Remerciements – Unité 1

TVO ILC SNC1D Remerciements

Graphs, diagrams, illustrations, images in this course, unless otherwise specified, are ILC created, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Intro Video, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. All title artwork and graphics, unless otherwise specified, Copyright © 2018The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Logo: Science Presse , Agence Science-Presse, URL: https://www.sciencepresse.qc.ca/, Accessed 14/01/2019. Logo: Curium, Curium, URL: https://curiummag.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/logo_ curium-web.png, Accessed 14/01/2019. Logo: Science Étonnante, David Louapre, URL: https://sciencetonnante.wordpress.com/, Accessed 20/03/2018, © 2018 HowStuffWorks, a division of InfoSpace Holdings LLC, a System1 Company. Blog, blogging and blogglers theme, djvstock/iStock/Getty Images Logo: Wordpress, WordPress.com, Automattic Inc., URL: https://wordpress.com/, Accessed 20/03/2018, © The WordPress Foundation. Logo: Wix, Wix.com, Inc., URL: https://static.wixstatic.com/ media/9ab0d1_39d56f21398048df8af89aab0cec67b8~mv1.png, Accessed 14/01/2019. Logo: Blogger, Blogger, Inc., ZyMOS, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blogger. svg, Accessed 20/03/2018, © Google LLC. HOME A film by Yann Arthus-Bertrand, GoodPlanet Foundation, Europacorp and Elzévir Films, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GItD10Joaa0, Published 04/02/2009, Accessed 20/04/2018, Courtesy of the GoodPlanet Foundation. Mining dump trucks, aerial photo, dan_prat/iStock/Getty Images Land clearing, lanolan/iStock/Getty Images Hurricane George damage erosion western Haiti highway near border, Robert_Ford/iStock/ Getty Images Dead fish floated in the water, vinhdav/iStock/Getty Images Richards Bay Coal Terminal, Bloomberg//Getty Images Coral bleaching, FishTales/iStock/Getty Images Spray pesticides rice in the morning, ShamClickAddict/iStock/Getty Images Bee flying to the beautiful flower, panom/iStock/Getty Images

Fishermen arranging containers with fish, pixinoo/iStock/Getty Images Severe drought drains Colorado River Basin, Justin Sullivan/Getty Images News/Getty Images Water well system The image depicts an underground aquifer 3d render on white, NosUA/ iStock/Getty Images Images libres de droit, Cégep Marie-Victorin, URL: https://www.collegemv.qc.ca/ bibliotheque/droit-dauteur-et-plagiat/images-libres-de-droit, Accessed 14/01/2019. Trouver des images pour illustrer vos articles, Léo Caravagna, Mondoblog, URL: http:// mondoblog.org/2018/01/31/inserer-une-image-libre-dutilisation/, Accessed 14/01/2019. Concentrate_and_focus, denphumi/iStock/Getty Images Layers of earth diagram, ttsz/iStock/Getty Images Northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens), MGJdeWit/iStock/Getty Images Northern River and Boreal Forest in Prince Albert National Park, Dougall_Photography/ iStock/Getty Images Coral Reef, mihtiander/iStock/Getty Images View of the savannah in Maasai Mara Park, Kenya, philou1000/iStock/Getty Images Arabian desert in Egypt, vovashevchuk/iStock/Getty Images Tundra from above, Artem Sidorov/iStock/Getty Images Yellow-collared lovebird flying, GlobalP/iStock/Getty Images Mature oak tree, DNY59/iStock/Getty Images Arizona desert, landscape view, WilliamJu/iStock/Getty Images Sea of pink and red lotus, supershabashnyi/iStock/Getty Images Fresh harvested soybean, edamame, chengyuzheng/iStock/Getty Images Young wolf staring at its prey, LazyFocus/iStock/Getty Images Two porcini mushrooms, hsvrs/iStock/Getty Images At the pond, mariaflaya/iStock/Getty Images Athabasca River in Jasper National Park, Alberta, wwing/iStock/Getty Images Athabasca River just below the Athabasca Falls in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Brandi Newton, URL: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/athabasca-river/, Published 2016, Accessed 20/04/2018. Aerial view of a rainforest in Brazil, filipefrazao/iStock/Getty Images Merging melting water and clear water river, Greenland, DanBachKristensen/iStock/Getty Images

Bee, nathanlovegrove/iStock/Getty Images American elm tree, RHWB Studios/iStock/Getty Images Detailed vector map of Canada © iStock.com/Diane Labombarbe. Waterfall with colorful autumn woods above it © iStock.com/studio-laska. Storm Head Smashed In Buffalo Jump © iStock.com/keeperofthezoo. Concept of eco-tourism and active tourism © iStock.com/kavram. Walking trail tundra © iStock.com/Rahul-Aggarwal. Valley of yellow and green coniferous trees © iStock.com/Sublimage. Looking out from the Signal Hill Trail, across St. John’s Harbour at the Narrows, Stephen Barnes/iStock/Getty Images Greater Yellowlegs, impr2003/iStock/Getty Images Coral reef locations, NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coral_reef_ locations.jpg, Published 05/01/2006, Accessed 21/03/2018, Original source: https://www. nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/coralreef_image.html. Humpback whale jumping and splashing ocean water, marcelozippo/iStock/Getty Images Giant tube worms, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), URL: https:// www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/life-without-guts/545801/, Published 13/11/2017, Accessed 21/03/2018. Canadian geese in the first snow along Lake Ontario, Iris van Loon/iStock/Getty Images Swimming beaver, SylvieBouchard/iStock/Getty Images Moose in Lake Ontario, Canada, photo-synthesis/iStock/Getty Images Child snorkeling in Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, chameleonseye/iStock/Getty Images 2, SylvieBouchard/iStock/Getty Images Polar bear admiring his mirror image in the sea, Mario_Hoppmann/iStock/Getty Images Baby wood frog, JasonOndreicka/iStock/Getty Images Humpback whale jumping and splashing ocean water, marcelozippo/iStock/Getty Images Moose resting in grass, Tempau/iStock/Getty Images Wetland, Michael Warren/iStock/Getty Images Wood Warbler in Inversnaid, Loch Lomond, Scotland, Steve Garvie, URL: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_warbler, Published 26/05/2010, Accessed 21/03/2018. Platydemus manokwari. Head is on the right. Locality: Ogasawara Islands, Japan,

