DOCSLIB.ORG

Old Northumbrian Verbal Morphology in the Glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Old Northumbrian Verbal Morphology in the Glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA Facultad de Filología Departamento de Lengua Inglesa OLD NORTHUMBRIAN VERBAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE GLOSSES TO THE LINDISFARNE GOSPELS Marcelle Cole Sevilla, December 2011 1 1 UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUA INGLESA OLD NORTHUMBRIAN VERBAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE GLOSSES TO THE LINDISFARNE GOSPELS Tesis presentada para la colación del título de Doctora en Filología por la Lda. Dña. MARCELLE COLE Directora: Prof. Dra. Dña. JULIA FERNÁNDEZ CUESTA Sevilla, diciembre de 2011 2 2 To my parents 3 3 Acknowledgements 4 4 Table of Contents 1 Introduction and preliminaries 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Thesis and outline of the investigation 2 The manuscript of the Lindisfarne Gospels 2.1 The biography of the text 2.2 The authorship of the Lindisfarne glosses 2.2.1 Palaeographical evidence as a diagnostic for determining authorship 2.2.2 Linguistic variation as a diagnostic for determining authorship 2.3 The language of the Lindisfarne glosses 2.4 The sociolinguistic situation 2.5 The loss of present-tense suffixal -ð in English 2.5.1 Present tense markings in Old English 2.5.2 The proliferation of suffixal -s in English 2.6 Previous accounts of the origin of the -s ending 2.6.1 Sound change 2.6.2 Analogical influences 2.7 Summary 3 The Northern Subject Rule 3.1 The Northern Subject Rule in the North of England and Scotland 3.1.1 Northern Middle English and Middle Scots 3.1.1.1 Summary 3.1.2 Northern varieties during EModE and Modern English periods 3.1.2.1 Summary 3.2 The Northern Subject Rule outside the North 3.2.1 Early Modern London English 3.2.2 Southwest varieties of English 3.2.3 Summary 3.3 Extraterritorial Englishes 3.3.1 Irish English 3.3.2 The Northern Subject Rule beyond the British Isles 3.3.3 AAVE and the NSR 3.4 The Northern Subject Rule and finite forms of the verb be 3.5 Levelling processes in Germanic languages 5 5 3.5.1 Processes of was-levelling in present-day varieties of English 3.6 Summary 4 A variationist study of -s/-ð present-tense markings in Late Old Northumbrian 4.1 Data and Methodology 4.1.1 Methodological preliminaries 4.1.2 Data collection and coding 4.1.3 Explanatory variables 4.1.4 Methods 4.1.5 Summary 4.2 Grammatical person, subject type, number, person and adjacency effects 4.2.1 Overview of Old English subject types 4.2.1.1 Pronoun subjects 4.2.1.1.1 Personal pronoun subjects 4.2.1.1.2 Demonstrative pronoun subjects 4.2.1.1.3 Indefinite pronoun subjects 4.2.1.2 Relative clauses 4.2.1.3 Zero subjects 4.2.2 Results for the effect of grammatical person 4.2.3 Subject type, person and number effects 4.2.3.1 Results for subject type, person and number effects 4.2.4 Implications of the distribution of the subject-type constraint in Lindisfarne 4.2.5 Adjacency and word order effects 4.2.5.1 Results for adjacency and word order effects 4.2.6 Summary 4.3 Phonological conditioning factors 4.3.1 Following phonological environment 4.3.2 Inflectional vowel weakening and syncope 4.3.3 Preceding phonological environment 4.3.3.1 Palatalisation and assibilation of velars in OE 4.3.3.2 Effect of stem ending 4.3.4 Results for phonological environment 4.3.5 Summary 4.4 Priming effects 4.4.1 Morphosyntactic priming 4.4.1.1 Results and analysis 4.4.2 Priming effect of the Latin verbal inflection 6 6 4.4.2.1 Results and analysis 4.4.3 Summary 4.5 Lexical conditioning and lexical frequency effects 4.5.1 Measuring token frequency 4.5.2 Results 4.5.2.1 Word specific effects 4.5.2.2 Frequency effects 4.5.3 Summary 4.6 Discussion 5 Reduced verbal morphology in late Old Northumbrian 5.1 Reduced inflection in Old English dialects 5.2 Reduced present tense inflection in the Lindisfarne gloss 5.2.1 Present-indicative interrogative forms 5.2.2 Imperative forms 5.2.3 Present indicative forms 5.2.4 Summary 5.3 The historical source of present-indicative -e/Ø 5.3.1 Subjunctive verbal morphology 5.3.1.1 Conditional clauses 5.3.1.2 Purpose clauses 5.3.1.3 Temporal clauses 5.3.1.4 Summary 5.3.2 Preterite-present verbal morphology 5.3.3 Preterite verbal morphology 5.3.3.1 Preterite subjunctive verbal morphology 