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Marine Fisheries Review 62(1)

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Marine Fisheries Review 62(1) Historical Exploitation of the California Sea Lion, Zalophus californianus, in México ALFREDO ZAVALA-GONZÁLEZ and ERIC MELLINK Introduction or have been lost since we reviewed from Isla Tiburón to Isla Ángel de la them, several years ago. Guarda, and perhaps other islands, in California sea lions, Zalophus califor­ Sea lion hunting in México can be the Sea of Cortés (or Gulf of Califor­ nianus, have been exploited for centu­ placed into four historical periods as nia) (McGee, 1898). They killed them ries along the Pacific coast of the United defined by some of the nation’s politi­ by hitting them on the head and nose States and northern Mexico, originally cal events: Prehispanic (to 1533), Colo­ with rocks (Felger and Moser, 1985). for subsistence and later for commer­ nial (1534–1821), Independent (1822– The Concaac used sea lions (McGee cial purposes. Such use has been revised 1911), and Postrevolutionary (after also used the term “seal,” although no for California (Cass, 1985), but not for 1911). The dates of these periods are populations of true seals are resident in Mexico. This paper reviews the history somewhat arbitrary, but give a general the Sea of Cortés, and northern elephant of California sea lion exploitation in framework in which actions and poli­ seals, Mirounga angustirostris, are only Mexico, based on all published and ar­ cies can be understood. We ended the occasionaly encountered) for food, and chival sources available to us. Some of prehispanic period symbolicaly in 1533, they probably used the teeth to make har­ these sources have become unavailable when Bahía de La Paz was discovered poons to hunt sea turtles (McGee, 1898; and the Spanish stepped for the first Felger and Moser, 1985). Skins were time on the Peninsula de Baja Califor­ used to make footwear and groundcloths The authors are with the Dirección Regional nia. The year 1821 marked the ending and for protection against rain (Felger Baja California, Zona de Protección de Flora y Fauna “Islas del Golfo de California,” Calle of the Independence War, and 1911 and Moser, 1985). McGee (1898) re­ del Puerto #375, altos 25, Fraccionamiento marked the step-down of Porfirio Díaz ported finding pieces of skin and bones Playa Ensenada, 22800 Ensenada, B.C, México, as long-time President of México. of “seal,” and a basket whose bottom and the Departamento de Ecología, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior had been covered with “seal” skin at one de Ensenada, Apartado Postal 2732, Ensenada, Prehispanic Mexico ranchería (a small congregation of huts) Baja California, México. U.S. mailing address (for EM) is CICESE, P.O. Box 434844, San Prehispanic maritime tribes used Cal­ on Isla Tiburón. Diego, CA 92143. Views or opinions expressed ifornia sea lions for meat, shelter, cloth­ In 1910, Lumholtz (1990) recorded or implied are those of the authors and do not ing, and the manufacture of tools (As­ Híac ed O’odham (or Sand Papago) represent the position of the National Marine Fisheries Service. chmann, 1959). At least in northwest­ use of sea lions at current-day Puerto ern Baja California, on the Pacific Peñasco. The sea lions were killed by coast, sea lions were extensively used hitting them on the nose with rocks, 1–2 millenia before European contact and their skins were used to make san­ ABSTRACT—The exploitation of Califor­ (Hubbs and Roden, 1964). Native in­ dals and straps. nia sea lions, Zalophus californianus, in habitants seem to have trekked peri­ Mexican waters can be divided into four odically to the shores of Laguna Ojo Colonial Mexico periods as defined by political character­ istics of the country: Prehispanic, Colo­ de Liebre (or Scammons Lagoon) to Spanish involvement with the Pacif­ nial, Independent, and Postrevolutionary. feast upon a number of resources, in­ ic Ocean resources along the Californi­ During the first period (pre 1533), Native cluding sea lions (Henderson, 1972). as was basically focused on the extrac­ Americans took sea lions at low levels. We found no further records of prehis­ tion of pearls and the use of sea otters During the second (1534–1821) and the toric sea lion use in Mexico, but at least for their skins (Mosk, 1931; Ogden, third (1822–1911) periods, most exploi­ tation was by foreigners and was inci­ two Indian groups, studied after Euro­ 1932; Gerhard, 1956). During the pur­ dental to other marine mammal harvests. pean contact, can be used as surrogates suit of these species, sea lions and other During the Postrevolutionary period (after for the precontact exploitation, as their marine mammals were given little at­ 1911), sea lions were exploited by Mexican technology had not been modified by tention, if at all. and U.S. citizens for several commercial uses. Exploitation officially ended in 1982, the time their hunts were recorded. Sea otters were heavily hunted in although some small-scale poaching still The Concaac (or Seri), a seafaring the North Pacific as well, and when occurs. tribe of central Sonora, hunted sea lions the returns from these hunts began to 62(1), 2000 35 Figure 1.