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9=TRANSAFRICAN Phylosector

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9=TRANSAFRICAN Phylosector page 622 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition 9=TRANSAFRICAN phylosector édition princeps foundation edition DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000 THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012 published online & updated from November 2012 This phylosector covers 60 sets of languages (= 802 outer languages, composed of 2,816 inner languages) spoken by communities across the African continent south of the Sahara, from Senegal to South Africa, constituting the Transafrican ("old Niger-Congo less Mande" or "Atlantic-Congo") continental affinity. The dimensions and nature of a more extensive "Niger-Kordofanian" (or "new Niger-Congo") hypothesis are uncertain, and the additional sets involved have been classified within the 0=African geosector (see 00=Mandic and 06=Kordofanic). This phylosector is named Transafrican (rather than "Atlantic-Congo" or "old Niger-Congo less Mande") to maintain the broad geographic nomenclature of all ten sectors of the linguasphere, representing intercontinental or continental entities in each case. Zones 90= to 93= cover languages spoken by communities westwards from Senegal through the northern interior of West and Central Africa as far as northern Congo/Zaire and southern Sudan. 90=ATLANTIC (northern West Atlantic) 91=VOLTAIC (Gur) 92=ADAMAWIC 93=UBANGIC (Eastern) Zones 94= to 97= cover languages spoken by communities westwards from Guinea through the coastal regions of West Africa as far as the Niger Delta. 94=MELIC (southern West Atlantic) 95=KRUIC (Kru) 96=AFRAMIC (western Kwa) 97=DELTIC (Niger-Delta) Zones 98= and 99= cover languages spoken through Nigeria and across the whole continent as far as Tanzania and South Africa. 98=BENUIC (eastern Kwa) 99=BANTUIC (Bantu including Bantoid) The name "Transafrican" is also introduced in the Register as an appropriate label for the continental affinity to which all the languages covered by phylozone 9= belong, by definition. The use of this term provides an escape from the now confusing succession of shifting and overlapping classificatory names, created during the second half of the 20th century from combinations of the river-name Congo (old "Niger-Congo", "new Niger-Congo", "Congo-Kordofanian", "Atlantic-Congo", "Volta-Congo", "Benue-Congo", etc.). It marks a clear boundary between this undisputed affinity (known most recently in the literature as "Atlantic-Congo") and its more speculative enlargements to embrace also the Mande and "Kordofanian" languages (which are treated in the Register under geosector 0=). Although the overall relationship of the languages covered by this phylosector is not in question, the boundaries among certain of their conventional 'branches' (treated here as phylozones) should be regarded as referential rather than historical (see note below on zones 90=, 91=, 92=, 96=, 98= and 99=). Sets of languages covered by zones 90=Atlantic and 97=Deltic are less closely related to other sets in the "Transafrican" affinity than the latter (collectively labelled "Volta-Congo") are among themselves. The external unity of the inter-related sets within each of the zones 90=Atlantic, 91=Voltaic, 92=Adamawic and 96=Aframic (West-Kwa) (among themselves, as potential groupings within the Transatlantic affinity) has not been established, and the sequence of sets covered by each of these zones is therefore more safely described as a reference area. The extensive sequence of sets covered by the pair of zones 98=Benuic and 99=Bantuic is likewise treated in the Register as a reference area. Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One Les données supplémentaires ou améliorées sur les langues Additional or improved data on languages and et communautés traitées sous ce secteur seront accueillies communities covered by this sector will ici : ré[email protected] be welcomed here : [email protected] COLUMN 1 & 2 COLUMN 3 COLUMNS 4 & 5 layers of reference other nomenclature and notes nation-states scale of (+ provinces) and speakers codes and reference-names 9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 623 90= ATLANTIC covers the "Atlantic" ("old West-Atlantic less Mel") reference Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; 7 area, within the "Transafrican" continental affinity; comprising Senegal; Sierra Leone; with phylozone 16 sets of languages (= 53 outer languages) spoken by extension of Fula to Benin; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Chad; Mali; communities in western West Africa, with an eastward Niger; Nigeria; Sudan extention of the Fulfulde-speaking (Fula, Peul) community as far as Sudan: 90-A WOLOF 90-B FULFULDE+ SERER 90-C SAFEN+ NDUT 90-D FONYI+ KARON 90-E ESING+ GUBARE 90-F MANDYAK+ PAPEL 90-G BALANTA+ GANJA 90-H BUY+ HAAL 90-I BIAFADA+ BAJAR 90-J ONIYAN+ ONIK 90-K SUA 90-L NALUU 90-M MBULUNGISH 90-N BAGA-MBOTENI 90-O BIJOGO 90-P LIMBA+ YIMBA 90-A WOLOF set Arabic script; Latin script; also Wolof indigenous script 90-AA WOLOF chain 90-AAA WOLOF net 90-AAA-a Wolof ouolof, yallof, volof, ovolof Senegal; Gambia; also Mauritania; 6 migration> France 90-AAA-aa wolof-A. wolof "proper" Senegal; Gambia; also Mauritania 6 90-AAA-aaa wolof-V. "vehicular" wolof, "urban" wolof, "senegalese" wolof Dakar… Senegal; also Gambia; Mauritania 6 90-AAA-aab walo Walo country: Senegal lower river (St.Louis & hinterland) Senegal (Fleuve) 90-AAA-aac jolof dyolof, djolof, guiolof Dyolof country: Linguère… Dahra… Senegal (Diourbel) 90-AAA-aad kayor cayor Kayor country: St.Louis>S. coast Senegal (Diourbel-W.; Thiès) 90-AAA-aae baol bahol Diourbel>W. Senegal (Diourbel-SW.; Thiès-S.) 90-AAA-aaf sin-salum sine-saloum Kaolack… Senegal (Sine-Saloum) 90-AAA-aag gambia Gambia valley Gambia; also Senegal (Casamance) 90-AAA-aah banjul-U. banjul "urban" Banjul Gambia 90-AAA-ab lebu in [51=] Français: lébou Cap Vert peninsula… M'Bour coast ¶fishing Senegal (Thiès) community 90-B FULFULDE+ SERER Arabic script; Latin script set 90-BA FULFULDE+ FULA, peul PULAAR chain 90-BAA FULFULDE+ PULAAR net 90-BAA-a Pulaar+ Fulfulde-W. ful-be community, pul-lo person, in [51=] Français: peul, peulh, poular Senegal; Mauritania; Gambia; Mali; 6 Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Burkina Faso; Niger… 90-BAA-aa haal-pulaar part of pulaar, tukulor, tukolor, tokolor, in [51=] Français: toucouleur Senegal (Fleuve); Mauritania 6 (Brakna; Golgol); Gambia; Mali; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; plus migration eastwards 90-BAA-ab futa-tooro part of pulaar; fulbe-jeeri community Futa Toro country… migration Senegal (Fleuve; Diourbel…); 6 southwards & eastwards Mauritania (Golgol; Guidimaka); Gambia; Mali; Guinea; Guinea- Bissau; plus migration eastwards 90-BAA-ac fula-kunda+ gaabu part of pulaar, part of "semi-nomadic