Shinji Sugiura, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platydemus_manokwari#/media/ File:Platydemus_manokwari.jpg, Published 17/11/2009, Accessed 21/03/2018. Mallard, shown looking like a duck and swimming like a duck, Kitkatcrazy, URL: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_test, Published 21/05/2008, Accessed 21/03/2018. Lithobates pipiens, Brian Gratwicke, URL: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog#/media/ File:Lithobates_pipiens.jpg, Published 03/07/2011, Accessed 21/03/2018. Cattails (Typha at the edge of a small wetland), Derek Jensen, URL: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Typha-cattails-in-indiana.jpg, Published 20/08/2005, Accessed 21/03/2018. Atom molecule - DNA, seyfettinozel/iStock/Getty Images Butterhead lettuce or green head salad, a_lis/iStock/Getty Images Cricket in front of white background, GlobalP/iStock/Getty Images Common water frog, GlobalP/iStock/Getty Images Royal python eating a mouse, GlobalP/iStock/Getty Images Hawk, Antagain/iStock/Getty Images Earth worms for composter or fishing, stockcam/iStock/Getty Images View over a rainforest, El Yunque, Puerto Rico, OGphoto/iStock/Getty Images Flock of scarlet macaws in the wild, OGphoto/iStock/Getty Images Snowy winter landscape where tundra and boreal forest ecosystems meet. Churchill, Manitoba, Cheryl Ramalho/iStock/Getty Images Arctic hare in sunset, VisualCommunications/iStock/Getty Images Two acorns, dionisvero/iStock/Getty Images Chipmunk in forest, legna69/iStock/Getty Images Red fox (Vulpes vulpes), RT-Images/iStock/Getty Images Young wolf staring at its prey, LazyFocus/iStock/Getty Images Eurasian red squirrel on a white background, GlobalP/iStock/Getty Images Ball python, amwu/iStock/Getty Images Two porcini mushrooms, hsvrs/iStock/Getty Images House sparrow against white background, GlobalP/iStock/Getty Images Cockroach, arlindo71/iStock/Getty Images Common water frog, GlobalP/iStock/Getty Images Willow oak tree, DNY59/iStock/Getty Images

Milipede myriapod, empire331/iStock/Getty Images Earth worms for composter or fishing, stockcam/iStock/Getty Images Grass, Nevit Dilmen, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grass_dsc08672-nevit. jpg, Published 2006, Accessed 21/03/2018. Harris hawk, GlobalP/iStock/Getty Images Ball python, amwu/iStock/Getty Images Grasshopper isolated on a white background, chengyuzheng/iStock/Getty Images Green grass background, SunnyGraph/iStock/Getty Images Grass, Nevit Dilmen, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grass_dsc08672-nevit. jpg, Published 2006, Accessed 21/03/2018. Wolf hunting in mountain, Byrdyak/iStock/Getty Images Red fox (Vulpes vulpes), RT-Images/iStock/Getty Images Cute chipmunk eating pine cones (erroneously labelled squirrel), Nekan/iStock/Getty Images Acorn on a white background, Mykola Sosiukin/iStock/Getty Images Jack pine branch © iStock.com/Robitaille. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) © iStock.com/GlobalP. Red squirrel © iStock.com/Empato. Coiled garter snake © iStock.com/shauni. Leopard frog © iStock.com/maimai. Cepe edible mushroom © iStock.com/chrisjohnsson. Red crossbill, male © iStock.com/JoanBudai. Common earthworm on the ground © iStock.com/igreen_images. Mountain pine beetle, Steve Clarkson, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_ mountain_pine_beetle.jpg, Accessed 24/07/2017. Jack pine budworm, Natural Resources Canada, URL: https://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/insects/ factsheet/12024?wbdisable=true, Accessed 24/07/2017. Food web diagram, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Nitrogen cycle, ttsz/iStock/Getty Images The Phosphorus Cycle, kawin302/iStock/Getty Images Carbon cycle, Peter Reid/wikimedia.org/Getty Images Melting of the sea ice in the Arctic Circle, Kathryn Hansen, NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ponds_on_the_Ocean,_ICESCAPE. jpg, Published 14/072011, Accessed 22/03/2018. Photosynthesis, mapichai/iStock/Getty Images Rabbit, Auscape/Universal Images Group/Getty Images Plant with roots, Evie Shaffer, URL: https://unsplash.com/photos/zn4Pl32WgWM, Accessed 20/04/2018, Photo by Evie Shaffer on Unsplash. Plant growth sequence © iStock.com/feellife. Young wolf staring at its prey, LazyFocus/iStock/Getty Images Deer, Richard Lydekker, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer#/media/File:The_deer_of_ all_lands_(1898)_Siamese_thameng_white_background.png, Accessed 21/03/2018, Plate XV in The deer of all lands; a history of the family Cervidæ living and extinct by Richard Lydekker. London: R. Ward, Limited, 1989. Porcini mushroom, hsvrs/iStock/Getty Images House sparrow, GlobalP/iStock/Getty Images Platydemus manokwari. Head is on the right. Locality: Ogasawara Islands, Japan, bazilfoto/ iStock/Getty Images Rabbit, Auscape/Universal Images Group/Getty Images Grass, Nevit Dilmen, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grass_dsc08672-nevit. jpg, Published 2006, Accessed 21/03/2018. Soil degradation, likefeelgood/iStock/Getty Images Aerial view of a rainforest in Brazil, filipefrazao/iStock/Getty Images Bee on flower of red clover, naturaltexture/iStock/Getty Images Burchell Zebra fighting for dominance in South Africa, fishcat007/iStock/Getty Images African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) being caught by lions (Panthera leo), jez_bennett/iStock/ Getty Images Graph of lynx and hare population, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Young lynx, photos_martYmage/iStock/Getty Images Wakatobi fishes, atese/iStock/Getty Images “Carte de l’Australie, L’Internaute, Group Figaro CCM Benchmark, URL: http://www.linternaute.com/voyage/ sublime-australie-la-nature-a-l-etat-pur/carte-de-l-australie.shtml, © L’Internaute Magazine.” Rabbits around a waterhole during myxomatosis trials, Wardang island, South Australia,

