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Study the Status Column Element in the Achaemenid Architecture and Its
Special Issue INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND January 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 Study the status column element in the Achaemenid architecture and its effect on India architecture (comparrative research of persepolis columns on pataly putra columns in India) Dr. Amir Akbari* Faculty of History, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran * Corresponding Author Fariba Amini Department of Architecture, Bukan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bukan, Iran Elham Jafari Department of Architecture, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran Abstract In the southern region of Iran and the north of persian Gulf, the state was located in the ancient times was called "pars", since the beginning of the Islamic era its center was shiraz. In this region of Iran a dynasty called Achaemenid came to power and could govern on the very important part of the worlds for years. Achaemenid exploited the skills of artists and craftsman countries under its command. In this sense, in Architecture works and the industry this period is been seen the influence of other nations. Achaemenid kings started to build large and beautiful palaces in the unter of their government and after 25 centuries, the remnants of which still remain firm and after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire by Grecian Alexander in India. The greatest king of India dynasty Muryya, was called Ashoka the grands of Chandra Gupta. The Ashoka palace that id located at the putra pataly around panta town in the state of Bihar in North east India. Is an evidence of the influence of Achaemenid culture in ancient India. The similarity of this city and Ashoka Hall with Apadana Hall in Persepolis in such way that has called it a india persepolis set. -
The Concept of Self-Liberation in Theravada Burmese Buddhism
ASIA-PACIFIC NAZARENE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY THE CONCEPT OF SELF-LIBERATION IN THERAVADA BURMESE BUDDHISM A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfilment of the Degree Master of Science in Theology BY CING SIAN THAWN TAYTAY, RIZAL NOVEMBER 2020 ASIA-PACIFIC NAZARENE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY WE HEREBY APPROVE THE THESIS SUBMITTED BY Cing Sian Thawn ENTITLED THE CONCEPT OF SELF-LIBERATION IN THERAVADA BURMESE BUDDHISTS AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THEOLOGY (SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY) Dr. Dick Eugenio _________ Dr. Phillip Davis __________ Thesis Adviser Date Program Director Date Dr. Eileen Ruger _________ Dr. Naw Yaw Yet ___________ Internal Reader Date External Reader Date Dr. Dick Eugenio _________ Dr. Larry Bollinger ___________ Academic Dean Date President Date ii ABSTRACT This thesis explores the self-liberation concept of Theravada Buddhism, with the hope that it can provide a foundation towards a dialogical exchange between Buddhists and Christians in Myanmar. To provide a better understanding of the context, the thesis offers a brief historical background of Buddhist-Christian relations in Myanmar. By mainly relying on the translation of the Pali Tipitaka, along with a number of secondary sources from prominent Buddhist scholars, the self-liberation concept of Theravada Buddhism is discussed, beginning with the personal experience of Gotama, the Buddha. The thesis is descriptive in nature. The research employs a basic qualitative method, integrated with the analytical and interpretive methods. Correlation and synthesis were done and are presented in the final chapter with an emphasis on implications for interfaith dialogue. The study produced some significant findings. -
Xvii Three Baskets (Tipitaka) I Buddhism
261 XVII THREE BASKETS ( TIPITAKA ) I BUDDHISM COTETS 1. What is the Tipitaka ? 2. Language of Buddha’s words (Buddhavacana ) 3. What is Pali? 4. The First Council 5. The Second Council 6. The Great Schism 7. Origin of the Eighteen ikayas (Schools of Buddhism) 8. The Third Council 9. Committing the Tipitaka to Memory 10. Fourth Council: Committing the Tipitaka to Writing 11. Fifth and Sixth Councils in Myanmar 12. Conclusion 13. Appendix: Contents of the Tipitaka or Three Baskets 14. Explanatory Notes 15. References 262 • Buddhism Course 1. What is the Tipitaka ? The word of the Buddha, which is originally called the Dhamma , consists of three aspects, namely: Doctrine ( Pariyatti ), Practice (Patipatti ) and Realization ( Pativedha ). The Doctrine is preserved in the Scriptures called the Tipitaka . English translators of the Tipitaka have estimated it to be eleven times the size of the Christian Bible. It contains the Teachings of the Buddha expounded from the time of His Enlightenment to Parinibbana over forty-five years. Tipitaka in Pali means Three Baskets (Ti = Three, Pitaka = Basket), not in the sense of function of storing but of handing down , just like workers carry earth with the aid of baskets handed on from worker to worker, posted in a long line from point of removal to point of deposit, so the Baskets of Teachings are handed down over the centuries from teacher to pupil. The Three Baskets are: Basket of Discipline ( Vinaya Pitaka ), which deals mainly with the rules and regulations of the Order of monks and nuns; Basket of Discourses ( Sutta Pitaka ) which contains the discourses delivered by the Buddha to individuals or assemblies of different ranks in the course of his ministry; Basket of Ultimate Things ( Abhidhamma Pitaka ) which consists of the four ultimate things: Mind ( Citta ), Mental-factors ( Cetasikas ), Matter ( Rupa ) and ibbana . -
