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Alaska Sea Lions and Seals

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Alaska Sea Lions and Seals

Blaire, Kate, Donovan, & Alex

Biodiversity of Alaska
18 June 2017

https://www.stlzoo.org/files/3913/6260/5731/Sea-lion_RogerBrandt.jpg

Similarities & Differences of Sea Lions and Seals

Phocidae Family
Otariidae Family

cannot rotate back flippers; move like a caterpillar on land can rotate back flippers under themselves to walk and run on land marine mammals

pinniped, “fin footed” in
Latin external earflaps no external earflaps

use front flippers for power when swimming use back flippers for power when swimming preyed upon

by polar bears, orcas, and sharks use back flippers for steering when swimming use front flippers for steering when swimming

food: krill, fish, lobster, birds food: squid, octopus, birds, and fish

claws and fur on front flippers no claws or hair on front flippers

Seals
Sea Lions

("What’s the Difference “ 2017)

Evolution

• Both seals and sea lions are Pinnipeds • Descended from one ancestral line • Belong to order carnivora • Closest living relatives are bears and musteloids (diverged 50 million years ago)

http://what-when-how.com/marine-mammals/pinniped-evolution- marine-mammals/

(Churchill 2015)

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2009-04/24/content_7710231.htm

Phylogenetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinniped

Steller: Eumetopias jubatus

http://www.arkive.org/stellers-sea-lion/eumetopias-jubatus/image-G62602.html

Steller: Eumetopias jubatus

• Classification (”Steller Sea Lion” 2017)

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mamalia
Order: Carnivora Family: Otarridae
Genus: Eumetopias
Species: Jubatus

Steller: Eumetopias jubatus

General Description
• Size:
• males: 2,500 lbs , 10-11 ft

• females: 770 lbs , 7.5-9.5 ft • pups: 35-50 lbs , 3.3 ft

• Coloring:
• adults: light blonde to reddish brown

• pups: dark brown/black
• Lifespan:
• 20-30 years old

(“Steller Sea Lion” 2017)

Steller: Eumetopias jubatus

Life History
• Growth & Reproduction:
• use rookeries • males establish territory, multiple females (“Steller Sea Lions” 2017)

• Feeding:

• opportunistic (capellin, cod, herring, mackeral, pollock, rockfish, salmon, squid, octopus, gastropods) (Fiscus 2017)

• Behavior:

• use haul-outs for rest • can dive up to 1300 ft, no migration • can walk on land (“Mammals” 2017)

Steller: Eumetopias jubatus

• Distributed throughout the coast to continental shelf (Womble 2017)

http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/sealions/steller-sea-lion.html

• Aleutian islands, central
Bering sea, Southern coast

• Western Distinct
Population Segment (DPS) = central and western Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian islands, coastal waters

Geographic Distribution
• Eastern DPS = southeast

Alaska, California, British Columbia, and Oregon (“Mammals” 2017)

Steller: Eumetopias jubatus

• Status: Endangered (Western DPS), Delisted (Eastern DPS) • Predators: orcas, sharks, humans • Efforts: protective zones, catch/hunting limits

(“Mammals” 2017)

Bearded: Erignathus barbatus

http://sewardcitynews.com/2014/12/rare-opportunity-to-view-bearded-seal-at-the-alaska-sealife-center/

Bearded: Erignathus barbatus

Life History
• Growth & Reproduction:
• one pup per year

• late April or early May

• Feeding:
• feed benthically

• invertebrates • bottom fish

http://www.alaska.org/assets/content/cache/made/assets/content/advice/Alaska_Species_Gui de/Marine%20Mammals/580_438_c1/Bearded_SealHarbor_Seals_AB.jpg

• Behavior:
• males vocalize during the breeding season • predators
(“Mammals” 2017)

Bearded: Erignathus barbatus

• Status: very common and low risk (least concern of extinction)

• Life Span: 25 years old • Predators: polar bears, killer whales, walruses, and Alaska
Native hunters (“Bearded Seal” 2015)

http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=beardedseal.main

Bearded: Erignathus barbatus

Range and Habitat
• follow the sea ice • south into Bering Sea and north into Chukchi and Beaufort Sea

• juveniles found more in ice free zones than adults

• shallow water

http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=beardedseal.rangemap

• high biomass areas of
Geographic Distribution

benthic prey

• 150-200 m
(“Mammals” 2017)

  • Harbor: Phoca vitulina
  • Harbor: Phoca vitulina

Life History
• Diving:
• adaptations

• Reproduction & Development:
• single pups

http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=harborseal.main

• May and mid-July • swim almost immediately after birth • sexual maturity between 3 and 7 years

• Food:
• opportunistic feeders

• seasonally available resources

(“Harbor Seal” 2015)

Harbor: Phoca vitulina

Life History
• Movement:
• no seasonal patterns

• Behavior:
• solitary in water

https://seagrant.uaf.edu/marine-ed/mm/images/harbor-seal-rev.jpg

• haul out in groups • enter water if threatened

• Species of Special Concern:
• vulnerable to significant decline • causes are unknown • most common predator is the killer whale

