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© in This Web Service Cambridge University Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83372-1 - A Concise History of the Baltic States Andrejs Plakans Index More information INDEX Page numbers in bold italic refer to photographs and illustrations. Academies of Science, 366, 406 Auseklis (Mikus Krogzems), 228 Adamkus, Valdas, 427, 442 Aušra, 238 Adelstand (nobility), 145, 196 Austrums, 263 Aesti, 7, 8 Agrarian Union, 298, 314, 413 Baltic Appeal to the United Nations, 409 agricultural collectivization, 365, Baltic Germans 367–368 administrators, 131, 132, 190 agricultural reforms, 107, 317, 345 landowners’ dealings with agricultural societies, 282 peasantry, 177 agriculture, settled, 4–7 press (nineteenth century), 207 Aizsargi (home guard), 325 rural, 243 Albert of Buxhoevden, 36–39, 36, 38, 43 Russian state service careers, 199 Albertina University (Königsberg), 114 scholars, 225 All-Estonian Congress, 272 serf emancipation (1816–1819), 171 Altmark, Peace of (1629), 88, 94, 98 Baltic littoral before WWI, 286 Aluna¯ ns, Juris, 224 Baltic littoral after WWI, 304 amber, 6, 8, 25 Baltic littoral after WWII, 361 Andropov, Jurii, 386 Baltic Military District, 346 annexation to the USSR Baltic Sea, 2, 42, 98 (Aug. 1940), 344 maritime trade, 103 anti-Semitic beliefs, 352 piracy, 17 Aps¯tis,ı Je¯kabs, 247 Baltic Way, 404 Ara¯ js, Viktors, 352 Baltijas Ve¯stnesis, 233 Ara¯ js-Kommando, 352 Baltische Monatschrift, 255 Archbishop of Riga, 56, 73, 80, 84 Barbarossa (invasion of USSR 1941), 348 Armistead, George, 266 Barons, Krišja¯ nis, 225, 228 Arvelius, Friedrich Gustav, 167 Basanavicˇius, Jonas, 238, 239, Aspa¯ zija (Elza Rosenberga), 282 272, 285 Augsburg, Peace of (1555), 85 Bauernbefreiung (emancipation of Aukštaitija, 11, 13, 47, 62, 69, 106 serfs), 190 458 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83372-1 - A Concise History of the Baltic States Andrejs Plakans Index More information Index 459 belief systems, 20–25 sermons vetted, 204 animism, 21–22 Stalinist period, 345, 365 Baltic pantheon, 23 wartime, 288 burial customs, 23 Center Party, 424 generational transmission, 24, 25 Central Committee for Latvian gods, 22–23 Refugees, 290 moral codes, 23 Central League of Veterans of the shamanism, 22 Estonian Independence Belševica, Vizma, 381 Wars, 327 Benedict’s rule, 60 Ce¯sis, 40, 186, 246 Beria, Lavrentii, 370 Charter of Partnership, 430 Berklavs, Eduards, 372 Chernenko, Konstantin, 386 Bermont-Avalov, Pavel, 302 Chernobyl diasaster, 389 Berthold (monk), 35 Christian Democrats, 424 Bielenstein, August, 227, 230 christianization, 34, 45 Bienenstamm, H. von, 174 Carolingian Empire, 29 Biliunas, Jonas, 238 conversion activities, 39 Birkavs, Valdis, 413 eastern Slavs, 31 Bishop of Courland, 56, 80, 86 Latgalians, 32 Bishop of Reval, 80 Lithuania, Grand Duchy of, 65 Bishop of Saaremaa, 56, 80, 86 Livs, 39 Bishop of Tartu, 56, 80, 86 Mindaugas, 48 Blaumanis, Ru¯ dolfs, 282 Norway, 28 Blitzkrieg (lightning war), 338 Prussians, 52 Bloody Sunday (1905), 269 Scandinavia, 28 Bolsheviks, 296–307 Semigallian opposition, 45 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 189 Ugandi and Sakala, 41 invasion of Russia (1812), 190 Christmas battles (1916), 292 book smuggling period, 237 chronicles, 24, 42 bourgeois nationalism, 365, 366, Henry of Livonia, 35, 45 372, 389 Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, 35, 45 Brazauskas, Algirdas, 394, 411, Russian, 8, 10, 17 414, 414 thirteenth–fourteenth century, 10, 17, Bremen, 36 25, 47 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (Mar. 1918), written sources, 7–8, 71, 79 299 Chylinski, Samuel, 115 Bretkunas, Jonas, 115 Cimze, Ja¯ nis, 208 Brezhnev, Leonid, 373, 386 cˇinšas (cash payment to escape era of stagnation, 377 obligatory labor), 182 Br¯vzemnieks,ı Fricis, 231 citizenship examinations, 420 Bronze/Iron Age, 5–6 citizenship redefined, 401 Browne, George, 134, 145, 164 coalition governments, 312, 324, 342, Brzostowski, Paul, 145 415, 441, 445 Cold War, 362, 375, 399, 429 cadasters, 110 Commonwealth of Independent Cˇ akste, Ja¯ nis, 310 States, 405 calendars, 167 communist parties in the Baltic, 362, censorship, 169, 213, 231, 374 371–373 during 1905 revolution, 274 Communist Party, 344 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83372-1 - A Concise History of the Baltic States Andrejs Plakans Index More information 460 Index Communist Party (cont.) recruitment, 79 factions divide, 396–397 St. George’s Day, 75 Komsomol (youth organization), 363 secularized, 140 membership, 362–364, 371, 388 statutes, 60 communists of Baltic origin, 343 Swordbrothers, 36, 39, 44, 45 computer-oriented world, 447 Teutonic Order, 44, 49, 51–52, 64, concordat 67, 81 Pope Gregory and Tsar Nicholas, 206 attack on Lithuanian lands, 65 Congress of Vienna (1815), 190 disputes with Livonian Order, 68, Congress Poland, 201 maps, 105 constitutions, post-1991, 412 switch to Lutheranism, 84 cooperatives, 279 crusades, 34, 36 Konsums, 282 cultural artifacts, 4 corporations, 57–60, 68 cultural stratification, 18, 74, Council of Baltic Sea States (1992), 429 high, 72, 93 coup in Moscow (Aug. 1991), 398 low, 72 Courland, Duchy of, 89, 95, 120, Czartorisky family, 137 122, 134 Biron, Ernst, 140 daina (Latvian). See folk poetry and Biron, Peter, 155 folksongs landed aristocratic families, 140 dainos (Lithuanian). See folk poetry and Piltene District, 88 folksongs Ritterschaft (registry of nobility), Danes, 27, 41, 43, 75 140, 155 Dankers, Oskars, 354 Russian intervention, 140–142 Daugava River, 10, 36, 98, 102 Russian rule, 153 blockage by military, 41 Semigallia, 95 missionaries’ entry route, 35 Couronians (or Kurs), 11, 13, 35, opposition to hydroelectric 43, 112 complex, 389 attacking Riga, 40 Riga controls trade, 57 Gotland raids, 27 trade upstream, 39 Lamekin, 46 World War II front, 288 piracy, 17 Daugavpils, 138, 139, 247 Cracow, 90, 91, 134 Daukantas, Simonas, 175, 212 craft guilds, 143 Democratic Party Saimnieks, 424 creative workers, 380 demographic patterns Crimean War (1853–1856), 215 assimilation, 79 crusaders, 38, 42, 43, 381 Black Death aftermath, 78 German, 33, 40 Courland (eighteenth century), Livonian Order, 47–54, 56, 69, 80, 155–156 82, 84 denationalization, 385–386 attack on Lithuanian lands, 65 drastic depopulation (sixteenth conquest of Semigallia, 45 century), 123 fought Couronians, 44 Inflanty (eighteenth century), 153–154 Kettler, Gotthard, 86, 95, 97, in-migration, 16, 79 Plettenberg, Walther von, 81–82, late eighteenth century, 133–134 83, 84 life expectancy, 16 protected by Poland-Lithuania, mortality, 16 86, 94 out-migration, 253 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83372-1 - A Concise History of the Baltic States Andrejs Plakans Index More information Index 461 population censuses (1920s), 308 enlightened despots, 144 population development, 14, 78–80, 94 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 143 population growth (late eighteenth Equal Rights Party, 422 century), 182 Erbuntertänigkeit (hereditary servility), population statistics, 89 107, 180 Riga’s ethnic mix, 245 estate reduction, 109, 128 Slavic in-migration, 378 Estland social dysfunction (1970–1980), 384 emancipation law (1816), 191 transitional strains (1990s), 404–409 serf emancipation (1816), 190 demokratizaatsia (democratization), 387 Estonia Denmark, 88 1992 government, 412 Frederick II, 86 ancient (forty-five parishes), 13 deportations constitution adopted, 310 June 1941, 347 crusades, 40 1948–1949, 368 Danes’ incursion, 41 rehabilitation of deportees, 371 economic expansion, 279 Derschau, Ernst von, 174 Estophiles, 167, 208 diaspora (end of nineteenth century), 253 general rising (1223), 41 diaspora populations, 382–384 independence (Feb. 1918), 297 Dienas Lapa (Daily Paper), 264 independence war (1918), 301–302 Dievas (Lithuanian god), 23 languages used (nineteenth Dievin‚š (Latvian god), 23 century), 160 Dinsberg‘is, Ernests, 209 Mahtra War (1858), 217 dissidence, 379–382 purge (1950), 372 Domasevicˇius, Andrius, 262 Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Donelaitis, Kristijonas, 151–152, 213 Party, 270 Metai (The Seasons), 151 song festivals, 232 Dorpat (Tartu) University, 114, 208, 250 Swedish rule, 98 Duma (national legislature), 275 twelfth-century territory, 35, 38 Durbe, 44 Estonian Alexander School (1871), 228 Dvinsk. See Daugavpils Estonian language, 10, 93, 112, 115, 280 Džu¯ kija, 13 published works, 160 Estonian Legion, 357 Eggink, Johann Lebrecht, 191 Estonian National Committee, 359 Eglons, Visvaldis, 381 Estonian National Independence Einhorn, Paul, 114, 117 Party, 392 Einsatzkommandos (Nazi special-duty Estonian Popular Front to Support squads), 351 Perestroika, 391 elections (July 1940), 343 Estonians, 10 Elverfeldt, Gustav, 213 defeat, 42 Elverfeldt, Kaarl Gotthard dialects, 71 first play in Latvian, 168 Forselius Teachers Seminary, 164, 249 émigrés Lembit, 46, 64 communities in the west, 409–410, 413 Unnepewe, 46 Lithuanian, 414 Vytames, 46 England, 78 ethnic minorities Enlightenment influences (eighteenth integration (twenty-first century), 446 century), 143–144, 174. See also ethnography, historical, 9 Literaten terminology, 10 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83372-1 - A Concise History of the Baltic States Andrejs Plakans Index More information 462 Index European Union, 429, 443 Great Patriotic War. See World War II full membership (2004), 435 Great War. See World War I europeanization, 54, 56, 57, 72 Griskevicˇius, Petras, 388 eastern Baltic littoral, 53 Grünau, Simon northern Baltic littoral,
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