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Home , 14 Arietis, 14 Aurigae, 1 Camelopardalis, 41 Aurigae, 57 Cancri, 66 Cancri

Cha rts Objects 6 E G 8 8 2 9 4 6 1 7 6 7 8 7 1 8 4 8 6 8 7 8 0 1 5 0 1 3 1 1 5 1 1 6 2 1 A P

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o o a a mm e y e e y e bb bb bb bb h a l h a l e rr ii tt uu h xpan C O M C S B C M B M S O O O C O M C S B C M B M S O O O T O E Atl Co , , a c ir c 0 2 7 1 & n io r s, u p e L O Introduction

he night sky was charted by western civilization a few thou - N 1,370 deep sky objects and 360 double (two stars—one sands ago to bring order to the random splatter of stars, often the other) plotted with observing information for T and in the hopes, as a piece of the puzzle, to help “understand” every object. the forces of nature. The stars and their were imbued with N Inclusion of many “famous” celestial objects, even though the beliefs of those times, which have become mythology. they are beyond the reach of a 6 to 8-inch diameter . The oldest known celestial is in the book, , by N Expanded glossary to define and/or explain terms and Claudius , a Greco-Egyptian with Roman citizenship who lived concepts. in Alexandria from 90 to 160 AD. The Almagest is the earliest surviving astronomical treatise—a 600-page tome. The charts are in tabular N Black stars on a white background, a preferred format for star form, by , and the locations of the stars are described by charts. the mythological part that they represent. For example, , in Gem - ini, is described as, “The star on Celestial atlases do not plot the head of the advance twin.” the position of the planets because This atlas was built on the founda - they move through the constella - tions of traditions. tions. But, the planets are always One of the first substantive on or near the path on the charts celestial atlases featuring charts of labeled, “Ecliptic.” The brighter stars was the 1603, Uranometria planets, especially Venus and (roughly translates as, Measuring , can cause confusion to the Sky) by the German, Johann those first learning the night sky Bayer. His 51 charts included because they might be mistaken drawings of the mythological fig - for stars. Please visit my site, ures and it was Bayer who whatsouttonight.com (or others), assigned the lower-case Greek to find the location and letters to identify many stars. of the naked-eye planets. The goal of celestial atlases The slowly wobbles in has not changed over the cen - a great circle on its axis, called pre - turies. They provide a charting of cession. This results in the coordi - the night sky to serve as reference. nates of the stars and all celestial Celestial Atlas Menor was objects to slowly change over time. specifically designed for those This atlas has all coordinates set wanting to enjoy the exploration of for the future 2025, but the the heavens with their eyes, binoc - coordinates will be more than ad - ulars or a telescope. It’s for both equate to find these objects for a beginners and more experienced , circa 1720 good 50 years beyond this date. observers. The magnitude limit of Unfortunately, the United the charted stars is about +5.5 which is the limit of the , but States is one of the few remaining countries in the world to stick with the magnitude limit for celestial objects is about +11.5, which is the English units of measurement. This atlas is geared mostly towards this limit for a 6-inch to 8-inch diameter telescope—popular-size scopes— crowd, to those who are less familiar with the near-universal metric under reasonably dark skies. system of measurement. Now, the intent of this atlas was not to provide a step-by-step This atlas is mostly the work of me, Ken Graun. All of the charts introduction to exploring the heavens but as an easy-to-use and intu - were drawn by hand in drawing programs—every single star, line, itive guide, hence its organization and placement of pages as well as use letter and number. I like to improve my products, so if you have any of tabs. And, although the designations of the main charts might seem corrections or suggestions, please contact me. counterintuitive at first, you will find that it facilitates using the charts, I encourage owners of this atlas to copy any pages for your nightly while the numbers teach a little about the celestial coordinate system pursuits, and to share with small groups. Also, you might want to take and movement of the heavens. Beginners will find explanations of terms the book apart and put it in a 3-ring binder for added convenience. and concepts throughout the atlas, and especially in the Glossary. Please contact me if you would like to distribute pages free-of-charge for large events because the stars are for everyone! Features of this celestial atlas include:

N A standard and convenient size for clipboards and one’s lap. Ken Graun July, 2015 N Tabs for the charts and listing of objects, smartly placed pages and cross-reference lists. Vail, Arizona N Comfortable chart scale that keeps whole constellations on a Contact information: single chart. (520) 743-3200 N Simplified constellation outlines for easy identification of [email protected] patterns in the sky. whatsouttonight.com N Detailed close-up charts of deep sky objects (clusters of stars, nebulae and ) hot-spots as well as other significant areas.