5.3.3.2 Preterite indicative verbal morphology 5.4 Summary 5.5 Discussion 6 Conclusions Appendices Appendix A. Statistical models Appendix B. Lexical items Appendix C. Low frequency lexical clusters Appendix D. s/ð tokens Appendix E. non-adjacent pronoun tokens 7 7 Appendix F. preterite-present tokens Appendix G. preterite tokens Abbreviations References 8 8 1. Introduction and preliminaries 1.1 Introduction In considering a text such as the Lindisfarne Gospels, one is very much aware of the vast philological attention the manuscript has received since the first contribution made to its study by George Hickes in 1705. Since then, scholars of the stature of Bouterwek (1857), Skeat (1871-87), Lindelöf (1901), Holmqvist (1922), Berndt (1956) and Ross, Stanley & Brown (1960) have advanced the subject (see Ross 1937:17-25 for a detailed summary of early studies on Lindisfarne). This Latin Gospelbook written in the North of England in the early eight century constitutes a major landmark of human cultural, intellectual, spiritual and artistic achievement. While the Latin text of the Lindisfarne Gospels is a valuable early witness to St Jerome’s ‘Vulgate’, it is the carefully inserted interlinear gloss to the Latin, written in Old Northumbrian and added around the 950s- 960s, and the linguistic importance this gloss holds as one of the most substantial earliest surviving renderings of early northern dialect that will concern us in this study, and more concretely the distribution of verbal morphology found therein. Old and Middle English verbal morphology in the northern dialects diverged most remarkably from that of the southern dialects in two main areas. Crucially, the tenth-century Northumbrian texts bear witness to the replacement of the inherited present-indicative -ð suffixes with -s forms, and by the Middle English period, present- indicative plural verbal morphology in northern dialects was governed by a grammatical constraint commonly referred to as the Northern Subject Rule (NSR) that conditioned verbal morphology according to the type and position of the subject. The plural marker was -s unless the verb had an immediately adjacent personal pronoun subject in which case the marker was the reduced -e or the zero morpheme, giving a system whereby They play occurred in juxtaposition to The children plays, They who plays, They eat and plays. It has tacitly been assumed in the literature that the reduced forms at the crux of the NSR, and the constraint that triggers them, must have emerged in the northern dialects during the early Middle English period, as there is little indication of the pattern existing in extant Northumbrian texts from the tenth century, and by the time northern textual evidence is once again available from c.1300, the NSR is clearly prevalent (Pietsch 2005; de Haas 2008; de Haas & van Kemenade 2009). Nevertheless, 9 9 the assumption that the NSR was entirely lacking in Old Northumbrian stands on shaky grounds without further detailed analysis of the tenth-century northern writings, as has been pointed out in the literature (Benskin 2011:170). As might well be imagined, such an endeavour is hindered by the fact that extant textual evidence from the period is far from abundant, and that which remains is limited in nature: the only substantial Northumbrian texts passed down to us are the interlinear glosses to the Latin manuscripts of the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Durham Ritual supposedly written by the same scribe, Aldred, in the second half of the tenth-century, as well as the Northumbrian part of the Rushworth Gospels gloss (Rushworth2), written by a scribe called Owun in the late tenth-century and heavily reliant on the Lindisfarne gloss. Yet despite their limitations, the glosses constitute a substantial record of late ONrth verbal morphology that provides important insights into the mechanisms of linguistic change. Although the study of the Northern Subject Rule in the early northern writings has barely been touched upon in the literature (as far as I am aware the matter has only been cursorily considered by de Haas 2008), morphological variation between -s as opposed to -ð in the late Northumbrian texts has been the object of numerous quantitative analyses (most famously Holmqvist 1922; Ross 1934; Blakeley 1949/50 and Berndt 1956). It is striking, however, that