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La Tradizione Gnomica Nelle Letterature Germaniche Medievali

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La Tradizione Gnomica Nelle Letterature Germaniche Medievali LA TRADIZIONE GNOMICA NELLE LETTERATURE GERMANICHE MEDIEVALI A cura di M. Cometta, E. Di Venosa, A. Meregalli, P. Spazzali LA TRADIZIONE GNOMICA NELLE LETTERATURE GERMANICHE MEDIEVALI A cura di Marina Cometta, Elena Di Venosa, Andrea Meregalli, Paola Spazzali Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Facoltà di Studi Umanistici Università degli Studi di Milano © 2018 degli autori dei contributi e dei curatori per l’intero volume ISBN 978-88-6705-828-0 illustrazione di copertina: Ólafur Brynjúlfsson: Sæmundar og Snorra Edda (Copenhagen, Royal Danish Library, NKS 1867 4°, f. 94r) nº 27 Collana sottoposta a double blind peer review ISSN: 2282-2097 Grafica: Raúl Díaz Rosales Composizione: Ledizioni Disegno del logo: Paola Turino STAMPATO A MILANO NEL MESE DI SETTEMBRE 2018 www.ledizioni.it www.ledipublishing.com [email protected] Via Alamanni 11 – 20141 Milano Tutti i diritti d’autore e connessi sulla presente opera appartengono all’autore. L’opera per volontà dell’autore e dell’editore è rilasciata nei termini della licenza Creative Commons 3.0, il cui testo integrale è disponibile alla pagina web http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/it/legalcode Condirettori Monica Barsi e Danilo Manera Comitato scientifico Nicoletta Brazzelli Francesca Orestano Marco Castellari Carlo Pagetti Laura Scarabelli Nicoletta Vallorani Andrea Meregalli Raffaella Vassena Giovanni Iamartino Comitato scientifico internazionale Albert Meier Sabine Lardon (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel) (Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3) Luis Beltrán Almería Aleksandr Ospovat - Александр Осповат (Universidad de Zaragoza) (Высшая Школа Экономики – Москва) Patrick J. Parrinder (Emeritus, University of Reading, UK) Comitato di redazione Sara Sullam Simone Cattaneo Valentina Crestani Elisa Alberani Nataliya Stoyanova Angela Andreani Indice Prefazione ..................................................................................................................9 verio santoro La fraseologia storica germanica: temi, strumenti, metodi ....................................... 13 elena di venosa Immagini letterarie della schiavitù negli indovinelli dell’Exeter Book .....................29 marusca francini Riflessioni gnomiche in The Wife’s Lament ............................................................53 concetta sipione “The Fleeing Foot is the Confessing Hand.” Proverbs in the Old Frisian Laws ........79 rolf h. bremmer jr Gli usi dell’elemento gnomico nel Bruce di John Barbour ......................................101 valeria di clemente Gli insegnamenti del Leken Spieghel di Jan van Boendale nel contesto cittadino brabantino del XIV secolo ....................................................................................... 121 davide bertagnolli Ein meister sprichet. Dicta (Sprüche) come strumento didattico nella mistica tedesca del XIV secolo ........................................................................ 137 dagmar gottschall Die Sprichwörter in Hans Vintlers Blumen der Tugend .......................................151 elisabeth de felip-jaud English Abstracts ....................................................................................................165 Gli autori ...............................................................................................................169 Indice dei nomi ....................................................................................................... 171 Indice delle opere anonime e dei libri della Bibbia ................................................. 179 Indice dei manoscritti .............................................................................................181 PREFAZIONE Verio Santoro UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI SALERNO PRESIDENTE DELL’ASSOCIAZIONE ITALIANA DI FILOLOGIA GERMANICA Il volume raccoglie la gran parte dei lavori del XLIII convegno dell’Associa- zione Italiana di Filologia Germanica ospitato dall’Università degli Studi di Milano nei giorni 30 maggio-1 giugno 2016 e dedicato alla tradizione gno- mica nelle letterature germaniche medievali. L’ampia tematica del convegno è stata affrontata in saggi puntuali e specifici per quanto riguarda l’area lin- guistico-culturale (anglosassone, altotedesca, frisone, scozzese e fiammin- ga), il periodo (dall’alto al basso medioevo), l’approccio metodologico alle varie tipologie di testi oggetto di studio. La serie dei contributi si apre con uno studio di Elena Di Venosa (La fra- seologia storica germanica: temi, strumenti, metodi) dedicato all’incontro tra paremiologia e fraseologia storica, con un’ampia presentazione dei diversi filoni di ricerca, non sempre omogenei nell’ambito