1938, National Archives of Australia, URL: abc.net.au/news/2009-04-09/rabbits-near- adelaide-in-1961/6230434, Published ca. 1938, Accessed 22/03/2018. Graph: Rabbit population size, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Australia’s battle with the bunny, Wendy Zukerman, ABC Science, URL: http://www.abc.net. au/science/articles/2009/04/08/2538860.htm, Published 08/04/2009, Accessed 22/03/2018, Translated into French from original. Cod fishes floating in aquarium, Alesund, Norway, Vlada_Z/iStock/Getty Images Male deer portrait with big horns at Parnitha, Bill_Anastasiou/iStock/Getty Images Graph: Carrying capacity, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Thoughtful young woman holding notebook and pencil, seb_ra/iStock/Getty Images Dust storm blowing over a farm in Stratford, Texas, George E. Marsh Album, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), URL: http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/ theb1365.htm, Published 1935, Accessed 22/03/2018. Woman’s hand sowing seed, Jarin13/iStock/Getty Images Young parasol mushrooms, Digoarpi/iStock/Getty Images Energy mind map, annatodica/iStock/Getty Images Deforestation, costasss/iStock/Getty Images Tractor working on the field, tzahiV/iStock/Getty Images Slash and burn cultivation, yotrak/iStock/Getty Images Experiment set up with mesh or netting is attached to the sides of the jars and hangs down into the water, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA/NRCS, URL: https:// www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302, Accessed 03/05/2017. Two jars of water and soil, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA/NCRS, URL: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302, Accessed 03/05/2017. Ploughed field, rootstocks/iStock/Getty Images New York forest bed humus, twigs, leaves, soil, earth, ground, KatieDobies/iStock/Getty Images Layers of a soil profile, ttsz/iStock/Getty Images Green seedling in the morning, gkuna/iStock/Getty Images Iowa no-till cornfield, DS70/iStock/Getty Images

Dustball in the prairies, Glenbow Archives, URL: http://activehistory.ca/2016/11/dusting- off-the-history-of-drought-on-the-canadian-prairies-in-the-1930s/, Published ca. 1930s, Accessed 22/03/2018. Action contre la désertification : Burkina Faso, L’Organisation pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) , URL: http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/pays/ action-against-desertificationactivitiesafrica/burkina-faso/fr/, Published 2019,Accessed 01/05/2019. Graphic of the North American Great Lakes and their neighboring countries, AlloProf, URL: http://www.alloprof.qc.ca/BV/Pages/g1043.aspx, Vancouver Island, ZargonDesign/iStock/Getty Images Rocks view across Lake Ontario to Toronto, carlosbezz/iStock/Getty Images River rocks and currents in Quebec, bakerjarvis/iStock/Getty Images Toxic water pollution, dmitry_7/iStock/Getty Images Dirty green water in lake, Photografeus/iStock/Getty Images Héraldique meuble Merlu (Hake), Babylas, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Heraldique_meuble_Merlu.svg, Published 12/05/2008, Accessed 23/03/2018. Gold fish, Tzeentch, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%A9raldique_ Meuble_Poisson.svg, Published 04/04/2009, Accessed 23/03/2018. Héraldique meuble poisson (fish), Glesker, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_poisson_1.svg, Published 21/10/2017, Accessed 23/03/2018. Zebra mussel, Neil916, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zebra_mussel_ GLERL_1.jpg, Published 23/05/2007, Accessed 23/03/2018. Freshwater fish - trout, Nadzeya_Dzivakova/iStock/Getty Images Nebalia, Hans Hillewaert, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nebalia.svg, Accessed 23/03/2018. Algae, Yzmo, URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Algae_Graphic.svg, Accessed 23/03/2018. Carte des Grands Lacs, AlloProf, URL: http://www.alloprof.qc.ca/BV/Pages/g1043.aspx, Chicago across Michigan Lake, alblec/iStock/Getty Images Toronto skyline, rabbit75_ist/iStock/Getty Images Rock paintings of Tassili N’Ajjer, Algeria, muha04/iStock/Getty Images Bulk carrier passing through the Welland Canal, JonathanNicholls/iStock/Getty Images Sculling in Lake Ontario, Orchidpoe/iStock/Getty Images

Black tern nesting, Ontario, artiste9999/iStock/Getty Images Toxic algae bloom in Lake Erie, NASA Earth Observatory, Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg, Accessed 10/04/2018. Industrial area of Hamilton, aerial, SkyF/iStock/Getty Images Lake trout, andyKRAKOVSKI/iStock/Getty Images Beach pipe, storm water drain, cdaveney/iStock/Getty Images Lake Huron marina, Snehitdesign/iStock/Getty Images Tanker ship, antoni_halim/iStock/Getty Images Invasive spiny water flea, Kevin Keeler and Lynn Lesko, U.S. Geological Survey, URL: https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/invasive-spiny-water-flea, Accessed 10/04/2018. Round goby fish, David J. Jude, University of Michigan, URL: http://www.lakescientist. com/great-lakes-round-gobies-a-mixed-blessing-130/, Published 29/06/2011, Accessed 23/03/2018. Zebra mussel, Unknown/iStock/Getty Images Boat encrusted with invasive mussels, Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development, URL: http://www.dailyinterlake.com/archive/article-f35f910e-aec6-11e6-864c- 3f90b4220826.html, Accessed 23/03/2018. Pipe clogged with zebra mussels, Peter Yates/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images Zebra mussel colony (Dreissena polymorpha), scubaluna/iStock/Getty Images Inquiétudes concernant les algues bleu-vert dans le lac Érié, Philippe LeBlanc, CBC/ Radio-Canada, URL: http://ici.radio-canada.ca/audio-video/media-7138684/inquietudes- concernant-les-algues-bleu-vert-dans-le-lac-erie, “Pollution par les algues dans le lac Érié : le phosphore au cœur du problèm, Raymond Desmarteau, Radio Canada International (RCI), URL: http://www.rcinet.ca/fr/2017/02/14/ pollution-par-les-algues-dans-le-lac-erie-le-phosphore-au-coeur-du-probleme/, Published 04/02/2017. Tous droits réservés © Radio Canada International 2013.” Les voies de pollution entrent dans un lac, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en- Yvelines, UVSQ, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UVSQ, URL: http:// www.osi-perception.org/IMG/jpg/reaction-d-un-ecosysteme-aquatique-aux-pollutions-.jpg, Sensitivity of Great Lakes species to acid (bar graph), Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Handshake between United States and Canada, MattiaATH/iStock/Getty Images Extrait de: Accord Canada-États-Unis relatif à la qualité de l’eau dans Grands Lacs, Government of Canada, URL: https://www.canada.ca/fr/environnement-changement-