—Sea lion rookeries and commercial hunting sites in the central-northern part of the Gulf of California, Mex. dwindle, a Russian-American coalition focus of this exploitation, some Cali­ tain O’Cain, the master, purchased from (1803–1812) and independent Russian fornia sea lions were also taken. This Spanish officials and missionaries. Sea hunters (1809–1823) heavily exploited early 19th century period is best de­ otter hunting at this time caused such a southern sea otters, Enhydra lutris, in scribed by Ogden (1933), from which population depletion between El Rosa­ addition to northern and Guadalupe fur we obtained the following extracts. rio and Santo Domingo, that governor seals, Callorhinus ursinus and Arcto­ In 1804, 3 months were enough for José Arrillaga was prompted to report it cephalus townsendi, respectively, along the crew of the vessel O’Cain to pro­ to the Viceroy. The number of Califor­ the Pacific coast of both Upper and duce 1,100 skins, probably mostly from nia sea lions taken during these hunts the Lower California. Although not the sea otters, in addition to 700 that cap­ was not recorded. 36 Marine Fisheries Review In 1806, two Russian-Boston ships alistic scheme, the Russian sea otter to exploit several marine resources, in­ hunted along the Pacific shore of Baja hunters were forced to seek an arrange­ cluding sea lions, from Altata, west of California. Expert Aleut hunting gangs ment with Mexico. Some arrangements Culiacán, to the mouth of the Colorado were stationed for long periods on dif­ were made, but the resulting hunts were River (Sierra and Sierra, 1977). ferent islands. From June to August of mostly restricted to the north of San The oil of the California sea lion is that year, one of the ships had taken sea Diego (Ogden, 1933). Only in one in­ of low quality and was used in the mid otter and [Guadalupe fur] “seal” skins stance, in 1828, was the Baikal, a ship 19th century mainly by tanners to pro­ worth $60,000 in the Canton market. In bound for San Quintín to load salt, cess leather (Cronise, 1868). Anecdotal following years up to 1812, this hunt­ allowed to carry two canoes to hunt evidence indicates that the period from ing effort increased, still focused on sea for sea otters, of which they took 63 1860 to 1888 brought intensive sea lion otters and fur seals, but California sea between San Diego and San Quintín harvests, especially for oil extraction lions were also taken for their skins. (Ogden, 1933). It is unknown whether (Banfield, 1974; Ronald et al., 1982). Sea lions have been particularly use­ sea lions were hunted on this trip. Later, trade in hides (for glue and ful for various commodities. For exam­ On the other hand, by the end of low quality leather) and trimmings (the ple, when Fort Ross, on the northern the Spanish rule of Mexico, foreign genitalia, lips with whiskers attached, California coast, was a Russian camp, seamen had begun to explore the west and gall bladders of bulls) developed sea lions at the nearby Farallon Islands coast of Baja California for sea mam­ (Rowley, 1929; Banfield, 1974). Pup were a steady source of meat and mals, including sea lions (Henderson, skins were of low quality and of little other products (Ogden, 1933). Howev­ 1972). Although these whalers focused commercial interest, although they were er, being a “maintenance activity,” sea mostly on the gray whale, Eschrichtius commercialized to some extent in Cali­ lion hunts were conducted without re­ robustus, they also took sea elephants fornia (Cronise, 1868; Rowley, 1929). cords of any kind. In this sense, it is and “seals” (apparently sea lion) for Adult sea lions were hunted along particularly relevant that the hunting their oil (Henderson, 1972). the Pacific coasts of both California gangs employed in México were of In the Sea of Cortés, sea lion hunts and Baja California, and Scammon Aleut origin, as sea lions were a funda­ were unrestricted during the early days (1872, 1874) felt that thousands of sea mental item in their culture. Sea lions of independence. To regulate and termi­ lions were taken. However, there were supplied them with meat, blubber, oil, nate the “excesses of the seal hunters,” no means to obtain accurate accounts intestines, stomach, and skins for their President Ignacio Comonfort granted on the number of sea lions and other bidarkas (Scammon, 1874). It is unrea­ “exclusive privileges to fish the seal or marine mammals killed along the Pacif­ sonable to believe that they did not kill sea calf1 along the coasts and islands ic coast (Taylor, 1869).
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