Guide to Identification of Pinniped Skulls of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Guide to Identification of Pinniped Skulls of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary California Sea Lion (CSLI) Harbor Seal (HASE) Northern Elephant Seal (NESE) Skull: Strong sexual dimorphism; triangular postorbital Skull: Minimal sexual dimorphism; no postorbital Skull: Strong sexual dimorphism; no postorbital processes; wide intraorbital region; adult male has processes; narrow intraorbital region; large auditory processes, large nasal shelf pronounced sagittal crest bullae (on ventral side, not shown in photo) Scapula: Large with two ridges Scapula: Comma-shaped with a single ridge Scapula: Large, fan-shaped with a single ridge Teeth: Postcanine teeth usually bearing at least 3 Teeth: Unicuspid post canines with strong cingulum Teeth: Very large canines, postcanines reduced and cusps (mountainous); upper incisors of uniform size often bearing accessory cusplets; upper postcanines peglike, lacking cusps; total of 2 lower incisors generally uniformly spaced; third upper incisor enlarged Photos: S. Pemberton, California Academy of Sciences Guide to Identification of Pinniped Skulls of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary Steller Sea Lion (SSLI) Northern Fur Seal (NOFS) Guadalupe Fur Seal (GUFS) Skull: Strong sexual dimorphism; adult male has no Skull: Obvious sexual dimorphism; postorbital Skull: Strong sexual dimorphism (no male pictured); obvious sagittal crest; square or rectangular postorbital processes point back; greatest width across nasals postorbital processes point outwards; greatest width processes; wide intraorbital region almost equaling their length (snout short) across nasals about one-half their length (snout long) Scapula: Very large with two ridges Scapula: Small with two ridges Teeth: Large canines; unicuspid postcanines, no cusplets; wide gap separating last upper postcanine Teeth: Large canines; unicuspid postcanines with from its predecessor in adults; third upper incisor possible minor cusplets; third upper incisor enlarged enlarged Photos: S. Pemberton, California Academy of Sciences .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Alaska Sea Lions and Seals
Alaska Sea Lions and Seals Blaire, Kate, Donovan, & Alex Biodiversity of Alaska 18 June 2017 https://www.stlzoo.org/files/3913/6260/5731/Sea-lion_RogerBrandt.jpg Similarities & Differences of Sea Lions and Seals Phocidae Family Otariidae Family cannot rotate back can rotate back flippers flippers; move like a marine under themselves to walk caterpillar on land mammals and run on land no external earflaps pinniped, “fin external earflaps footed” in use back flippers for Latin use front flippers for power when swimming power when swimming preyed upon by polar use front flippers for use back flippers for bears, orcas, steering when swimming steering when swimming and sharks food: krill, fish, lobster, food: squid, octopus, birds birds, and fish claws and fur on front no claws or hair on front flippers flippers Seals ("What’s the Difference “ 2017) Sea Lions Evolution • Both seals and sea lions are Pinnipeds • Descended from one ancestral line • Belong to order carnivora • Closest living relatives are bears and musteloids (diverged 50 million years ago) http://what-when-how.com/marine-mammals/pinniped-evolution- (Churchill 2015) marine-mammals/ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2009-04/24/content_7710231.htm Phylogenetics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinniped Steller: Eumetopias jubatus http://www.arkive.org/stellers-sea-lion/eumetopias-jubatus/image-G62602.html Steller: Eumetopias jubatus • Classification (”Steller Sea Lion” 2017) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mamalia Order: Carnivora Family: Otarridae Genus: Eumetopias Species:
[Show full text]
Ecological Role of Sea Lions As Predators, Competitors, and Prey