the vast majority of these studies were written well over fifty years ago and the matter has not been thoroughly considered since. A reconsideration of present-tense marking patterns in Old Northumbrian that draws from the insights of recent research into variation and benefits from the application of modern statistical methodology is clearly long overdue. Furthermore, certain potentially relevant factors remain unexplored. For instance, while grammatical person and number have been identified as important factors in conditioning variation between the interdental and alveolar variants, the effect of subject type and adjacency on morphological variation in Old Northumbrian has hitherto been disregarded. This is despite the fact that research indicates that subject effects are a crucial factor in determining the selection of verbal morphology, not just in non-standard varieties of present-day English (cf.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Making of the Book of Kells: Two Masters and Two Campaigns
    The making of the Book of Kells: two Masters and two Campaigns Vol. I - Text and Illustrations Donncha MacGabhann PhD Thesis - 2015 Institute of English Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London 1 Declaration: I hereby declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at any other university, and that it is entirely my own work. _________________________________ Donncha MacGabhann 2 Abstract This thesis investigates the number of individuals involved in the making of the Book of Kells. It demonstrates that only two individuals, identified as the Scribe-Artist and the Master-Artist, were involved in its creation. It also demonstrates that the script is the work of a single individual - the Scribe-Artist. More specific questions are answered regarding the working relationships between the book’s creators and the sequence of production. This thesis also demonstrates that the manuscript was created over two separate campaigns of work. The comprehensive nature of this study focuses on all aspects of the manuscript including, script, initials, display-lettering, decoration and illumination. The first part of chapter one outlines the main questions addressed in this thesis. This is followed by a summary of the main conclusions and ends with a summary of the chapter- structure. The second part of chapter one presents a literature review and the final section outlines the methodologies used in the research. Chapter two is devoted to the script and illumination of the canon tables. The resolution of a number of problematic issues within this series of tables in Kells is essential to an understanding of the creation of the manuscript and the roles played by the individuals involved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Texts of the Lindisfarne Gospels
    chapter 10 The Texts of the Lindisfarne Gospels Richard Marsden Beneath its celebratory splendour, the Lindisfarne Gospels associating production of the gospel-book with the cult of is a text – or rather texts. What we encounter today, after St Cuthbert has no foundation in evidence, and the earli- the addition of an Old English translation above the Latin est reference to its origins, in the above-mentioned colo- text more than two centuries after the original copying, is phon, makes no reference to Cuthbert at all.2 The work is a bilingual gospel-book. As such, it is an unusually rich said there to have been dedicated simply to the ‘holy ones’ resource for historians of both text and language; but the (Old English halgum, saints or possibly the community processes of trying to assess the two texts and to under- itself) of Lindisfarne. Thus the year of St Cuthbert’s trans- stand the relationship between them are hampered by lation (698) and the launch of his cult are no longer neces- many anomalies and puzzles. Some of these derive from sary reference points in our conjectures about when the instabilities which are inherent in Bible texts (in Eadfrith copied out the gospels. Although some recent whatever language) in the medieval period, some are a estimates have stretched the likely period of copying consequence of the vagaries and accidents of manuscript towards the end of Eadfrith’s life, Gameson’s argument transmission, and some reflect the complex dynamics of that by 710 the bishop would have been too elderly to be the glossing process itself.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lindisfarne Gospels