3 Constellations by Chart Constellation Abbr. Charts Page Constellation Abbr. Charts Page

Y ANDROMEDA And NCP , 23N , 2N 15 Lac NCP , 23N 28 Ant 11E , 11S , SCP 28 Leo 11N , 11E 12 E Aps 14S , SCP 32 LMi NCP , 11N , 11E 12 Aqr 23E , 20E, 23S 16 Lep 5E , 5S 22 K Aql 20N , 20E , 20S 17 Lib 14E , 14S 27 Ara 20S , 17S , SCP 26 Lup 17S , 14S 27 Ari 2N , 2E 15 Lyn NCP , 8N 13 Aur 5N , 5E 14 Lyr 20N , 20E 29 BOOTES or BOÖTES Boo 14N , 14E 11 Men 5S , SCP 32 Cae 5E , 5S 30 Mic 20S , SCP 25 Cam NCP , 5N 14 Mon 5E , 8E 21 Cnc 8N , 8E 13 Mus 11S , 14S , SCP 28 CVn NCP , 14N , 11N 11 Nor 17S , SCP 26 CMa 8E , 8S 21 Oct SCP 32 CMi 8N , 8E 21 Oph 17E 18 Cap 20E , 20S 17 Ori 5E 22 Car 11S , 8S , SCP 28 Pav 20S , SCP 25 CASSIOPEIA Cas NCP , 23N , 2N 15 Peg 23N , 23E 28 Cen 14S , 11S , SCP 27 Per NCP , 5N , 2N 15 Cep NCP , 23N , 20N 28 Phe 2S , SCP 31 Cet 2E , 2S 23 Pic 5S , SCP 30 Cha 11S , SCP 32 Psc 23N , 2N , 23E , 2E 16/23 Cir 14S , SCP 27 PsA 23E , 23S 24 Col 5E , 5S 30 Pup 8E , 8S 29 Com 14N , 14E 11 Pyx 8E , 8S 29 CrA 20S , 17S 25 Ret 5S , 2S , SCP 30 CrB 17N , 14N , 17E 10 Sge 20N , 20E 29 Crv 14E , 11E 20 SAGITTARIUS Sgr 20E , 17E , 20S , 17S 25 –26 Crt 11E , 11S 20 Sco 17S 26 Cru 14S , SCP 27 Scl 23E , 2E , 23S , 2S 24 Cyg NCP , 20N , 20E 29 Sct 20E , 17E 17 Del 20N , 20E 29 1 (Caput & Cauda) Ser 17E 18 Dor 5S , SCP 30 Sex 11E 20 Dra NCP , 17N , 14N 27 Tau 5N , 5E 22 Equ 20N , 20E 17 Tel 20S , 17S 25 Eri 5E , 2E , 5S , 2S 30 –31 Tri 2N , 2E 15 For 2E , 2S , SCP 31 TrA 17S , SCP 26 Gem 8N , 5N , 8E , 5E 21 Tuc 23S , SCP 24 Gru 23S , SCP 24 UMa NCP , 14N , 11N 12 Her 17N , 17E 10 UMi NCP , 14N 27 HOROLOGIUM Hor 5S , 2S , SCP 30 Vel 11S , 8S , SCP 28 –29 Hya 8N , 14E , 11E , 8E 19 –21 Vir 14E 19 Hyi 2S , SCP 31 Vol 8S , SCP 29 Ind 23S , 20S , SCP 25 VULPECU LA Vul 20N , 20E 29 • “BEST” charts are underlined • 1 Serpens, the Snake, is the only constellation having discontinous boundaries since it is being held across Ophiuchus, the Healer’s body. The Snake’s head, Caput, is located on the western side of Ophiuchus and its tail, Cauda, is located on the eastern side of Ophiuchus.