fula" Senegal (Casamance); Gambia; 6 Guinea-Bissau; Guinea (Youkounkoun…) 90-BAA-aca fula-kunda fula-cunda, ful-kunda Senegal (Casamance); Gambia 90-BAA-acb gaabu Gabu country Guinea-Bissau; also Guinea (Youkounkoun…) 90-BAA-ad futa-jalon fouta-djallon, fuuta-jalon, futa-jalo, futa-fula, part of pulaar Fouta Guinea; Senegal; Sierra Leone 6 Djallon massif… migration northwards, eastwards & southwards (Northern…); Mali; Guinea-Bissau ¶further dialects to be identified 90-BAA-ada kinsinka Guinea… 90-BAA-adb binaani Guinea… 90-BAA-ae fula-masina masina, maasiina, macina, part of fulfulde-W.Masina country Mauritania; Mali (Karakoro valley)… Tombouctou (Niger middle valley) 90-BAA-aea masina-W. segu fula influence < [00=] Manding Masina country… Nioro du Mauritania (Guidimaka; Assaba; 5 Sahel… Ségou Hodh Gharbi; Hodh Charki); Mali (Kayes; Bamako; Ségou) 90-BAA-aeb masina-E. maasiina-E., macina-E., part of fulfulde-W. influence < [00=] Manding Mali (Mopti; Gao) 5 Niger valley: Mopti… Tombouctou page 624 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition 90-BAA-af douenza+ seeno part of fulfulde-W. Mali (Mopti) 90-BAA-afa douenza Douentza (Mopti) 90-BAA-afb seeno Djénné>E. (Mopti) 90-BAA-ag gawoobe Niger middle valley: Bourem… Gao… Tillabéry Mali (Gao); Niger (Niamey) 90-BAA-ah barani barain, part of fulfulde-W.Barani Burkina Faso (Volta-Noire) 4* 90-BAA-ai jelgooji part of fulfulde-W., part of "semi-nomadic fula"Ouahigouya… Djibo Burkina Faso (Volta Noire; Centre) 5 90-BAA-aia ouahigouya Ouahigouya Burkina Faso (Volta-Noire) 90-BAA-aib djibo Djibo Burkina Faso (Centre) 90-BAA-aj bogandé part of fulfulde-W.Bogandé Burkina Faso (Est) 5 90-BAA-ak liptaako dori, "burkina standard" fula, part of fulfulde-W.Dori Burkina Faso (Centre); adjacent 5 Niger (Niamey) 90-BAA-al fula-gurma gurma fula, gourmantche fula, fada-ngurma, part of fulfulde-W.Fada- Burkina Faso (Est) 5 N'gourma influence < [91=] Gurma 90-BAA-am gelaajo say-wuro gelaajo, part of fulfulde-W.Niger middle right-bank: Niger (Niamey) opposite Niamey 90-BAA-b Fulfulde-E. part of "fula", ful-be community, pul-lo person, in [19=] Hausa: fulani, Togo; Benin; Niger; Nigeria; 7 fulatanci, filanci, in [51=] Français: peulh, peul, poular Cameroon; Chad; Central African Rep.; Sudan… 90-BAA-ba dallol-boso Niger middle left-bank: Niamey environs Niger (Niamey) 90-BAA-bb fula-atakora Atakora region Benin-N.; adjacent Togo 5 90-BAA-bc fula-borgu Borgou region Benin-N. 5 90-BAA-bd fula-sokoto sokoto, kano-katsina, wodaa-be Nigeria (Sokoto; Kaduna; Kano); adjacent Niger (Tahoua; Maradi; Zinder) 90-BAA-bda sokoto Sokoto Nigeria (Sokoto)… 90-BAA-bdb kano+ katsina Katsina… Kano Nigeria (Kaduna; Kano)… 90-BAA-be fula-bororo "nomadic fula", bororo, borroro, mbororo, ako, including dageeja Nigeria (Borno…); adjacent Niger; 5 (migrated Nigeria to Cameroon), part of "semi-nomadic fula" adjacent Cameroon; adjacent Chad 90-BAA-bf fula-gombe gombe, gommbe, garoua, hiirnangere, fulfulde-hiirnangere Gombe Nigeria (Bauchi…); adjacent 5 Cameroon 90-BAA-bg fula-adamawa "vehicular" fulfulde, fulani-E., kambariireYola… Garoua Cameroon (Nord…); adjacent 6 Nigeria; extending eastward to Chad; Sudan 90-BAA-bh fula-bagirmi in [51=] Français: peul baguirmi, part of "semi-nomadic Chad (Chari-Baguirmi…); also 4 fula"Massénya Central African Rep. 90-BAA-bi fellata influence < [12=] 'Arabiyya Sudan (An-Nil-al-Azraq; Ash- 4 Shamaliyah) 90-BAA-bia fellata-W.
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