Ecological Role of Sea Lions as Predators, Competitors, and Prey • Sea Lion Species • California Sea Lions (not listed) - increasing • Steller Sea Lions eDPS (threatened) – increasing (delisting review under way, June 2010) • Steller Sea Lions wDPS (endangered) - decreasing • Predators – varied diet: fish, cephalopods, crustaceans • Competitors – commercially-targeted longline and trawl species; ESA-listed salmon ESUs • Prey – killer whales, some sharks Population Size (2011 MM Stock Assessments, NMFS) California Sea Lion – 296,750; 153,337 minimum – CA, Mexico Steller Sea Lion, eDPS – 58,334- 72,223 – CA,OR,WA,SE AK Steller Sea Lion, wDPS – 42,286 – Sea Lions as Predators Primarily Piscivorous Wide Variety of Prey Diet Varies Seasonally, by Age Group, by Sex, by Geographic Location Can Specialize Eulachon in SE Alaska (eSSL) Atka mackerel in Aleutians (wSSL) Now salmon, sturgeon, lamprey in Columbia (eSSL) Fishery SSL Sub- Primary Prey (% FO) Management RCA Region Area Summer Winter wAI 543 1 1.Atka mackerel (55) 1.Atka mackerel (96) 2.P. Cod (26) 2 2.Salmon (17) 542 3.Irish Lord (23) 3.Cephlapods (13) 3 4.Cephlapods (18) cAI 4.Pollock (7) 4 5.Pollock (12) 541 5.P. Cod (6) 5 6.Snailfish (12) 6 1.Pollock (46) 1.Pollock (53) 2.Salmon (38) 2.Atka mackerel (43) 3.Herring (35) 3.P. Cod (39) eAI 610 4.Sand Lance (34) 4.Irish Lord (35) 7 5.Atka mackerel (32) 5.Sandlance (28) 6.Rock Sole (19) 6.Salmon (25) 7.P. Cod (18) 7.Arrowtooth (21) 1.Sandlance (65) 1.Pollock (93) 2.Salmon (57) 2. P. Cod (31) 3.Pollock (53) 3.Salmon (17) wGOA 620 8 4.P.
[Show full text]
CCS Study EMS 90-0058 Migration of Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus
CCS Study EMS 90-0058 Migration of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) pups in the Bering Sea. Final Report. Timothy J. Ragen and Paul K. Dayton Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093 September 1990 Minerals Management SeNice Department of the Interior Alaska CCS Region 949 East 366th Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4302 Purchase Order No. <~ --.-J ● Migration of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) pups in the Bering Sea. Final Report. Timothy J. Ragen and Paul K. Dayton Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093 September 1990 This study was funded in part by the Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region of the Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., under Purchase Order No. 12523. This report has been reviewed by the Minerals Management Service and has been approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the view and policies of the Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. AUTHORS AND RESPONSIBILITIES This report was written by Timothy J. Ragen, under the supervision of Paul K. Dayton. Dr. Ragen and George A. Antonelisr Jr., National Marine Mammal Laboratory, conducted the field portion of this study. ● Migration of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursims) pups in the Bering Sea. Final Report. Table of Contents Introduction . 1 Methods . 8 Results . , . , . , . 11 Discussion . 17 Summary . 31 References . 33 MIG~TION OF NORTHERM FUR SEAL ( CALLORHINUS URSINUS) PUPS IN TEE BERING SEA INTRODUCTION The northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) is arguably the most extensively studied marine mammal in the world.
[Show full text]
56. Otariidae and Phocidae
FAUNA of AUSTRALIA 56. OTARIIDAE AND PHOCIDAE JUDITH E. KING 1 Australian Sea-lion–Neophoca cinerea [G. Ross] Southern Elephant Seal–Mirounga leonina [G. Ross] Ross Seal, with pup–Ommatophoca rossii [J. Libke] Australian Sea-lion–Neophoca cinerea [G. Ross] Weddell Seal–Leptonychotes weddellii [P. Shaughnessy] New Zealand Fur-seal–Arctocephalus forsteri [G. Ross] Crab-eater Seal–Lobodon carcinophagus [P. Shaughnessy] 56. OTARIIDAE AND PHOCIDAE DEFINITION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION Pinnipeds are aquatic carnivores. They differ from other mammals in their streamlined shape, reduction of pinnae and adaptation of both fore and hind feet to form flippers. In the skull, the orbits are enlarged, the lacrimal bones are absent or indistinct and there are never more than three upper and two lower incisors. The cheek teeth are nearly homodont and some conditions of the ear that are very distinctive (Repenning 1972). Both superfamilies of pinnipeds, Phocoidea and Otarioidea, are represented in Australian waters by a number of species (Table 56.1). The various superfamilies and families may be distinguished by important and/or easily observed characters (Table 56.2). King (1983b) provided more detailed lists and references. These and other differences between the above two groups are not regarded as being of great significance, especially as an undoubted fur seal (Australian Fur-seal Arctocephalus pusillus) is as big as some of the sea lions and has some characters of the skull, teeth and behaviour which are rather more like sea lions (Repenning, Peterson & Hubbs 1971; Warneke & Shaughnessy 1985). The Phocoidea includes the single Family Phocidae – the ‘true seals’, distinguished from the Otariidae by the absence of a pinna and by the position of the hind flippers (Fig.
