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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83372-1 - A Concise History of the Baltic States Andrejs Plakans Index More information INDEX Page numbers in bold italic refer to photographs and illustrations. Academies of Science, 366, 406 Auseklis (Mikus Krogzems), 228 Adamkus, Valdas, 427, 442 Aušra, 238 Adelstand (nobility), 145, 196 Austrums, 263 Aesti, 7, 8 Agrarian Union, 298, 314, 413 Baltic Appeal to the United Nations, 409 agricultural collectivization, 365, Baltic Germans 367–368 administrators, 131, 132, 190 agricultural reforms, 107, 317, 345 landowners’ dealings with agricultural societies, 282 peasantry, 177 agriculture, settled, 4–7 press (nineteenth century), 207 Aizsargi (home guard), 325 rural, 243 Albert of Buxhoevden, 36–39, 36, 38, 43 Russian state service careers, 199 Albertina University (Königsberg), 114 scholars, 225 All-Estonian Congress, 272 serf emancipation (1816–1819), 171 Altmark, Peace of (1629), 88, 94, 98 Baltic littoral before WWI, 286 Aluna¯ ns, Juris, 224 Baltic littoral after WWI, 304 amber, 6, 8, 25 Baltic littoral after WWII, 361 Andropov, Jurii, 386 Baltic Military District, 346 annexation to the USSR Baltic Sea, 2, 42, 98 (Aug. 1940), 344 maritime trade, 103 anti-Semitic beliefs, 352 piracy, 17 Aps¯tis,ı Je¯kabs, 247 Baltic Way, 404 Ara¯ js, Viktors, 352 Baltijas Ve¯stnesis, 233 Ara¯ js-Kommando, 352 Baltische Monatschrift, 255 Archbishop of Riga, 56, 73, 80, 84 Barbarossa (invasion of USSR 1941), 348 Armistead, George, 266 Barons, Krišja¯ nis, 225, 228 Arvelius, Friedrich Gustav, 167 Basanavicˇius, Jonas, 238, 239, Aspa¯ zija (Elza Rosenberga), 282 272, 285 Augsburg, Peace of (1555), 85 Bauernbefreiung (emancipation of Aukštaitija, 11, 13, 47, 62, 69, 106 serfs), 190 458 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83372-1 - A Concise History of the Baltic States Andrejs Plakans Index More information Index 459 belief systems, 20–25 sermons vetted, 204 animism, 21–22 Stalinist period, 345, 365 Baltic pantheon, 23 wartime, 288 burial customs, 23 Center Party, 424 generational transmission, 24, 25 Central Committee for Latvian gods, 22–23 Refugees, 290 moral codes, 23 Central League of Veterans of the shamanism, 22 Estonian Independence Belševica, Vizma, 381 Wars, 327 Benedict’s rule, 60 Ce¯sis, 40, 186, 246 Beria, Lavrentii, 370 Charter of Partnership, 430 Berklavs, Eduards, 372 Chernenko, Konstantin, 386 Bermont-Avalov, Pavel, 302 Chernobyl diasaster, 389 Berthold (monk), 35 Christian Democrats, 424 Bielenstein, August, 227, 230 christianization, 34, 45 Bienenstamm, H. von, 174 Carolingian Empire, 29 Biliunas, Jonas, 238 conversion activities, 39 Birkavs, Valdis, 413 eastern Slavs, 31 Bishop of Courland, 56, 80, 86 Latgalians, 32 Bishop of Reval, 80 Lithuania, Grand Duchy of, 65 Bishop of Saaremaa, 56, 80, 86 Livs, 39 Bishop of Tartu, 56, 80, 86 Mindaugas, 48 Blaumanis, Ru¯ dolfs, 282 Norway, 28 Blitzkrieg (lightning war), 338 Prussians, 52 Bloody Sunday (1905), 269 Scandinavia, 28 Bolsheviks, 296–307 Semigallian opposition, 45 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 189 Ugandi and Sakala, 41 invasion of Russia (1812), 190 Christmas battles (1916), 292 book smuggling period, 237 chronicles, 24, 42 bourgeois nationalism, 365, 366, Henry of Livonia, 35, 45 372, 389 Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, 35, 45 Brazauskas, Algirdas, 394, 411, Russian, 8, 10, 17 414, 414 thirteenth–fourteenth century, 10, 17, Bremen, 36 25, 47 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (Mar. 1918), written sources, 7–8, 71, 79 299 Chylinski, Samuel, 115 Bretkunas, Jonas, 115 Cimze, Ja¯ nis, 208 Brezhnev, Leonid, 373, 386 cˇinšas (cash payment to escape era of stagnation, 377 obligatory labor), 182 Br¯vzemnieks,ı Fricis, 231 citizenship examinations, 420 Bronze/Iron Age, 5–6 citizenship redefined, 401 Browne, George, 134, 145, 164 coalition governments, 312, 324, 342, Brzostowski, Paul, 145 415, 441, 445 Cold War, 362, 375, 399, 429 cadasters, 110 Commonwealth of Independent Cˇ akste, Ja¯ nis, 310 States, 405 calendars, 167 communist parties in the Baltic, 362, censorship, 169, 213, 231, 374 371–373 during 1905 revolution, 274 Communist Party, 344 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83372-1 - A Concise History of the Baltic States Andrejs Plakans Index More information 460 Index Communist Party (cont.) recruitment, 79 factions divide, 396–397 St. George’s Day, 75 Komsomol (youth organization), 363 secularized, 140 membership, 362–364, 371, 388 statutes, 60 communists of Baltic origin, 343 Swordbrothers, 36, 39, 44, 45 computer-oriented world, 447 Teutonic Order, 44, 49, 51–52, 64, concordat 67, 81 Pope Gregory and Tsar Nicholas, 206 attack on Lithuanian lands, 65 Congress of Vienna (1815), 190 disputes with Livonian