(“Harbor Seal” 2015)

Harbor: Phoca vitulina

Range and Habitat

• Dixon Entrance to
Kuskokwim Bay and west throughout the Aleutian Islands

• reefs, sand, and gravel beaches

• glacial and sea ice

http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=harborseal.rangemap

• seasonal movement to

Geographic Distribution

glacial fjords

(“Mammal” 2017)

Northern Fur: Callorhinus ursinus

http://www.ejphoto.com/northern_fur_seal_page.htm

Northern Fur: Callorhinus ursinus

(“Mammals” 2017)
Life History

• Growth & Reproduction:

• Pribilof Islands • Males emit growling noises • Young mature around 5 years of age

• Life span is about 25 years

• Feeding:
• vast mixtures of food
• Migration:

• males and females have different migration habits

https://www.britannica.com/place/Alaska

Northern Fur: Callorhinus ursinus

Range and Habitat

• Pribilof Islands

http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=northernfurseal.rangemap

Geographic Distribution
(“Mammals” 2017)

Northern Fur: Callorhinus ursinus

Life History
• Range and Habitat:
• found normally between 10 and 100 miles offshore

• Appearance:
• mature seals have brownblack, dense pelts

• males much larger than females
• History and Population:

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3005/2680894468_86e7612c40.jpg

• discovered by Georg Wilhelm Steller • hunting became illegal in 1985

• Predators and Threats: killer whales, sharks, Steller Sea Lions

(“Mammals” 2017)

Ribbon: Phoca fasciata

http://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2014/07/14/rare-ribbon-seal-sighting-in-prince-william-sound-alaska/

Ribbon: Phoca fasciata

Life History
• Geography:
• mostly located in the Bering Sea by Alaska

• Feeding:
• large variety of marine food

• primary food choice is fish

• Predators and Threats:

https://seagrant.uaf.edu/marine-ed/mm/fieldguide/ribbon-seal.html

• difficult to tell predators • live far from civilization • population is strong, in no way endangered

(“Mammals” 2017)

Ribbon: Phoca fasciata

Life History
• Appearance:
• four rings on their bodies

• 5.5 feet and 175 pounds

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histriophoca_fasciata

• Migration:
• little information due to their remote environment

• Range and Habitat:
• young born on ice in April and May

• snow drifts are the main defenses against snow along with their mothers

(“Mammals” 2017)

Ringed: Phoca hispida

http://www.earthweek.com/2011/ew111216/ew111216g.html

Ringed: Phoca hispida

Life History • Growth and Reproduction:
• birth single pup

• females breed month after giving birth

• males omit odor

• Feeding

http://www.npolar.no/npcms/export/sites/np/images/dyreliv/Ringsel_Kovacs.jpg_787994278.jpg

• Artic cod, Saffron cod, Shrimps, and other crustaceans
• Behavior:
• live under sea ice • claws create breathing holes
• Predators and Threats: killer whales, polar bears, walruses
(“Mammals” 2017)

Ringed: Phoca hispida

• Range and Habitat:
• breeding seals à breeding territories

• juvenile seals à migrate south
• Geographic Distribution

• Bering • Chukchi • Beaufort

• Conservation Status:
• least concern

• Size
• 4 ft, 120 lbs
(“Mammals” 2017)

Spotted: Phoca largha

https://alaskafurid.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/seal-spotted/

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  • Electrophoretic Variation in Large Mammals. III. the Ringed Seal, Pusa-Hispida, the Harp Seal, Pagophilus-Groenlandicus, and the Hooded Seal, Cystophora-Cristata

    Electrophoretic Variation in Large Mammals. III. the Ringed Seal, Pusa-Hispida, the Harp Seal, Pagophilus-Groenlandicus, and the Hooded Seal, Cystophora-Cristata

    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Biological Sciences Faculty Publications Biological Sciences 1982 Electrophoretic Variation in Large Mammals. III. The Ringed Seal, Pusa-Hispida, the Harp Seal, Pagophilus-Groenlandicus, and the Hooded Seal, Cystophora-Cristata V. Simonsen Fred W. Allendorf University of Montana - Missoula, [email protected] W. F. Eanes F. O. Kapel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs Part of the Biology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Simonsen, V.; Allendorf, Fred W.; Eanes, W. F.; and Kapel, F. O., "Electrophoretic Variation in Large Mammals. III. The Ringed Seal, Pusa-Hispida, the Harp Seal, Pagophilus-Groenlandicus, and the Hooded Seal, Cystophora-Cristata" (1982). Biological Sciences Faculty Publications. 63. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/63 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hereditas 97: 87-90 (1982) Electrophoretic variation in large mammals 111. The ringed seal, Pusa hispida, the harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus, and the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. V. SIMONSEN', F. W. ALLENDORF, W. F. EANES3 and F. 0. KAPEL4 ' Institute of Ecology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Denmark Department of Zoology, University of Montana, USA ' Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, USA Greenland Fisheries Investigations, Charlottenlund, Denmark SIMONSEN, V., ALLENDORF, F. W.,EANES, W.