Notes and References
1 What Kind of Revolution?
1. The Economistt, 18.12.1976, p. 9. 2. III[B] Fry, 1979, p. 233. 3. I[D] Hollis, 1957, p. 313. 4. The Economistt, 2.10.1976, p. 12. 5. III[B] Dell, 1991, p. 287. 6. I[C] Benn, 1990, p.37. 7. I[C] Benn, 1990,p.121. 8. I[D] Fry, 2005, pp. 199–201. 9. III[B] Dell, 1991, p. 287. 10. I[D] Fry, 2001, pp. 4–47. 11. I[C] Benn, 1990, p. 667. 12. I[D] Mackenzie and Mackenzie, IV, 1985, p. 79. 13. III[B] Symons, 1957, p. 17. 14. I[D] Feiling, 1946, pp. 79–80. 15. I[D] Blake, 1955, pp. 411–13. 16. I[D] Morgan, 1974, p. 139. 17. III[B] Symons, 1957, p. 5. 18. I[B] H.C. Deb., 1.7.1926, col. 1379. 19. I[D] Williamson, 1999, pp. 167–202; III[B] McDonald and Gospel, 1973, pp. 807–29. 20. I[D] Catterrall, 2004, p.91. 21. I[D] St John-Stevas, V, 1974, p. 222. 22. I[D] Williamson, 1999, p. 322. 23. I[D] Laski, 1938, pp. 105–06. 24. I[D] Laski, 1938, p. 84. 25. I[D] Kramnick and Sheerman, 1993, p. 336. 26. III[B] Scargill, 1975, p.19. 27. III[B] Scargill, 1975, p. 10. 28. III[B] Scargill, 1975, p.19. 29. III[B] Scargill, 1975, pp. 23–24. 30. III[B] Scargill, 1975, pp. 30–31. 31. III[B] Scargill, 1975, p.26. 32. III[B] Scargill, 1975, p. 23. 33. III[B] Scargill, 1975, p.33. 34. I[D] Williams, 1983, pp. 26–55. 35. I[D] Minkin, 1978, p. 330. 36. I[B] LPACR 1970,p.121. 37. I[C] Wilson, 1979, p. 43. 38. I[C] Barnett, 1982, p.51. 39. I[C] Barnett, 1982,p.49. 40. I[C] Barnett, 1982, p. 134. 41. I[B] LPACR 1973, p.11. 42. I[D] Shaw, 1988, pp. 172–77.
238 Notes and References 239
43. I[D] Minkin, 1978, pp. 329, 403. 44. III[B] Scargill, 1975, p.30. 45. I[C] Crosland, 1983, p. 210. 46. I[C] Crosland, 1983, p. 204. 47. I[C] Crosland, 1983, pp. 242–43. 48. I[C] Crosland, 1983, p. 210. 49. I[D] Fry, 2005, pp. 207–08. 50. I[C] Benn, 1988,p.292. 51. I[C] Benn, 1988, p. 284. 52. I[C] Benn, 1990, p.11. 53. I[C] Benn, 1990, pp. 36–37. 54. I[C] Benn, 1990, p.33. 55. III[B] Wickham-Jones, 1996, p.91. 56. I[C] Benn, 1990, p. 302. 57. I[C] Benn, 1990, p. 680. 58. I[C] Crosland, 1983, p. 216. 59. I[D] Jenkins, 1987, p. 72. 60. I[D] Jenkins, 1987, p.58. 61. I[C] Maudling, 1978, pp. 45–46. 62. I[D] Howard, 1987, pp. 176–77. 63. I[D] Cowling, 1971, p. 2. 64. I[D] Fry, 2005, pp. 211–29. 65. I[D] Fisher, 1977, p. 147. 66. I[C] Prior, 1986,p.101. 67. I[C] Heath, 1998, p. 528. 68. I[C] Whitelaw, 1989, pp. 178–84. 69. I[D] Fisher, 1977, p. 155. 70. I[D] Thorpe, 1996, pp. 446–47. 71. I[D] Fisher, 1977, p. 159. 72. I[C] Denham and Garnett, 2002, p. 271. 73. I[D] Fisher, 1977, pp. 159–63. 74. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, p. 266. 75. I[D] Kelly, 1989, pp. 119–20. 76. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, p. 268. 77. I[C] Campbell, 2000, pp. 109–21. 78. I[C] Prior, 1986, p. 117. 79. I[D] Young and Sloman, 1986, p. 23. 80. I[D] Young and Sloman, 1986, p. 33. 81. I[D] Whitehead, 1985, p. 327. 82. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, p. 181. 83. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, pp. 245–48. 84. I[D] Young and Sloman, 1986, pp. 31–32. 85. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, p. 267. 86. I[D] Whitehead, 1985, p. 327. 87. I[D] Fisher, 1977, p. 169. 88. I[C] Prior, 1986,p.100. 89. I[D] Fisher, 1977, pp. 173–80; I[C] Whitelaw, 1989, pp. 184–85; I[C] Thatcher, 1995, pp. 277–81; I[C] Garnett and Aitken, 2003, pp. 201–11. 90. I[D] Young and Sloman, 1986, p. 33. 91. I[D] Whitehead, 1985, p. 330. 240 Notes and References
92. I[D] Whitehead, 1985, pp. 328–29. 93. I[D] Cowley and Bailey, 2000, pp. 599–629. 94. I[D] Wickham-Jones, 1997, pp. 85–86. 95. I[D] Fry, 2005, p. 225. 96. I[D] Gilmour, 1977, p. 143. 97. I[D] King, 1976, p. 59.
2The Conservative Ascendancy
1. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 266. 2. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1980, pp. 353–54. 3. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1980, pp. 392–93. 4. I[C] Benn, 1990, p. 494. 5. I[B] H.C. Deb., 15.5.1979, col. 76. 6. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1980, pp. 338–39. 7. I[C] Prior, 1986, p. 115. 8. The Times, 31.3.1981. 9. I[D] Bruce-Gardyne, 1984, p. 105. 10. I[D] Bruce-Gardyne, 1984, p. 104. 11. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1984, p. 330. 12. I[D] Clark, 2000, p. 276. 13. I[D] Bruce-Gardyne, 1984, p. 106. 14. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1984, pp. 20–21. 15. I[D] Clark, 2000, p. 310. 16. For a debate about this see I[D] Sanders, Ward,and Marsh, 1987, pp. 281–313; I[D] Clarke, Mishler, and Whiteley, 1990, pp. 63–81; I[D] Sanders, Ward and Marsh, 1990, pp. 83–90. 17. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 285. 18. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 280. 19. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 285. 20. I[D] Dale, 2000, pp. 268–70. 21. I[D] Dale, 2000, 288–90. 22. I[D] Dale, 2000, pp. 291–92; c.f. I[D] Dale 2000, p. 272. 23. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 271. 24. I[D] Dale, 2000, pp. 296–97. 25. I[D] Clark, 1993, p. 7. 26. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1984, pp. 299–300. 27. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1984, pp. 306, 346. 28. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1984, p. 333. 29. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1984, p. 338. 30. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1984, p. 363. 31. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1984, p. 336. 32. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1984, p. 289. 33. I[D] Bruce-Gardyne, 1984, p. 183. 34. I[D] Bruce-Gardyne, 1984, p. 153. 35. I[C] Clark, 1993, p.99. 36. I[C] Prior, 1986, p. 153. 37. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 127. 38. The Listenerr, 31.7.1986, p. 6 [J. Cole]. 39. The Guardian, 13.11.1986. Notes and References 241
40. The Times, 30.3.1987 [R.W. Johnson]. 41. The Times, 19.5.1987 [B. Pimlott]. 42. I[C] Tebbit, 1989, p. 313. 43. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 313. 44. I[D] Dale, 2000, pp. 316–17. 45. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 351. 46. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 314. 47. I[C] Tebbit, 1989, pp. 332–33. 48. I[C] Young, 1990, p. 220. 49. I[C] Young, 1990, p. 222. 50. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1988, p. 345. 51. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1988, p. 283. 52. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1988, pp. 305–09. 53. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1988, p. 283. 54. I[C] Tebbit, 1989, pp. 336–37. 55. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1988, p. 265. 56. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 585. 57. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 573. 58. I[C] Tebbit, 1989, p. 335. 59. I[C] Garnett and Aitken, 2003, p. 319. 60. I[D] Drucker, 1979, p. 1. 61. I[D] Dangerfield, 1935, p. 14. 62. I[D] Dangerfield, 1935, p. 22. 63. I[D] Seawright, 1999, p. 2. 64. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 619. 65. I[D] Seawright, 1999, pp. 147–55; this interpretation was contestedbyI[D] Devine, 2006, pp. 163–80. 66. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 619–20. 67. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 624. 68. I[D] Seawright, 1999, pp. 127–45. 69. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 618. 70. I[D] Seawright, 1999, p. 157. 71. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 619–20. 72. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1980, pp. 366, 372, 377. 73. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1988, pp. 295, 298, 301, 302, 304. 74. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 620. 75. I[D] Hobsbawm, 1989, pp. 9–22. 76. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1980, p. 354. 77. II[B] Kerr, 1969, p.66. 78. I[D] Bernstein, 1909, p. xvi. 79. I[D] Bernstein, 1909, xi–xii. 80. I[D] Bernstein, 1909, p. xiv. 81. I[D] Mitchell, 1983, pp. 37–38. 82. I[C] Healey, 1990, p. 466; I[C] Morgan, 1999, p. 703. 83. I[C] Benn, 1990, p. 551. 84. I[C] Benn, 1992, pp. 5–10; I[D] Mitchell, 1983, pp. 41–45. 85. I[D] Whitehead, 1986, p. 354. 86. I[B] LPACR 1980, pp. 31–32. 87. I[C] Benn, 1992, pp. 31–32. 88. I[C] Benn, 1992, p.59. 242 Notes and References
89. I[C] Morgan, 1999,p.719. 90. I[C] Morgan, 1999, p.715. 91. I[C] Healey, 1990, pp. 477–79. 92. I[C] Benn 1992, p.43. 93. I[B] LPACR 1981, p. 26. 94. I[C] Benn, 1992, p. 154. 95. I[D] Minkin, 1991, pp. 339–42. 96. I[C] Benn, 1992,p.46. 97. I[A] LPACR 1982, pp. 184–85. 98. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 280. 99. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 250. 100. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 245. 101. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 251. 102. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 250. 103. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 248. 104. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 249. 105. I[D] Dale, 2000, pp. 252–53. 106. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 247. 107. I[D] Dale, 2000, pp. 257–68. 108. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 246. 109. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 247. 110. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 246. 111. I[C] Healey, 1990, p. 500. 112. I[C] Benn, 1992,p.295. 113. I[C] Benn, 1992, p. 298. 114. I[B] LPACR 1983, p.15. 115. I[B] LPACR 1983, p. 29. 116. I[B] Benn, 1992, p. 319. 117. I[D] Kinnock, 1994, p. 543. 118. I[D] Kinnock, 1994, p. 543. 119. I[D] Kinnock, 1994, pp. 539–40. 120. I[D] Kinnock, 1994, p. 535. 121. I[D] Kinnock, 1994, p. 542. 122. I[B] LPACR 1985, p. 128. 123. I[B] LPACR 1985, p. 155. 124. The Guardian,2.10.1985. 125. I[D] Smith and Spears, 1992, pp. 217–18. 126. I[D] Smith and Spears, 1992, p. 320. 127. I[B] TUCACR 1988, pp. 568–70. 128. II[B] Denman, 2002, p. 207. 129. The Listenerr, 29.11.1979, pp. 733–38. 130. III[B] Keynes, X, 1972, p. 24. 131. I[D] Jenkins, 1987, p. 135. 132. I[D] Owen, 1981, pp. 66–67. 133. I[D] Owen, 1981, p. 529. 134. I[D] Owen, 1981, p.67. 135. I[C] Steel, 1989, p. 272. 136. I[D] Jenkins, 1987, p. 366. 137. I[C] Steel, 1989, p. 263; I[D] Crewe and King, 1995, pp. 3–127. 138. I[C] Jenkins, 1992, p. 532. Notes and References 243
139. I[C] Owen, 1991,p.519. 140. I[C] Healey, 1990, p. 480. 141. I[C] Steel, 1989, p. 274. 142. I[C] Owen, 1991, p.526. 143. The Spectatorr, 21.3.1981, p. 5. 144. I[C] Steel, 1989, p. 299. 145. I[C] Jenkins, 1992, pp. 575–77; I[D] Crewe and King, 1995, pp. 203–10. 146. I[C] Jenkins, 1992, p. 533. 147. I[C] Jenkins, 1992, p. 532. 148. I[C] Jenkins, 1992, p. 593. 149. I[C] Steel, 1989, pp. 328–31; I[D] Crewe and King, 1995, pp. 350–53. 150. I[C] Steel, 1989, pp. 343–46. 151. I[C] Steel, 1989, p. 356. 152. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1992, p. 71. 153. I[C] Healey, 1990, p.83.
