Rules of Romanization of Geographical Names Applied in Poland
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Grammatical Gender in Hindukush Languages
Grammatical gender in Hindukush languages An areal-typological study Julia Lautin Department of Linguistics Independent Project for the Degree of Bachelor 15 HEC General linguistics Bachelor's programme in Linguistics Spring term 2016 Supervisor: Henrik Liljegren Examinator: Bernhard Wälchli Expert reviewer: Emil Perder Project affiliation: “Language contact and relatedness in the Hindukush Region,” a research project supported by the Swedish Research Council (421-2014-631) Grammatical gender in Hindukush languages An areal-typological study Julia Lautin Abstract In the mountainous area of the Greater Hindukush in northern Pakistan, north-western Afghanistan and Kashmir, some fifty languages from six different genera are spoken. The languages are at the same time innovative and archaic, and are of great interest for areal-typological research. This study investigates grammatical gender in a 12-language sample in the area from an areal-typological perspective. The results show some intriguing features, including unexpected loss of gender, languages that have developed a gender system based on the semantic category of animacy, and languages where this animacy distinction is present parallel to the inherited gender system based on a masculine/feminine distinction found in many Indo-Aryan languages. Keywords Grammatical gender, areal-typology, Hindukush, animacy, nominal categories Grammatiskt genus i Hindukush-språk En areal-typologisk studie Julia Lautin Sammanfattning I den här studien undersöks grammatiskt genus i ett antal språk som talas i ett bergsområde beläget i norra Pakistan, nordvästra Afghanistan och Kashmir. I området, här kallat Greater Hindukush, talas omkring 50 olika språk från sex olika språkfamiljer. Det stora antalet språk tillsammans med den otillgängliga terrängen har gjort att språken är arkaiska i vissa hänseenden och innovativa i andra, vilket gör det till ett intressant område för arealtypologisk forskning. -
Globalization and Language Policies of Multilingual Societies
Globalization and Language Policies of Multilingual Societies: Some Case Studies of South East Asia Globalização e políticas linguísticas em sociedades multilíngues: Estudos de caso do sudeste da Asia Navin Kumar Singh* Northern Arizona University Flagstaff / USA Shaoan Zhang** University of Nevada Las Vegas / USA Parwez Besmel*** Northern Arizona University Flagstaff / USA ABSTRACT: Over the past few decades, significant economic and political changes have taken place around the world. These changes also have put a significant mark on language teaching and learning practices across the globe. There is a clear movement towards multilingual practices in the world, which is also evident in the title of UNESCO 2003 education position paper, “Education in a multilingual world.” Given the long-standing history of multilingual contexts of the Himalayan region and the emergence of the two major global economic power centers of 21st century, China and India, language policies and practices of the region have become a great matter of interests for linguists and policy makers around the world. This paper uses case studies to investigate how globalization influences language education policies and practices in multilingual countries. The case studies that we have drawn from the four nations of South East Asia – Afghanistan, China, India, and Nepal offer insights for other multilingual nations of the world, as they portray the influences of globalization on language policies and practices of multilingual countries. This paper suggests more research on comparative studies of multilingual education across multilingual nations in the world. KEYWORDS: Language maintenance, globalization, multilingualism, Asian societies. * [email protected] ** [email protected] *** [email protected] RBLA, Belo Horizonte, v. -
Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names United Nations New York, 2007 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. -
Names of Countries, Their Capitals and Inhabitants
