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Mö I. Binyilda Hazar Denizi Çevresi

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Mö I. Binyilda Hazar Denizi Çevresi MÖ I. BİNYILDA HAZAR DENİZİ ÇEVRESİ Berkay ÇOBAN Aralık, 2020 DENİZLİ MÖ I. BİNYILDA HAZAR DENİZİ ÇEVRESİ Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tarih Anabilim Dalı Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Berkay ÇOBAN Danışman: Prof. Dr. Yusuf KILIÇ Aralık 2020 DENİZLİ i ÖN SÖZ Bugüne kadar yapılmış her akademik çalışmanın kendine ait farklı dinamikleri ve ayrı bir hikâyesi vardır. MÖ I. Binyılda Hazar Denizi Çevresi adlı çalışmamızın hikâyesi ise, dünyanın sayılı coğrafi alanlarından biri olan Hazar Denizi ve onu çevreleyen geniş coğrafyanın hikâyesidir. MÖ I. binyılın erken dönemlerinden itibaren ele aldığımız bu coğrafya, gerçekten de üzerine ciddi bir çalışmayı hak eden tarihsel bir öneme sahiptir. Bununla birlikte ülkemizde böylesi geniş çaplı bir çalışmanın şimdiye kadar yapılmamış olduğunu vurgulamak durumundayız. Esasen bu çalışma ülkemizde daha önce değinilmemiş bu önemli konunun incelenmesi ve elde ettiğimiz tarihsel verilere dayanılarak yorumlanmasıdır. Yaklaşık bir buçuk yıldır üzerinde yoğunlaştığım bu çalışmanın eskiçağ araştırmaları için faydalı olmasını diliyorum. Öyle umuyorum ki Hazar Denizi ve bu denizi çevreleyen alanlar, bundan böyle eskiçağ araştırmacıları tarafından daha dikkatli ve detaylı incelenecektir. Birçok çalışmada olduğu gibi bu çalışmanın da perde arkasında teşekkürü hak eden bazı insanların bulunduğunu söylemeliyim. Her şeyden önce çalışmam boyunca bana yol gösteren ve beni destekleyen çok değerli hocam ve danışmanım Prof. Dr. Yusuf KILIÇ’a en içten teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Kendisinin üzerimde emeği çok büyüktür. Eğer kıymetli hocam olmasaydı bu çalışma şimdiki halini alamazdı. Öte yandan çalışma boyunca benden yardımını ve ilgisini esirgemeyen çok değerli dostum Durmuş KUL’a ayrıca teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Son olarak hayatımın her döneminde yanımda olan ve her konuda beni destekleyen canım aileme de minnettar olduğumu belirtmek isterim. ii ÖZET MÖ I. BİNYILDA HAZAR DENİZİ ÇEVRESİ ÇOBAN, Berkay Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tarih Anabilim Dalı Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Yusuf KILIÇ Aralık 2020, vii+171 sayfa Hazar Denizi ve bu denizi çevreleyen coğrafya dünya üzerinde bulunan sayılı stratejik coğrafi alanlardan birini teşkil eder. Bu bölge MÖ I. binyılda varlık göstermiş olan İskitler, Sarmatlar, Persler, Grekler, Partlar ve Romalılar gibi dönemin bazı büyük güçlerinin yayılım ve mücadele sahası olmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra tarihin belirli safhalarında karşımıza çıkan ve insanlık tarihinde derin izler bırakan bazı kitlesel göç hareketleri de yine bu bölgede yer alan ve Hazar Kapıları olarak adlandırılan noktalarda meydana gelmiştir. Genel itibarıyla çalışmamızda Hazar Denizi ve onu çevreleyen alanların MÖ I. binyıldaki tarihi coğrafyası ile aynı binyılda buralarda varlık göstermiş olan toplumların siyasal ve sosyal tarihleri incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hazar Denizi, Hazar Denizi Çevresi, Hazar Kapıları, Göçler, İskitler, Persler, Sarmatlar, Partlar, Grekler. iii ABSTRACT CASPIAN SEA ENVIRONMENT IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM BC ÇOBAN, Berkay M. Se. Thesis is Department of History Adviser of Thesis: Prof. Dr. Yusuf KILIÇ December 2020, vii+171 pages The Caspian Sea and the geography surrounding it, constitute one of the few strategic geographical areas in the world. It has been the spreading and fighting area of some great powers of the period such as Scythians, Sarmatians, Persians, Greeks, Parthians and Romans, who existed in the 1st millennium BC. In addition, some mass migration movements that emerged at certain stages of history and left deep traces in human history also took place at the points called the Caspian Gates in this region. In general, the Caspian Sea and surrounding areas in our study the political and social histories of the societies that existed in the same millennium as the historical geography of the 1st millennium BC are examined. Key Words: Caspian Sea, Caspian Sea Environment, Caspian Gates, Migrations, Scythians, Persians, Sarmatians, Parthians, Greeks. iv İÇİNDEKİLER ÖN SÖZ ............................................................................................................................. i ÖZET................................................................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii SİMGE VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ........................................................................... vii GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................................ 