3The Thatcher Cabinets and Governments
1. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p.19. 2. III[B] Hastings, 2001,p.699. 3. III[B] Hastings, 2001, p. 592. 4. I[C] Prior, 1986,p.113. 5. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 19. 6. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 19–20. 7. II[B] Cradock, 1997, pp. 9–10; I[C] Heseltine, 2001, p. 226. 8. I[D] Ranelagh, 1991, p. 239. 9. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 126. 10. I[D] Ranelagh, 1991, p. 13. 11. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 201. 12. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, p. 306. 13. I[D] Curtis, II, 1999, p. 117. 14. I[D] Curtis, II, 1999, pp. 299–300. 15. I[D] Curtis, II, 1999,p.256. 16. I[D] Wyatt, 1977, p.7. 17. I[D] Wyatt, 1977, p. 163. 18. I[D] Wyatt, 1977, p. 166. 19. I[D] Wyatt, 1977, p. 177. 20. I[D] Curtis, II, 1999,p.117. 21. I[D] Cockett, 1995, pp. 228–30, 351–52. 22. I[D] Cockett, 1995, p. 294. 23. I[D] Cormack, 1978, pp. 50–59, 74–104. 24. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, p.77. 25. I[D] Amis, 1991, pp. 315–19. 26. II[B] Amis, 2002, pp. 22, 272. 27. I[D] Amis, 1991, pp. 37, 45. 28. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, p. 78. 29. I[C] Young, 1991, pp. 406–07; I[D] Ranelagh, 1991, p. 187; I[D] Cockett, 1995, p. 218. 30. I[D] Urban, 1996, p. 2. 244 Notes and References
31. I[D] Urban, 1996, p. 90. 32. I[D] Urban, 1996, pp. 172–73. 33. I[D] Cockett, 1994, pp. 316–18. 34. I[D] Hoskyns, 2000, p. 127. 35. I[D] Kandiah, 1996, p. 120. 36. I]D] Hoskyns, 2000, p. 120. 37. I[D] Kandiah, 1996, p. 123. 38. I[D] Kandiah, 1996, p. 121. 39. I[D] Kandiah, 1996, pp. 122–23. 40. I[D] Hoskyns, 2000, pp. 359, 362, 369, 375. 41. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p. 38. 42. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 277. 43. I[D] Mount, 1993, p. 129. 44. I[C] Ridley, 1991, pp. 36–37. 45. I[D] Ingham, 1991, p. 169. 46. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 20. 47. I[D] Harris, 1990, p. 83. 48. I[D] Tracey, 1983, p. 315. 49. I[D] Marr, 2004, p. 323. 50. I[D] Ingham, 1991, pp. 354–56. 51. I[D] Ingham, 1991, p. 357. 52. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p. 28. 53. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 149. 54. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 421. 55. I[C] Campbell, 2003, p. 220. 56. I[C] Ridley, 1991, pp. 40–41. 57. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p. 35. 58. I[D] Hennessy, 1994, p. 447. 59. I[D] Ranelagh, 1991, p. 14. 60. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 27. 61. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p.25. 62. I[D] Lawson and Armstrong, 1994, p. 447. 63. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 129. 64. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p. 26. 65. I[C} Ridley, 1991, p.25. 66. I[C] Heath, 1998, p. 574; I[C] Campbell, 1993, pp. 714–15. 67. I[C] Prior, 1986, p. 115. 68. I[D] Bruce-Gardyne, 1984, p.17. 69. I[D] Bruce-Gardyne, 1984, p. 18. 70. I[C] Walker, 1991, pp. 161–62. 71. I[C] Nott, 2002,p.185. 72. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p. 37. 73. I[C] Nott, 2002, pp. 184–85. 74. I[C] Walker, 1991, pp. 159–60. 75. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 151–52. 76. I[C] Pym, 1984, p.2. 77. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p. 31. 78. I[C] Clark, 2000, p. 311. 79. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, pp. 14–15; I[C] Nott, 2002, p. 257. 80. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah, and Staerck, 2002, p. 16. Notes and References 245
81. I[C] Nott, 2002,p.261. 82. I[C] Nott, 2002, p. 264. 83. I[C] Parkinson, 1992, p. 190. 84. I[C] Nott, 2002, p. 264. 85. I[C] Parkinson, 1992, p. 190. 86. I[C] Nott, 2002, p. 265. 87. I[C] Clark, 2000, p. 313. 88. I[C] Nott, 2002,p.268. 89. I[C] Clark, 2000, p. 313. 90. I[C] Carrington, 1988, p. 371. 91. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 185–86. 92. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 188–89. 93. I[C] Parkinson, 1992, pp. 192–95; I[C] Nott, 2002, p. 285: II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, pp. 62–65. 94. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, p.20. 95. I[C] Clark, 2000, pp. 315–18. 96. I[C] Clark, 2000, p. 323. 97. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 187. 98. I[C] Nott, 2002, pp. 286–87. 99. I[C] Parkinson, 1992, p. 198. 100. I[C] Nott, 2002,p.286. 101. I[C] Parkinson, 1992, p. 197. 102. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, pp. 28–29. 103. I[C] Parkinson, 1992, p. 201. 104. I[C] Nott, 2002, p. 286. 105. I[C] Nott, 2002, p. 287. 106. I[C] Nott, 2002, pp. 320–21. 107. I[C] Pym, 1984, p.ix. 108. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 306–12. 109. I[D] Ingham, 1991, p. 334. 110. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 419. 111. I[D] Ingham, 1991, p. 335. 112. I[D] Ingham, 1991, p. 336. 113. I[C] Heseltine, 2001, p. 310. 114. I[D] Ranelagh, 1991, p. 208. 115. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 131. 116. I[C] Heseltine, 2001, p. 311. 117. I[C] Heseltine, 2001, p. 29. 118. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 433. 119. I[C] Clark, 1993, pp. 133–34; I[A] H.C. Deb., 23.1.1986, cols. 449–61; I[D] Woodhouse, 1994, pp. 115–20. 120. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 134. 121. I[D] Ingham, 1991, p. 337. 122. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 135; I[B] H.C. Deb., 27.1.1986, cols. 646–90. 123. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 561. 124. The Economistt, 18.1.1986, p. 13. 125. The Times, 10.1.1986. 126. I[C] Baker, 1993, p. 303. 127. The Spectatorr, 1.2.1986, p. 7. 128. The Economistt, 18.1.1986, p. 14. 246 Notes and References
129. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 832. 130. I[C] Parkinson, 1992, pp. 218–19. 131. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 319. 132. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p.52. 133. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 436. 134. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 440. 135. I[C] Hurd, pp. 258–59. 136. I[C] Lawson, 1992,p.129. 137. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 251. 138. I[C] Howe, 1994, pp. 393–94. 139. I[D] Ranelagh, 1991, pp. 284–85. 140. I[C] Howe, 1994, pp. 646–47. 141. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p.39. 142. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 832; c.f. I[C] Hurd, 2003, p. 399. 143. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 756. 144. I[C] Baker, 1993, pp. 120–21. 145. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p. 236. 146. I[C] Baker, 1993, p. 329. 147. I[C] Baker, 1993, p. 331. 148. I[D] Hennessy, 1994, p. 445. 149. I[D] Lawson and Armstrong, 1994, pp. 444–45. 150. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 223. 151. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 712. 152. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 960–68. 153. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 721–24. 154. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 289. 155. I[C] Howe, 1994, pp. 648–50. 156. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 345. 157. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 347. 158. I[C] Baker, 1993, p. 386. 159. I[C] Baker, 1993, p. 384. 160. I[C] Baker, 1993, p. 386. 161. I[B] H.C. Deb., 30.10. 1990, col. 865. 162. I[B] H.C. Deb., 13 11.1990, col. 465. 163. I[C] Baker, 1993, p. 386. 164. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 348. 165. I[C] Clark, 1993, pp. 180–81. 166. I[D] Curtis, II, 1999, p. 245. 167. I[D] Curtis, II, 1999, pp. 290–91. 168. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 359. 169. I[D] Curtis, II, 1999,p.399. 170. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 840. 171. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 841. 172. I[C] Walden, 1999, p. 302. 173. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 358. 174. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 835. 175. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 855. 176. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 366. 177. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 855. 178. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 832. Notes and References 247
179. I[C] Hurd, 2003, p. 404. 180. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 860. 181. I[C] Hurd, 2003, p. 404. 182. I[D] Curtis, II, 1999, p. 429 [Patrick Minford]. 183. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 360. 184. I[D] Curtis, II, 1999, p. 403. 185. I[C] Clark, 1993, pp. 383–84. 186. I[D] Curtis, III, 2000,p.659.