United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) East Central and South-East Europe Division (ECSEED) ___________________________________________________________________________ The Nineteenth Session of the East Central and South-East Europe Division of the UNGEGN Zagreb, Croatia, 19 – 21 November 2008 Item 9 and 10 of the agenda Document Symbol: ECSEED/Session.19/2008/10 Names of countries, their capitals and inhabitants Submitted by Poland* ___________________________________________________________________________ * Prepared by Maciej Zych, Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside the Republic of Poland, Poland. 19th Session of the East, Central and South-East Europe Division of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Zagreb, 19 – 21 November 2008 Names of countries, their capitals and inhabitants Maciej Zych Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside the Republic of Poland 1 Names of countries, their capitals and inhabitants In 1997 the Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside the Republic of Poland published the first list of Names of countries, their capitals and inhabitants, comprising both independent countries as well as non-self-governing and autonomous territories. The second edition appeared in 2003. Numerous changes occurred in geographical names in the six years since the previous list was published. New countries and new non-self-governing and autonomous territories appeared, some countries changed their names, other their capital or its name, the Polish names for several countries and their capitals also changed as did the recommended principles for the Romanization of several languages using non-Roman systems of writing. The third edition of Names of countries, their capitals and inhabitants appeared in the end of 2007, the data it contained being updated for mid-July 2007. -
Evitalia NORMAS ISO En El Marco De La Complejidad
No. 7 Revitalia NORMAS ISO en el marco de la complejidad ESTEQUIOMETRIA de las relaciones humanas FRACTALIDAD en los sistemas biológicos Dirección postal Calle 82 # 102 - 79 Bogotá - Colombia Revista Revitalia Publicación trimestral Contacto [email protected] Web http://revitalia.biogestion.com.co Volumen 2 / Número 7 / Noviembre-Enero de 2021 ISSN: 2711-4635 Editor líder: Juan Pablo Ramírez Galvis. Consultor en Biogestión, NBIC y Gerencia Ambiental/de la Calidad. Globuss Biogestión [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-1947-5589 Par evaluador: Jhon Eyber Pazos Alonso Experto en nanotecnología, biosensores y caracterización por AFM. Universidad Central / Clúster NBIC [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-5608-1597 Contenido en este número Editorial p. 3 Estequiometría de las relaciones humanas pp. 5-13 Catálogo de las normas ISO en el marco de la complejidad pp. 15-28 Fractalidad en los sistemas biológicos pp. 30-37 Licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 2 Editorial: “En armonía con lo ancestral” Juan Pablo Ramírez Galvis. Consultor en Biogestión, NBIC y Gerencia Ambiental/de la Calidad. [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-1947-5589 La dicotomía entre ciencia y religión proviene de la edad media, en la cual, los aspectos espirituales no podían explicarse desde el método científico, y a su vez, la matematización mecánica del universo era el único argumento que convencía a los investigadores. Sin embargo, más atrás en la línea del tiempo, los egipcios, sumerios, chinos, etc., unificaban las teorías metafísicas con las ciencias básicas para dar cuenta de los fenómenos en todas las escalas desde lo micro hasta lo macro. -
Breaking Bread Dinner Series: COVID-19 Special Event Kneading Community at Home Virtual Watch Party: the Breadwinner June 5
Breaking Bread Dinner Series: COVID-19 Special Event Kneading Community at Home Virtual Watch Party: The Breadwinner June 5, 2020 Educational Guide Page Interactive Guide: Before 2 What to know before watching The Breadwinner Viewing Guide: The Breadwinner 5 Themes to consider, discuss, and explore Interactive Guide: After 7 Activities to do after watching The Breadwinner Flavors of Home 10 Recipes from cultures of ReEstablish Richmond clients Recommended for Adults 13 Resources that explore refugee and immigrant experiences Recommended for Children and Youth 15 Resources that explore refugee and immigrant experiences Timeline 16 The history of refugee resettlement in Richmond Interactive Guide: Before What to know before watching The Breadwinner Watch the movie trailer: http://thebreadwinner.com/ The setting of the story The story takes place in the city of Kabul in 2001, at the end of the Taliban regime. Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan, located between Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan. To learn more about Kabul: https://www.britannica.com/place/Kabul To learn more about specific, important places shown in the film: https://thebreadwinner2017.weebly.com/setting.html Languages spoken by the characters in the film Dari and Pashto are the official languages of Afghanistan, but there are many regional and minor languages as well. In The Breadwinner, you may hear some words that are unfamiliar to you. • Jan – means “dear” and is used after a person’s name as a way to be polite and friendly • Parvana – means “butterfly” and is a common female name in Afghanistan • Salaam – means “peace” and is the customary way of greeting someone https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-afghanistan.html Food sold in the markets and served in the home People from Afghanistan are known for their hospitality and beautiful food. -