Order, 68, Congress Poland, 201 maps, 105 constitutions, post-1991, 412 switch to Lutheranism, 84 cooperatives, 279 crusades, 34, 36 Konsums, 282 cultural artifacts, 4 corporations, 57–60, 68 cultural stratification, 18, 74, Council of Baltic Sea States (1992), 429 high, 72, 93 coup in Moscow (Aug. 1991), 398 low, 72 Courland, Duchy of, 89, 95, 120, Czartorisky family, 137 122, 134 Biron, Ernst, 140 daina (Latvian). See folk poetry and Biron, Peter, 155 folksongs landed aristocratic families, 140 dainos (Lithuanian). See folk poetry and Piltene District, 88 folksongs Ritterschaft (registry of nobility), Danes, 27, 41, 43, 75 140, 155 Dankers, Oskars, 354 Russian intervention, 140–142 Daugava River, 10, 36, 98, 102 Russian rule, 153 blockage by military, 41 Semigallia, 95 missionaries’ entry route, 35 Couronians (or Kurs), 11, 13, 35, opposition to hydroelectric 43, 112 complex, 389 attacking Riga, 40 Riga controls trade, 57 Gotland raids, 27 trade upstream, 39 Lamekin, 46 World War II front, 288 piracy, 17 Daugavpils, 138, 139, 247 Cracow, 90, 91, 134 Daukantas, Simonas, 175, 212 craft guilds, 143 Democratic Party Saimnieks, 424 creative workers, 380 demographic patterns Crimean War (1853–1856), 215 assimilation, 79 crusaders, 38, 42, 43, 381 Black Death aftermath, 78 German, 33, 40 Courland (eighteenth century), Livonian Order, 47–54, 56, 69, 80, 155–156 82, 84 denationalization, 385–386 attack on Lithuanian lands, 65 drastic depopulation (sixteenth conquest of Semigallia, 45 century), 123 fought Couronians, 44 Inflanty (eighteenth century), 153–154 Kettler, Gotthard, 86, 95, 97, in-migration, 16, 79 Plettenberg, Walther von, 81–82, late eighteenth century, 133–134 83, 84 life expectancy, 16 protected by Poland-Lithuania, mortality, 16 86, 94 out-migration, 253 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83372-1 - A Concise History of the Baltic States Andrejs Plakans Index More information Index 461 population censuses (1920s), 308 enlightened despots, 144 population development, 14, 78–80, 94 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 143 population growth (late eighteenth Equal Rights Party, 422 century), 182 Erbuntertänigkeit (hereditary servility), population statistics, 89 107, 180 Riga’s ethnic mix, 245 estate reduction, 109, 128 Slavic in-migration, 378 Estland social dysfunction (1970–1980), 384 emancipation law (1816), 191 transitional strains (1990s), 404–409 serf emancipation (1816), 190 demokratizaatsia (democratization), 387 Estonia Denmark, 88 1992 government, 412 Frederick II, 86 ancient (forty-five parishes), 13 deportations constitution adopted, 310 June 1941, 347 crusades, 40 1948–1949, 368 Danes’ incursion, 41 rehabilitation of deportees, 371 economic expansion, 279 Derschau, Ernst von, 174 Estophiles, 167, 208 diaspora (end of nineteenth century), 253 general rising (1223), 41 diaspora populations, 382–384 independence (Feb. 1918), 297 Dienas Lapa (Daily Paper), 264 independence war (1918), 301–302 Dievas (Lithuanian god), 23 languages used (nineteenth Dievin‚š (Latvian god), 23 century), 160 Dinsberg‘is, Ernests, 209 Mahtra War (1858), 217 dissidence, 379–382 purge (1950), 372 Domasevicˇius, Andrius, 262 Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Donelaitis, Kristijonas, 151–152, 213 Party, 270 Metai (The Seasons), 151 song festivals, 232 Dorpat (Tartu) University, 114, 208, 250 Swedish rule, 98 Duma (national legislature), 275 twelfth-century territory, 35, 38 Durbe, 44 Estonian Alexander School (1871), 228 Dvinsk. See Daugavpils Estonian language, 10, 93, 112, 115, 280 Džu¯ kija, 13 published works, 160 Estonian Legion, 357 Eggink, Johann Lebrecht, 191 Estonian National Committee, 359 Eglons, Visvaldis, 381 Estonian National Independence Einhorn, Paul, 114, 117 Party, 392 Einsatzkommandos (Nazi special-duty Estonian Popular Front to Support squads), 351 Perestroika, 391 elections (July 1940), 343 Estonians, 10 Elverfeldt, Gustav, 213 defeat, 42 Elverfeldt, Kaarl Gotthard dialects, 71 first play in Latvian, 168 Forselius Teachers Seminary, 164, 249 émigrés Lembit, 46, 64 communities in the west, 409–410, 413 Unnepewe, 46 Lithuanian, 414 Vytames, 46 England, 78 ethnic minorities Enlightenment influences (eighteenth integration (twenty-first century), 446 century), 143–144, 174. See also ethnography, historical, 9 Literaten terminology, 10 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83372-1 - A Concise History of the Baltic States Andrejs Plakans Index More information 462 Index European Union, 429, 443 Great Patriotic War. See World War II full membership (2004), 435 Great War. See World War I europeanization, 54, 56, 57, 72 Griskevicˇius, Petras, 388 eastern Baltic littoral, 53 Grünau, Simon northern Baltic littoral,
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  • Country Walkers Itinerary

