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Maria Theresa Da Costa Barros-Tese-Pretextuais Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro Biomédico Instituto de Medicina Social Maria Theresa da Costa Barros O despertar do budismo no ocidente no século XXI: contribuição ao debate Rio de Janeiro 2002 Maria Theresa da Costa Barros O despertar do budismo no ocidente no século XXI: contribuição ao debate Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jurandir Sebastião Freire Costa Rio de Janeiro 2002 CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE UERJ / REDE SIRIUS / BIBLIOTECA CB/C B277 Barros, Maria Theresa da Costa. O despertar do budismo no ocidente no século XXI: contribuição ao debate / Maria Theresa da Costa Barros. – 2002. 116 f. : il. Orientador: Jurandir Sebastião Freire Costa. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Medicina Social. 1. Budismo – Ocidente – Século XXI - Teses. 2. Buda - Teses. 3. Filosofia indiana – Teses. 4. Individualidade – Teses. 5. Ascetismo – Teses. I. Costa, Jurandir Sebastião Freire. II. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Medicina Social. III. Título. CDU 294.38 Autorizo, apenas para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta dissertação, desde que citada a fonte. _________________________________________ ________________________________ Assinatura Data Maria Theresa da Costa Barros O despertar do budismo no ocidente no século XXI: contribuição ao debate Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Aprovada em 26 de julho de 2002. Banca Examinadora: __________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Jurandir Freire Costa (Orientador) Instituto de Medicina Social da UERJ __________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Benilton Carlos Bezerra Júnior Instituto de Medicina Social da UERJ __________________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dra. Madel Therezinha Luz Instituto de Medicina Social da UERJ _________________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dra. Mirian Terezinha Fonseca de Carvalho Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais da UFRJ __________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Rubem César Fernandes Museu Nacional da UFRJ Rio de Janeiro 2002 DEDICATÓRIA Dedico este trabalho, carinhosamente, A Fabrício e Henrique, meus filhos E, à memória de meu sobrinho, Guilherme. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao professor Jurandir Freire Costa, meu orientador, pelos momentos firmes, mas também pelos momentos de afeto, incentivo, carinho e por sua capacidade, sempre renovada de abrir novos caminhos de conhecimento para todos. A todos os professores do Instituto de Medicina Social pelo saber transmitido e, em especial a professora Madel Luz, professores Benilton Bezerra e Carlos Alberto Plastino, uma presença constante nos caminhos do Budismo. A todos os funcionários da Universidade, em especial do Instituto de Medicina Social, Márcia, Silvia, Marcos Paulo, Marcos e outros, pela sua dedicação contínua sem a qual não haveria as condições necessárias e indispensáveis para que tudo isso seja possível Ao professor e amigo Aurèlio Guerra, que pelos caminhos de Buddha foi uma presença constante durante toda essa jornada Ao querido Lama Padma Samten, pelos ensinamentos, pelas práticas e pela presença benéfica em minha casa e junto aos meus filhos. A Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro que apoiou e forneceu as condições materiais para que esse trabalho pudesse ser realizado. As amigas Maria Clara, Denise Jabour, Ana Lilá, Zulma , Marília, aos amigos Liu, Messias, Alexandre e Guilherme pelo seu carinho e apoio nos caminhos da vida e do Buddha. Aos amigos do Instituto de Medicina Social com quem compartilhei esses anos de estudo e amizade, em especial a Ana Elizabeth, Romero, Luciana, Fânia, Pedro, Gabriela, Nando, Eduardo, Clara, Leônia, Gustavo, Alexandre, Cláudia, Marcelo e muitos outros. Aos amigos do Viva Rio, Mônica, Rubem, Alberto, Jorge, Laira, Marlene, Adriana, Fábio, André, Pedro, Yuri, Carlinhos e todos os que colaboraram e apoiaram o trabalho junto aos jovens e as crianças, permitindo levar uma mensagem de esperança, calor e afetividade. Aos amigos do consultório e do Círculo Psicanalítico, Alba, Halina, Márcia, Simone, Rosana, Elizabeth, Marinho, Edson, e todos os outros que sempre me incentivaram e deram apoio aos meus projetos e iniciativas. Aos meus clientes pela compreensão com as minhas ausências, pela solidariedade e carinho. A toda a minha família, aos presentes e ausentes, em especial aos meus filhos, que são uma fonte incessante de estímulo e sentido para os caminhos que escolho na vida Nossa realidade pode se abrir para um reino onde tempo, espaço e conhecimento são indivisíveis, sem começo nem fim A Todos Meu Carinho e Muito Obrigado. RESUMO BARROS, Maria Theresa da Costa. O despertar do budismo no ocidente no século XXI: contrbuição ao debate. 