New Language Resources for the Pashto Language
New language resources for the Pashto language Djamel Mostefa 1 , Khalid Choukri 1 , Sylvie Brunessaux 2 , Karim Boudahmane 3 1 Evaluation and Language resources Distribution Agency, France 2 CASSIDIAN, France 3 Direction Générale de l'Armement, France E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract This paper reports on the development of new language resources for the Pashto language, a very low-resource language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In the scope of a multilingual data collection project, three large corpora are collected for Pashto. Firstly a monolingual text corpus of 100 million words is produced. Secondly a 100 hours speech database is recorded and manually transcribed. Finally a bilingual Pashto-French parallel corpus of around 2 million is produced by translating Pashto texts into French. These resources will be used to develop Human Language Technology systems for Pashto with a special focus on Machine Translation. Keywords: Pashto, low-resource language, speech corpus, monolingual and multilingual text corpora, web crawling. other one being Dari) and one regional language in 1. Introduction Pakistan. There are very few corpora and Human Language The code assigned to the language by the ISO 639-3 Technology (HLT) services available for Pashto. No standard is [pus]. language resources for Pashto can be found in the According to the Ethnologue.com website, it is spoken by catalogues of LDC1 and ELRA2. around 20 million people and three main dialects are to be Pashto is a very low-resource language. Google doesn't considered: support Pashto in its search engine or translation services. -
RDAP Transformation of Contact Information Draft-Lozano-Regext-Rdap-Transf-Contact-Inf-00
Internet Engineering Task Force G. Lozano Internet-Draft ICANN Intended status: Standards Track Jun 24, 2016 Expires: December 26, 2016 RDAP Transformation of Contact Information draft-lozano-regext-rdap-transf-contact-inf-00 Abstract This document adds support for RDAP Transformation (i.e. translation and transliteration) of Contact Information. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on December 26, 2016. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. -
Transliteration of Tamil and Other Indic Scripts Ram Viswanadha
Transliteration of Tamil and Other Indic Scripts Ram Viswanadha Unicode Software Engineer IBM Globalization Center of Competency, California, USA ___________________________________________________________________________ Main points of Powerpoint presentation This talk gives an overview and discusses the issues with transliteration of Indic scripts to Latin and between different Indic scripts, e.g: Tamil-Telugu, Gujarati-Tamil, etc. It is often perceived that transliteration between different Indic scripts is straightforward because all Indic scripts have a common origin in Brahmi script. The ISCII standard is based on this similarity between scripts, and the placement of Unicode code points for each Indic script is based on an early version of ISCII. Correct transliteration between Indic scripts takes advantage of this allocation but handles special cases. The ICU implementation uses a script-neutral pivot range in Unicode. --- Agenda • What is ICU? • Terminology & Concepts • Standards for Romanization • Problems in Romanization • Problems in Inter-Indic Transliteration • Implementation approaches • Implementation in ICU •Summary •A brief overview of what International Components for Unicode (ICU) is. •Some terms and concepts which are important for the scope of this presentation are discussed •Different standards for Romanization, ISCII and ISO 15919 in particular are presented •Some problems in Romanization and Inter-Indic transliteration are discussed •Different implementation approaches, their deficiencies and how ICU’s implementation -
Sc22/Wg20 N860