    University of Edinburgh Postgraduate Journal of Culture and the Arts Special Issue 03 | Winter 2014 http://www.forumjournal.org Title The Lindisfarne Gospels: A Living Manuscript Author Margaret Walker Publication FORUM: University of Edinburgh Postgraduate Journal of Culture and the Arts Issue Number Special Issue 03 Issue Date Winter 2014 Publication Date 20/01/2014 Editors Victoria Anker & Laura Chapot FORUM claims non-exclusive rights to reproduce this article electronically (in full or in part) and to publish this work in any such media current or later developed. The author retains all rights, including the right to be identified as the author wherever and whenever this article is published, and the right to use all or part of the article and abstracts, with or without revision or modification in compilations or other publications. Any latter publication shall recognise FORUM as the original publisher. FORUM | SPECIAL ISSUE 03 Walker 1 The Lindisfarne Gospels: A Living Manuscript Margaret Walker The University of Edinburgh This article questions how current and previous owners have marked the Lindisfarne Gospels, created 1,300 years ago. Their edits, which would be frowned upon today, are useful for historians to understand how the Gospels have been valued by previous owners and thus why they are so treasured today. The Lindisfarne Gospels are on display in the treasures gallery of the British Library. The eighth- century Insular manuscript is opened and accompanied by a short caption with information about the work. i It is presented as a 1,300-year-old masterpiece, which has survived to the present day against the odds of time.
    [Show full text]
  • AJ Aitken a History of Scots
    A. J. Aitken A history of Scots (1985)1 Edited by Caroline Macafee Editor’s Introduction In his ‘Sources of the vocabulary of Older Scots’ (1954: n. 7; 2015), AJA had remarked on the distribution of Scandinavian loanwords in Scots, and deduced from this that the language had been influenced by population movements from the North of England. In his ‘History of Scots’ for the introduction to The Concise Scots Dictionary, he follows the historian Geoffrey Barrow (1980) in seeing Scots as descended primarily from the Anglo-Danish of the North of England, with only a marginal role for the Old English introduced earlier into the South-East of Scotland. AJA concludes with some suggestions for further reading: this section has been omitted, as it is now, naturally, out of date. For a much fuller and more detailed history up to 1700, incorporating much of AJA’s own work on the Older Scots period, the reader is referred to Macafee and †Aitken (2002). Two textual anthologies also offer historical treatments of the language: Görlach (2002) and, for Older Scots, Smith (2012). Corbett et al. eds. (2003) gives an accessible overview of the language, and a more detailed linguistic treatment can be found in Jones ed. (1997). How to cite this paper (adapt to the desired style): Aitken, A. J. (1985, 2015) ‘A history of Scots’, in †A. J. Aitken, ed. Caroline Macafee, ‘Collected Writings on the Scots Language’ (2015), [online] Scots Language Centre http://medio.scotslanguage.com/library/document/aitken/A_history_of_Scots_(1985) (accessed DATE). Originally published in the Introduction, The Concise Scots Dictionary, ed.-in-chief Mairi Robinson (Aberdeen University Press, 1985, now published Edinburgh University Press), ix-xvi.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SCOTS LANGUAGE in DRAMA by David Purves
    THE SCOTS LANGUAGE IN DRAMA by David Purves THE SCOTS LANGUAGE IN DRAMA by David Purves INTRODUCTION The Scots language is a valuable, though neglected, dramatic resource which is an important part of the national heritage. In any country which aspires to nationhood, the function of the theatre is to extend awareness at a universal level in the context of the native cultural heritage. A view of human relations has to be presented from the country’s own national perspective. In Scotland prior to the union of the Crowns in 1603, plays were certainly written with this end in view. For a period of nearly 400 years, the Scots have not been sure whether to regard themselves as a nation or not, and a bizarre impression is now