4The Economic Liberal Crusades I
1. I[B] H.C. Deb., 15.5.1979, col. 48. 2. I[B] H.C. Deb., 2.7.1970, col.46. 3. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 26. 4. III[B] Bosanquet, 1981, pp. 324–25. 5. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p.26. 6. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 27–28. 7. I[C] Nott, 2002, p. 198. 8. I[D] Ranelagh, 1991, p. 183. 9. III[A] H.C. 720, 1979–80, p. 56. 10. I[D] Heffer, 1998, p. 469. 11. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 104. 12. III[B] Hoskyns, 2000, p.75. 13. I[C] Nott, 2002,p.172. 14. I[C] Howe, 1994, pp. 107–08. 15. II[B] Walters, 1986, pp. 4–5. 16. The Spectatorr, 19.3.1983, p. 4. 17. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 421; I[C] Young, 1990, pp. 153–90; III[B] Gregg, 1990, pp. 49–58. 18. III[A] Lawlor, 1990, pp. 601–08. 19. I[B] H.C. Deb., 17.3.1987, col. 815. 20. I[B] H.C. Deb., 15.3.1988, col. 993. 21. I[B] H.C. Deb., 14.3.1989, col. 294. 22. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 247. 23. The Economistt, 19.3.1963, p. 11. 24. I[D] Whitehead, 1985, p. 367. 25. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 147. 26. I[D] Whitehead, 1985, p. 367. 27. I[D] Whitehead, 1985, p. 369. 28. I[D] Butler and Kavanagh, 1980, pp. 162, 188. 29. I[D] Whitehead, 1985, p. 369. 30. I[C] Nott, 2002, p. 178. 31. I[B] H.C. Deb., 12.6.1979, cols. 239–41. 32. I[B] H.C. Deb., 12.6.1979, cols. 241–43. 33. I[B] H.C. Deb., 12.6.1979, cols. 449–250; c.f. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 271. 34. I[B] H.C. Deb., 12.6.1979, cols. 258–61. 35. I[B] H.C. Deb., 12.6.1979, col. 250. 36. I[C] Howe, 1994, pp. 130–31. 37. The Economistt, 16.6.1979, pp. 11–12. 248 Notes and References
38. I[B] H.C. Deb., 12.6.1979, cols. 244–45. 39. I[B] H.C. Deb., 23.10.1979, cols. 202–03. 40. The Economistt, 27.10.1979, p. 69. 41. I[B] H.C. Deb., 23.10.1979, cols 203–04. 42. The Economistt, 27.10. 1979, p. 69–70. 43. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 142: I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 40. 44. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 143. 45. I[C] Nott, 2002,p.191. 46. The Economistt, 29.3.1980, p. 15. 47. I[B] H.C. Deb., 26.3.1980, col. 1441. 48. I[B] H.C. Deb., 26.3.1980, cols. 1443–44. 49. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 155. 50. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p.69. 51. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 72–73. 52. I[B] H.C. Deb., 26.3.1980, cols. 1487–89. 53. The Economistt, 29.3.1980, p. 33. 54. I[D] Whitehead, 1985, p. 376. 55. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p.26. 56. I[C] Clark, 2000, p. 207. 57. The Economistt, 15.11.1980, p. 65. 58. I[D] Holmes, 1985, p. 155. 59. I[D] Whitehead, 1985, p. 264. 60. I[D] Dale, 2000, pp. 272–73. 61. III[B] Edwardes, 1983, pp. 224–31. 62. I[D] Hennessy, 1989, pp. 432–33. 63. I[B] H.C. Deb., 26.1.1981, cols. 639–40. 64. I[B] H.C. Deb., 26.1.1981, col. 641 [G. Robinson]. 65. I[B] H.C. Deb., 26.1.1981, col. 643. 66. The Economistt, 31.1.1981, p. 48. 67. III[B] Wilks, 1985, pp. 222–23. 68. I[C] Nott, 2002, pp. 180–83. 69. I[C] Parkinson, 1992, pp. 87, 242–49, 254. 70. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 398–401. 71. III[B] Edwardes, 1983, pp. 273–74. 72. The Times, 12.11.1980. 73. The Economistt, 22.11.1980, p. 83. 74. I[C] Nott, 2000, pp. 183–84. 75. I[C] Prior, 1986, p. 130. 76. I[C] Prior, 1986,p.132. 77. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p.88. 78. I[B] H.C. Deb., 10.3.1981, col. 766. 79. I[B] H.C. Deb., 10.3.1976, cols. 768–69. 80. I[B] H.C. Deb., 10.3.1981, col., 763–64. 81. I[B] H.C. Deb., 10.3.1981, cols. 773–75. 82. I[C] Clark, 2000, p. 211. 83. III[B] Walters, 1986, p. 15. 84. I[C] Lawson, 1992,p.98. 85. I[C] Howe, 1994, pp. 203–04. 86. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p.98. 87. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 133. Notes and References 249
88. III[B] Hoskyns, 2000, p. 283. 89. III[B] Hoskyns, 2000, pp. 284–85. 90. The Economistt, 14.3.1981, p. 21. 91. I[B] H.C. Deb., 10.3.1981, col. 756. 92. The Spectatorr, 14.3. 1981, p. 4. 93. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 143–44. 94. I[C] Nott, 2002, pp. 196–97. 95. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 148–49. 96. III[B] Keegan, 1984, p. 173. 97. I[D] Howell, 1986, p. 150. 98. I[B] H.C. Deb., 9.3.1982, col. 757. 99. The Spectatorr, 13.3.1982, p. 5 [A. Rudd]. 100. The Economistt, 13.3.1982, p. 12. 101. The Spectatorr, 13.3.1982, p. 4. 102. I[B] H.C. Deb., 9.3.1982, cols. 754–56. 103. The Economistt, 13.3.1982, p. 20. 104. I[B] H.C. Deb., 9.3.1982, col. 730. 105. The Economistt, 19.3.1983, p. 11. 106. I[B] H.C. Deb., 15.3.1983, col. 156. 107. The Spectatorr, 19.3.1983, p. 3. 108. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 157. 109. The Economistt, 12.3.1988, p. 20. 110. I[B] H.C. Deb., 13.3.1984, col. 288. 111. I[B] H.C. Deb., 19.3.1985, cols. 784–85. 112. I[B] H.C. Deb., 18.3.1986, cols. 169–70. 113. I[B] H.C. Deb., 17.3.1987, col. 817–1988. 114. I[B] H.C. Deb., 15.3.1988, col. 995. 115. I[B] H.C. Deb., 14.3.1989, cols. 295–96. 116. I[B] H.C. Deb., 17.3.1987, col. 817. 117. The Spectatorr, 17.3.1984, p. 5 [J. Bruce-Gardyne]. 118. The Economistt, 17.3.1984, p. 11. 119. I[B] H.C. Deb., 13.3.1984, col. 304. 120. I[D] Sherman, 2005, p. 141. 121. The Spectatorr, 23.3.1985, p. 3. 122. The Economistt, 23.3.1985, p. 21. 123. I[B] H.C. Deb., 19.3.1985, cols. 783–800. 124. I[B] H.C. Deb., 18.3.1986, cols. 166–84. 125. I[B} H.C. Deb., 17.3.1987, col. 818. 126. I[B] H.C. Deb., 18.3.1986, col. 182. 127. I[B] H.C. Deb., 17.3.1987, col. 828. 128. The Economistt, 21.3.1987, p. 25. 129. The Economistt, 17.1.1987, p. 29. 130. The Spectatorr, 15.11.1986, p. 6. 131. The Economistt, 15.11.1986, p. 19. 132. The Economistt, 31.10.1987, p. 13. 133. I[B] H.C. Deb., 15.3.1988, col. 1013. 134. I[B] H.C. Deb., 14.3.1989, col. 295. 135. The Economistt, 18.3.1989, p. 15. 136. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 690. 137. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 691. 250 Notes and References
138. The Spectatorr, 24.3.1990, p. 6 [A. Howard]. 139. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 198; c.f. I[D] Howell, 1970, p.8,where Howell actually cited Peter Drucker as inventing the term ‘privatization’. 140. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 199. 141. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p.16. 142. Thatcher Archive: THCR 2/6/1/37 and 2/6/1/63; The Economistt, 27.5.1978, pp. 21–22. 143. I[B] H.C. Deb., 14.6.1977, Written Answers, cols. 141–42; The Economistt, 18.6.1977, p. 126. 144. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 272. 145. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 254. 146. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 200. 147. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 154. 148. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 201. 149. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 207–08. 150. I[C] Lawson, 1992,p.208. 151. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 209. 152. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 222–24. 153. I[C] Lawson, 1992,p.215. 154. I[C] Walker, 1991, pp. 190–92. 155. I[C] Lawson, 1992,p.216. 156. I[C] Walker, 1991, p. 193. 157. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 241. 158. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 682; I[C] Parkinson, 1992, pp. 119, 257–80. 159. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 205–06. 160. III[B] Inns of Court Conservative and Unionist Society, 1958, p.53. 161. I[C] Hurd, 1979, p. 150. 162. Thatcher Archive: THCR 2/6/1/37 and 2/6/1/63; The Economistt, 27.5.1978, pp. 21–22. 163. III[B] Hoskyns, 2000, p. 45. 164. III[B] Hoskyns, 2000, p.47. 165. I[D] Dale, 2000, pp. 268–69. 166. I[C] Prior, 1986, p. 115. 167. I[C] Prior, 1986, p. 119. 168. I[C] Prior, 1986, p. 155. 169. I[C] Prior, 1986,p.162. 170. I[C] Prior, 1986, p. 156. 171. I[B] H.C. Deb., 17.12.1979, cols. 58–71; III[B] Taylor, 1994, p. 534. 172. I[B] H.C. Deb., 26.3.1980, cols. 1462–63; I[C] Prior, 1986,p.165; I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p.55; I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 166. 173. I[C] Tebbit, 1989, p. 233. 174. I[C] Tebbit, 1989, p. 235. 175. I[B] H.C. Deb., 8.2.1982, cols. 737–47; III[B] Taylor, 1993, p. 534. 176. I[B] H.C. Deb., 8.11.1983, cols. 157–64; III[B] Taylor, 1993, p. 534. 177. III[B] Geary, 1985, pp. 88–91; I[D] Holmes, 1985, pp. 139–40. 178. I[C] Prior, 1986, pp. 142–43; I[D] Holmes, 1985, p. 142. 179. I[D] Holmes, 1985, pp. 143–45. 180. The Economistt, 26.2.1983, p. 16. 181. I[D] Holmes, 1985, pp. 140–42. 182. III[B] MacGregor, 1986, pp. 11–15. Notes and References 251
183. III[B] MacGregor, 1986, pp. 146–49. 184. III[B] Taylor, 1993, pp. 293–94. 185. III[B] Adeney and Lloyd, 1986, pp. 100–03. 186. III[B] Adeney and Lloyd, 1986, p. 112. 187. I[C] Benn, 1992, p.400. 188. III[B] Aston, Morris, and Willman, 1989, pp. 81–92. 189. III[B] Taylor, 1993, p. 297. 190. III[B] Brown and Wadhari, 1990, pp. 57–70; III[B] Brown and Walsh, 1991, pp. 44–59; III[B] Claydon, 1989, pp. 214–24; III[B] Lewis, 1991, pp. 60–75; III[B] Minford, 1991; III[B] Metcalf, 1989, pp. 1–31; III[B] Metcalf, 1991, pp. 18–32; III[B] Nolan, 1989, pp. 81–92; III[B] Purcell, 1991, pp. 33–43. 191. III[B] Daniel and Millward, 1983. 192. III[B] Millward and Stevens, 1986. 193. III[B] Daniel, 1987, p. 260. 194. III[B] Millward, Stevens, Smart, and Hawes, 1992, p. 352. 195. III[B] Millward, Bryson, and Forth, 2000, pp. 234–35.
5The Economic Liberal Crusades II
1. III[B] Bellairs, 1977, pp. 7–8. 2. III[B] Walley, 1972, pp. 41, 48, 53, 58–60, 62. 3. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 8. 4. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 5. 5. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, p.44. 6. III[B] Sen, 1983, pp. 153–69; III[B] Piachaud, 1987, pp. 147–64. 7. I[C] Fowler, 1991, pp. 208–09. 8. III[B] Titmuss, 1974, pp. 30–31, 122. 9. Woman’s Own. 31.10.1987. 10. The Spectatorr, 14.7.1984, p. 3. 11. The Spectatorr, 14.7.1984, p. 5. 12. The Spectatorr, 23.3.1985, p. 7. 13. The Economistt, 7.12.1985, p. 30. 14. London Weekend Television Weekend World, 6.1.1980. 15. III[B] Pemberton, 1990, pp. 281–98; III[B] Anderson, 1990, pp. 553–55. 16. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 629–30. 17. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, pp. 538–64. 18. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 631. 19. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 630. 20. I[B] H.C. Deb., 2.4.1984, col. 658. 21. I[C] Fowler, 1991, pp. 154–55. 22. I[C] Tebbit, 1989, p. 125. 23. I[B] H.C. Deb., 15.1.1980, col. 1443. 24. I[B] H.C. Deb., 15.1.1980, col. 1470. 25. I[B] H.C. Deb., 22.4.1952, cols. 236–37. 26. I[B] H.C. Deb., 22.4.1952, col. 239. 27. III[B] Murie, 1980, pp. 292–94. 28. I[D] Donoughue, 2003, pp. 103–08; c.f. I[D] Haines, 1977, pp. 94–111. 29. I[D] Dale, 2000, pp. 214, 244. 30. I[D] Walker, 1977, pp. 163–72. 252 Notes and References