Greek a alpha e epsilon i iota m nu q rho u phi Alphabet b beta f zeta j kappa n xi r sigma v chi c gamma g eta k lambda o omicron s tau w psi d delta h theta l mu p pi t upsilon x omega 4 North Celestial of N 5° Binocular 23 0h Pole Area Ove rview Charts Field of View 23h 72 d 1h 1° p PISCES Eyepiece at 50x Matar r s 2 he heart of any celestial atlas is its charts. On the next 31 pages Double Stars & their Designations g N r 410 q M33 are 41 charts, detailing the whole celestial sphere. There are A is a star that “casually” looks like one star but separates 7331 +40° h ANDROMEDA Mi rach Y 22h b a 2h 2 charts covering the celestial poles, 24 main charts and 15 into two or more stars with sufficient magnification. All double stars are PEGASUS Andromeda M32 l Telrad Reticle M31 T p 10 , m 777 2°, 2°, 4° close-up charts. The 24 main charts are divided into northern, equato - indicated by a thin line drawn through their centers. The orientation of 8 o i M110 6

E VX e 1 j rial and southern sections. Each section’s Right Ascensions are in de - the thin line has no significance. In this celestial atlas, every double star 15 k 22 BB s 6 11 w t 752 c 890 X b d scending order so the chart’s pages join together, allowing constellations has a designation for reference to its observing information in the p 925

K 59 +50° 185 o n x v TRIANGU LUM to flow off one page and on to the next. section, “Objects by Constellation.” However, the older, traditional f LACER TA 7 278 u 21h t 2 c 15 R n designations of some double stars, which identified specific double star 5 m Almaak 3h MILKY 51 Veil 7209 4 s r a f 891 1023 For explanations of terms, catalogues (designations starting with R, OR , b, D, etc.), have not been 6960 6992/5 7243 WAY 12 16 61 k u 52 q CA SSIOPEIA see the Glossary used. Instead, the HR (Bright ) and HD (Henry Draper e p2 b r M34 p 7027 M39 l M76 49 7789 Shedir h q k North 281 Catalogue ) stellar catalogue designations are used to provide greater America p1 q b a m n AR s g x Nebula 1 b Galactic Equator 100° 1 +60° Caph t 457 V466 Coordinate Grids & Reference Lines consistency and avoid confusion by using additional symbols. IC5067 7000 e 7380 t2 u WW 90° 7790 h CYGNUS d 110° Navi c 436 j Coordinate grids are overlayed on every chart. For the 24 main charts, M52 d v Double 80° f 7510 225 869 (h Per ) M29 k 120 381 Cluster c a 7635 ° 659 RS v s i PERSEUS the is noted along the tops and bottoms with Declina - Variable Stars Sh2-155 j M103 ( Per ) 884 N Sadr l 743 30 654 663 Tr2 tion noted along the sides. The stars move from east to west in the sky, A is a star that changes brightness, usually cyclically, over IC1396 r m 0 x2 130 g x1 m 637 ° c a from lower to higher Right Ascensions. The Ecliptic and 1 w d a period of a few days to years. The size of the inner and outer circles 2 h o i e IC1805 Mi rphak 4h 20 o2 n IC1848 Alderamin o 140 Alpha lines are also indicated. denoting variable stars approximate the magnitude change. The em - ° Persei NORTHERN a CEPHEUS +70° w phasis of this celestial atlas is on deep sky objects and double stars, so CROSS 7133 1027 IC1871 Cluster St23 7129 x CE 1491 d 6946 g 7 HR8474 CS Celestial Pole Charts only the brightest variable stars are described. 33 i 1 1513 w 50 k 6939 ° l 48 CQ The two celestial pole charts are at a smaller scale than the 24 main 6826 h Kemble’s 1528 7023 23 BD h 40 50 BK Cascade charts in order to show more constellations and stars around the poles. b HR8493 21 1545 Red Stars p i BE 1624 Fewer deep sky objects are plotted on these charts compared to the main Red stars are pretty to observe. Most of them are faint variable stars. The c 1501 1 5 HR7500 Errai 1502 2 charts. ones noted in this celestial atlas are some of the brightest. To locate the j q 3 N q +80° 19h c 4 5h red stars, it is easiest to find their designation and coordinates under e 5 7 p CAME LOPARDALIS 9 Names of Constellations and Stars their own heading in, “Objects by Constellation.” d r j a 11 The names of constellations are in UPPERCASE letters, except when o b 12 HD173739 s 188 16 their 3-letter abbreviations are used. The names of stars are italicized . Telrad Reticle “Finderscope” HR6983 UX t 59 17 The Telrad is a popular pointing devise used on , so its reticle 39 BN o Magnitude of Stars and Objects pattern is provided. See Telrad in the Glossary for more information. u v a HR1686 Etamin 40/41 Pola ris (North Star ) n d The 24 main charts indicate stars as faint as magnitude 6, which is the 18h 6h 6503 2146 c 6543 d limit of the naked eye under dark skies. The close-up charts go fainter. Binocular and Telescope Field-of-View n w North x Celestial 1 2 e Pole The magnitude limit of the deep sky objects averages 11.5, the limit A 5° circle, representing the arc-angle, field-of-view for typical binocu - b m HR6267 6217 2336 43 5 w1 of a 6 to 8-inch diameter telescope under dark skies. The close-up charts lars is indicated on the main charts as well as a 1° arc-angle, field-of- f 6068 12 g go fainter. The section, “Objects by Constellation,” provides magnitudes view for a “regular” telescope eyepiece yielding a magnification of 50x. f HR4893 15 Alrakis l h 2655 w6 for all plotted objects. Any telescope using an eyepiece that will yield a magnification of about LITTLE