Chronology of the Pali Canon Bimala Churn Law, Ph.D., M.A., B.L
Chronology of the Pali Canon Bimala Churn Law, Ph.D., M.A., B.L. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Researchnstitute, Poona, pp.171-201 Rhys Davids in his Buddhist India (p. 188) has given a chronological table of Buddhist literature from the time of the Buddha to the time of Asoka which is as follows:-- 1. The simple statements of Buddhist doctrine now found, in identical words, in paragraphs or verses recurring in all the books. 2. Episodes found, in identical words, in two or more of the existing books. 3. The Silas, the Parayana, the Octades, the Patimokkha. 4. The Digha, Majjhima, Anguttara, and Samyutta Nikayas. 5. The Sutta-Nipata, the Thera-and Theri-Gathas, the Udanas, and the Khuddaka Patha. 6. The Sutta Vibhanga, and Khandhkas. 7. The Jatakas and the Dhammapadas. 8. The Niddesa, the Itivuttakas and the Patisambbhida. 9. The Peta and Vimana-Vatthus, the Apadana, the Cariya-Pitaka, and the Buddha-Vamsa. 10. The Abhidhamma books; the last of which is the Katha-Vatthu, and the earliest probably the Puggala-Pannatti. This chronological table of early Buddhist; literature is too catechetical, too cut and dried, and too general to be accepted in spite of its suggestiveness as a sure guide to determination of the chronology of the Pali canonical texts. The Octades and the Patimokkha are mentioned by Rhys Davids as literary compilations representing the third stage in the order of chronology. The Pali title corresponding to his Octades is Atthakavagga, the Book of Eights. The Book of Eights, as we have it in the Mahaniddesa or in the fourth book of the Suttanipata, is composed of sixteen poetical discourses, only four of which, namely, (1.) Guhatthaka, (2) Dutthatthaka. -
Ah Timeline Images ARCHITECTURE
8. STONEHENGE 12. WHITE TEMPLE & ZIGGURAT, URUK c. 2,500 - c. 3,500 - 1,600 BCE 3,000 BCE monolithic Sumerian sandstone Temple henge present day present day Wiltshire, UK Warka, Iraq SET 1: GLOBAL PREHISTORY 30,000 - 500 BCE SET 2: ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN 3,500 - 300 BCE 17. GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZA 20. TEMPLE OF AMUN-RE & HYPOSTYLE HALL c. 2,550 - c. 1,250 BCE 2,490 BCE cut sandstone cut limestone / and brick Khufu Egyptian Khafre / Sphinx Menkaure temple present day Karnak, near Cairo, Egypt Luxor, Egypt SET 2: ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN 3,500 - 300 BCE SET 2: ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN 3,500 - 300 BCE 21. MORTUARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 26. ATHENIAN AGORA c. 1,490 - 600 BCE - 1,460 BCE 150 CE slate eye civic center, makeup ancient Athens palette present day Egyptian Athens, Museum, Cairo Greece SET 2: ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN 3,500 - 300 BCE SET 2: ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN 3,500 - 300 BCE 30. AUDIENCE HALL OF DARIUS & XERXES 31. TEMPLE OF MINERVA / SCULPTURE OF APOLLO c. 520 - 465 c. 510 - 500 BCE BCE Limestone Wood, mud Persian brick, tufa Apadana temple / terra SET 2: ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN 3,500 - 300 BCE cotta sculpture Persepolis, Iran Veii, near Rome SET 2: ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN 3,500 - 300 BCE 35. ACROPOLIS ATHENS, GREECE 38. GREAT ALTAR OF ZEUS & ATHENA AT PERGAMON c. 447 - 424 c. 175 BCE BCE Hellenistic Iktinos & Greek Kallikrates, marble altar & Marble temple complex sculpture Present day Antiquities Athens, Greece Museum , Berlin SET 2: ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN 3,500 - 300 BCE SET 2: ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN 3,500 - 300 BCE 39. -
Diversity in the Women of the Therīgāthā
Lesley University DigitalCommons@Lesley Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences Mindfulness Studies Theses (GSASS) Spring 5-6-2020 Diversity in the Women of the Therīgāthā Kyung Peggy Meill [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/mindfulness_theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Meill, Kyung Peggy, "Diversity in the Women of the Therīgāthā" (2020). Mindfulness Studies Theses. 29. https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/mindfulness_theses/29 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences (GSASS) at DigitalCommons@Lesley. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mindfulness Studies Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Lesley. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. DIVERSITY IN THE WOMEN OF THE THERĪGĀTHĀ i Diversity in the Women of the Therīgāthā Kyung Peggy Kim Meill Lesley University May 2020 Dr. Melissa Jean and Dr. Andrew Olendzki DIVERSITY IN THE WOMEN OF THE THERĪGĀTHĀ ii Abstract A literary work provides a window into the world of a writer, revealing her most intimate and forthright perspectives, beliefs, and emotions – this within a scope of a certain time and place that shapes the milieu of her life. The Therīgāthā, an anthology of 73 poems found in the Pali canon, is an example of such an asseveration, composed by theris (women elders of wisdom or senior disciples), some of the first Buddhist nuns who lived in the time of the Buddha 2500 years ago. The gathas (songs or poems) impart significant details concerning early Buddhism and some of its integral elements of mental and spiritual development. -
