASTU WESTERN HEMLOCK:

Alberni clay (I1 Roach Logging Plot 17 Alberniclay (11) Roach Logging Plot 18 Arrowsmi th peat Roach Logging Plot lg Cass idy complex Roach Logging Plot 27 Chemainuscomplex RoachLogging Plot 28 Cowichan clay loam S andhi 11 Jeune Landing Shawnigan gravelly sandy loam Kennedy Lake Somass loamy sand KootWi8 Sproat gravelly sandy loam Port Alberni Plot 7 Stamp gravelly loam Port Alberni Plot 8 To f ino PortAlberni Plot 9 Ucluelet I Port Alberni Plot 28 Ucluelet I1 Port Alberni Plot 30 Ucluelet 111 PortAlberni Plot 31 Ucluelet PortAlberni Plot 48 woss camp PortAlberni Plot 49 Wreck Bay (I1 PortAlberni Plot 50 Wreck Bay (11) Port Renfrew z -0 I- O W v)

I- v) a 0 O O- LL- O a Q z CK W I I- 3 0 v) N O SOILS ARRANGED BY FOREST REGZONS AND SECTIONS (ROWE 1

COAST FOREST REGION: STRAIT OF GEORGIA SECTION:

Arrowsmith peat Kye loamy sand Bowser loamy sand Langf ord loam Cadboro gravelly loamy sand Lazosandy loam Cassidy complex Lower PaldiPlot 2 Chemainuscomplex Merville loam Cowichan clay loam Metchosin Muck Custer loamy sand Neptunegravelly loamy sand Dashwood gravelly Loamy sand Parksvillesandy loam Duncan Plot 2 Puntledge silt loam Duncan Plot 6 Qualicum loamy sand Duncan Plot 9 Quins am Duncan Plot 12 Roys ton gravelly loam Duncan Plot 16 S aanichton clay Duncan Plot 22 Shawnigan gravellysandy loam Esquimaltsandy loam Sproatgravelly sandy loam Fairbridge silt loam Tolmiesandy clay loam Has lam complex Upper PaldiPlot 5

NORTHERN PACIFIC COAST SECTION:

Kennedy Lake Wreck Bay (111 Kootowis Ucluelet I Sandhill Ucluelet TI To f ino Ucluelet 111 Wreck Bay (I) Ucluelet

SOUTHERN PACIFIC COAST SECTION:

Alberni clay (I1 PortAlberni Plot 48 Alberniclay (11) PortAlberni Plot 49 Arrowsmith peat PortAlberni Plot 50 Bowser loamy sand Port Renfrew Cassidy complex Puntledge silt loam Chemainus complex Quadra Cowichan clay loam Qualicum loamy sand Custer loamy sand Qu insam Dashwood gravelly loamy sand Roach Logging Plot 17 Fairbridge silt loam Roach Logging Plot 18 Gos 1ing SOUTHERN PACIFIC COAST CONT'D

Hart RoachLogging Plot lg Jeune Landing RoachLogging Plot 27 Kye loamy sand Roach loggingPlot 28 Meme kay S enton Parksvillesandy loam Shawnigan gravellysandy loam PortAlberni Plot 7 Somass loamy sand Port AlberniPlot 9 Stamp gravelly loam PortAlberni Plot 28 Tolmiesandy clay loam PortAlberni Plot 30 Woss Camp PortAlberni Plot 31