sometimes given of a greater Government commitment to the cultures of other countries, than to Scotland’s indigenous culture. This attitude is reminiscent of the dismal cargo culture mentality now established in some remote islands in the Pacific, which is associated with the notion that anything deposited on the beach is good, as long as it comes from elsewhere. This paper is concerned with the use in drama of Scots as a language in its own right:, as an internally consistent register distinct from English, in which traditional linguistic features have not been ignored by the playwright. Whether the presence of a Scottish Parliament in the new millennium will rid us of this provincial mentality remains to be seen. However, it will restore to Scotland a national political voice, which will allow the problems discussed in this paper to be addressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Authentic Language
    ! " " #$% " $&'( ')*&& + + ,'-* # . / 0 1 *# $& " * # " " " * 2 *3 " 4 *# 4 55 5 * " " * *6 " " 77 .'%%)8'9:&0 * 7 4 "; 7 * *6 *# 2 .* * 0* " *6 1 " " *6 *# " *3 " *# " " *# 2 " " *! "; 4* $&'( <==* "* = >?<"< <<'-:@-$ 6 A9(%9'(@-99-@( 6 A9(%9'(@-99-(- 6A'-&&:9$' ! '&@9' Authentic Language Övdalsk, metapragmatic exchange and the margins of Sweden’s linguistic market David Karlander Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University Doctoral dissertation, 2017 Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University Copyright © David Budyński Karlander Printed and bound by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm Correspondence: SE 106 91 Stockholm www.biling.su.se ISBN 978-91-7649-946-7 ISSN 1400-5921 Acknowledgements It would not have been possible to complete this work without the support and encouragement from a number of people. I owe them all my humble thanks.
    [Show full text]
  • Thou and You in Late Middle Scottish and Early Modern Northern English Witness Depositions
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 Thou and you in Late Middle Scottish and Early Modern Northern English witness depositions Leitner, Magdalena Abstract: In contrast to Early Modern English, little is known about address pronouns in Scotland during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This paper investigates early Scottish pronoun usage in more detail by presenting a case study on singular pronominal address in Late Middle Scottish and Early Modern Northern English witness depositions from the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The source texts drawn from the Criminal Trials in Scotland 1488–1624, the Helsinki Corpus of Older Scots 1450–1700 and A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760 are examined with a quantitative and qualitative approach based on historical pragmatics and historical sociolinguistics. Thou is found to be relatively frequent in the Scottish and Northern English data in comparison with the rapid decline in thou recently found in South-Eastern English depositions. However, there are significant differences in the distributions of pronouns, which are explained by an overrepresentation of upper social ranks in the Scottish sub-corpus. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.14.1.04lei Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-104825 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Leitner, Magdalena (2013). Thou and you in Late Middle Scottish and Early Modern Northern English witness depositions. Journal of Historical Pragmatics, 14(1):100-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.14.1.04lei Thou and you in Late Middle Scottish and Early Modern Northern English witness depositions Magdalena Leitner University of Glasgow In contrast to Early Modern English, little is known about address pronouns in Scotland during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Maccoinnich, A. (2008) Where and How Was Gaelic Written in Late Medieval and Early Modern Scotland? Orthographic Practices and Cultural Identities