1 I. BÖLÜM HAZAR DENİZİ ÇEVRESİNİN TARİHİ COĞRAFYASININ GENEL ÖZELLİKLERİ 1.1. Hazar Denizi............................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1. Eskiçağda Hazar Denizi ..................................................................................... 7 1.2. Hazar Çevresinin Tarihi Coğrafyası......................................................................... 11 1.2.1. Hazar’ın Kuzey Coğrafyası .............................................................................. 12 1.2.1.1. İskitya ve Sarmatia Ülkeleri................................................................. 13 1.2.2. Hazar’ın Batı Coğrafyası .................................................................................. 16 1.2.2.1. İberia ve Albania Ülkeleri .................................................................... 18 1.2.2.2. Armenia Ülkesi .................................................................................... 19 1.2.3. Hazar’ın Güney Coğrafyası .............................................................................. 20 1.2.3.1. Media ve Media Atropatena Ülkeleri .................................................. 21 1.2.3.2. Hyrcania Ülkesi ................................................................................... 23 1.2.3.3. Parthia Ülkesi ....................................................................................... 24 1.2.4. Hazar’ın Doğu Coğrafyası ................................................................................ 25 1.2.4.1. Chorasmia ve Dahae Ülkeleri ............................................................. .27 1.3. Tarihi Hazar (Caspian) Kapıları ............................................................................... 29 1.3.1. Kavimler Kapısı ............................................................................................... 29 1.3.2. Daryal ve Derbent Geçitleri ............................................................................. 30 1.3.3. Hazar Kapıları (Pylae Caspiae, Caspias Portas) ............................................... 32 1.3.4. Gürgan Seddi .................................................................................................... 35 v II. BÖLÜM MÖ I. BİNYILIN İLK YARISINDA HAZAR DENİZİ ÇEVRESİNİN SOSYAL VE SİYASAL MANZARASI 2.1. MÖ I. Binyıldan Önceki Dönemlerde Hazar Çevresinde Öne Çıkan Kültür Temsilcileri ..................................................................................................................... 37 2.1.1. Anav (Anau) Kültürü ........................................................................................ 37 2.1.2. Kelteminar Kültürü ........................................................................................... 39 2.1.3. Maykop Kültürü ............................................................................................... 40 2.1.4. Kura-Aras Kültürü ............................................................................................ 41 2.1.5. Yamna (Yamnaya) ve Srubna (Srubnaya) Kültürleri ....................................... 42 2.1.6. Andronovo Kültürü .......................................................................................... 44 2.2. Hazar Çevresinde Urartular...................................................................................... 46 2.2.1. II. Sarduri ve II. Argişti’nin Hazar Kıyılarına Yakın Bölgelere Seferleri ........ 50 2.3. Hazar Çevresinde Kimmerler ................................................................................... 54 2.3.1. Gamirra Ülkesi ve Bu Ülkenin Hazar Coğrafyası ile Bağlantısı ...................... 59 2.4. Hazar Çevresinde İskitler ......................................................................................... 62 2.4.1. Hazar’ın Doğusundaki İskitler (Sakalar) .......................................................... 68 2.5. Perslerin Yükselişi ve Hazar Çevresinde Pers-İskit (Saka) Mücadelesi .................. 69 2.5.1. II. Kiros’un Asya Seferleri ............................................................................... 73 2.5.2. II. Kiros’un Hazar’ın Doğusundaki Massagetler ile Mücadelesi ..................... 76 2.5.3. I. Darius’un Hazar Çevresine Seferleri ............................................................ 79 III. BÖLÜM MÖ I. BİNYILIN İKİNCİ YARISINDA HAZAR DENİZİ ÇEVRESİNİN SOSYAL VE SİYASAL MANZARASI 3.1. Karadeniz-Hazar Bozkırlarında Sarmatlar ............................................................... 83 3.1.1. Kuzey Hazar Sahasındaki Sarmat Toplulukları ............................................... 87 3.1.1.1. Siraklar ve Aorslar ................................................................................. 88 3.1.1.2. Alanlar ................................................................................................... 89 3.2. Büyük İskender’in Hazar Çevresine Gelişi .............................................................
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