[Show full text]
Phoca Vitulina)
MOVEMENTS AND HOME RANGES OF HARBOR SEALS (PHOCA VITULINA) IN THE INLAND WATERS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST By Sarah E. Hardee Accepted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science ____________________________________ Moheb A. Ghali, Dean of the Graduate School ADVISORY COMMITTEE ____________________________ Chair, Dr. Alejandro Acevedo-Gutiérrez ____________________________ Dr. Benjamin Miner ___________________________ Dr. Merrill Peterson MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non- exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others. I warrant that I have obtained written permissions from the owner of any third party copyrighted material included in these files. I acknowledge that I retain ownership rights to the copyright of this work, including but not limited to the right to use all or part of this work in future works, such as articles or books. Library users are granted permission for individual, research and non-commercial reproduction of this work for educational purposes only. Any further digital posting of this document requires specific permission from the author. Any copying or publication of this thesis for commercial purposes, or for financial gain, is not allowed without my written permission. Signature ______________________________ Date __________________________________ ii MOVEMENTS AND HOME RANGES OF HARBOR SEALS (PHOCA VITULINA) IN THE INLAND WATERS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Western Washington University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Sarah E.
[Show full text]
Mammal Species Native to the USA and Canada for Which the MIL Has an Image (296) 31 July 2021
Mammal species native to the USA and Canada for which the MIL has an image (296) 31 July 2021 ARTIODACTYLA (includes CETACEA) (38) ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BALAENIDAE - bowheads and right whales 1. Balaena mysticetus – Bowhead Whale BALAENOPTERIDAE -rorqual whales 1. Balaenoptera acutorostrata – Common Minke Whale 2. Balaenoptera borealis - Sei Whale 3. Balaenoptera brydei - Bryde’s Whale 4. Balaenoptera musculus - Blue Whale 5. Balaenoptera physalus - Fin Whale 6. Eschrichtius robustus - Gray Whale 7. Megaptera novaeangliae - Humpback Whale BOVIDAE - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Bos bison - American Bison 2. Oreamnos americanus - Mountain Goat 3. Ovibos moschatus - Muskox 4. Ovis canadensis - Bighorn Sheep 5. Ovis dalli - Thinhorn Sheep CERVIDAE - deer 1. Alces alces - Moose 2. Cervus canadensis - Wapiti (Elk) 3. Odocoileus hemionus - Mule Deer 4. Odocoileus virginianus - White-tailed Deer 5. Rangifer tarandus -Caribou DELPHINIDAE - ocean dolphins 1. Delphinus delphis - Common Dolphin 2. Globicephala macrorhynchus - Short-finned Pilot Whale 3. Grampus griseus - Risso's Dolphin 4. Lagenorhynchus albirostris - White-beaked Dolphin 5. Lissodelphis borealis - Northern Right-whale Dolphin 6. Orcinus orca - Killer Whale 7. Peponocephala electra - Melon-headed Whale 8. Pseudorca crassidens - False Killer Whale 9. Sagmatias obliquidens - Pacific White-sided Dolphin 10. Stenella coeruleoalba - Striped Dolphin 11. Stenella frontalis – Atlantic Spotted Dolphin 12. Steno bredanensis - Rough-toothed Dolphin 13. Tursiops truncatus - Common Bottlenose Dolphin MONODONTIDAE - narwhals, belugas 1. Delphinapterus leucas - Beluga 2. Monodon monoceros - Narwhal PHOCOENIDAE - porpoises 1. Phocoena phocoena - Harbor Porpoise 2. Phocoenoides dalli - Dall’s Porpoise PHYSETERIDAE - sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus – Sperm Whale TAYASSUIDAE - peccaries Dicotyles tajacu - Collared Peccary CARNIVORA (48) CANIDAE - dogs 1. Canis latrans - Coyote 2.
