HARVARD UKRAINIAN STUDIES Volume X Number 1/2 June 1986 Ukrainian Research Institute Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts Publication of this issue has been subsidized by a bequest from the estate of Mykola L. Hromnycky and by the J. Kurdydyk Trust of the Ukrainian Studies Fund, Inc. The editors assume no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by contributors. Copyright 1987, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved ISSN 0363-5570 Published by the Ukrainian Research Institute of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Typography by the Computer Based Laboratory, Harvard University, and Chiron, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts. Printed by Cushing-Malloy Lithographers, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life. CONTENTS ARTICLES The Offices of Monastic Initiation in the Euchologium Sinaiticum and their Greek Sources 5 MICHAEL WAWRYK The Emergence of the Podil and the Genesis of the City of Kiev: Problems of Dating 48 VOLODYMYR I. MEZENTSEV The Language Question in the Ukraine in the Twentieth Century (1900-1941) 71 GEORGE Y. SHEVELOV Remarks on the Ukrainian Theme in Modern Polish Poetry 171 STANISLAW BARANCZAK DOCUMENTS Three Charters from the Seventeenth Century 181 VALERIE A. TUMINS and BOHDAN A. STRUMINSKY REVIEW ARTICLES The Kievan Principality on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion: An Inquiry into Current Historical Research and Interpretation 215 DAVID B. MILLER A Landmark of Kurbskii Studies 241 EDWARD L. KEENAN REVIEWS V. A. Peredrijenko, Likars'ki ta hospodars'ki poradnyky XVIII st. (Bohdan A. Struminsky) 248 Richard G. Klein, Ice-Age Hunters of the Ukraine (Gloria y'Edynak) 252 Iu. A. Mytsyk, Zapiski inostrantsev как istochnik po istorii osvoboditel'noi voiny ukrainskogo naroda, 1648-1654 gg. (Frank E. Sysyn) 255 Philip Longworth, Alexis, Tsar of All The Russias (Paul Bush- kovitch) 257 Sophia Senyk, Women's Monasteries in Ukraine and Belorussia to the Period of Suppressions (Brenda Meehan-Waters) 259 Taras Hunczak, ed., Ukraine and Poland in Documents, 1918-1922 (Piotr S. Wandycz) 260 Bohdan Krawchenko, Social Change and National Conscious- ness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine (Hiroaki Kuromiya) 263 Benjamin Pinkus, The Soviet Government and the Jews, 1948-1967: A Documented Study (Shimon Redlich) 265 Michael S. Pap, ed., The Russian Empire: Some Aspects of Tsarist and Colonial Practices (James E. Mace) 266 Pedro Ramet, ed., Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics (Andrew Sorokowski) 267 Danylo Shumuk, Life Sentence: Memoirs of a Ukrainian Political Prisoner (Joshua Rubenstein) 269 CONTRIBUTORS The late Reverend Michael Wawryk, O.S.B.M., was a private scholar who worked at St. Josephat's Monastery in Glen Cove, New York. Volodymyr I. Mezentsev is a research fellow at the Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University. George Y. Shevelov is professor emeritus of Slavic languages and literatures, Columbia University, New York. Stanislaw Baranczak is Alfred Jurzykowski Professor of Polish Language and Literature at Harvard University. Valerie A. Tumins is professor of Russian at the University of California, Davis. Bohdan A. Struminsky is a research fellow of the Ukrainian Research Institute, Har- vard University. David A. Miller is professor of history at Roosevelt University, Chicago. Edward L. Keenan is professor of history at Harvard University. The Offices of Monastic Initiation in the Euchologium Sinaiticum and their Greek Sources* MICHAEL WAWRYKt The first edition of the Euchologium Sinaiticum (Mt. Sinai, St. Catherine's Monastery, MS Slav 37) was published a little more than a century ago.1 The importance of this early Glagolitic manuscript was recognized at once, and from that time forward a host of antiquarians, philologists, liturgiolo- gists and linguists have continually stressed its unique importance for their^ several fields of study. Unfortunately, the first edition proved to have more than a fair share of flaws, because circumstances had compelled its editor, L. Geitler, to tran- scribe the manuscript by hand in great haste.2 The need for a new edition was soon felt, but was satisfied only in 1933-39 by J. Frcek and in 1941-42 by R. Nahtigal.3 The two editions differed somewhat in their Father Wawryk's article was originally written in Ukrainian. Its English version underwent several revisions and required consultations with the author, who generously replied to our queries. Death prevented Father Wawryk (he died on 3 March 1984) from answering the final set of questions on the English version as it now stands. We express our gratitude to Professor Robert Mathiesen of Brown University and Dr. Bohdan Struminsky of Harvard University for their help in preparing the revised text. We are also indebted to Paul Hollingsworth and Dr. Donald G. Ostrowski for their help with the Greek and Old Church Slavonic texts. — The Edi- tors 1 L. Geitler, Euchologium: Glagolski spomenik monastira Sinai-brda, Djela Jugoslovenske Akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, bk. 2 (Zagreb, 1882). 