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    countrywalkers.com 800.234.6900 Lithuania & Latvia: Vilnius to Riga Flight + Tour Combo Itinerary Sea, sky, and sand: the universe is reduced to three elements as you survey the Bay of Amber and the 60-mile sweep of dunes at Curonian Spit. Whistling winds, waving grasses, and a boardwalk that leads to what feels like the world’s edge—a landscape you never imagined. Then again, you’re learning to expect the unexpected in Lithuania. Fascinating folk traditions and indelible sights fill each day’s walk, from the legend-inspired woodcarvings on Witches’ Hill to Trakai’s red-sandstone island castle. Yesterday a farm-to-table lunch near a Bronze Age hillfort, today the chance to craft your own amulet from native amber at a local jeweler’s gallery. Across the border, Latvia awaits: scenic wetlands, country palaces, and Saturday’s chef-led tour through the converted zeppelin hangars of Riga’s food market. When you’re hiking in the Baltics, every step reveals new horizons. Highlights Take in sights straight out of the pages of a fairy-tale as you visit magnificent Baltic castles and grand, historic palaces, nestled in beautiful settings Follow scenic trails into the national parks of Trakai, Curonian Spit, Žemaitija, Gauja, and Kemeri Pay a visit to an amber museum to learn about the traditions surrounding this treasured gem and craft your own keepsake in the workshop Tour one of Europe’s largest markets guided by a Latvian chef, sampling fresh bread, cheese, and more, treating your senses as you explore 1 / 12 countrywalkers.com 800.234.6900 Activity Level This tour is one of our Guided Walking Adventures, rated easy, with an average of 3 to 6 miles per day.
  • Lithuanian Diaspora