Droits d’auteur © 2018, Office de la télécommunication éducative de l’Ontario.Tous droits réservés. 9 TVO ILC SNC1D Remerciements climatique/services/protection-grands-lacs/accord-canada-etats-unis-qualite-eau.html, Accessed 21/01/2019. Thinking student girl, seb_ra/iStock/Getty Images Sunset over lake, MarkMirror/iStock/Getty Images Wildebeest river crossing, WLDavies/iStock/Getty Images Sea otter, British Columbia, KenCanning/iStock/Getty Images Hamilton-Centre, Elections Canada, URL: https://www.elections.ca/res/cir/maps2/mapprov. asp?map=35035&prov=35&b=&lang=f, Accessed 02/05/2019. Taken from an altitude of 263 km, Landsat 7 visible color shot of Lake Ontario, NASA WorldWind, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:77.94927W_43_Lake_Ontario_ Landsat_7_Visible_Color.png, Accessed 23/03/2018. Hamilton Steel Works across frozen Lake Ontario, JonathanNicholls/iStock/Getty Images Hamilton Harbour Waterfront Trail, swans, Rick Cordeiro, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:HamiltonWaterfrontWildlife.JPG, Published 06/2007, Accessed 23/03/2018. Plan d’assainissement du port de Hamilton : gouvernance, Environnement et ressources naturelles, Gouvernement du Canada, URL: https://www.canada.ca/fr/environnement- changement-climatique/services/protection-grands-lacs/secteur-preoccupant/mise-a-jour/ plan-assainissement-port-hamilton.html, Published 03/02/2017, Accessed 02/05/2019. Thoughtful young woman holding notebook and pencil, seb_ra/iStock/Getty Images Kenya’s Wangari Maathai, Simon Maina/Stringer/AFP/Getty Images Friendly African American woman harvesting fresh vegetables from rooftop greenhouse garden, julief514/iStock/Getty Images Vegetable garden planted with beds in rows, fermate/iStock/Getty Images Peppers in the garden, eclipse_images/iStock/Getty Images Protected grapes with covers hanging on branches, Muratani/iStock/Getty Images Sunlight shining through dense foliage of a wood, grafxart8888/iStock/Getty Images A pile of FSC-certified wood, Coastal Treated Products Company, URL: https://www. treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/is-leed-breaking-up-with-fsc-certified-wood.html, Published 13/10/2009, Accessed 23/03/2018. Apartment in South Korea with solar panels, SUNGSU HAN/iStock/Getty Images Solar panel on a roof and wind turbines arround, DiyanaDimitrova/iStock/Getty Images Electric car charging station, CHUYN/iStock/Getty Images Smart house with energy efficient appliances, solar panel system, Chesky_W/iStock/Getty Images

Responsible carbon footprint, georgeclerk/iStock/Getty Images Human welfare and ecological footprint, Travelplanner, URL: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Human_welfare_and_ecological_footprint.jpg, Published 25/04/2009, Accessed 23/03/2018, Based on data from UN Development Programme and Global Footprint Network. Deforestation in the Amazon, luoman/iStock/Getty Images Adult male polar bear walking on snow beside water of Hudson Bay, Churchill, Canada, Cheryl Ramalho/iStock/Getty Images

Unité 2

Excerpt from “Concise Dictionary of Chemistry”, Editorial Board, V&S Publishers, Published 2013, Accessed 23/03/2018. Student in science class, moodboard//Getty Images Laboratory glass flasks, JanPietruszka/iStock/Getty Images Neil Young, Graeme Mitchell, The New York Times Company, URL: https://www.nytimes. com/2012/09/23/magazine/neil-young-comes-clean.html, Published 19/09/2012, Accessed 10/04/2018. Dr. John O’Connor, Charlene O’Connor, VICE MEDIA LLC, URL: https://www.vice.com/ en_ca/article/gqk873/interview-with-dr-john-oconnor-a-tar-sands-whistleblower, Published 03/03/2014, Accessed 10/04/2018. During an underway replenishment (UNREP) aboard the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72), an Aviation Boatswain’s Mate takes a sample of JP-5 jet fuel, Michael Kelly, United States Navy, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_ Navy_040901-N-9228K-117_During_an_underway_replenishment_(UNREP)_aboard_the_ Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN_72),_an_Aviation_Boatswain’s_ Mate_takes_a_sample_of_JP-5_jet_fuel.jpg, Published 01/09/2004, Accessed 10/04/2018, US Navy 040901-N-9228K-117, http://www.navy.mil/view_image.asp?id=17397. Hybrid racing car, Christopher.foster, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hybrid_Race_ Car.jpg, Published 29/06/2010, Accessed 10/04/2018. Goro Nickel Mine tailings dam, Barsamuphe, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Goro_ mine_tailings_dam.jpg, Published ca. 2008, Accessed 10/04/2018. Two scientists in lab discussing about results of a DNA-test © iStock.com/fotografixx. Lab technician, skodonnell/iStock/Getty Images Female African scientist works in modern biological laboratory, anyaivanova/iStock/Getty