    MacCoinnich, A. (2008) Where and how was Gaelic written in late medieval and early modern Scotland? Orthographic practices and cultural identities. Scottish Gaelic Studies, XXIV . pp. 309-356. ISSN 0080-8024 http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/4940/ Deposited on: 13 February 2009 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk WHERE AND HOW WAS GAELIC WRITTEN IN LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN SCOTLAND? ORTHOGRAPHIC PRACTICES AND CULTURAL IDENTITIES This article owes its origins less to the paper by Kathleen Hughes (1980) suggested by this title, than to the interpretation put forward by Professor Derick Thomson (1968: 68; 1994: 100) that the Scots- based orthography used by the scribe of the Book of the Dean of Lismore (c.1514–42) to write his Gaelic was anomalous or an aberration − a view challenged by Professor Donald Meek in his articles ‘Gàidhlig is Gaylick anns na Meadhon Aoisean’ and ‘The Scoto-Gaelic scribes of late medieval Perth-shire’ (Meek 1989a; 1989b). The orthography and script used in the Book of the Dean has been described as ‘Middle Scots’ and ‘secretary’ hand, in sharp contrast to traditional Classical Gaelic spelling and corra-litir (Meek 1989b: 390). Scholarly debate surrounding the nature and extent of traditional Gaelic scribal activity and literacy in Scotland in the late medieval and early modern period (roughly 1400–1700) has flourished in the interim. It is hoped that this article will provide further impetus to the discussion of the nature of the literacy and literary culture of Gaelic Scots by drawing on the work of these scholars, adding to the debate concerning the nature, extent and status of the literacy and literary activity of Gaelic Scots in Scotland during the period c.1400–1700, by considering the patterns of where people were writing Gaelic in Scotland, with an eye to the usage of Scots orthography to write such Gaelic.
    [Show full text]
  • Northumbrian Rounded Vowels in the Old English Gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels
    167 Northumbrian Rounded Vowels in the Old English Gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels Johanna Wood Aarhus University Abstract This paper1 investigates the distribution of mid-front rounded vowels in the Northumbrian glosses to the Lindisfarne gospels. Rounding after /w/ is a dialect feature of late Old Northumbrian. Numerical counts for the distribution of the feature are merged with new data. The goal is to see whether the data support already hypothesized demarcations in the text. The main fi nding is that the gospel of Luke and the second half of Mark have the most frequent occurrences of this feature and therefore are the most conservative sections of the glosses. 1. Introduction The debate regarding the authorship of the Old English Gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels has maintained a continued presence in academic literature for at least 150 years. This paper contributes to that debate by further investigating the distribution of mid-front rounded vowels throughout the four gospels. The Lindisfarne bible in Latin was written at Lindisfarne Priory on Holy Island and ascribed to the monk Eadfrith, who was Bishop of Lindisfarne between 698 and 721. The Lindisfarne community, after being 1 Many thanks to Elly van Gelderen, Sten Vikner, and the participants in the Workshop on the Old English Glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels (Arizona State University, May 26-27, 2017) for helpful comments. Thank you to Ocke Bohn for his cheerful collegiality and for motivating my interest in Old English vowel variants. Anne Mette Nyvad, Michaela Hejná, Anders Højen, Anna Bothe Jespersen & Mette Hjortshøj Sørensen (Eds.), A Sound Approach to Language Matters – In Honor of Ocke-Schwen Bohn (pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Burning and Censorship
    THE LINDISFARNE GOSPELS 0. THE LINDISFARNE GOSPELS - Story Preface 1. WHY FREE EXPRESSION? 2. FREE EXPRESSION IN BOOKS 3. THE DIAMOND SUTRA 4. THE LINDISFARNE GOSPELS 5. THE PRECIOUS MANUSCRIPTS 6. JOHN WYCLIFFE'S BOOKS 7. JOHN HUS BURNS 8. TYNDALE WRITES, THEN BURNS 9. LUTHER'S TRANSLATIONS ARE BURNED 10. THE PRINTING PRESS 11. BOOKS BURN IN THE NEW WORLD 12. CENSORSHIP CONTINUES 13. BURNING CONTINUES 14. CHERISHED RIGHTS 15. MORE COOL LINKS Folio 27r of the Lindisfarne Gospels. Depicted here is the beginning of the Gospel of Matthew. Image online via Wikimedia Commons. Today we can examine the work of one monk, Eadrith (later the Bishop of Lindisfarne), who produced a stunning example of book painting that is even older than the Diamond Sutra. Although the manuscript is undated, The Lindisfarne Gospels