    Lithuanian Diaspora

    University of Notre Dame Australia ResearchOnline@ND Theses 2008 Lithuanian diaspora: An interview study on the preservation or loss of Pre-World War Two traditional culture among Lithuanian Catholic Émigrés in Western Australia and Siberia, in comparison with Lithuanians in their homeland Milena Vico University of Notre Dame Australia Follow this and additional works at: http://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING The am terial in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Publication Details Vico, M. (2008). Lithuanian diaspora: An interview study on the preservation or loss of Pre-World War Two traditional culture among Lithuanian Catholic Émigrés in Western Australia and Siberia, in comparison with Lithuanians in their homeland (Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)). University of Notre Dame Australia. http://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses/33 This dissertation/thesis is brought to you by ResearchOnline@ND. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of ResearchOnline@ND. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHAPTER 2 LITHUANIA: THE EARLIEST BEGINNINGS 9 CHAPTER 2 LITHUANIA: THE EARLIEST BEGINNINGS An historical culture is one that binds present and future generations, like links in a chain, to all those who precede them. A man identifies himself, according to the national ideal, through his relationship to his ancestors and forebears, and to the events that shaped their character (Smith, 1979, p.
  • LATGALE-ENG-FINAL.Pdf

    LATGALE-ENG-FINAL.Pdf

    Bella Dvina and Baltic Country of Lakes Estonia Russia Baltic See Viļaka municipality Balvi Rugāji municipality Byelorussia municipality Baltinava municipality Poland Kārsava district Viļāni Cibla municipality municipality Ukraine Ludza municipality Līvāni municipality Riebiņi municipality Rēzekne municipality Zilupe Vārkava municipality municipality Preiļi municipality Aglona Dagda municipality municipality Ilūkste municipality Krāslava municipality Daugavpils municipality Verkhnyadzvinsk District Rossony Rossony District Verkhnyadzvinsk Zarasai Braslaw Zarasai district Miory Anykščiai district Polotsk District Utena district Braslaw District Miory District Polotsk Anykščai Utena Vitebsk District Vitebsk Region Vitebsk The Baltic Country of Lakes is the richest with lakes in the Baltics – more than two thousand lakes are located here. The advantages of the region are its relief, nature, clean air and wonderful people. Next to the Baltic Country of Lakes lies a country with a poetic name “Bella Dvina”. This country is located in the area where the river Dvina – Daugava flows, which is well known since ancient times for the trade route “from Varangians to Greeks”. Looking at the map, one can conclude, that inhabitants of three countries – Russia, Belarus and Latvia – can consider the Western Dvina for their own. Its flow begins in Russia, and goes through Belarus. As it flows into Latvia, it is no longer Dvina, but rather Daugava, which then flows into the Baltic Sea. Active tourism throughout the year, fascinating cultural events, and picturesque sceneries – all of this comprises a unique mosaic, which provides true visual and aesthetical enjoyment. We offer you to get acquainted with the Baltic Country of Lakes – Latgale in Latvia, Aukštaitija in Lithuania, as well as the “Bella Dvina” region, which includes Latgale in Latvia and part of Vitebsk region in Belarus.
  • Couronians | Semigallians | Selonians

    Couronians | Semigallians | Selonians

    BALTS’ ROAD, THE COURONIAN ROUTE SEGMENT Route: Rucava – Liepāja – Grobiņa – Jūrkalne – Alsunga – Kuldīga – Ventspils – Talsi – Valdemārpils – Sabile – Saldus – Embūte – Mosėdis – Plateliai – Kretinga – Klaipėda – Palanga – Rucava Duration: 3–4 days. Length about 790 km In ancient times, Couronians lived on the coast of the Baltic Sea. At that time, the sea and rivers were an important waterway that inuenced their way of life and interaction with neighbouring nations. You will nd out about this by taking the circular Couronian Route Segment. Peaceful deals were made during trading. Merchants from faraway lands Macaitis, Tērvete Tourism Information Centre, Zemgale Planning Region. Planning Zemgale Centre, Information Tourism Tērvete Macaitis, were tempted to visit the shores of the Baltic Sea looking for the northern gold – Photos: Līva Dāvidsone, Artis Gustovskis, Arvydas Gurkšnis, Denisas Nikitenka, Mindaugas Mindaugas Nikitenka, Denisas Gurkšnis, Arvydas Gustovskis, Artis Dāvidsone, Līva Photos: Publisher: Kurzeme Planning Region, Zemgale Planning Region 2019 Region Planning Zemgale Region, Planning Kurzeme Publisher: amber. To nd out more about amber, visit the Palanga Amber Museum (40) Centre, National Regional Development Agency in Lithuania. in Agency Development Regional National Centre, and the Liepāja Crafts House (6). Ancient Couronian boats, the barges, are Authors: Kurzeme Planning Region, Zemgale Planning Region, Šiauliai Tourism Information Information Tourism Šiauliai Region, Planning Zemgale Region, Planning Kurzeme Authors: