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Kajian Estetika Poster Tadanori Yokoo – 1965

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Kajian Estetika Poster Tadanori Yokoo – 1965 KAJIAN ESTETIKA POSTER TADANORI YOKOO – 1965 Yayah Rukiah Program Studi Desain Komunikasi Visual Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Indraprasta PGRI Jl. Nangka No. 58 C Tanjung Barat Jagakarsa, Jakarta Selatan [email protected] Abstraksi Seni merupakan hasil proses dari manusia, semua hasil karya manusia, baik yang sengaja diciptakan dengan kesadaran keindahan ataupun tidak, semestinya memiliki nilai keindahan sekecil apa pun. Indonesia kaya dan terkenal akan keseniannya, salah satunya adalah seni rupa. Menurut C. Kluckhohn dalam Supartono berpendapat, bahwa kesenian merupakan salah satu unsur kebudayaan, yaitu salah satu dari tujuh unsur cultural universal. Seni rupa dilihat dari fungsinya dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu seni rupa murni dan seni rupa terapan. Poster termasuk dalam seni rupa terapan 2 dimensi karena hanya memiliki panjang dan lebar. Poster salah satu alat untuk menginformasikan sesuatu pesan, protes, dan untuk mengiklankan suatu produk. Dalam penelitian ini saya menkaji salah satu contoh poster karya Yokoo Tadanori dengan menggunakan teori ikonografis dan ikonologis. Tadanori Yokoo desainer paling sukses dan terkenal di kalangan seniman grafis jepang dan internasional, beliau lahir pada tanggal 27 Juni 1936 di Nishiwaki, Prefektur Hyogo. Kata kunci: seni rupa, Tadanori Yokoo, poster Abstract Art is the result of human process, all the work of humans, either intentionally created with the awareness of beauty or not, should have the beauty value. Indonesia is rich and famous for their art, one of which is art. According to C. Kluckhohn in Supartono argues that art is one element of the seven universal cultural elements. Art is divided into two by its function, pure art and applied art. The poster is included in applied art dimensional two because it has a length and width. Posters is a tool to inform a message, protest, and to advertise a product. In this study I do analye to one example of poster Tadanori Yokoo's work by using the theory of iconographic and iconologic. Tadanori Yokoo most successful designer and well-known among Japanese and international graphic artist, he was born on June 27, 1936 in Nishiwaki, Pefektur Hyogo. Keywords: art, Tadanori Yokoo, poster PENDAHULUAN Seni rupa dilihat dari segi fungsinya di- bedakan antara seni rupa murni dan seni Seni pada mulanya adalah proses dari rupa terapan, proses penciptaan seni rupa manusia, semua hasil karya manusia, murni lebih menitik beratkan pada baik yang sengaja diciptakan dengan ekspresi jiwa semata misalnya lukisan. kesadaran keindahan ataupun tidak, Sedangkan seni rupa terapan proses semestinya memiliki nilai keindahan pembuatannya memiliki tujuan dan sekecil apa pun (Sanyoto, 2010:3) fungsi tertentu misalnya seni kriya. Jika ditinjau dari segi wujud dan bentuknya, Seni merupakan representasi dari sebuah seni rupa terbagi dua yaitu seni rupa dua perkembangan kebudayaan, seni juga dimensi yang hanya memiliki panjang dapat diartikan dengan sesuatu yang dan lebar saja dan seni rupa tiga dimensi diciptakan manusia yang mengandung yang memiliki panjang lebar serta ruang. unsur keindahan. Rasa indah yang di- nikmati oleh manusia melalui nalurinya, Secara kasar terjemahan seni rupa di yang dirasakan secara rohaniah dalam Bahasa Inggris adalah fine art. kemudian dirasakan oleh jasmaniah Namun sesuai perkembangan dunia seni melalui panca indera, yaitu mata, telinga, modern, istilah fine art menjadi lebih lidah atau rasa, raba dan hidung. Ke- spesifik kepada pengertian seni rupa butuhan akan ilmu tata seni itu berlaku murni untuk kemudian menggabungkan- untuk berbagai jenis seni, seperti seni nya dengan desain dan kriya ke dalam visual, seni gerak, seni suara, dan seni bahasan visual arts. Salah satu dari seni sastra. Masing-masing seni tersebut rupa dua dimensi adalah poster. mempunyai dan memerlukan ilmu ke- indahan sendiri-sendiri. Dalam hal seni Poster adalah gambar pada selembar visual, yaitu seni yang kasat mata atau kertas yang berukuran besar yang seni yang dinikmati lewat indra peng- digantung atau ditempel di dinding atau lihatan yang didalamnya terdiri dari seni permukaan lain. Poster merupakan alat rupa dan desain, maka tata seninya bisa untuk mengiklankan sesuatu, sebagai disebut sebagai “tata visual” atau “tata alat propaganda, dan protes, serta rupa” (Sanyoto, 2010:3). maksud-maksud lain untuk menyampai- kan berbagai pesan atau informasi. Indonesia kaya dan terkenal akan ke- Selain itu, poster juga dipergunakan seniannya, salah satunya adalah seni secara perorangan sebagai sarana rupa. Menurut C. Kluckhohn dalam dekorasi atau promosi yang efisien. Supartono berpendapat, bahwa kesenian merupakan salah satu unsur kebudayaan, Dalam penelitian ini saya