Images Scientific method schematic, Kitty C. Lawe, URL: https://www.memrise.com/user/ KittyCLawe/?page=5, Accessed 01/05/2018, Translated into French. Woman isolated over a white background thinking on something, erikreis/iStock/Getty Images Brown sugar on a white background, domnicky/iStock/Getty Images Brown teddy bear isolated in front of a white background, BirgitKorber/iStock/Getty Images Sunglasses isolated on white background, bonetta/iStock/Getty Images Red apple with leaf, malerapaso/iStock/Getty Images Ultra-violet electric bulb, malven57/iStock/Getty Images States of matter basics (Screenshot), PHET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/latest/states- of-matter-basics_en.html, Published 16/04/2017, Accessed 01/05/2018, Granted under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/. States of the Matter Basics, PHET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/latest/states-of-matter- basics_fr.html, Published 02/05/2019, Accessed 01/05/2018, Granted under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Solid (Screenshot), PHET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/latest/states-of-matter-basics_ en.html, Published 16/04/2017, Accessed 01/05/2018, Granted under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Liquid (Screenshot), PHET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/latest/states-of-matter- basics_en.html, Published 16/04/2017, Accessed 01/05/2018, Granted under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Gas (Screenshot), PHET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/latest/states-of-matter-basics_ en.html, Published 16/04/2017, Accessed 01/05/2018, Granted under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Triangular diagram that represents the changing states of matter: Solid to a Liquid to a Gas by Heating, gcsescience.com, URL: http://www.gcsescience.com/e9-substance-physical- state.htm, Accessed 01/05/2018, Copyright © 2015 gcsescience.com. Classification of matter, Mark Leach, URL: meta-synthesis.com/webbook/31_matter/matter. html, Accessed 03/17/2017, © Mark Leach 1996-2017.

Oil in water, Bitjungle, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_in_water.jpg, Published 21/03/2009, Accessed 11/04/2018. Cube-shaped graphite crystal and raw graphite specimen, Alchemist-hp, URL: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon, Published 04/08/2014, Accessed 11/04/2018. Water molecule, Booyabazooka, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Water_ molecule.png, Published 17/07/2006, Accessed 11/04/2018. Water boiling in a laboratory beaker, Michael Rolands/iStock/Getty Images Rusty nail in an old piece of wood, kviktor01/iStock/Getty Images Fresh raw dough, Magone/iStock/Getty Images Ripe red apple on wooden board, Arayabandit/iStock/Getty Images Plate with slices of apples, rlat/iStock/Getty Images Example of Visual Note-taking or Graphic Recording, Jimmy Patch, Accessed 11/04/2018, Graphic facilitation (page 4) © Jimmy Patch 2017. All rights are reserved, www.jimmypatch. com. Blogging 201:PodCamp Pittsburgh 6, Jonny Goldstein, Published 17/09/2011, Accessed 02/05/2018, Granted under Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) License: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/. Tableau périodique des éléments précis, 2012rc, Accessed 22/01/2019, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0) license: https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en. Metalli, semimetalli, nonmetalli, Riccardo Rovinetti, Published 31/01/2014, Accessed 11/04/2018. Golden jewellery, Archaeological Museum of Varna, Accessed 11/04/2018. Blue diamond on black background 3D, Grassetto/iStock/Getty Images Pencil isolated on white background, FabrikaCr/iStock/Getty Images 3d render of atom structure of magnesium isolated over white background, oorka/iStock/ Getty Images Hand drawn portrait illustration of John Dalton © iStock.com/GeorgiosArt. J.J. Thomson, Unknown photographer, Accessed 02/05/2018. Cathode Ray Tube Experiment, Sharon Bewick, CK12.org, Accessed 02/05/2018. Thomson’s atomic model, Fastfission, Accessed 02/05/2018. Ernest Rutherford, Unknown photographer, Accessed 02/05/2018. Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment, Steven S Zumdahl and Susan A Zumdahl, Houghton Mifflin, Accessed 02/05/2018.

Rutherford’s model of an atom, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Niels Bohr, AB Lagrelius & Westphal, Published ca. 1922, Accessed 03/05/2017. Bohr’s atomic model of hydrogen, Jia.liu, Accessed 03/05/2017. Tutorial to learn how to use the simulation, ILC and PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, Accessed 05/03/2018, Use of PhET Simulations granted under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/. Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Build an atom, PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, Accessed 05/03/2018, Granted under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Warning for chemicals, LasseLund/iStock/Getty Images Flame pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), Published 19/01/2018, Accessed 03/05/2018. Flame over Circle pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), Published 19/01/2018, Accessed 03/05/2018. Gas Cylinder pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), Published 19/01/2018, Accessed 03/05/2018. Exploding Bomb pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), Published 19/01/2018, Accessed 03/05/2018. Skull and Crossbones pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), Published 19/01/2018, Accessed 03/05/2018. Health Hazard pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), Published 19/01/2018, Accessed 03/05/2018. Exclamation Mark pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), Published 19/01/2018, Accessed 03/05/2018. Biohazardous Infectious Material pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), Published 19/01/2018, Accessed 03/05/2018. Environment pictogram, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), Published 19/01/2018, Accessed 03/05/2018. Sample Supplier label, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), Published 19/01/2018, Accessed 03/05/2018. Writing in notebook, denphumi/iStock/Getty Images Le tableau périodique des éléments, Alina_Fedorova/iStock/Getty Images