31. I[C] Walker, 1991, pp. 140–41. 32. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 277. 33. I[C] Heseltine, 2000, p. 194. 34. The Economistt, 4.8.1979, p. 16. 35. I[C] Heseltine, 2000, pp. 195–96; III[B] Smith, 1981, pp. 5–16. 36. III[B] Wilcox, 1994, p. 44; III[B] Timmins, 1995, pp. 380–81. 37. III[B] McCrone and Stephens, 1995, p. 151. 38. III[B] Bowley, 1945, pp. 3–5. 39. III[B] Donnison, 1967, p. 228. 40. III[B] McCrone and Stephens, 1995, p. 151. 41. I[D] Dale, 2000, pp. 277–78. 42. I[C] Heseltine, 2000, pp. 197–98; III[B] Smith, 1981, pp. 29–37. 43. III[B] Malpass, 1990, p.16. 44. III[B] Forrest and Murie, 1991, p. 147. 45. III[B] Timmins, 1996, p. 381. 46. III[B] Forrest and Murie, 1991, p. 160. 47. III{B} Greve, Page, and Greve, 1971. 48. III[B] Hills, 1990, pp. 166–70. 49. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 603–04. 50. III[B] Johnson, 1990, p. 145. 51. III[B] Wilcox, 1993, pp. 47–49. 52. III[B] Hills, 1990, pp. 201–02. 53. III[B] Timmins, 1996, p. 380. 54. III[B] Cmnd. 7615, 1979, para. 21.5. 55. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 612–13. 56. I[C] Fowler, 1991, pp. 167–69. 57. I[C] Fowler, 1991, p. 173. 58. The Economistt, 13.11.1982, p. 49. 59. The Economistt, 18.12.1982, pp. 29–30. 60. I[C] Fowler, 1991, p. 184. 61. I[B] H.C. Deb., 30.7.1982, Written Answers, col. 860. 62. The Economistt, 18.9.1982, p. 25. 63. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 277. 64. The Economistt, 9.10.1982, p. 22. 65. I[C] Howe, 1993, pp. 258–59. 66. I[C] Lawson, 1992,p.303. 67. I[C] Fowler, 1991, pp. 183–87. 68. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 197. 69. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 215. 70. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 197. 71. I[C] Clark, 1993, pp. 275–76. 72. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 608–09. 73. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 614. 74. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 273. 75. III[B] Enthoven, 1985, p. 28. 76. III[B] Enthoven, 1985, pp. 38–41. 77. III[B] Enthoven, 1985, p. 34. 78. III[B] Hills, 1990, pp. 126–27. 79. III[B] Hills, 1990, p. 118. 80. III[B] Enthoven, 1985, pp. 41–42. Notes and References 253
81. III[B] Hills, 1990, pp. 92–93; The DailyTelegraph,8.1.1986. 82. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 613. 83. III[B] Edwards, 1993, p. 146. 84. III[A] Cm. 555, 1989, pp.4–6. 85. III[A] Cm. 555, 1989, p. 12. 86. III[B] Edwards, 1993, pp. 156–57. 87. The Economistt, 28.10.1989, p. 20; III[B] Edwards, 1993, pp. 155–65. 88. III[B] Enthoven, 1999, p. 58. 89. III[B] Enthoven, 1999, p. 60. 90. III[B] Hills, 1990, p. 126. 91. I[D] Marsh and Rhodes, 1992, p. 111. 92. I[B] H.C. Deb., 2.4. 1984, col. 653. 93. The Economistt, 7.4.1984, p. 19. 94. I[C] Fowler, 1991, p. 208. 95. I[D] Fry, 2005, pp. 21–22, 28–31. 96. I[C] Fowler, 1991, p. 208. 97. III[A] Cmnd. 9517, 1985, pp. 1–3. 98. III[A] Cmnd. 9518, 1985, pp. 59–62. 99. III[A] Cmnd. 9691, 1985, p. 1. 100. I[C] Fowler, 1991, p. 209. 101. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 596–97. 102. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 434. 103. I[C] Young, 1990, p. 174. 104. I[C[ Lawson, 1992, pp. 433–34. 105. I[C] Fowler, 1991, p. 216. 106. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 587–92. 107. I[C] Fowler, 1991, pp. 211–23. 108. III[A] Cmnd. 9691, 1985, pp. 12–14. 109. III[A] Cmnd. 9691, 1985, p. 15. 110. I[C] Fowler, 1991, p. 224. 111. I[D] Marsh and Rhodes, 1992, p.18. 112. I[D] Marsh and Rhodes, 1992, p. 87. 113. I[C] Fowler, 1991, pp. 223–24; III[A] Cmnd. 9691, 1985, pp. 36–45. 114. I[D] Marsh and Rhodes, 1992, p.96. 115. I[C] Baker, 1993, p. 161. 116. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 600. 117. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, p. 167. 118. [IIIB] Wolf, 2001, p. 244. 119. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, pp. 186–87. 120. I[C] Lawson, 1992,p.600. 121. I[B] H.C. Deb., 2.7.1981, Written Answers, col. 453. 122. I[B] H.C. Deb., 8.7.1981, cols. 467–68. 123. The Economistt, 11.7.1981, p. 24. 124. The Spectatorr, 8.12.1984, p. 8. 125. I[B] H.C. Deb., 5.12.1984, cols. 360–61. 126. The Observerr, 9.12.1984; I[C] Halcrow, 1989, p. 183; I[C] Denham and Garnett, 2001, p. 394). 127. The Spectatorr, 8.12.1984, p. 8 [C.Moore]. 128. I[C] Baker, 1993, pp. 237–38. 129. I[C] Baker, 1993, pp. 234–35. 254 Notes and References
130. Encounterr, July 1960, p. 9. 131. The Times Higher Education Supplementt, 1.6.1973 [C. Price]. 132. I[C] Baker, 1993, p. 239. 133. I[C] Baker, 1993, pp. 243–44. 134. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 599. 135. I[C] Denham and Garnett, 2001, p. 367. 136. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, pp. 188–89. 137. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, p. 157. 138. III[B] Eysenck, 1973; III[B] Hearnshaw, 1979; III[B] Mackintosh, 1995, pp. 130–48. 139. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, pp. 173–74. 140. I[B] HL Deb., 21.11.1990, cols. 705–06. 141. I[C] Halcrow, 1989, p. 172. 142. Private information; c.f. I[C] Halcrow, 1989, pp. 173–74. 143. III[A] Cmnd. 9469, 1985, p.86. 144. I[B] HL Deb., 21.11.1990, col. 707. 145. III[A] Cmnd. 9469, 1985, p. 30. 146. I[C] Halcrow, 1989, pp. 174–75. 147. I[C] Baker, 1993, p. 172. 148. I[C] Baker, 1993, pp. 175–76. 149. I[C] Lawson, 1992,p.606. 150. I[C] Baker, 1993, pp. 172–76. 151. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 606–10. 152. I[C] Baker, 1993, pp. 160–231. 153. I[B] HL Deb. 21.11.1988, col. 708. 154. I[B] HL Deb., 21.11.1988, col. 707. 155. Contemporary Record, Spring 1987, pp. 30–31.
6The Economic Liberal CrusadesIII
1. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 18. 2. II[B] Denman, 2002, pp. 254–58. 3. I[D] Young and Sloman, 1986, pp. 48–49. 4. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 6. 5. I[D] Fry, 1985, pp. 1–4; Civil Service Statistics 1994,p.41. 6. Red Tape, December 1969, pp. 69–70. 7. Whitley Bulletin, December 1979, p. 165. 8. The Times, 12.8.1980. 9. The Economistt, 26.7.1975, pp. 25–26. 10. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 22. 11. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, p. 166. 12. I[C] Young, 1993,p.72; I[C] Campbell, 2000, p. 216. 13. I[D] Hennessy, 1989, p. 626. 14. I[D] Young and Sloman, 1986, p.49. 15. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 48; c.f. I[D] Hennessy, 1989,p.629. 16. I[D] Fry, 1995, pp. 39–40. 17. I[D] Hoskyns, 1983, p. 142. 18. I[D] Fry, 1995, p. 40 [R.Wilding]. 19. I[D] Hoskyns, 1983, p. 142. Notes and References 255
20. The Listenerr, 11.12.1980, p. 775. 21. David Dimbleby in Conversation with Sir John Hoskyns, BBC1, 7.12.1982. 22. I[D] Worcester and Harrop, 1982, p.9;I[D] Sarlvik and Crewe, 1983, p. 119. 23. David Dimbleby in Conversation with Sir John Hoskyns, BBC1, 7.12.1982. 24. I[D] Hoskyns, 1984, p.12. 25. I[D] Hennessy, 1989, p. 628. 26. FDA News,April 1985, pp. 1–2; I[B] H.C. Deb., 18.3.1985, Written Answers, cols. 365–66. 27. Annual Report of the Civil Service Commissioners 1984,p.7. 28. II[B] Denman, 2002, pp. 254–55. 29. II[B] Denman, 2002,p.258. 30. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p.48. 31. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p.46. 32. I[D] Fry, 1995, pp. 42–43. 33. I[B] H.C. Deb., 26.10.1989, col. 1044. 34. I[C] Fowler, 1991, p. xi. 35. I[D] Letwin, 1992, p. 40. 36. I[C] Prior, 1986, p. 136. 37. II[B] Denman, 2002,p.255. 38. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 22. 39. I[A] PRO: BA1/3. 40. I[D] Fry, 1995, p. 74. 41. I[D] Fry, 1995, p.40. 42. I[D] Ponting, 1985, pp. 7–8. 43. The Spectatorr, 16.2.1985, p. 4 [C. Moore]. 44. I[B] H.C. Deb., 18.2.1985, cols. 733–50. 45. The Times, 19.2.1985. 46. I[B] H.C. Deb., 26.2.1986, Written Answers, cols. 128–30. 47. I[D] Wass, 1984, pp. 48–51. 48. I[D] Wass, 1984, p. 53. 49. I[D] Turnbull, 1988, p. 75. 50. I[D] Turnbull, 1988, p. 205. 51. I[C] Campbell, 1993, p. 760. 52. I[D] Rayner, 1984, p. 16. 53. I[D] Fry, 1993, pp. 57–71. 54. I[D] Chapman, 1978, pp. 9–55. 55. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 46. 56. III[A] Cmnd. 8147, 1961, p. 20. 57. Red Tape, December 1969, p. 69. 58. I[D] Fry, 1985, pp. 139–40. 59. The Economistt, 6.6.1981, p. 30. 60. I[C] Prior, 1986, p. 142; I[C] Gilmour, 1992, p. 42; I[C] Garnett and Aitken, 2003,p.271. 61. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 221. 62. III[B] Hoskyns, 2000, p. 324. 63. III[B] Hoskyns, 2000, p. 309. 64. The Guardian, 9.3.1981. 65. III[B] Hoskyns, 2000, p. 324. 66. CCSU Bulletin, September/October 1981, pp. 121–22. 67. I[D]Fry, 1985, p. 137. 256 Notes and References
68. I[C] Garnett and Aitken, 2002, p. 270; c.f. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 139. 69. I[D] Ranelagh, pp. 17–18. 70. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p.48. 71. I[D] Fry, 1969, pp.415–24. 72. III[B] Fry, 1983, pp. 90–96; III[A] Cmnd. 8590, 1982. 73. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 47. 74. I[D] Fry, 1995, pp. 74–75: Civil Service Statistics 1984,p.6: Civil Service Statistics 1986,p.6. 75. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 46. 76. CCSU Bulletin,May 1989, p.69. 77. CCSU Bulletin, December 1984, p. 149. 78. I[D] Fry, 1995, p.73. 79. I[D] Fry, 1995, p. 75. 80. I[C] Thatcher,p.47. 81. Interview: Lord Bancroft. 82. I[D] Fry, 1985, pp. 147–49; I[D] Fry, 1995, pp. 63–65. 83. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 424. 84. I[D] Heseltine, 1987, p.22. 85. I[B] Cmnd. 8616, 1982, para. 13. 86. I[D] Fry, 1985, pp. 149–52; I[D] Fry, 1995, pp. 65–68. 87. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 49. 88. I[D] Fry, 1995, p. 2. 89. I[D] Fry, 1995, pp. 100–102. 90. I[B] Efficiency Unit, 1988, para. 5. 91. I[B] Efficiency Unit, 1988, para, 44. 92. I[B] Efficiency Unit, 1988, para. 46. 93. I[D] Fry, 1995, pp. 105. 94. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 390–93. 95. I[D] Fry, 1995, p. 112. 96. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 390–93. 97. I[B] H.C. Deb., 24.10.1988, Written Answers, col.14. 98. The Economistt, 2.3.1985, p. 45. 99. Civil Service Statistics 1994, p. 41. 100. I[D] Fry, 1985, pp. 53, 63. 101. I[D] Hennessy, 1989, p. 346. 102. I[D] Fry, 1984, p. 150 [P. Nash]. 103. I[D] Kavanagh and Seldon, 1989, p. 114 [P. Hennessy].