delle varie lingue ger- maniche e principalmente riconducibili alle scuole tedesca (più incline alla paremiologia) e inglese (che predilige invece la fraseologia in senso stretto). Il contributo offre una presentazione dei principali aspetti paremiologici e linguistici di questo ramo della linguistica storica, costituendo così un utile punto di partenza teorico in funzione dello studio dei successivi saggi raccolti nel volume. Il secondo contributo di Marusca Francini (Immagini letterarie della schiavitù negli indovinelli dell’Exeter Book) si concentra sull’immagine del- la schiavitù che emerge da tre indovinelli tramandati dal celebre codice di Exeter; presente in modo particolare nella letteratura anglosassone, il gene- re poetico dei Riddles si dimostra adatto a veicolare riflessioni e contenuti di tipo gnomico. Dopo una generale presentazione della situazione relativa |9| | verio santoro | alla schiavitù nella Britannia anglosassone dall’adventus Saxonum sino alla conquista normanna, il contributo focalizza la sua attenzione sulla termi- nologia della schiavitù e sull’evoluzione del termine wealh contenuto negli indovinelli 12, 52 e 72. Nel successivo saggio (Riflessioni gnomiche in The Wife’s Lament) Concetta Sipione propone una rilettura gnomica dei versi finali del compo- nimento anglosassone noto come The Wife’s Lament, da sempre al centro di un appassionato dibattito; sostenuta da una ricca analisi delle corrispon- denze con il restante corpus poetico anglosassone, la rivisitazione gnomica dei versi finali del componimento permette all’autrice di ripianare alcune asperità e incongruenze del testo e di legare meglio i vv. 42-47a con i suc- cessivi vv. 47b-52. Il contributo di Rolf H. Bremmer Jr (“The Fleeing Foot is the Confessing Hand.” Proverbs in the Old Frisian Laws) propone un rapido panorama della letteratura d’argomento gnomico, e specificamente dell’elemento proverbia- le, nelle diverse aree germaniche – anglosassone, scandinava (in particolare islandese) e tedesca – e un’utile ricostruzione degli orientamenti degli stu- di relativi ai proverbi antico-frisoni, a partire dal primo pionieristico lavoro dell’umanista George Burmania, attraverso il periodo romantico e sino al XX secolo. Sulla base di una puntuale analisi di alcuni passi di particolare interesse (principalmente dalla raccolta di testi giuridici conosciuta come Jurisprudentia Frisica, tardo sec. XV) e di nuovi traguardi della ricerca (gli studi di Klaus von See), lo studioso passa poi ad analizzare la natura, tipo- logia e funzione dei proverbi nei testi giuridici frisoni, distaccandosi dalla tradizionale interpretazione dei proverbi come relitti di un più antico e co- mune passato germanico. Valeria Di Clemente (Gli usi dell’elemento gnomico nel Bruce di John Barbour) si occupa dell’uso funzionale dell’elemento gnomico da parte di John Barbour nel poema da lui dedicato alla vita e alle imprese di Robert Bruce, riprendendo, ma anche precisando e arricchendo, il precedente lavo- ro del filologo e paremiologo statunitense B.J. Whiting. L’indagine dell’au- trice si sofferma sulla modalità di occorrenza di proverbi, massime e sen- tenze nel poema, sulla loro funzione e sulla presenza di temi e situazioni ricorrenti, analizzandone nell’economia della narrazione le modalità di in- serzione nel testo (come rielaborazione o come citazione estesa); attenzione è anche dedicata a loci particolarmente strategici del componimento dove sono esaltati quei concetti morali e/o sociali che sostengono l’impianto pro- pagandistico del poema. Il contributo di Davide Bertagnolli (Gli insegnamenti del Leken Spieghel di Jan van Boendale nel contesto cittadino brabantino del XIV secolo) prende in esame un testo enciclopedico composto nel secondo decennio del XIV seco- lo da Jan van Boendale (il Leken Spieghel), in particolare concentrandosi su quei passi del terzo libro che possono essere ricondotti al contesto cittadino 10 | prefazione) | e più in generale al Ducato di Brabante, in cui l’autore, poeta e segretario della città di Anversa, aveva operato. Il saggio vuole così favorire la com- prensione di quegli insegnamenti che nel testo insistono sulla centralità del bene comune, contestualizzandoli dal punto di vista storico e riconoscendo l’influenza su di essi esercitata dall’analogo concetto di communis utilitas, già presente in uno scritto di Tommaso d’Aquino (noto come De regimi- ne Judaeorum, ad Ducissam Brabantiae) indirizzato alla duchessa Aleidis di Borgogna, che all’Aquinate aveva richiesto consigli di natura politica dopo aver temporaneamente preso la reggenza del Ducato di Brabante alla morte del marito Hendrik III. Dagmar Gottschall (Ein meister sprichet. Dicta (Sprüche) come strumen- to didattico nella mistica tedesca del XIV secolo) propone una, per molti versi originale, interpretazione del cosiddetto dictum (Spruch), costituente vitale della predica e del trattato, che si
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