2 V. Jagić, review of L. Geitler's edition of Euchologium (cf. fn. 1), in Archiv für slavische Philologie 7 (1884): 126-33; I. Mansvetov, "DrevnejSij slavjanskij trebnik, izdannyj g. Geitlerom po rukopisi, naxodjascejsja ν Sinajskoj bibliotekę," Pribavlenija к izdaniju tvorenij sv. Otcov ν russkomperevode za 1883 god, pt. 32 (Moscow, 1883), pp. 347-90. 3 J. Frćek, Euchologium Sinaiticum: Texte slave avec sources grecques et traduction française (hereafter Frćek), pt. 1 in Patrología Orientalis, vol. 24, fase. 5 (Paris, 1933), pt. 2 ibid., vol. 25, fase. 3 (Paris, 1939); J. Frëek, "К textové kritice Sinajského euchologia," Slavia 18 (1947-1948): 39-46; R. Nahtigal, Euchologium Sinaiticum: Starocerkvenoslovanski glagolski spomenik (hereafter Nahtigal), Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti ν Ljubljani, Filozofsko-FilolosTco-Historidni Razred, Delà, 2 vols. (Ljubljana, 1941-42; vol. 1— photoprint, vol. 2—Cyrillic transcription and commentary); R. Nahtigal, Starocerkvenoslovan- ski euhologij, Znanstveno drustvo ν Ljubljani, Razprave, vol. 2 (Ljubljana, 1925), pp. 221-88; I. Sevcenko, "Report on the Glagolitic Fragments (of the Euchologium Sinaiticum ?) Discovered on Sinai in 1975 and Some Thoughts on the Models for the Make-up of the Earliest Glagolitic Manuscripts," Harvard Ukrainian Studies 6, no. 2 (June 1982): 119-51. 6 MICHAEL WAWRYK sources and their aims. Frćek, who worked from Geitler's text, took pains to establish and to publish the Greek liturgical parallels and sources to the Old Church Slavonic manuscript; in doing so, he drew not only on a large fraction of the Greek materials already published by liturgiologists, but also on the rich collection of Greek manuscripts in the Bibliothèque nationale of Paris. Nahtigal, in contrast, was able to secure photographs of the entire manuscript and was primarily interested in publishing a highly accurate transcription of it. He did not neglect the question of its sources, but com- mented on them only briefly in the notes to his edition. Only the first volume of Frcek's edition was available to Nahtigal while he was preparing his own; on the other hand, he was able to draw on certain published sources which Frcek did not use. Thus the two editions supplement one another, and must both be consulted by any scholar working on the manuscript. When first written, the Euchologium Sinaiticum (hereafter referred to as ES) must have been an imposing manuscript. Its parchment is fine, its Glagolitic script careful and legible. The 106 folia that remain are less than half of the original total: 19 quires (ca. 152 fol.) have been lost from the beginning of the manuscript, 2 more quires (16 fol.?) from its middle, and an unknown number of quires from its end. Even in its present fragmentary state, the ES is much richer in content, as well as several centuries older, than any other early Slavonic manuscript of the euchologium (trebnik ), and there are few Greek euchologia which are much older than it. Philologists from Geitler's time up to the present have repeatedly noted that the ES contains at least two different historical layers of translations into Church Slavonic: some of the texts in the manuscript exhibit words and forms typical only of the very earliest translations (and the oldest manuscripts in which they are preserved), while others show the charac- teristics of later translations. Most likely, some components of the Eucho- logium Sinaiticum are copies of Cyrillo-Methodian texts, translated in Great Moravia or Pannonia, while other components are later, and were translated in Bulgaria or Macedonia.4 In its present form, one text seems to have des- cended from a protograph written during the years 980-987.5 The extant manuscript was probably copied in the eleventh century, or even the early 4 Geitler, pp. x-xi; V. Jagić, Entstehungsgeschichte der kirchenslawischen Sprache (Berlin, 1913), pp. 251-57. 5 N. S. Derzavin, "Euchologium Sinaiticum: К voprosu o vremeni proisxozdenija pamjat- nika," in his Sbornik. statej i issledovanij ν oblasti slavjanskoj filologii (Moscow and Len- ingrad, 1941), pp. 215-31. OFFICES OF MONASTIC INITIATION 7 twelfth.6 It must be regarded as a compilation from a number of liturgical sources, translated or revised at different times and places.7 What is most needed now are detailed studies of the several components of the ES—the individual offices and prayers—against the background of the Greek manuscripts