Maria Theresa Da Costa Barros-Tese-Pretextuais
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro Biomédico Instituto de Medicina Social Maria Theresa da Costa Barros O despertar do budismo no ocidente no século XXI: contribuição ao debate Rio de Janeiro 2002 Maria Theresa da Costa Barros O despertar do budismo no ocidente no século XXI: contribuição ao debate Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jurandir Sebastião Freire Costa Rio de Janeiro 2002 CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE UERJ / REDE SIRIUS / BIBLIOTECA CB/C B277 Barros, Maria Theresa da Costa. O despertar do budismo no ocidente no século XXI: contribuição ao debate / Maria Theresa da Costa Barros. – 2002. 116 f. : il. Orientador: Jurandir Sebastião Freire Costa. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Medicina Social. 1. Budismo – Ocidente – Século XXI - Teses. 2. Buda - Teses. 3. Filosofia indiana – Teses. 4. Individualidade – Teses. 5. Ascetismo – Teses. I. Costa, Jurandir Sebastião Freire. II. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Medicina Social. III. Título. CDU 294.38 Autorizo, apenas para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta dissertação, desde que citada a fonte. _________________________________________ ________________________________ Assinatura Data Maria Theresa da Costa Barros O despertar do budismo no ocidente no século XXI: contribuição ao debate Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Aprovada em 26 de julho de 2002. Banca Examinadora: __________________________________________________________ Prof. -
Fenn on Lewis, 'Buddhists: Understanding Buddhism Through the Lives of Practitioners'
H-Buddhism Fenn on Lewis, 'Buddhists: Understanding Buddhism through the Lives of Practitioners' Review published on Tuesday, June 9, 2015 Todd Lewis, ed. Buddhists: Understanding Buddhism through the Lives of Practitioners. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2014. 352 pp. $44.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-470-65818-5. Reviewed by Mavis Fenn (University of Waterloo)Published on H-Buddhism (June, 2015) Commissioned by A. Charles Muller The primary method of teaching Buddhism in universities up to now has been through the study of Buddhist texts, philosophy, and the history of its transmission. Although alternative approaches to the study of Buddhism were being taken up when I entered graduate school thirty years ago, I was discouraged from investigating them, being advised that such approaches fell outside of the “real” study of Buddhism. While much has changed since I entered graduate school, we continue to place greater emphasis on these facets of Buddhism than Buddhism as a “lived” tradition. This lack of balance in our teaching almost guarantees that we will also pass along long-standing misconceptions about the tradition. While the study of texts, philosophy, philology, and such will always be central to the field, increasingly students want to know about Buddhism as it is lived and understood by practitioners, historical and contemporary, monks and nuns, and the laity. While the anthropology of Buddhism has grown as a field, it does not appear to be well represented in the texts we use to teach. Thus, this volume goes far in filling this lacuna in our teaching resources by presenting a series of biographies of Buddhists that demonstrates the way in which they try and live their livesas Buddhists. -
Korean Single-Sheet Buddhist Woodblock Illustrated Prints Produced for Protection and Worship
religions Article Korean Single-Sheet Buddhist Woodblock Illustrated Prints Produced for Protection and Worship Jahyun Kim Department of History and Culture, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; [email protected] Received: 24 October 2020; Accepted: 28 November 2020; Published: 2 December 2020 Abstract: This paper examines the characteristics and production background of major examples of single-sheet Buddhist woodblock illustrated prints. In the form a single sheet of paper, the original first prints were not easily handed down, and in most cases the date and place of production are not clearly known. These factors made systematic research difficult, but the release of various related materials has recently enabled comprehensive study of the subject. As materials substantiating Buddhism’s religious role in society and the propagation activities of temples, single-sheet Buddhist prints hold great value. Research showed that two major types of single-sheet Buddhist prints were made: dharani-type prints used as talismans and prints used for worship or spiritual practice. The former type was likely made for self-protection or Buddhist enshrinement in statues for their protection and to seek blessings for this meritorious deed or to protect the dharma. The latter type was used as a visual aid in worship and chanting. They can be divided into prints featuring universally loved icons and prints featuring icons reflecting the trends of certain periods. They were analyzed in relation to popular beliefs and methods of spiritual practice in the Buddhist circle as well as trends in faith among the ordinary people. Keywords: single-sheet woodblock illustrated Buddhist print; dharani; talismans; protection of the dharma; objects of worship or spiritual practice; Three Gates Buddhist Practice 三門修m; Suryukjae 4xK ritual; belief in Chilseong 七星 1. -