Final Draft for CEN CWA: European Culturally Specific ICT Requirements 1 2000-10-31 SC22/WG20 N860 Draft CWA/ESR:2000 Cover page to be supplied. Final Draft for CEN CWA: European Culturally Specific ICT Requirements 2 2000-10-31 Table of Contents DRAFT CWA/ESR:2000 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 FOREWORD 3 INTRODUCTION 4 1 SCOPE 5 2 REFERENCES 6 3 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS 6 4 GENERAL 7 5 ELEMENTS FOR THE CHECKLIST 8 5.1 Sub-areas 8 5.2 Characters 8 5.3 Use of special characters 10 5.4 Numbers, monetary amounts, letter written figures 11 5.5 Date and time 12 5.6 Telephone numbers and addresses, bank account numbers and personal identification 13 5.7 Units of measures 14 5.8 Mathematical symbols 14 5.9 Icons and symbols, meaning of colours 15 5.10 Man-machine interface and Culture related political and legal requirements 15 ANNEX A (NORMATIVE) 16 Final Draft for CEN CWA: European Culturally Specific ICT Requirements 3 2000-10-31 FOREWORD The production of this document which describes European culturally specific requirements on information and communications technologies was agreed by the CEN/ISSS Workshop European Culturally Specific ICT Requirements (WS-ESR) in the Workshop’s Kick-Off meeting on 1998-11-23. The document has been developed through the collaboration of a number of contributing partners in WS-ESR. WS- ESR representation gathers a wide mix of interests, coming from academia, public administrations, IT-suppliers, and other interested experts. The present CWA (CEN Workshop Agreement) has received the support of representatives of each of these sectors. -
Panacea.Html>
Panace@ Boletín de Medicina y Traducción Verbibunda panaceica L. Vol. VI, n.o 19. Marzo, 2005 <www.medtrad.org/panacea.html> Panace@ (<www.medtrad.org/panacea.html>) es la revista de MedTrad, foro internético independiente y plurinacional constituido por profesionales de la comunicación escrita en el ámbito de la lengua, la medicina y las ciencias biológicas. Panace@ publica textos originales sobre los diversos aspectos de la traducción y el lenguaje de la medicina y ciencias afines, sobre todo en español, pero la revista está abierta a colaboraciones en cualquier idioma. Panace@ es una publicación trimestral con cuatro números anuales: dos números sencillos, que aparecen en marzo y junio, y un número doble, que aparece en noviembre. Los originales para publicación deben enviarse en soporte electrónico a [email protected]. La propiedad intelectual de los originales corresponde a los autores, y los derechos de edición y publicación, a Panace@. Los artículos aparecidos en la revista podrán ser utilizados libremente con propósitos educativos y científicos, siempre y cuando se cite correctamente su autoría y procedencia. Panace@ espera de los autores y colaboradores el máximo respeto a las consideraciones de ética editorial incluidas en las normas de Vancouver, que pueden consultarse en el Escaparate de MedTrad (<www.medtrad.org/biblioteca/style_guides/Spanish_VANCOUVER.htm>). Las opiniones expresadas en esta publicación son responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores de los artículos. ISSN 1537 - 1964 Publicación incorporada a Redacción Director: -
2. Common HOPE Metadata Structure
HOPE Heritage of the People’s Europe Grant agreement No. 250549 Deliverable D2.2 The Common HOPE Metadata Structure, including the Harmonisation Specifications Deliverable number D2.2 Version 1.1 Authors Bert Lemmens – Amsab-ISG Joris Janssens – Amsab-ISG Ruth Van Dyck – Amsab-ISG Alessia Bardi – CNR-ISTI Paolo Manghi – CNR-ISTI Eric Beving – UPIP Kathryn Máthé – KEE-OSA Katalin Dobó – KEE-OSA Armin Straube – FES-A Delivery Date 31/05/2011 Dissemination Level Public HOPE is co-funded by the European Union through the ICT Policy Support Programme D2.2 Common HOPE Metadata Structure & Harmonisation Requirements V1.1 – 31/05/2011 Page 2 of 266 HOPE is co-funded by the European Union through the ICT Policy Support Programme D2.2 Common HOPE Metadata Structure & Harmonisation Requirements V1.1 – 31/05/2011 Page 3 of 266 Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 1. Introduction 8 1.1 Task Description 8 1.2 Approach 10 1.2.1 Task breakdown 10 1.2.2. Dublin Core Application Profile Guidelines 14 1.2.3. Used Terminology 15 1.2.4. Structure of the Document 17 1.3 Glossary 18 1.3.1 Hope glossary 18 1.3.2 Technical Glossary 18 2. Common HOPE Metadata Structure 24 2.1 Functional requirements 24 2.1.1 General 24 2.1.1.1 What does HOPE want to accomplish with the HOPE Aggregator? 24 2.1.1.2 What the HOPE Aggregator will not attempt to do? 26 2.1.2. Aggregation 26 2.1.2.1 What are the key characteristics of the HOPE metadata? 27 2.1.2.2 How do the characteristics of the HOPE metadata affect the design of the Common HOPE Metadata Structure? 28 2.1.3.