7The Economic Liberal CrusadesIV
1. I[D] Stevas, V, 1974, pp. 394–95. 2. I[D] Stevas, V, 1974, p. 339. 3. I[D] Mount, 1993, p. 264. 4. I[D] Mount, 1993,p.251. 5. I[D] Graham and Prosser, 1988, p. 95 [S. Leach and G. Stoker]. 6. I[D] Jenkins, 1996, p.41. 7. I[D] Jenkins, 1996, p. 163. 8. I[D] Donoughue and Jones, 2001, pp. 125–27, 203–06. 9. I[A] PRO: CAB 128/1. 10. III[B] Spoor, 1967, pp. 436, 569–70. Notes and References 257
11. I[D] Donoughue and Jones, 2001, p. 206. 12. I[D] Donoughue and Jones, 2001, p. xxxi. 13. I[A] HL Deb., 29.11.1961, col. 1148. 14. I[A] HL Deb., 29.11.1961, cols. 1146–47. 15. I[A] HL Deb., 14.3.1962, col. 188. 16. I[D] Walker, 1977, pp. 182–83. 17. I[D] Wilson and Game, 1994, p.43. 18. I[C] Walker, 1991, pp. 79–80. 19. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 242. 20. I[D] Mount, 1993, p. 252. 21. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 562–63. 22. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 565. 23. I[D] Burke, II, 1790, p. 320. 24. I[C] Heseltine, 2001, p. 203. 25. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 271. 26. I[C] Heseltine, 2001, pp. 201–03. 27. I[C] Heseltine, 2001, pp. 204–06. 28. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 564–65. 29. I[C] Lawson, 1992,p.312. 30. I[D] Heseltine, 1987, p.43. 31. I[D] Heseltine, 1987, pp. 40–41. 32. I[D] Heseltine, 1987, pp. 36–38. 33. I[C] Heseltine, 2001, p. 206. 34. III[A] Audit Commission, 1984, pp. 1–2. 35. III[A] Audit Commission, 1984, p.61. 36. III[A] Audit Commission, 1984, p.5. 37. I[D] Butler, Adonis, Travers, 1994, p. 61; I[C] Heseltine, 2001, pp. 207–08. 38. III[A] Cmnd. 8449, 1981, p.59. 39. I[C] Heseltine, 2001, p. 208. 40. I[C] Heseltine, 2001, p. 204. 41. I[D] Heseltine, 1987, pp. 134–36. 42. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 110. 43. I[C] Heseltine, 2001, pp. 212–13. 44. III[B] Thornley, 1991, p. 181. 45. I[D] Hennessy, 1989,p.699. 46. I[C] Heseltine, 2001, pp. 216–29. 47. I[D] Boddy and Fudge, 1984, p. 270. 48. Marxism Today, November 1981, pp. 17–18. 49. I[D] Boddy and Fudge, 1984, p. 265. 50. I[D] Boddyand Fudge, 1984, p. 244. 51. I[D] Boddyand Fudge, 1984, p. 246. 52. I[D] Boddy and Fudge, 1984, p. 247. 53. I[D] Boddyand Fudge, 1984, p. 243. 54. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 304. 55. I[B] Cmnd. 9063, 1983, pp. 2–4. 56. I[B] H.C. Deb., 5.6.1991, cols. 298–99. 57. III[A] Cmnd. 9004, 1983, pp.3,6. 58. I[D] Hebbert and Travers, 1988, pp. 38–43, 56–88. 59. The Economistt, 20.8.1994, p. 11. 60. I[D] Leach, Davis, Game, Skelcher, 1991, p. 185. 258 Notes and References
61. III[B] Cmnd. 9008, 1983, p. 14. 62. III[B] Cmnd. 9008, 1983, p.15. 63. I[D] Loughlin, Gelfand and Young, 1985, p. xii. 64. I[D] Bogdanor, 2003, p. 542 [M. Loughlin]; I[D] Loughlin, Gelfand, and Young, 1985, p. 237. 65. The Economistt, 6.8.1983, p. 12. 66. I[D] Taaffe and Mulhearn, 1988, p.35. 67. I[D] Taaffe and Mulhearn, 1988, p. 337. 68. I[D] Taaffe and Mulhearn, 1988, p. 178. 69. I[D] Taaffe and Mulhearn, 1988, pp. 179–201. 70. I[D] Taaffe and Mulhearn, 1988, pp. 202–26. 71. I[D] Taaffe and Mulhearn, 1988, pp. 337–59. 72. The Spectatorr, 23.11.1985, p. 8. 73. The Economistt, 30.11.1985, p. 20. 74. I[D] Davies, 1988, p.91. 75. I[D] Pratchett and Wilson, 1996, pp. 1–19. 76. I[D] Davies, 1988, pp. 93–95. 77. I[D] Dale, 2000, p. 344. 78. I[D] Butler, Adonis, Travers, 1994, pp. 11–14. 79. III[B] Smith, 1776, pp. 310–11. 80. I[C] Lawson, 1992,p.607. 81. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 104. 82. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 564. 83. I[C] Baker, 1993, pp. 122–26. 84. III[B] Cmnd. 9714, 1986, p.76. 85. I[B] H.C. Deb., 18.1.1990, cols. 464–67. 86. I[D] Butler, Adonis and Travers, 1994, pp. 296–97. 87. I[C] Baker, 1993, p. 127. 88. I[C] Ridley, 1991, pp. 127–28. 89. I[C] Baker, 1993, pp. 128–29. 90. I[C] Lawson, 1992, pp. 580–81. 91. The Economistt, 7.4.1990, p. 16. 92. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 662. 93. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 667. 94. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 661.
8 The Governments of the ‘Iron Lady’ and the Defence of the National Interest
1. II[B] Urban, 1996, pp. 177–78. 2. II[A] Cmnd. 7099, 1978, p. 10. 3. II[A] Cmnd. 6432, 1976, p.1. 4. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 9. 5. II[B] Henderson, 1994, p. 492; II[B] Hargrove, 1988, pp. 161–93. 6. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 68–69. 7. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 156. 8. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 8–9. 9. I[D] Neale, 1934, p. 298. 10. I[C] Thatcher, 1995, p. 362. Notes and References 259
11. II[B] Henderson, 1994, p. 315. 12. II[B] Henderson, 1994, pp. 286–87. 13. II[B] Henderson, 1994, p. 287. 14. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 309. 15. II[B] Henderson, 1994, p.5. 16. I[D] Collings, 1991, p. 596. 17. I[B] H.C. Deb., 21.11.1979, cols. 402–10; II[B] Boyle, 1980, pp. 485–511. 18. I[D] Hennessy, 1989, pp. 646–47. 19. II[B] Cradock, 1997, pp. 3, 7, 37. 20. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 454. 21. I[D] Fry, 1981, pp. 120–25. 22. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 250. 23. I[C] Nott, 2002, p. 233. 24. II[A] Cmnd. 9315, 1984, pp. 4–5. 25. I[B] HL Deb., 13.6.1984, col. 1169; c.f. I[D] Lyman, 1957, p. 106 for simi- lar remarks made by the first ever Labour Secretary of State for War, Stephen Walsh. 26. I[C] Heseltine, 2001, pp. 262–65; II[B] Hobkirk, 1985, pp. 45–50. 27. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 156–57. 28. II[B] Reagan, 1990, p. 357. 29. II[B] Parry and Kornbluh, 1988, pp. 3–30. 30. II[B] Henderson, 1994, p. 486. 31. I[C] Carrington, 1988, p.48. 32. The Economistt, 2.6.1979, pp. 29–40. 33. II[B] Henderson, 1994, p. 271. 34. I[C] Carrington, 1988, p. 280. 35. I[C] Carrington, 1988, pp. 90–92. 36. I[C] Carrington, 1988, pp. 169–76. 37. I[C] Carrington, 1988,p.286. 38. II[B] Smith, 1997, p. 409. 39. II[B] Smith, 1997, pp. 159–222. 40. II[B] Smith, 1997, pp. 249–96. 41. I[C] Carrington, 1988, pp. 290–92. 42. II[B] deWaal, 1990, pp. 34–35. 43. II[A] Cmnd. 7712, 1979, p. 5. 44. I[C] Carrington, 1988, pp. 299–302. 45. II[B] deWaal, 1990, p. 39; II[B] Godwin and Hancock, 1993, p. 268. 46. The Spectatorr, 8.3.1980, p. 7 [Xan Smiley]. 47. I[B] HL Deb., 4.3.1980, col. 143. 48. I[B] HL Deb., 4.3.1980, col. 147. 49. I[B] HL Deb., 6.2.1980, col. 1343. 50. II[B] Smith, 1997, pp. 409–10; II[B] Godwin and Hancock, 1993, p. 373. 51. II[B] Godwin and Hancock, 1993, p. 269. 52. The Spectatorr, 8.3.1980, p. 3. 53. II[B] Godwin and Hancock,1993, p. 275. 54. II[B] de Waal, 1990, p. 32. 55. I[C] Carrington, 1988, p. 298. 56. Lord Powell of Bayswater confirmed to me that these observations cohered with his memory of events: c.f. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 528–35. 57. I[B] H.C. Deb., 9.2.1982, cols. 856–57. 260 Notes and References
58. II[A] Freeman, I, 2005, pp. 83–86. 59. I[C] Callaghan, 1988, pp. 370–78; I[B] H.C. Deb., 30.3.1982, col. 168; I[B] H.C. Deb., 8.7.1982, cols. 479–82; c.f. I[C] Morgan, 1997, pp.460–62,594, 725. 60. II[A] Freedman, I, 2005, p. 86. 61. II[B] Freedman, I, 2005, pp. 48–49. 62. II[A] Freedman, I, 2005, pp. 46–47. 63. II[B] Hughes-Wilson, 2004, p. 264. 64. II[A] Freedman, I, 2005, p. 36. 65. II[A] Freedman, I, 2005, p. 18. 66. II[A] Freedman, I, 2005, p. 223. 67. I[B] H.C. Deb., 3.4.1982, col. 637. 68. I[C] Carrington, 1988, pp. 352–56. 69. II[A] Freedman, I, 2005, pp. 113–23. 70. I[B] H.C. Deb., 18.12.1980, col. 651. 71. II[A] Freedman, I. 2005, pp. 132–33. 72. II[A] Freedman, I, 2005, pp. 126–27. 73. I[B] H.C. Deb., 2.12.1980, cols. 128–34. 74. II[A] Freedman, I, 2005, p.83. 75. II[B] Carver, 1992,p.138. 76. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, p.6. 77. I[C] Nott, 2002, pp. 254–55. 78. II[A] Freedman, I, 2005, p. 149. 79. II[B] Hughes-Wilson, 2004, pp. 304–05. 80. II[B] Freedman and Gamba-Stonehouse, 1989, p. 97. 81. II[A] Cmnd. 8787, 1983, p.74. 82. II[A] Freedman, I, 2005, pp. 220–21. 83. II[B] Hughes-Wilson, 2004, p. 278. 84. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Straerck, 2002, pp. 11–12. 85. II[B] Hughes-Wilson, 2004, pp. 280–83, 290. 86. II[B] Hughes-Wilson, 2004, p. 262. 87. I[B] H.C. Deb., 3.4.1982, col. 650 [E. Rowlands]. 88. The Listenerr, 1.4.1982, pp. 2–4. 89. I[B] H.C. Deb., 8.7.1982, col. 481. 90. II[A] Freedman, I, 2005, p. 218. 91. I[C] Garnett and Aitken, 2003, p. 281. 92. I[B] H.C. Deb., 3.4.1982, col. 637. 93. I[B] H.C. Deb., 3.4.1982, cols. 653–55 [Ray Whitney]. 94. I[C] Clark, 2000, p. 318. 95. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, p. 18. 96. The Economistt, 3.3.1984, p. 25. 97. II[A] Freedman, II, 2005, pp. 39–48; II[B] Parsons, 1983, pp. 169–72. 98. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 227. 99. The Economistt, 3.3.1984, p. 23. 100. II[B] Thornton, 1998, pp. 19–20, 54–57, 242, 244. 101. II[B] Reagan, 1990, p. 358. 102. II[B] Wills, 1987, p. 248. 103. II[B] Haig, 1984, pp. 269–70. 104. II[B] Thornton, 1998, pp. 120–21. 105. II[B] Haig, 1984, p. 160. 106. II[B] Haig, 1984, p. 149. Notes and References 261
107. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, p. 28. 108. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, p.26. 109. II[B] Haig, 1984, p. 307. 110. II[B] Henderson, 1994, p. 481. 111. II[B] Reagan, 1990, p. 361. 112. II[B] Reagan, 1990, p. 358. 113. II[A] Freedman, II, 2005, p. 155. 114. II[B] Weinberger, 1990, p. 151. 115. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, p. 45. 116. The Economistt, 3.3.1984, pp. 24–25; II[B] Wineberger, 1990, pp. 149–51; I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 226–27; II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, pp. 26, 56–57; I[C] Nott, 2002, pp. 269–70; II[A] Freedman, II, 2005, pp. 62–67, 379–85. 117. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, pp. 18–19. 118. II[B] Wineberger, 1990, p. 151. 119. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, p. 27. 120. II[A] Cmnd. 8758, 1982, p. 6. 121. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, pp. 35–36; II[A] Freedman, 2005, pp. 772–80. 122. II[B] Dorman, Kandiah,and Staerck, 2002, p.34. 123. II[A] Freedman, II, 2005, pp. 736–46. 124. The Economistt, 3.3.1984, p. 23. 125. I[C] Clark, 2000, p. 333. 126. I[C] Clark, 2000, p. 348; c.f. I[C] Nott, 2002,p.317. 127. II[B] Reagan, 1990, p. 473. 128. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 330. 129. II[B] Weinberger, 1990, p. 15. 130. II[B] Weinberger, 1990, p. 113. 131. II[B] Reagan, 1990,p.451. 132. II[B] Reagan, 1990, p. 449. 133. II[B] Reagan, 1990, p. 451. 134. II[B] Reagan, 1990,p.458. 135. II[B] Schultz, 1993, p. 340. 136. II[B] Schultz, 1993, p. 151. 137. II[B] Schultz, 1993, p. 152. 138. II[B] Williams, 2001, pp. 208–30. 139. II[B] Weinberger, 1990, pp. 82, 92–93. 140. The Economistt, 10.3.1984, p. 24. 141. I[D] Pimlott, 1996, pp. 497. 142. The Economistt, 10.3.1984, p. 24. 143. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 331–32. 144. II[B] Schultz, 1993, p. 340. 145. The Economistt, 10.3.1984, p. 24. 146. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 337. 147. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 333. 148. II[B] Schultz, 1993, p. 152. 149. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 332. 150. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 363. 151. II[B] Chang and Halliday, 2005, p. 651. 152. II[B] Chang and Halliday, 2005, p. 590. 262 Notes and References
153. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 262. 154. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 368. 155. II[B] Cradock, pp. 202–05. 156. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 371. 157. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 385. 158. I[A] PRO: PREM 15/1004. 159. I[D] Barnes and Nicholson, 1988, pp. 942–43. 160. I[D] Gilbert, IV, 1975, p. 449. 161. I[D] Loughlin, 2004, p. 123. 162. I[C] Hurd, 2003, pp. 302–03. 163. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 400. 164. II[A] Cmnd. 9690, 1985, p.3. 165. I[C] Hurd, 2003, p. 303. 166. II[B} Kelly, Hogan, and Whyte, 1994, p. 13. 167. I[C] Hurd, 2003, p. 303. 168. II[B] Kelly, Hogan, and Whyte, 1994, p. 10. 169. II[B] Kelly, Hogan, and Whyte, 1994, pp. 12–14. 170. I[C] Hurd, 2003, pp. 303–04. 171. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 427. 172. The Spectatorr, 23.11.1985, p. 5. 173. I[B] H.C. Deb., 14.11.1985, col. 682. 174. The Spectatorr, 23.11.1985, p. 6 [F. Mount]. 175. II[B] Cradock, 1997, p. 205. 176. The Spectatorr, 23.11.1985, p. 5. 177. I[C] Walden, p. 303. 178. I[B] H.C. Deb., 28.1.1980, cols. 972–73. 179. I[B] H.C. Deb., 28.1. 1980, col. 1082. 180. I[B] H.C. Deb., 26.10.1983, col. 309. 181. I[B] H.C. Deb., 28.1.1980, col. 974. 182. I[B] H.C. Deb., 28.6.1983, cols. 494–98; c.f. I[B] H.C. Deb., 7.4.1987, cols. 197– 201. 183. I[D] Heffer, 1998, p. 831. 184. I[D] Heffer, 1998, p. 879. 185. I[B] H.C. Deb., 3.3.1981, col. 157. 186. II[B] Urban, 1996, p.3. 187. The New York Times,9.6.1982; q.v. II[B] Spiers, 1995, p. 4. 188. II[B] Henderson, 1994, p. 473. 189. I[C] Walden, 1999, p. 150. 190. II[B] Schweizer, 2002, p. 90. 191. II[B] Schweizer, 2002, pp. 160–77. 192. II[B] Dallek, 1984, p. 192. 193. II[B] Spiers, 1995, pp. 12–13. 194. II[B] Schultz, 1993, p. 264. 195. II[B] Spiers, 1995, p. 14. 196. II[B] Spiers, 1995, p. 4. 197. II[B] Shevardnadze, 1991, p. 81. 198. II[B] Reagan, 1990,p.677. 199. II[B] Reagan, 1990, p. 707. 200. II[B] Reagan, 1990, pp. 677–79; c.f. II[B] Brown, 1996, pp. 231–33. 201. II[B] Schultz, 1993, p. 779. Notes and References 263
202. II[B] Spiers, 1995, p. 15; II[B] Reagan, 1990, pp. 696–99. 203. II[B] Schultz, 1993, pp. 1030–31. 204. II[B] Cradock, 1997, p. 201. 205. II[B] Sokolovskiy, 1975, p. 210. 206. II[B] Sokolovskiy, 1975, p. 170. 207. II[B] Sokolovskiy, 1975, p. 202. 208. II[B] Weinberger, 1990, p. 135. 209. II[B] Schultz, 1993, p. 687; c.f. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 443–49. 210. Newsweek, 3.12.1990, p. 37; q.v. II[B] Brown, 1996, p. 335. 211. II[B] Brown, 1996, p. 243. 212. II[B] Schweizer, 2002, p. 267. 213. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 782–83. 214. II[B] Mervin, 1998, pp. 181–82. 215. II[B] Cradock, 1997, pp. 124–25. 216. II[B] Lord, 1996, p. 117. 217. II[B] Monnet, 1976, p. 362; c.f. Thatcher’s opinion recorded in II[B] Urban, 1996, p. 194. 218. II[B] Jenkins, 1989, p.37. 219. III[B] Swann, 1984, pp. 36–39. 220. I[C] Carrington, 1988, pp. 314–15. 221. I[A] PRO: FCO/30/1048. 222. II[B] Booker and North, 2005, pp. 167–95. 223. I[C] Walden, 1999, p. 364. 224. II[B] Jenkins, 1989, p. 372. 225. II[B] Urban, 1996, p.75. 226. II[B] Cradock, 1997, p. 125. 227. II[B] Jenkins, 1989, pp. 374–75. 228. II[B] Jenkins, 1989, p.22. 229. II[B] Jenkins, 1989, p. 11. 230. II[B] Booker and North, 2005, pp. 600–02. 231. II[B] Jenkins, 1989, pp. 479–80. 232. II[B] Jenkins, 1989, p. 529. 233. I[C] Carrington, 1988, p. 319. 234. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 86. 235. I[D] Gilmour, 1992, pp. 238–41. 236. I[C] Carrington, 1988, p. 319. 237. II[B] Moravcsik, 1998, pp. 349–52. 238. II[B] Cradock, 1997, p. 126; c.f. I[C] Carrington, 1988, p. 319. 239. II[B] Cradock, 1997, p. 126. 240. II[B] Grant, 1994, p. 89. 241. II[B] Grant, 1994, p. 70. 242. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 547. 243. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 535. 244. II[B] Denman, 2002, p. 214. 245. II[B] Denman, 2002, p. 213. 246. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 547. 247. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 535. 248. II[B] Brittan, 2000,p.31. 249. II[B] Denman, 2002, pp. 248–49. 250. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 547. 264 Notes and References
251. II[B] Sbragia, 1992, p. 51. 252. I[D] Thatcher, 2002, p. 374. 253. I[C[Thatcher, 1993, p. 547. 254. I[D] Thatcher, 2002, p. 375. 255. II[B] Grant, 1994, p.55. 256. II[B] Grant, 1994, p. 269. 257. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 558–59. 258. II[B] Ross,1995, p. 28. 259. II[B] Grant, 1994, p. 269. 260. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 558–59. 261. I[C] Howe, 1994, pp. 457–58; I[B] H.C. Deb., 23.4.1986, cols. 320–21; II[B] Nicoll, 1984, pp. 35–43. 262. II[B] Cradock, 1997, pp. 127–28. 263. II[B] Grant, 1994, p. 74. 264. II[B] Cradock, 1997, pp. 128–33. 265. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 742. 266. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 746. 267. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 744–45. 268. The Economistt, 24.9.1988, p. 16. 269. I[C] Howe, 1994, p. 538. 270. I[B] H.C. Deb., 30.10.1990, col. 873. 271. I[C] Hurd, 2003, p. 417. 272. II[B] Bell, 2005, p. 139. 273. II[B] Cradock, 1997, p. 111. 274. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 813. 275. II[B] Bell, 2005, p. 139. 276. II[B] Bull, 1982–83, pp. 149–50. 277. II[B] Grant, 1994, p. 185. 278. I[C] Clark, 1993, p. 392.
9 The UnfinishedRevolution
1. I[D] Bruce-Gardyne, 1984, p. 1. 2. The Sunday Telegraph, 10.1.1988. 3. I[D] Bruce-Gardyne, 1984, pp. 4–5. 4. I[D] Hall and Jacques, 1983, p.10; I[C] Young, 1993, pp. 111, 233, 238, 526–27; I[C] Thatcher, 1993, pp. 150, 153; III[B] Davies, 2004, p. 78; III[A] Cm. 962, 1990, para. 424; I[C] Stuart, 1998,p.188; I[C] Garnett and Aitken, 2003, p. 235. I[D] Fry, 1998, pp. 138–47 gives chapter and verse on why Thatcher and Powell could not be sensibly said to be populists. 5. I[D] Oakeshott, 1962, p. 169. 6. I[D] Oakeshott, 1962, p. 171. 7. I[D] Oakeshott, 1962, pp. 172–73. 8. The Spectatorr, 26.7.1986, p. 6 [B. Anderson]. 9. I[D] Letwin, 1992, pp. 39–40. 10. The Spectatorr, 9.8.1986, pp. 12–13. 11. I[D] Letwin, 1992, p. 57. 12. I[D] Kant, 1787, pp. 294–315, 332, 342–43,422, 447. 13. I[C] Nott, 2002, p. 183. Notes and References 265
14. I[D] Blake, 1985, p. 367. 15. III[B] Hoskyns, 2000, p.56. 16. I[C] Patten, 2006, p.71. 17. III[B] Chamberlin, 1949, pp. 68–70. 18. II[B] Henderson, 1994, p. 271. 19. I[C] Patten, 2006, p. 71. 20. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p.44. 21. III[B] Augar, 2001, pp. xv, 4, 33–40, 109–10, 264–65, 308, 313. 22. III[B] Smith, 1776, I, p. 429. 23. I[B] H.C. Deb., 12.6.1979, col. 246. 24. III[B] Adeney and Lloyd, 1986, p. 113. 25. I[D] Bulpitt, 1986, pp. 19–39. 26. II[B] H.C. 720, 1979–80, p. 61. 27. I[C] Lawson, 1992, p. 67. 28. The Economistt, 16.8.1986, p. 14. 29. I[D] Young and Sloman, 1986, p. 69. 30. The Spectatorr, 25.1.1986, p. 6 [F. Mount]. 31. III[B] Congdon, 1992, p. 158. 32. As was suggestedbyThe Economistt, 23.3.1985, p. 16. 33. I[D] Young and Sloman, 1986, p. 75–76. 34. I[D] Marsh and Rhodes, 1992, p. 187. 35. III[B] Allsop, Jenkinson, and Morris, 1991, pp. 68–80; III[B] Artis, 1991, pp. 128–37; III[B] Buxton, Chapman, and Temple, 1994; III[B] Crafts, 1991, pp. 81–98; III[B] Healey, 1989–90, pp. 18–23; III[B] Healey, 1993; III[B] Johnson, 1990; III[B] Layard and Nickell, 1989–90, pp. 6–9; III[B] Mathews and Stoney, 1989–90, pp. 10–16; III[B] Michie, 1992; III[B] Minford, 1991; III[B] Muellbauer, 1991, pp. 99–117; III[B] Oulton, 1990, pp. 71–91; III[B] Smith, 1987; III[B] Vane, 1992, pp. 26–43; III[B] Wallis and Whitley, 1991, pp. 118–27. 36. The Economistt, 23.6.1990, pp. 23–26. 37. III[B] Crafts, 1998, p. 35. 38. III[B] Crafts, 1998, p.9. 39. I[D] Curtis, III, 2000,p.659. 40. I[D] Curtis, II, 1999, p. 256. 41. I[D] Curtis, II, 1999, p. 117. 42. I[D] Curtis, III, 2000,p.47. 43. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 11. 44. I[D] Young and Sloman, 1986, p. 86. 45. I[D] Curtis, III, 2000, p. 47. 46. II[B] Denman, 2002, pp. 249, 268, 276. 47. The Independentt,11.4.2006. 48. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p. 267. 49. The Listenerr, 11.12.1980, p. 774. 50. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 46. 51. I[C] Thatcher, 1993, p. 48. 52. I[D] Ranelagh, 1991, p. 306. 53. I[C] Ridley, 1991, p. 267. 54. I[D] Powell, 1977, p. 151. 55. I[D] Donaldson, 1967, p. 15. Bibliography