[Show full text]
Petition to List the Iliamna Lake Seal, a Distinct Population Segment of Eastern North Pacific Harbor Seal (Phoca Vitulina Richardii), Under the U.S
Before the Secretary of Commerce Petition to List the Iliamna Lake Seal, a Distinct Population Segment of Eastern North Pacific Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina richardii), under the U.S. Endangered Species Act Photo Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Dave Withrow Center for Biological Diversity 6 February 2020 i Notice of Petition Wilbur Ross, Secretary of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce 1401 Constitution Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20230 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Dr. Neil Jacobs, Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere U.S. Department of Commerce 1401 Constitution Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20230 Email: [email protected] Petitioner: Kristin Carden, Oceans Program Scientist, on behalf of the Center for Biological Diversity 1212 Broadway #800 Oakland, CA 94612 Phone: 510.844.7100 x327 Email: [email protected] On November 19, 2012, the Center for Biological Diversity (Center, Petitioner) submitted to the Secretary of Commerce and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) through the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) a petition to list the Iliamna Lake population of eastern North Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). (See generally Center 2012.) On May 17, 2013, NMFS issued a positive 90- day finding “that the petition present[ed] substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that the petition action may be warranted” and initiated a status review. (78 Fed. Reg. 29,098 (May 17, 2013).). On November 17, 2016, NMFS issued a determination that listing was not warranted because “the seals in Iliamna Lake do not constitute a species, subspecies, or distinct population segment (DPS) under the ESA.” (81 Fed.
[Show full text]
Hunting and Social Behaviour of Leopard Seals (Hydrurga Leptonyx) at Seal Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce 1999 Hunting and social behaviour of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Seal Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica Lisa M. Hiruki National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, [email protected] Michael K. Schwartz National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Peter L. Boveng National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Hiruki, Lisa M.; Schwartz, Michael K.; and Boveng, Peter L., "Hunting and social behaviour of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Seal Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica" (1999). Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce. 151. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/151 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Commerce at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. J. Zool., Lond. (1999) 249, 97±109 # 1999 The Zoological Society of London Printed in the United Kingdom Hunting and social behaviour of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Seal Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica Lisa M. Hiruki*, Michael K. Schwartz{ and Peter L.
[Show full text]
Full Text in Pdf Format
Vol. 16: 149–163, 2012 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published online February 29 doi: 10.3354/esr00392 Endang Species Res Age estimation, growth and age-related mortality of Mediterranean monk seals Monachus monachus Sinéad Murphy1,*, Trevor R. Spradlin1,2, Beth Mackey1, Jill McVee3, Evgenia Androukaki4, Eleni Tounta4, Alexandros A. Karamanlidis4, Panagiotis Dendrinos4, Emily Joseph4, Christina Lockyer5, Jason Matthiopoulos1 1Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK 2NOAA Fisheries Service/Office of Protected Resources, Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA 3Histology Department, Bute Medical School, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK 4MOm/Hellenic Society for the Study and Protection of the Monk Seal, 18 Solomou Street, 106 82 Athens, Greece 5Age Dynamics, Huldbergs Allé 42, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark ABSTRACT: Mediterranean monk seals Monachus monachus are classified as Critically Endan- gered on the IUCN Red List, with <600 individuals split into 3 isolated sub-populations, the largest in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Canine teeth collected during the last 2 decades from 45 dead monk seals inhabiting Greek waters were processed for age estimation. Ages were best estimated by counting growth layer groups (GLGs) in the cementum adjacent to the root tip using un - processed longitudinal or transverse sections (360 µm thickness) observed under polarized light. Decalcified and stained thin sections (8 to 23 µm) of both cementum and dentine were inferior to unprocessed sections. From analysing patterns of deposition in the cementum of known age- maturity class individuals, one GLG was found to be deposited annually in M.