Déités Bouddhiques
Michel MATHIEU-COLAS www.mathieu-colas.fr/michel LES DÉITÉS BOUDDHIQUES Les divinités bouddhiques posent des problèmes spécifiques, comme en témoigne le terme « déité » souvent utilisé à leur propos. Il faut rappeler, en premier lieu, que le bouddhisme ancien ( Hinay āna ou Therav āda 1) ne reconnaît aucun dieu. Le Bouddha historique auquel il se réfère (Siddhartha Gautama Shakyamuni) n’est pas une divinité, mais un sage, un maître qui a montré la voie vers la libération du sams āra (le cycle des renaissances) et l’accès au nirv āna . Tout au plus reconnaît-on, à ce stade, l’existence de Bouddhas antérieurs (les « Bouddhas du passé », à l’exemple de Dipankara), tout en en annonçant d’autres pour l’avenir (le ou les « Bouddha[s] du futur », cf. Maitreya). Nous les mentionnons dans le dictionnaire, mais il ne faut pas oublier leur statut particulier. La situation change avec le bouddhisme Mah āyāna (le « Grand Véhicule », apparu aux alentours de notre ère). Il est vrai que, dans l’ouvrage le plus connu ( Saddharma-Pundar īka , le « Lotus de la bonne Loi »), le Bouddha historique garde encore la première place, même s’il est entouré de milliers de bouddhas et de bodhisattvas. Mais bientôt apparaît un panthéon hiérarchisé constitué de divinités clairement identifiées – le Bouddha primordial ( Adi Bouddha ), les cinq « bouddhas de la méditation » ( Dhyani Bouddhas ), les cinq « bodhisattvas de la méditation » (Dhyani Bodhisattvas ). Les « bouddhas humains » ( Manushi Bouddhas ), dont Shakyamuni, ne sont que des émanations des véritables déités. 1 Les deux termes sont souvent employés l’un pour l’autre pour désigner le bouddhisme ancien. -
Is a Female Buddha Possible in Non-Esoteric Buddhism?
Gender and the Soteriology Debate in Buddhism: Is a Female Buddha Possible in Non-Esoteric Buddhism? Karma Sonam Palmo Shastri (Bachelor of Arts), Acharya (Masters in Philosophy) Central University of Tibetan Studies Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania November 2013 Declaration of Originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Karma Sonam Palmo Dated Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Karma Sonam Palmo Dated Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to thank the Tasmania Buddhist Studies Exchange Program between the University of Tasmania and the Central University of Tibetan Studies for generously granting me the Buddhist Studies Graduate Research Scholarship. Next, I thank my supervisors Dr. Lucy Tatman and Dr. Sonam Thakchoe for their advice, support, guidance and supervision throughout the completion of this thesis over the last four years. I owe special thanks to Lucy and Belinda for going through my final draft and suggesting grammatical corrections. I am also thankful to Ruth Gamble of Australia National University and James Stewart of University of Tasmania for generously sharing their resources during my early period of research. -
Old Age Rituals Among the Newars
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title Negotiating the passage beyond a full span of life: Old age rituals among the newars Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1g33j05v Journal South Asia: Journal of South Asia Studies, 37(1) ISSN 0085-6401 Author Von Rospatt, A Publication Date 2014-01-02 DOI 10.1080/00856401.2014.858659 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 2014 Vol. 37, No. 1, 104–129, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2014.858659 Negotiating the Passage beyond a Full Span of Life: Old Age Rituals among the Newars ALEXANDER VON ROSPATT, University of California, Berkeley, USA Among the rich heritage of medieval forms of Tantric Buddhism and Hinduism surviving among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley is a unique series of elaborate old age rituals that are performed upon the attainment of a particular age. Drawing upon the vocabulary of planetary appeasement and other birthday rituals of life-cycle sacraments and of dharanı̣ practice, they serve to protect and sanctify the celebrants and prolong their life. After offering a comprehensive overview of these rituals that registers local variations, this paper probes into their origins and function and, in the process, pays particular attention to the intricate ways in which the Buddhist and Hindu versions of these ceremonies relate to each other. Keywords: Buddhism; Hinduism; Nepal; life-cycle rituals; birthday rituals; planetary deities Introduction The Newars of the Kathmandu Valley observe the principal rites of passage (samskạ ra) of the Brahmanical tradition in either a Hindu or Buddhist ritual framework.