50x will provide a field-of-view with at least a diameter of 1°, which is DRACO DIPPER 2403 18 N 4 HR3236 7h 17 h g +80° Object Symbols, Designations and Scale two Moon diameters. See Telescope Magnification in the Glossary. c b 5

7 16,17

Kochab 24 Each category of object (Cluster, , , 1 LYNX 21 Nebula and Galaxy) has an identifying symbol—see legends on charts. Close-up Charts h URSA MINOR 3147 2985 1 q p p2 A 2 to 4 digit number next to an object indicates its NGC designa - The close-up charts provide detailed charting of specific objects, areas o s M82 r2 r1 tion, that is, its designation. An IC in front of a of interest or congested areas. The magnitude of the stars and objects HERCULES M81 Muscida i 3077 2976 u +70° s 27 number indicates the supplemental Index Catalogue to the NGC cata - go fainter than in the main charts. Charts A-14 and A-14R are provided t Edasich j k

4236 Giausar 23

logue. All Messier objects start with an M and because of their popular - for those who want to manually find the set of Messier galaxies in 5907 HD130173 2768 a 8

ity, they are bolded. There are other designations, like Cr, Tr and PK, and the Virgo Cluster, a practice sometimes conducted during Messier 16 h v M102 10 8h 5866 N information about these designations can be found in the Glossary. marathons. Chart A-14R is a mirror-reverse image of chart A-14 for 4125 2681 31 u t 2 5322 NGC numbers are assigned to objects in order of Right Ascension, use with telescopes equipped with a 90° diagonal (refractors and SCTs). m URSA 15 l 1 a Dubhe Talitha m 44 4605 4036 MAJOR 2841 i so these numbers increase from right to left. Although the 90° diagonal allows for comfortable viewing, it provides 39 u 26 h 3945 3079 j Most objects are much smaller than their symbols, however, the a mirror-reverse image of the sky. Reverse images are acceptable in l h M101 i j M40 +60° b 5676 f Alioth b 10 UMa actual size and shape of large objects are drawn to scale. astronomy because we are just looking at stars. Nekkar d M108 Me rak HR3743 Explanations and examples of objects can be found in the Glossary. d HR4917 e Me grez M97 3310 2683 2 1 k g Phad r r Locating Specific Stars & Objects Alkaid M109 c 3631 HR3701 r3 57 BOOTES M51 3953 3718 38 r4 Designations of Stars Locating a specific star or object on the charts may not always be easy. c 3198 9h 15 h Whirlpool a RS Galaxy 4088 Tania Aust ralis 10 Other than a name, stars may be designated with a Bayer letter (most - To facilitate finding them, the section, “Objects by Constellation” serves 5 3893 4100 +50° v k q 5371 A 4800 3726 l ly Greek letters but some Roman letters, too) or a number, called a as a master list with the three supporting sections, “Objects by Number,” M106 w 3184 Greek Alphabet M63 Y 4096 3949 4242 x Tania Borealis alpha nu Flamsteed number. Stars lacking these designations may be indicated “Objects by Type” and “Objects by Name” providing cross references. 