[Show full text]
Collagen Fingerprinting and the Earliest Marine Mammal Hunting in North America Received: 2 February 2018 Courtney A
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Collagen Fingerprinting and the Earliest Marine Mammal Hunting in North America Received: 2 February 2018 Courtney A. Hofman 1,2, Torben C. Rick3, Jon M. Erlandson4, Leslie Reeder-Myers5, Accepted: 18 June 2018 Andreanna J. Welch6,2 & Michael Buckley 7 Published: xx xx xxxx The submersion of Late Pleistocene shorelines and poor organic preservation at many early archaeological sites obscure the earliest efects of humans on coastal resources in the Americas. We used collagen fngerprinting to identify bone fragments from middens at four California Channel Island sites that are among the oldest coastal sites in the Americas (~12,500-8,500 cal BP). We document Paleocoastal human predation of at least three marine mammal families/species, including northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), eared seals (Otariidae), and sea otters (Enhydra lutris). Otariids and elephant seals are abundant today along the Pacifc Coast of North America, but elephant seals are rare in late Holocene (<1500 cal BP) archaeological sites. Our data support the hypotheses that: (1) marine mammals helped fuel the peopling of the Americas; (2) humans afected marine mammal biogeography millennia before the devastation caused by the historic fur and oil trade; and (3) the current abundance and distribution of recovering pinniped populations on the California Channel Islands may mirror a pre-human baseline. Recent archaeological, genomic, and paleoecological research identifes the Pacifc Coast as one of the gateways for the peopling of the Americas1–8. California’s Channel Islands fgure prominently in this research with ~13,000- 11,000 year old sites that contain human remains, sophisticated hunting tools, and diverse faunal assemblages3,9,10.
[Show full text]
Periodic Status Review for the Steller Sea Lion
STATE OF WASHINGTON January 2015 Periodic Status Review for the Steller Sea Lion Gary J. Wiles The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife maintains a list of endangered, threatened, and sensitive species (Washington Administrative Codes 232-12-014 and 232-12-011, Appendix E). In 1990, the Washington Wildlife Commission adopted listing procedures developed by a group of citizens, interest groups, and state and federal agencies (Washington Administrative Code 232-12-297, Appendix A). The procedures include how species listings will be initiated, criteria for listing and delisting, a requirement for public review, the development of recovery or management plans, and the periodic review of listed species. The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife is directed to conduct reviews of each endangered, threatened, or sensitive wildlife species at least every five years after the date of its listing. The reviews are designed to include an update of the species status report to determine whether the status of the species warrants its current listing status or deserves reclassification. The agency notifies the general public and specific parties who have expressed their interest to the Department of the periodic status review at least one year prior to the five-year period so that they may submit new scientific data to be included in the review. The agency notifies the public of its recommendation at least 30 days prior to presenting the findings to the Fish and Wildlife Commission. In addition, if the agency determines that new information suggests that the classification of a species should be changed from its present state, the agency prepares documents to determine the environmental consequences of adopting the recommendations pursuant to requirements of the State Environmental Policy Act.
[Show full text]
What Do You Do When a Northern Elephant Seal Visits Your Beach?
Summer 2019 Island County, WA Issue No. 124 By Darcy McNamara, Extension Coordinator, Jefferson County Extension and Bob Simmons, Associate Professor, WSU Extension. Special thanks to Joanne for sharing her story and to Betsy Carlson, Port Townsend Marine Science Center. What do you do when a northern elephant seal visits your beach? This female northern elephant seal was recovering from injuries when it showed up at Joanne's house. Photo by Joanne. Joanne had a big surprise waiting when she returned home one afternoon in July. There was something on her beach. At first, she thought it was just a large seal, but as a recent graduate of WSU’s Beach Naturalist class and a trained “seal sitter,” something about it was different. Looking through binoculars she saw it had black whiskers, small fore flippers, and no external ear flaps (making it a true seal). But the size was what gave the visitor’s identity away. It was a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) – the largest true seal in the northern hemisphere. Females grow up to 10 feet long and weigh up to 1,300 pounds and males can even grow larger, reaching 13 feet long and 4,000 pounds. The seal resting on the beach in July. Photo by Joanne. Joanne contacted Betsy Carlson, Citizen Science Coordinator for the Port Townsend Marine Science Center and learned that a badly injured female northern elephant seal had been seen on a nearby Olympic Peninsula beach in April. The seal in front of Joanne’s home had some scars and they determined it was probably the same animal.
[Show full text]