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II Diplomatic and military history
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III Economic and social history
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abolitionism10 Black Papers oneducation 127 academics 128–9, 130, 132 block grant system 166–7 Adam Smith Institute 177 blocks of flats 114 advisers 44–9 Blunkett, D. 170 Afghanistan 206, 207 Blunt, A.D. 183 agencies, Next Steps 155–7 Bowe, C. 59 Alliance 20, 21, 24, 41 Boyson, R. 176–7 Alternative Economic Strategy 11, 34 Bridges, Sir E. 140 Amery, L. 203 Brighton bomb 23–4 Amis, K. 45, 46, 235 British Airways83 Andropov, Y. 209 British Gas 98 Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) 203–6 British Leyland(BL) 82–3, 231 Argentina 189–200 British Medical Association (BMA) 121 Armitage, Sir M. 193 British Petroleum 95 Armstrong, Sir R. 44, 145–6, 146–7 British Telecom (BT) 97–8 Armstrong, Sir W. 236 Britoil97 Attlee, C. 5, 160, 232, 234 Brittan, L. 52, 58, 59, 61, 117, 216 Audit Commission 121, 166 Brocklebank-Fowler, C. 40–1 Brown, G. 9 Bruce-Gardyne, J. 21, 23, 222, 223 Bagehot, W.D. 5, 159 Bruges speech(1988) 219–20 Baker, K. 65, 67, 68 Budgets Community Charge 175–6, 177, 178 1979 77–9 education 127, 131–2, 134–6 1980 80–1 Baldwin, S. 3–4, 4–5, 13, 17 1981 84–8 Bancroft, Sir I. 138, 140, 144, 151, 152, 1982 88–9 157, 158 1983 89 Banham, J. 166 1984 90–1 Barnett, J. 9 1985 91 Boyle, Lord 109, 226 1986 91, 92 BBC 48 1987 91–2 Beckett, Sir T. 83 1989 93 Belgrano, General 144–5, 198, 199 Burke, E. 163 Beloff, M. 45, 127–8, 183–4 Bush, G. 211 Benn, T. 2, 19, 35, 102 Butler, Sir R. 44 deputyleadership contest 33–4 Butler, R.A. 12–13, 14 European Community 11–12, 33 influence on the Left 10, 32–3 Bernstein, E. 30 Cabinets 49–62 Bevan, A. 119 after 1983 election 58 Beveridge, W. 38, 122–3 CPRS paper on private health Bevin, E. 5, 234 insurance 117–18 Biffen, J. 53, 71, 76, 77, 79, 96 early Thatcher Cabinets 49–53 Birch, N. 38 Falklands War Cabinet 53–8 Black Monday (October 1987) 93 Westland Affair 58–62
285 286 Index
Callaghan, J. 2, 3, 32, 33, 189, 235 Clark, A. 16, 21, 22, 23–4, 53, 54, 56, Campaign for Labour Party Democracy 59, 60, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 83, 85, 10–11 118, 140, 194, 199–200, 221 capital punishment 10, 223 Clarke, K. 116, 120, 213 Carlisle, M. 129 Clegg Commission 77 Carr, R. 16 Coalition Government 2–3 Carrington, Lord 64, 185, 185–6 wartime 6 European Community 213, 215 code of conduct for Civil Service 145–6 Falklands War 191, 194; War Cabinet Cockfield, Lord 216 54, 56 Cold War206–11 Commonwealth 212 Rhodesia 186–8 Community Charge (Poll Tax) 65–6, Carter, J. 181, 182 167, 174–9, 235, 236 Central Office of Information 156 competitive tender 173 Central Policy Review Staff (CPRS) comprehensive schools 132–3 47–8 Confederation of British Industry (CBI) Centre Party (proposed) 39 83 Centre for Policy Studies 46, 47, 72 Confederation of Health Service Chamberlain, J. 237 Employees 117 Chamberlain, N. 105 Congdon, T. 232 Channel Tunnel 232 Conquest, R. 45, 46 Chapman efficiency reviews 153 Conservatism, Thatcherism and Charles, E. 200 224–37 Cheysson, C. 218 Conservative Party 12–18 Chief of Defence Staff 183 general election victories 19–27 Child Support Act 1991 108 Manifestos: 1974 162; 1979 19, Child Support Agency 108 111; 1983 22, 170; 1987 The Next China 202–3 Moves Forward 25–6, 174 Christie, C. 139–40 1922 Committee 54 Christie, L. 139–40 consumerism 228 Church of England 107–8, 183 Cooper, Sir F. 140 core curriculum 135–6 Churchill, W.S. 5, 12–13, 180, 203, core and periphery 155 225, 234 Cornish tin mines 231 City of London 83, 229–30 Council of Civil Service Unions (CCSU) Civil and Public Services Association 149–50 139 council estates 114 Civil Service 137–58, 230, 236 council housing, sale of 109, 110–12, Higher Civil Service as adversary 115 140–7 court, Thatcher’s 44–9 management revolution 147–54 covert task force 189 numbers reduced 148, 157 Cradock, Sir P. 183, 202, 206, 210, radical reforms and Next Steps 211–12, 214, 216, 219 programme 154–8 adviser on foreign policy 44 size anddistribution 138–9 Cripps, Sir S. 11 Civil Service Commissioners 142 Crosby by-election 21 Civil Service Department (CSD) 147, Crosland, A. 10, 12, 39, 110, 132 148, 151 Crossman, R. 109 Civil Service Pay Research Unit 148 Customs and Excise 156 Clare Booth Luce Award Dinner 180 Cutler, H. 169 Index 287
Dangerfield, G. 27 electoral college 32, 33 Davies,C. 38 employee shares 96–7 Davies, H. 173 Employment Act 1980 100–1 Defence, Ministry of 183 Employment Act 1982 101 Dell, E. 2, 3, 11 Endurance, HMS 189, 192 Delors, J. 37, 216, 217, 220, 221 Enterprise Zones 168 Single European Act 218, 219, Enthoven, A. 118–19, 120, 121–2 235 Establishment 222 Deng Xiaoping 202 European Community 226 Denman, Sir R. 137, 142, 144, 216–17 Britain’s contribution to 213–16 Department of the Environment (DOE) elections to European Parliament 65 153 Labour Party and 11–12, 37 Department of Health and Social Thatcher and 182, 211–21, 235 Security(DHSS) 109, 139 Evans, M. 34 Derx, D. 144 exchange controls, abolition of 79–80 detachment 140–1 Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) Douglas-Home, Sir A. (Lord Home) 14, 66–7, 70, 94, 219, 231, 235 15–16, 188, 203 Du Cann, E. 14, 15 Fabians 147 Duchene, F. 221 Faith in the City 107 Duff, Sir A. 183 Falkland Islands Company 190 Duguid,A. 47 Falklands War 21, 189–200, 236 War Cabinet 53–8 E (DL) Committee 96 family 108 E (LF) Committee 175, 178 Family Allowances Act 1945 106 economic decline, relative 233 Fieldhouse, Admiral Sir J. 199 economic and monetary union (EMU) Financial Management Initiative (FMI) 219 153–4 economic policy 71–104, 226–34 financial stability 74 attack on trade-union power 74, First Division Association (FDA) 142, 99–104, 230 143 economic strategy 71–6 Fisher, N. 13, 14 market economy 74, 76–94, 228–30 Fisher, Sir W. 152, 157–8 privatization 74, 94–9, 230 FitzGerald, G. 204 Economic Policy and the Standard of Living Foot, M. 33, 34, 35, 55, 235 8–9 Football Spectators Act 1989 224 Economic Reconstruction Group 74 Foreign and Commonwealth Office Economic and Social Research Council (FCO) 182–3 130 foreign policy see national interest Economist, The 2, 61–2, 78–9, 81, 82, Fowler, N. 62, 109, 143 88, 89, 90–1, 117, 122–3, 139–40, NHS 116, 117, 118 172, 178–9 social security 106, 108, 122–3, 124, education 109, 127–36, 173 125–7 Education Act 1902 106, 185 France 88, 135, 137, 159, 163, 214–15 Education Act 1944 106, 185 Franks Report 193 Education Reform Act 1988 132, 136 Friedman, M. 72–3, 230 Edwardes, Sir M. 82, 83 Fulton Committee Report 147, 152 Edwards, N. 175 Efficiency Unit 155–6 Galtieri, General L.F. 192–3, 198 Eisenhower, D.D. 195 Gang of Four 40, 42 288 Index gas pipeline, Siberian 208 Henderson, Sir N. 57, 182, 183, 185, General Belgrano 144–5, 198, 199 196 General Certificate of Secondary Heseltine, M. 51, 109, 113 Education (GCSE) 134 abolition of exchange controls 80 general elections housing 111–12, 113, 115 1974 13–14 and Jacklin 44 1979 19–20 localgovernment 164–5, 165–9 1983 21–3, 35, 41 and management 152, 153 1987 24–7, 35, 42 Ministry of Defence 142, 183–4 General Strike 3–5 1990 leadership contest 69, 70 Germany 214–15, 221 Ponting 145 reunification 221 Westland Affair 24, 58–62 West Germany 163 Higher Civil Service 137, 138, 157 Giant’s Strength, A 99 asadversary 140–7 Gillman, B.A. 149 Hillsborough Stadium disaster 224 Gilmour, Sir I. 17, 52, 87, 215 Hobsbawm, E. 30 Giscardd’Estaing,V. 214 homelessness 114 Gorbachev, M. 209–10, 211 Hong Kong 202–3 Gould, J. 46 Hoskyns, Sir J. 46–7, 74, 85–6, 100, Government Communications 140–2, 150, 227 Headquarters (GCHQ) 151 housing 109, 110–15, 164–5, 173 Gow, I. 62, 68, 205 Housing Act 1980 109, 112 grammar schools 109, 132, 133 Housing and Planning Act 1986 114 Greater London Council(GLC) 161, Howe, G. 45, 74, 117, 150, 168, 202, 169–70, 170–1 205, 216, 220 Greene, H. Carleton 48 Chancellor 71; Budgets 77–81, Grenada 200–1 84–6, 88–9, 230 Griffin, Sir F. 110 E(DL) Committee 96 Griffiths, B. 132 Foreign Secretary 58, 201 Grimond, J. 38 Luxembourg Compromise 218 Madrid‘ambush’ 66 Haig, A. 57, 58, 196 relationship with Thatcher 64, 65 Hard Left36 resignation 67–8 see also Militant Tendency Howell, D. 76–7, 88 Hattersley, R. 33, 35, 109 Hurd, D. 63, 70, 99, 204–5, 221, 223 Hatton, D. 36, 172 Havers, Sir M. 55, 59, 112 Ibbs, Sir R. 44, 155 Hayek, F.A. 72, 225 income tax 78 Hayward,R. 9 Industrial Charter 12–13 Healey, D. 32, 33, 39, 42, 77, 79, 95 inflation 72–3, 79, 89, 93–4 Heath, E. 1–2, 3, 13–14, 14–15, 17, Ingham, B. 48–9, 59, 60, 65 146–7, 203 Inland Revenue 156 approach to policy 226 Inner London Education Authority European Community 212, 213 (ILEA) 161, 171 refusal of post as ambassador to US Institute of Directors 83 50 Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) 72 Thatcher’s challenge for leadership interest rates 93–4 16 Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty Helsinki Accords208 210 Henderson, A. 5 internal market 118–22 Index 289