mengambil yaitu salah satu dari tujuh unsur cultural salah satu contoh poster karya Yokoo universal. Seni rupa adalah cabang seni Tadanori (juga dikenal sebagai Tadanori yang membentuk karya seni dengan Yokoo). Tadanori Yokoo lahir pada media yang bisa ditangkap mata dan di- tanggal 27 Juni 1936 di Nishiwaki, rasakan dengan rabaan. Kesan ini di- Prefektur Hyogo. ciptakan dengan mengolah konsep titik, garis, bidang, bentuk, volume, warna, tekstur, dan pencahayaan dengan acuan estetika. artis psychedelic Peter Max, tapi citra Yokoo yang kompleks dan multi-layered yang intens otobiografi dan sepenuhnya asli. Pada akhir 60-an dia sudah men- capai pengakuan internasional untuk karyanya dan pada tahun 1968 masuk dalam pameran "Firman & Gambar" di Museum of Modern Art di New York. Empat tahun kemudian MoMA dipasang pameran tunggal karya grafisnya di- selenggarakan oleh Mildred Constantine. Yokoo bekerjasama dengan Shuji Terayama dan teater Tenjo Sajiki. Ia juga telah membintangi sebagai protagonis dalam Nagisa Oshima Film 's Diary of a Thief Shinjuku. Atas jasa Christopher Gunung, yang mengadakan pameran master poster Gambar 1. Tadanori Yokoo Rusia, The Brother Stenberg , di New (http://www.houseofjapan.com/local/tadanori- York pada tahun 1997 di MoMA, ada yokoo-museum-to-open-in-november-in-kobe. sebuah pameran besar berjudul "The 2012) Poster Lengkap Tadanori Yokoo" yang dibuka pada tanggal 13 Juli di dengan Tadanori Yokoo merupakan salah satu Museum Nasional Seni , Osaka. Dan desainer paling sukses dan diakui di pada tanggal 3 November dibuka kalangan seniman grafis Jepang dan museum yang didedikasikan untuk kerja Internasional. Ia memulai karirnya keras Tadanori Yokoo sebagai seniman sebagai desainer panggung untuk teater kontemporer Jepang, yang menampilkan avant garde di Tokyo. Tadanori juga lebih dari 3.000 karya lukisan, printing, salah satu yang membawa pengaruh dan lain-lain yang merupakan hasil karya besar pada desain poster kontemporer. Yokoo. Karya pertamanya menunjukkan adanya pengaruh dari New York berbasis push Pin Studio (Milton Glaser dan Seymour Untuk mengkaji makna dalam seni Chwast khususnya) tapi Yokoo meng- visual berdasarkan Panafsky dalam akui pembuat film Akira Kurosawa dan Casande (2010:114) terdapat tiga penulis Yukio Mishima sebagai dua tahapan interpretasi, yaitu : pengaruh yang paling formatif. 1. Pre-Iconographical Description (“empirical”) Pertengahan tahun 1960, Yokoo menjadi Pra-Ikonografis adalah kajian terkenal melalui karya seperti Koshi- deskripsi awal yang didasari pada maki Osen dan La Marie Vison. pengalaman praktis diri kita sendiri Kemudian pada akhir 1960-an ia men- baik dari segi bentuk, garis, warna, jadi tertarik pada mistisisme dan maupun ekspresi dan sensasi yang psychedelia. Karena karyanya begitu se- kita dapati. laras dengan tahun 1960-an budaya pop, ia sering disebut sebagai "Andy Warhol Jepang" atau disamakan dengan poster 2. Iconographical Analysis Poster di atas jika dikaji menurut aspek- (“analytic”) aspek formalistiknya adalah : Dalam tahap ini, kita memasuki 1. Titik dunia logika dengan membaca secara Titik adalah dimana saat kita me- hipotesis, generalisasi dan nyentuhkan alat gambar, alat tulis interpretasi. Selain itu kita juga perlu pada tafril atau bidang gambar yang menangkap dan menyadari pe- akan menghasilkan berkas (Sanyoto, ngetahuan tentang sumber-sumber 2010:83). Ada juga yang menyebut sastra yang kita pelajari. titik sebagai spot. Hasil dari cipratan, 3. Iconological Interpretation tetesan, semprotan, cap-capan, tutul- (“thematic”) an, dan lain adalah spot (Sanyoto, Pada tahap terakhir ini, kita me- 2010:84). masuki suatu wilayah pemikiran manusia yang terdiri dari kepercaya- an, asumsi, harapan, sikap, nilai-nilai religius dan budaya. Wilayah pe- mikiran inilah yang menjadi suatu kesimpulan maupun interpretasi pengamatan dalam penerapannya di ruang kehidupan sehari-hari. PEMBAHASAN Gambar 3. Tadanori Yokoo Untuk mengkaji estetika pada poster (Karya: Tadanori Yokoo-1965, Sumber: karya Tadanori Yokoo, penulis meng- http://50watts.com/Tadanori-Yokoo-posters. 2012) gunakan teori pra ikonografis, ikonografis dan ikonologis. Aspek titik pada poster Tadanori Yokoo salah satunya terlihat pada ANALISIS PRA-IKONOGRAFIS bagian kiri atas yang akhirnya membentuk lampu dari sebuah kereta ekspress. Gambar 4. Tadanori Yokoo (Karya: Tadanori Yokoo-1965, Sumber: http://50watts.com/Tadanori-Yokoo-posters. Gambar 2. Tadanori Yokoo 2012) (Karya: Tadanori Yokoo-1965, Sumber: http://50watts.com/Tadanori-Yokoo-posters. 2012) Titik-titik terdapat pada sisi kanan atas akhirnya membentuk seperti serpihan-serpihan gunung meletus. Gambar 5. Tadanori Yokoo (Karya: Tadanori Yokoo-1965, Sumber: http://50watts.com/Tadanori-Yokoo-posters. 2012) Gambar 6. Tadanori Yokoo (Karya: Tadanori Yokoo-1965, Sumber: Pada bagian bawah kanan banyak http://50watts.com/Tadanori-Yokoo-posters.
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