Dmitri Mendeleev, Unknown creator, Published ca. 1880-1890, Accessed 03/05/2018. Mendeleev’s first version of the periodic table of the elements, published in 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev, Accessed 03/05/2018. The 1871 version of Mendeleev’s periodic table of the elements, Dmitri Mendeleev, Accessed 03/05/2018. Dmitri Mendeleev, Unknown creator, Oxygen periodic table element icon on background, Bonilla1879/iStock/Getty Images Le tableau périodique des éléments, Alina_Fedorova/iStock/Getty Images Period Table of the Elements with Symbol and Atomic Number, Alina_Fedorova/iStock/Getty Images Female hands holding up blank page, deepblue4you/iStock/Getty Images Bohr-Rutherford Model, ekShiksha, Accessed 12/04/2018, adapted from Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford. Potassium (K) enhanced Bohr model, Ahazard.sciencewriter, Published 13/06/2016, Accessed 12/04/2018. Calcium (Ca) enhanced Bohr model, Ahazard.sciencewriter, Published 13/06/2016, Accessed 12/04/2018. Muted Periodic Table of the Elements, Todd Helmenstine, Published 2016, Accessed 05/02/2018. Na (Sodium), Dnn87, Published 12/12/2007, Accessed 05/02/2018. Calcium unter Argon Schutzgasatmosphäre, Matthias Zepper, Published 12/03/2007, Accessed 05/02/2018. Halogene, Tomihahndorf, Published 06/04/2006, Accessed 05/02/2018. Edelgase in Entladungsroehren, Alchemist-hp, Published 26/01/2009, Accessed 05/02/2018. Symbol and electron diagram for Lithium, blueringmedia/iStock/Getty Images Symbol and electron diagram for Sodium, blueringmedia/iStock/Getty Images Symbol and electron diagram for Potassium, blueringmedia/iStock/Getty Images Explain the activity, ILC and PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, Accessed 05/03/2018, Use of PhET Simulations granted under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Build an atom, ILC and PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, Accessed 05/03/2018, Use of PhET Simulations granted under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Copyright © 2018 The

Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Butane molecule, newannyart/iStock/Getty Images= Illustration of sodium chloride molecule isolated grey background, tussik13/iStock/Getty Images Ionic bond of Magnesium Chloride, gcsescience.com, Published ca. 2015, Accessed 12/04/2018. Covalent bond: water molecule, Unknown, TutorVista, Accessed 03/05/2018. Methane-2D-dot-cross, Benjah-bmm27, Published 17/05/2007, Accessed 12/04/2018. Carbon-dioxide-octet-dot-cross-colour-coded-2D, Ben Mills, Published 06/04/2010, Accessed 12/04/2018. Building Covalent Molecules, ILC and PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, Accessed 05/03/2018, Use of PhET Simulations granted under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Build a Molecule, ILC and PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, Accessed 05/03/2018, Use of PhET Simulations granted under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Methane or ammonium molecules, vchal/iStock/Getty Images Spraying against plagues, fmajor/iStock/Getty Images Chemical structure DDT, Leyo, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:P,p%27- dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg, Published 27/01/2010, Accessed 12/04/2018. Crop duster, lightshaping/iStock/Getty Images Food chain DDT, Chesapeake Bay Program, URL: chesapeakebay.net/images/page/ foodchain.jpg, Accessed 12/04/2018. Dramatic sky over pumpjack silhouettes in rural Alberta, ronniechua/iStock/Getty Images Athabasca Oil Sands map, NormanEinstein, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Athabasca_Oil_Sands_map.png, Published 10/05/2006, Accessed 12/04/2018. Handful of oil sand, francisblack/iStock/Getty Images Four stages of open-pit mining, CAPP, URL: https://www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/what-are- the-oil-sands/recovering-the-oil, Accessed 12/04/2018. Steam drilling for oil, Desiderata Energy Consulting Inc., URL: desiderataenergy.com/ projects/oil-sands-developers-co-generation-survey, Published ca. 2008, Accessed 12/04/2018. Products made from oil, Rachel Niebergal, Calgary Herald, URL: http://pc.blogspot.

Droits d’auteur © 2018, Office de la télécommunication éducative de l’Ontario.Tous droits réservés. 16 TVO ILC SNC1D Remerciements ca/2015/10/made-from-oil.html, Accessed 19/04/2018. Tractor and fertilizer spreader in field, fotokostic/iStock/Getty Images Athabasca oil sands, NASA Earth Observatory, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Athabasca_oil_sands.jpg, Published 29/07/2009., Accessed 19/04/2018.

Unité 3

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Droits d’auteur © 2018, Office de la télécommunication éducative de l’Ontario.Tous droits réservés. 20 TVO ILC SNC1D Remerciements jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017. Sojourner Rover near “The Dice”, NASA/JPL, URL: https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/ PIA01122, Accessed 25/07/2017. View of the ISS during flyaround, NASA, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ nasacommons/9461018214/, Accessed 25/07/2017. Astronaut Julie Payette, NASA, URL: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts- 96/html/sts096_409_010.html, Accessed 25/07/2017. John B. Harrington, NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JohnBHarrington. jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017. Expedition 35 Commander Chris Hadfield of the Canadian Space Agency, NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ISS-35_Chris_Hadfield_with_Cardiolab_(CDL)_ Leg-Arm_Cuff_System_(LACS).jpg, Accessed 25/07/2017. Astronaut with space vehicle exploring distant planet (Lunar robber), gremlin/iStock/Getty Images Replica of the Alouette I, on display at the Canadian Air and Space Museum, Captmondo, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CanadianAirAndSpaceMuseum-AlouetteIReplica- Feb2109.jpg, Accessed 03/06/2017. Neil Armstrong in early Gemini spacesuit, NASA, URL: http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/ History/alsj/mercgem/mg-S64-17089.jpg, Accessed 03/06/2017. “Comment fonctionne un GPS?, Unisciel, Ministère de lʼEnseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de lʼInnovation, URL: Use from 2:46 until the end: https://youtu.be/WoqpQbWdacQ, Published 5/3/2012, Accessed 8/21/2017, © Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l’Innovation.” Les systemes de navigation par satellite- Du GPS a Galileo, Jean-Christophe Victor / Arte France Développement, Arte France, URL: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=lDYz37uuRw4, Published 01/2009, Accessed 12/05/2017. Salyut 1, NASA/David S. F. Portree. Skylab and Earth Limb, NASA, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skylab_and_Earth_ Limb_-_GPN-2000-001055.jpg, Accessed 03/06/2017. Mir space station, NASA, URL: http://archive.org/details/STS089-340-035, Accessed 03/06/2017. International Space Station, NASA, URL: http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/ sts-133/html/s133e010447.html, Accessed 03/06/2017. Landing of Columbia two days later, NASA Johnson Space Center, URL: www.dfrc.nasa. gov/Gallery/Photo/STS-1/HTML/EC81-15104.html, Accessed 03/06/2017.

STS-116 Payload Crop (Canadarm), NASA Johnson Space Center, URL: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:STS-116_Payload_Crop_(NASA_S116-E-05364).jpg, Accessed 03/06/2017. Steve Robinson on Canadarm2, NASA, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:STS-114_ Steve_Robinson_on_Canadarm2.jpg, Accessed 03/06/2017. Marc Garneau, NASA, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marc_Garneau_STS-97.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2017. Roberta Bondar, NASA, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roberta_Bondar.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2017. Chris Hadfield, NASA, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:S100e5208.jpg,Accessed 03/05/2017. Julie Payette, NASA, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:S127e008690.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2017. Martian Landscape Illustration, Sylphe_7/iStock/Getty Images Vehicle driving on planetary surface © iStock.com/MATJAZ SLANIC. Christa McAuliffe, NASA, URL: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christa_McAuliffe.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2017. Weightless hair: Astronaut Marsha Ivins, NASA, URL: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weightless_ hair.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2017. Astronaut in training, Georgethefourth/iStock/Getty Images Collage - seasons, themacx/iStock/Getty Images Wind colliding with Earth’s magnetic field, Razvan25/iStock/Getty Images Magnetosphere rendition, NASA, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnetosphere_ rendition.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2017. Winter night (Aurora Borealis) © iStock.com/sumos. Structure of the Earth atmosphere, Panacea_Doll/iStock/Getty Images Relations orbitales du Solstice, Equinoxe et Saisons Intervenantes, Pierre cb, URL: https:// fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiver, Published 9/9/2013, Accessed 8/21/2017. Summer and winter solstice, PeterHermesFurian/iStock/Getty Images La Terre au solstice d’été, image francisée par Idarvol / Przemyslaw “Blueshade” Idzkiewicz based on NASA images., Wikipedia, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_ Terre_au_solstice_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9.png, Accessed 29/05/2017. La Terre au solstice d’hiver, Przemyslaw “Blueshade” Idzkiewicz based on NASA images., Wikipedia, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Terre_au_solstice_d%27hiver. png#/media/File:La_Terre_au_solstice_d%27hiver.png, Accessed 03/05/2017.

Changements de saisons et équinoxes démystifiés, Ève Christian, Société Radio-Canada, URL: https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/804587/equinoxe-saisons-terre-automne, Published 22/09/2016, Accessed 09/05/2019. Celebrating the longest day and the first inhabitants: Bellegarde, Perry Bellegarde,Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd., URL: https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2017/06/21/ celebrating-the-longest-day-and-the-first-inhabitants-bellegarde.html, Published 21/06/2017, Accessed 04/05/2018. Summer solstice, History, A&E Television Networks, LLC, URL: history.com/news/history- lists/summer-solstice-traditions, Accessed 04/05/2018, © 2018, A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Lunar eclipse March 2007, Joshua Valcarcel, U.S. Navy, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Lunar_eclipse_March_2007.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2017. Solar eclipse phases © iStock.com/pialhovik. Madrid sun eclipse1 © iStock.com/Luis Fernández García LP. Les 6 habiletés de la taxonomie de Bloom, l’Université Paris Descartes, URL: http://reptic- crla.collanaud.qc.ca/carrefour/bloom/, Published n.d., Accessed 09/05/2019. Blue planet, Rodrusoleg/iStock/Getty Images

Unité 4

Electrons travelling from the carpet through the person, BBC, URL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/ education/guides/z77ycdm/revision/3, Accessed 03/05/2018, Copyright © 2018 BBC. Balloons and static electricity, PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/balloons-and-static-electricity/latest/balloons-and- static-electricity_fr.html, Accessed 03/05/2018, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Two tin cans, Photitos2016/iStock/Getty Images Metal steel pipes © iStock.com/Rost-9D. Metal nails, pioneer111/iStock/Getty Images Copper wire, dgstudiodg/iStock/Getty Images Stack of firewood logs, koya79/iStock/Getty Images Ripped cardboard, Michael-Burrell/iStock/Getty Images Plastic clothes pins, deepblue4you/iStock/Getty Images Rubber band ball, Michael-Burrell/iStock/Getty Images

Iron being tested for conductivity, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Zinc being tested for conductivity, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Plastic being tested for conductivity, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Water being tested for conductivity, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Glass being tested for conductivity, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Magnesium being tested for conductivity, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Lithium being tested for conductivity, Copyright © 2018 The Ontario Educational Communications Authority. All rights reserved. Thunderstorm in the Prairies, robynleigh/iStock/Getty Images Thunderstorm lightning with dark cloudy sky, Maxiphoto/iStock/Getty Images Battery power, SAV___A/iStock/Getty Images Electrical power outlet, CHUYN/iStock/Getty Images Simple electric circuit, haryigit/iStock/Getty Images Circuit Construction Kit, PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab/latest/circuit- construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab_en.html, Accessed 03/05/2018, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/. Sample circuit (screenshot), PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, Accessed 03/05/2018, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Circuit Construction Kit, PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/circuit-construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab/latest/circuit- construction-kit-dc-virtual-lab_en.html , Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Measuring Potential Difference, PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Series Circuit (screenshot), PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, Accessed 03/05/2018, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC

BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Parallel Circuit (screenshot), PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, Accessed 03/05/2018, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Voltage across Series Circuit (screenshot), PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, Accessed 03/05/2018, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Voltage across Parallel Circuit (screenshot), PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, Accessed 03/05/2018, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Electrical power outlet, CHUYN/iStock/Getty Images Electrical power bar overloaded with many plugs, davidmariuz/iStock/Getty Images Fuse, AlexLMX/iStock/Getty Images Circuit breaker, Gregory_DUBUS/iStock/Getty Images Exposed grounded plug, hillwoman2/iStock/Getty Images Different types of resistors © iStock.com/pioneer111. Multimeter, Krasyuk/iStock/Getty Images Electric heater © iStock.com/aniaostudio. Resistors, Fotokot197/iStock/Getty Images Circuit with resistor (screenshot), PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: Screenshot from PHET, Accessed 03/05/2018, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/. Diagram showing resistor (screenshot), PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: Screenshot from PHET, Accessed 03/05/2018, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/. La loi d’Ohm, Robin Carrega et Antoine Celaudoux, URL: http://nsm03.casimages.com/img/ 2010/03/06/100306051917279615575358.png, EnerGuide label, Natural Resources Canada, URL: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan. gc.ca/files/energy/images/energystar/energuide-label.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2018. Map of North America, blackout 2003, Vector map from North America second level political division 2.svg by Alex Covarrubias; Data and colours from North America blackout.png by Smurrayinchester; Combined by: Lokal_Profil, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Map_of_North_America,_blackout_2003.svg, Published 2007, Accessed 03/05/2018,