were likely copied and illustrated by Eadrith while he was still a monk at Lindisfarne Priory, on Holy Island (off the English Northumberland coast). Nothing remains of the original monastery. Since Eadrith became Bishop in 698 AD—the date scholars typically use forthe manuscript—St. Bilfrid bound the manuscript and added precious gems and metalwork to its binding. Currently owned by the British Library, the Lindisfarne Gospels contain notes from a priest, Aldred, who also inserted a word-for-word Anglo-Saxon translation in the spaces between the lines of Latin text. Those insertions were probably made between 950 and 970 AD. In the meantime, the monks had fled looting Vikings who, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, invaded the area (be sure to activate "fly" to "view" this virtual-tour animation) duringJanuary of 793.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    Notes 1 Introduction 1. A note on terminology: In this study the term ‘Austria’ will be used in order to refer to the German-speaking part of the Habsburg Empire (includ- ing ‘Vorderösterreich’) in the eighteenth century. At the time the Habsburg Emperors were also ruling the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. The German-speaking part of this nation may therefore be subdivided into and labelled ‘Austria’ and ‘Germany’. 2. Note that the inflectional subjunctive was taken over by the periphrastic form würde in German, which cannot be labelled a modal auxiliary verb. 3. Guchmann and Semenjuk did however notice ‘Präteritumschwund’ (loss of preterite forms) in the southern German area in the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century (see Guchmann and Semenjuk, 1981, p. 256), a development that can be observed in Austrian German in the eighteenth century (see Chapter 5). 4. ARCHER-3 = A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers 3. 1990– 1993/2002/2007. Compiled under the supervision of Douglas Biber and Edward Finegan at Northern Arizona University, University of Southern California, University of Freiburg, University of Heidelberg, University of Helsinki, Uppsala University, University of Michigan, and University of Manchester. 5. See this website for details: http://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/research/ projects/germanc/ 6. Fitzmaurice, for instance, carried out investigations on the use of relative markers (2000) and modal auxiliaries and lexically explicit stance expres- sions (2003) by Joseph Addison and his social network. Social network theory was originally developed as a research tool in the social sciences from where it was adopted into socio-linguistics.
    [Show full text]
  • St Cuthbert Part 1 Saint Cuthbert (634-687) Generally Cuthbert (C
    St Cuthbert Part 1 Saint Cuthbert (634-687) Generally Cuthbert (c. 634 – 20 March 687) is a saint of the early Northumbrian church in the Celtic tradition. He was a monk, bishop and hermit, associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in what might loosely be termed the Kingdom of Northumbria. After his death he became one of the most important medieval saints of Northern England, with a cult centred on his tomb at Durham Cathedral. Cuthbert is regarded as the patron saint of Northern England. His feast day is 20 March (Catholic Church and Church of England), Stained glass depicting St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, from Gloucester Cathedral History of the St Cuthbert era Lots of small areas ruled by Kings. See map above. The population had just become Christian after a visit from Roman priests. Christian/ pagan fluctuation. There was also a conflict between the Irish way of worshiping and the Roman way. The Irish priests came from Iona on the other side of Scotland, the /west coast. New monasteries were founded, Lindisfarne, Melrose and Ripon. Vikings invade and destroy Lindisfarne in 793 and Iona (st Columbia’s stronghold) 2 years later. 1. King Edwin: Converted to Christianity in 627, which was slowly followed by the rest of his People. The politics of the kingdom were violent, and there were later episodes of pagan rule, spreading understanding of Christianity through the kingdom was a task that lasted throughout Cuthbert's lifetime. Edwin had been baptised by Paulinus of York, an Italian who had come with the Gregorian mission from Rome.
    [Show full text]