International Monetary Fund 12, 72, Law, A. Bonar 4, 222 232 Lawson, N. 50, 63–4, 80, 84,85, 118 1976crisis 1–6 Chancellor 58, 83, 89–90, 232; IRA23–4 Budgets 76, 90–2 Iran Contra Affair 184 education 127, 129, 134–6 Iraq 211 Energy Secretary 52 Ireland 204–6 localgovernment 163, 165, 177; Poll Irish Nationalists 27 Tax 65–6, 174–6, 178 Irving, C. 67 MTFS81 Next Steps programme 156 Jacklin, R. 44 NHS 115–16 Jay, D. 138 privatization 94–5, 96–8, 99 Jenkin, P. 97, 117, 175 social security 123, 124–5, 126 Jenkins, D. 107 Leach, Sir H. 53, 198 Jenkins, P. 12 leadership contests Jenkins, R. 37, 38, 39, 208, 212 Conservative 15, 65, 68; Thatcher’s European Commission 213, 214–15 accession to leadership 15–18; SDP 40, 41 Thatcher’s fall 69–70 Johnson, P. 45 Labour 33, 35 Jones, J. 7, 9 leaks 51–2, 59, 144–5 Jones, P. 150 leaseback policy 191–2 Joseph, Sir K. 15, 52, 71, 82–3, 97 Lebanon 200 education 127, 130–1, 132, 133–4, Leeds170 136 Leonov, N. 209 Joubert, C. 153 Letwin, S. 225 journalism 48–9 Levene, P. 142 Joynson-Hicks, Sir W. 4 Levin, B. 70 Lewin, Sir T. 55 Kaufman, G. 35 Lib–Lab Pact (1977–8) 2 Kaunda, K. 187 Liberal Democrats 42 Kemp, P. 156 Liberal Party 27–8 Kendall, W.L. 139, 148, 149, 150 Keynes, J.M. 38–9 and their allies 37–42 Keynesianism 6–7, 30, 31, 227 1983 Election Manifesto 34–5 King,J. 83 SDP–Liberal Alliance 20, 21, 24, 41 King, T. 101, 167 Libya 210–11 Kinnock, N. 35–6, 60, 236 Liverpool 168–9, 172 Kirkpatrick, J. 195–6 Livingstone, K. 169–70, 170–1 Kissinger, H. 196 Lloyd George, D. 4, 38, 222, 234 Knight, F. 72 local government 159–79, 230, 236 Kohl, H. 215, 221 battle with 164–73 Kolakowski, L. 39 Community Charge 65–6, 167, Kuwait 211 174–9, 235, 236 expenditure 162–3, 164, 165–6 Labour Party 6–12, 27–8 Local Government Act 1972 161–2 high-spending local councils 162–3, local income tax 167 169–71 local sales taxes 167 Labour’s Programme 1973 11 London171 Opposition 30–7 GLC 161, 169–70, 170–1 Laski, H. 6 London County Council 160, 161 290 Index
London Docklands Development Mulhearn, T. 172 Corporation 171 Munich Agreement (1938) 212–13 London Regional Transport 171 Muzorewa,A. 186, 187, 188 Love,S. 193 Lusaka Commonwealth Conference Namibia 189 187 Napoleon 159 Luxembourg Compromise 218 national curriculum 135, 136 National Governments (1930s) 3, 227 MacDonald,R. 3 National Health Service (NHS) 109, MacGregor, Sir I. 102 115–22, 160–1 Machel, S. 187 national interest 180–221 Macmillan, H. 5, 55, 110, 227 Britain’sroleinthe world 181–2 Main, A. 135 Cold War 206–11 Major, J. 66–7, 70, 94, 178 European Community see European management revolution 147–54 Community Mao Tse-Tung 202 legacies of Empire 185–206; market economy 74, 76–94, 228–30 Anglo-Irish Agreement 203–6; Marshall,A. 30 Falklands War 189–200; Grenada Marxism 30–1 200–1; Hong Kong 202–3; Mason, D. 177 Rhodesia 185–9 McAlpine, A. 26 relationship with USA 180–1, 184–5 Medium Term Financial Strategy (MTFS) National and Local Government 81, 90, 231 Officers’ Association (NALGO) 161 Megaw Committee 150, 151 National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) Mercury Communications 97 102–3, 230 Merrison Royal Commission on theNHS National Union of Public Employees 115 117 Meyer, Sir A. 65 nationalization 160–1 Middleton, Sir P. 143 NATO 181 Miliband,R. 6 Neave, A. 16, 19 Militant Tendency 36, 163, 172 newspapers 48–9 military satellites 198 Newton, T. 108 Miners’ Federation of Great Britain Next Steps programme 154–8 (MFGB) 4–5 NHS and Community Care Act 1990 miners’ strikes 7 121 1984–5 24, 36, 102–3, 230, 236 Niehans, J. 85, 86 missiles 197–8 Nkomo, J. 186, 187–8 Mitchell, A. 31–2 North Seaoil 79–80 Mitterrand, F. 88, 215, 221 Northern Ireland 28 Monetarism 72–3, 230–1 Anglo-Irish Agreement 203–6 money supply targets 77–8 Nott, J. 51–2, 74, 77, 80, 87, 183, 226 Monnet, J. 212, 213 Falklands War 53–4, 55, 56–7, 57–8, Moore, J. 118 192 Morrison, H. 9, 160–1 Trade Secretary 72, 83–4 Morrison, P. 69 nuclear war 210 Mount, F. 48, 61, 86, 88, 92, 159, 162, Nyerere, J. 187 231–2 Mozambique 186 Oakeshott, M. 224 Mueller, A. 154–5 Office of Telecommunications (Oftel) Mugabe, R. 186, 187, 188 97 Index 291
Official Secrets Act 145, 146 private sector 141–2 oil prices 76–7 privatization 74, 94–9, 230 Oldfield, M. 189 productivity 73 Open University 131 Provisional IRA (PIRA) 203–4, 205 Organization of African Unity (OAU) Public Sector Borrowing Requirement 186 (PSBR) 81, 84–5 Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Pym, F. 52, 53, 55, 56–7, 58 (OECS) 200 Owen, D. 32, 39,40,41,42, 189, 213 rates 164, 167, 169–70, 173, 174, 177 capping 171–2 Parkinson, C. 53, 58, 83, 131, 199, 226 Rayner, Sir D. (later Lord) 44, 147, Falklands War 55, 57, 58, 199 152–3 Parliamentary Labour Party(PLP) 32 Reagan, R. 181, 184–5, 196, 204, 236 Parsons, Sir A. 44, 195 Cold War 207–11 Parsons, T. 183 Falklands War 193, 195 Part, Sir A. 141 Grenada invasion 200, 201 party political system 27–30 redistribution of wealth 169–70 Paternalism 185, 226–7 Referendum on Europe 11–12, 212, Patriotic Front (Rhodesia) 186, 187, 213 188 rent control 113 Patten, C. 17, 69, 178, 229, 232–3 Research Assessment Exercise 130 pay, Civil Service 148–9, 150, 151, 152, residual welfare model106 154 Resource Allocation Working Party 119 Paying for Local Government 176 Restart scheme 125 pensions 125–6 Rhodesia 185–9 Phillips, M. 9 Ridley, N. 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52–3, 62, Pile, Sir W. 140 64, 65, 236, 237 Pincher, C. 146 Community Charge 177–8 Poland 208 Falklands War 191–2 Poll Tax (Community Charge) 65–6, privatization 95, 98–9 167, 174–9, 235, 236 Transport Secretary 58 polytechnics 129–30, 131 Ridley Group 99–100 Ponting, C. 144–5 Rifkind, M. 177, 178 populism 223–4, 226 Right Approach to the Economy,The Powell, C. 44, 62, 65, 72, 73, 183, 211, 73–4 216 ‘RighttoBuy’ 109, 111–12, 115 Powell, E. 10, 15, 183, 205–6, 206–7, Rio Tinto Zinc 231 237 riots 87, 168–9, 178–9 Priestleypay system 140, 148–9, 151 Robbins expansion of universities 128 Prime Minister’sPolicy Unit 46–7, 48 Rodgers, W. 40, 41 Prior, J. 13, 15, 16, 20, 24, 43, 84, 144, Rooke, Sir D. 98 151 Roosevelt, F.D. 203 Cabinet 50, 52; Civil Service strike Royal College of Nursing 116–17 150 Royal Mint 156 Employment Secretary 72, 100–1 Runcie, R. 199 reasonableness 72 private health insurance 117–18 Scanlon, H. 7, 8 Private Secretaries (10 Downing Street) Scargill, A. 7–8, 36, 102, 236 143 Schmidt, H. 208, 214 private rentedhousing 113, 115 schools 132–6, 173 292 Index
Schumpeter, J. 71 Stationery Office 156 Scoon,Sir P. 200 Steel, D. 40, 41, 42 Scotland 28–9, 178 Stepping Stones 74, 100 Scott Inquiry 148 Stock Exchange 83, 229 Scottish National Party 29 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or Star Scottish Office 29 Wars) 209, 210 security of tenure, for academics 128–9 Strauss, N. 44, 46, 47, 74, 100, 151 Service Ministries 183 Streamlining the Cities 170 Sheffield 170 strikes 99–100, 101–3 Shenfield, A. 138 Civil Service 139, 149–51 Sherman, A. 46, 74 General Strike3–5 Shevardnadze, E. 209 miners see miners’ strikes shorthold tenure 113 student grants 130–1 Shultz, G. 196, 200, 201, 209, 210–11 student loans 131–2 Siberian gas pipeline 208 Suez Crisis 194, 195 Silverman, S. 10 ‘Suez syndrome’ 181–2 Single European Act 217–19, 235 Sunningdale Agreement (1973) 205 Single Market 216–18 Sweden 155 Sinn Fein/PIRA 203–4 Switzerland 125–6 Smith, A. 71, 174, 228 Smith, I. 186, 187, 188 taxation 78–9, 85 Soames, C. (later Lord) 52, 150, 151, Community Charge 65–6, 167, 188 174–9, 235, 236 social class 235 and social security system 124–5 Social Contract 8–9 teachers 132, 134–5 socialdemocracy 39–40 Tebbit, N. 25, 26, 27, 52, 101, 109 Social Democratic Party(SDP) 20, 33, technological universities 129–30 40–1, 42 textileindustry 83–4 SDP–Liberal Alliance 20, 21, 24, 41 Thatcher, M.H. 19–20, 26–7, 43–70 ‘social Europe’ 217–18 accession to Party leadership 15–18 Social Fund 127 arrival in Downing Street 43 socialpolicy see Welfare State attitudetothe FCO 182–3 Social Science Research Council(SSRC) Bruges Speech 219–20 130 Cabinets see Cabinets social security 106, 108–9, 122–7 Clare Booth Luce Award Dinner 180 socialism 6–12 court, favourites and advisers 44–9 Sokolovskiy, Marshal 210 decline and fall 63–70 Soskice, Sir F. 10 ‘Iron Lady’ 182 South Africa 186, 189 ‘outsider’ in 10 Downing Street Soviet Union 195 222–4 Cold War 206–11 society 107 collapse of 221 Westland Affair 58–62 Spectator, The 91, 145, 206 Thatcherism 224–37 Speed,K. 183 Thomas, H. 45, 46 Spiers, E. 209 Thomas, J.H. 3 Spycatcher (Wright) 146–7 Thorneycroft, P. 87 St John Stevas, N. 17, 52, 76 Thursday Breakfast Group 76 Stanley,J. 112 Titmuss, R.M. 106 State Earnings Related Pension Scheme Tocqueville, A. de 72 (SERPS) 125–6 Todd, J. 186 Index 293
Trade Union Act 1984 101 Walls, P. 188 trade unions 2, 3–6, 7–9, 17–18, 73 Walters, A. 44–5, 66, 74–5, 85, 86, 94 attack on power of 74, 99–104, 230 War Cabinet (FalklandsWar) 53–8 Civil Service 139–40, 148–51 Wardaleinquiry 144 localgovernment 161 Wass,Sir D. 145,146 NHS 116–17 water privatization 98–9 Social Contract 8–9 Waterloo Bridge 160 strikes see strikes Waugh, A. 172 teachers 134–5 Waugh, E. 237 Trades Union Congress (TUC) 149 Webb,B. 3 Trafalgar Square riot 1990 178–9 Weinberger, C. 196–7, 198, 200, 210, Transport and General Workers’ Union 236 (TGWU) 102 Welch, C. 75 TripleAlliance 4 Welfare State 6–7, 105–36, 227, 233 education 109, 127–36, 173 unemployment 75–6 housing 109, 110–15, 164–5, 173 unified grading 151–2 NHS 109, 115–22, 160–1 United Nations Security Council 195 social revolution 105–9 United States (USA) 163, 182 social security 106, 108–9, 122–7 Cold War 206–11 Westland Affair 24, 58–62 and Falklands War 195–8; military Whitelaw, W. 14–15, 27, 58, 68–9, 100, assistance 197–8, 199 223 invasion of Grenada 200–1 Thatcher Cabinets 49–50, 55, 194 relationship with UK 180–1, 184–5 Whitley system 139 University Grants Committee (UGC) Whitmore, Sir C. 143 128, 129 Widows, Orphans and Old Age universities 127–32, 230 Contributory Pensions Act 1925 Urban, G. 46, 180, 207, 213–14 105 Urban Development Corporations Williams, A. 194 (UDCs) 168 Williams, S. 11, 39, 40, 41, 132 urban riots (1981) 87, 168–9 Wilson, H. 2–3, 186 Utley, T.E. 225–6 Winter of Discontent 20, 43, 235 Winterton, N. 85 Wolfson, D. 44 Vaizey, J. 45 Woodward,Admiral S. 197, 198 Value Added Tax (VAT) 78–9 workfare 125 Viola, General 191, 192 Working for Patients 120–1 voucher system 136 Working Patterns 155 Wright, P. 146–7 Wa ldegrave, W. 175 Wyatt, W. 45, 68–9, 70, 234 Walden, G. 69, 206, 208 Wales 28 Young, Lord 26, 49, 75, 125 Walker, P. 231 Young, H. 24–5 Cabinet 50–1, 52 local government 161, 162 Younger, G. 65, 167, 175 Minister of Agriculture 72 privatization 98 ZANU 188 sale of council housing 110–11