The map shows an entire state or province as red, when in some cases only a small portion (e.g. NJ) may have lost power. This greatly exaggerates the actual area of the blackout. This may also give the impression that power grids are aligned with political boundaries, which is incorrect. Water Turbine, Gothika, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, URL: https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Water_turbine.svg, Accessed 03/05/2018, . Sir Adam Beck Generating Complex, Ontario Power Generation, URL: https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Sir_Adam_Beck_Hydroelectric_Generating_Stations#/media/File:Adam_Beck_ Complex.jpg, Published 2007, Accessed 03/05/2018, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/. Pumpjack, 4kodiak/iStock/Getty Images Coal fired power station , kamilpetran/iStock/Getty Images Hand using tweezers to hold a nuclear fuel pellet, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fuel_Pellet.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2018, Original source: https://www.nrc.gov/images/reading-rm/photo-gallery/20071114-022.jpg. Dam of hydroelectric power plant, Androsov/iStock/Getty Images Solar farm panels, Pgiam/iStock/Getty Images Sir Adam Beck hydroelectric power station, Ontario Power Generation, URL: http://www.opg. com/generating-power/hydro/projects/niagara-tunnel-project/Pages/the-beck-complex.aspx, Published 2007, Accessed 03/05/2018, Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/. Sugarcane bagasse, coffeekai/iStock/Getty Images Wood pellets, я, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:75ee5f90.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2018. Solar panels on roofs, ebobeldijk/iStock/Getty Images Coal-fired plant, ymgerman/iStock/Getty Images Biogas plant, senorcampesino/iStock/Getty Images Aerial view of oil sands operations, /Bloomberg/Getty Images Deforestation in Malaysian Borneo (Satellite image of rainforest converted to oil palm plantations), NASA, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo#/media/ File:Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg, Published 18/06/2002, Accessed 03/05/2017, Original source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/40139. House near Randelle, looking at the full erosion of the stream banks affecting the stability of the house, URL: https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu//wp-content/uploads/2010/04/housebank.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2018.

Water pollution, laymul/iStock/Getty Images Coal mining, URL: https://www.cnbcafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Coal-mining.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2017. Bleached Acropora coral and normal colony, Unknown, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Coral_bleaching#/media/File:Keppelbleaching.jpg, Accessed 03/05/2018. Soybean field being fumigated near Urdinarrain, Entre Rios province,Argentina, Pablo Aharonian/AFP/Getty Images= Bees on honeycomb in apiary, DiyanaDimitrova/iStock/Getty Images Fishing and motor boats in the picturesque harbor of Scario on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Italy, MattRied/iStock/Getty Images Lake Mead and its “bathtub ring”, Mark Henle, The Arizona Republic, URL: http://mediad. publicbroadcasting.net/p/knau/files/styles/large/public/201803/636205276799911727- PNIBrd2-07-21-2016-Republic-1-A001--2016-07-20-IMG-PNI-LAKE-MEAD-COVER-1- 1-1LF2AIJ6-L848540830-IMG-PNI-LAKE-MEAD-COVER-1-1-1LF2AIJ6.jpg, Published 20/07/2016, Accessed 03/05/2018. Global networks, Eoneren/iStock/Getty Images Generic compact red car © iStock.com/Vladimiroquai. One man’s trash (Garbage collection worker) © iStock.com/PeopleImages. Medium roast steak © iStock.com/Pavlo_K. Shopping bags © iStock.com/eclipse_images. Person looking at digital tablet © iStock.com/Choreograph. Man texting © iStock.com/PeopleImages. Finger on light switch © iStock.com/LaddawanH. Shower head with running water © iStock.com/Onzeg. Running water from tap © iStock.com/LisaValder. Dishes in dishwasher © iStock.com/PeopleImages. Washer and dryer © iStock.com/IlexImage. Car exhaust pipe © iStock.com/Alex_Ishchenko. Wing of a flying airplane © iStock.com/guvendemir. Papers and files © iStock.com/fatesun. Coloured plastic bottles © iStock.com/egal. Electricity bill, Hydro One Networks Inc., Accessed 03/05/2018.

Power meter, mattiestudio/iStock/Getty Images Ontario electricity time-of-use price periods, Ontario Engery Board, Imprimeur de la Reine pour l’Ontario, URL: https://www.oeb.ca/sites/default/files/chart_electricity_tou_FR.jpg, Accessed 10/05/2019. Red electric kettle, Antagain/iStock/Getty Images Man doing laundry, monkeybusinessimages/iStock/Getty Images Young boy looking for snack in refrigerator, kali9/iStock/Getty Images Adjusting the thermostat, bubutu/iStock/Getty Images Discarded household appliances, Reimphoto/iStock/Getty Images Spiral CFL light bulb, Sun Ladder, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:02_Spiral_ CFL_Bulb_2010-03-08_(black_back).jpg, Accessed 03/05/2018. White light LEDs of various sizes, afrank99, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:LEDs_8_5_3mm.JPG, Accessed 03/05/2018. Man playing video game , michal-rojek/iStock/Getty Images Electrical engineer © iStock.com/aydinmutlu. Physioterapist, AdamGregor/iStock/Getty Images HVAC technician, spates/iStock/Getty Images Airplane technician, mediaphotos/iStock/Getty Images Electrician, shironosov/iStock/Getty Images Line technician, fotoslaz/iStock/Getty Images Food Web, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, URL: https://www3.epa.gov/acidrain/ education/site_students/foodweb.html, Accessed 29/08/2018.