2002. 116 f. Tese (Doutorado em Saúde Pública) – Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2002. Esta tese apresenta como um dos seus aspectos fundamentais a compreensão de outra cultura, outra versão, outro conjunto de valores: o pensamento indiano, berço da Ahamkãra – a consciência individual, o eu – e das práticas ascéticas de origem pré-ariana e autóctone. No interior dessa tradição, foram escolhidos os ensinamentos do Buddha Shãkyamuni, por sua absoluta originalidade na concepção da individualidade, transformando radicalmente as concepções de subjetividade existentes em sua época. O intuito, ao buscar uma tradição em tudo diferente da nossa, é, por dirigir o foco para o mais contrastante, iluminar nossa própria tradição, enriquecer o campo de discussão das novas matrizes de subjetivação em nossa sociedade ocidental pós-moderna e globalizada. Com essa abordagem objetiva-se contribuir para o debate em torno do despertar do budismo ocidental, no séc. XXI, lançando algumas linhas de reflexão que auxiliem, por um lado, a contextualizar esse acontecimento, e, por outro, a ampliar o debate sobre as questões relativas à noção de “sujeito”, utilizada pelos teóricos da psicanálise, através da apresentação de uma outra versão, a do eu budista. A comparação entre uma forma de individualidade oriunda de uma sociedade tradicional e holista e a forma da individualidade contemporânea, oriunda de uma sociedade secularizada e individualista, é possível através do que Harpham denomina “imperativo ascético”, uma força estruturante primária e transcultural. Nesse sentido visualiza-se uma relação entre as práticas ascéticas e a construção do eu. Segundo Mauss, o eu também é uma categoria universal, presente em todas as culturas. Assim como se encontram variações sobre o repertório das práticas ascéticas disponíveis em diferentes culturas, encontram-se variações na forma da subjetividade, de acordo com o seu solo cultural e sua paisagem mental. Fizemos uma conexão entre as práticas ascéticas indianas e o que denominamos de “identificação mística”, a partir da qual foi possível inferir essa imbricação entre ascetismo, construção e sacralização do eu nos primórdios da civilização indiana. Com o budismo ocorre uma espécie de descentramento, a sacralização é estendida a todo o cosmo, as práticas de meditação sintonizam com todos os seres, com todos os animais, para eliminar as causas do sofrimento. O budismo nasce com uma vocação universalista e leva para fora das fronteiras da Índia esse eu construído a partir dos conceitos da Ãhimsa , a não-violência, e da noção de ausência de existência inerente, inscritos no pensamento budista há dois mil e quinhentos anos, despertando o interesse do ocidente após um longo período de obscurecimento. Palavras-chave: Budismo. Século XXI. Filosofia indiana. Ocidente. Ascetismo. ABSTRACT This thesis presents, as a fundamental aspect, the understanding of another culture, another version, another framework of values: of Indian thought, the foundation of Ahamkãra — the individual consciousness, the Self — and of the ascetic practices of pre-Arian and autochthonous origin. Our choice within this tradition fell upon the teachings of Buddha Shãkyamuni, due to the absolute originality of their conception of individuality, radically transforming the extant conceptions of subjectivity of the time. The aim of this search within a tradition that differs from ours in all respects, as we focus on that contrast, is to shed light in our own tradition, adding to the discussion about new subjectivity matrixes in our post- modern, global wessern society. This inquiry aims at contributing to the debate on the emergence of Wessern Buddhism in the 21 st. century, by essablishing some lines of reflection that should help us to contextualise this phenomenon, on the one hand, and on the other, to widen the debate on issues that relate to the notion of ‘subject’ as theoretical psychoanalysts use it, through the presentation of the Buddhist Self as another version. A transcultural, primary structuring force, which Harpham calls “ascetic imperative”, shall allow for the comparison between one form of individuality which comes from a traditional and holistic society, and the form of contemporary individuality, which comes from a secularised and individualist society. Along these lines, we see a relationship between the ascetic practices and the construction of the Self. According to Mauss, the
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