20 4051 a m 4449 3319 3003 beta xi M94 3938 21 b n with the double-letter designation for a variable star, the Bright Star Once the constellation for an object is identified, to find it on the charts 4618 4111 3675 b c gamma o omicron Double Star 25 delta pi a b 4490 3294 LEO d p Catalogue designation ( HR ) or designation is a simple matter of looking it up on the master list and using its 5005 e epsilon q rho

Variable Star 5033 57 3432 MINOR 10 h

14 h CANES 4151 +40° f zeta r sigma

Cluster N 4244 (HD ). coordinates to nail it down. 46 37 g eta s tau

4 VEN ATICI Globular Cluster 4214 3941 1 theta upsilon John Flamsteed was not entirely consistent in his assignment of NGC numbers are assigned to objects in order of Right Ascension, 42 h t Ne bula 4631 m i iota u phi kappa chi designations. You will find instances of faint stars with Flamsteed num - so these numbers increase from right to left. Planetary Nebula 4656 n j v

13 h k lambda w psi

Galaxy 11 h l mu x omega

bers near much brighter stars without Flamsteed numbers. Magnitudes 1 12 h 1 N

123456 6 North Celestial N 5° Binocular 23 0h Pole Area Field of View 23h 72 d 1h 1° p PISCES Eyepiece at 50x Matar r s

2 N g N r 410 q M33 7331 +40° h ANDROMEDA Mi rach 22h b a 2h PEGASUS Andromeda M32 l C Telrad Reticle M31 p 10 Galaxy, m 777 2°, 2°, 4° 8 i M110 6 o VX e 1 j P 15 k 22 BB s 6 11 w t 752 c 890 X b d p 925 59 +50° 185 o n x v TRIANGU LUM f LACER TA 7 278 u 21h t 2 c 15 R n 5 m Almaak 3h MILKY 51 7209 4 s r a f 891 1023 6960 6992/5 7243 WAY 12 16 61 k u 52 q CA SSIOPEIA e p2 b r M34 p 7027 M39 l M76 49 7789 Shedir h q k North 281 America p1 q b a m n AR s g x Nebula 1 b Galactic Equator 100° 1 +60° Caph t 457 V466 IC5067 7000 e 7380 t2 u WW Algol 90° 7790 h CYGNUS d 110° Navi c 436 j M52 d v Double 80° f 7510 225 869 (h Per ) M29 k 120 381 Cluster c a 7635 ° 659 RS v s i PERSEUS Sh2-155 j M103 ( Per ) 884 Deneb l 743 N Sadr 654 IC1396 30 663 Tr2 r x2 130 m 0 1 m ° g c x 637 a w d 2 h o1 i e IC1805 Mi rphak 4h 20 o2 n IC1848 Alderamin o 140 Alpha ° Persei NORTHERN a CEPHEUS +70° w CROSS 7133 1027 IC1871 Cluster St23 7129 x CE 1491 d 6946 g 7 HR8474 CS 33 i 1 1513 w 50 k 6939 ° l 48 CQ 6826 h Kemble’s 1528 7023 23 BD h 40 50 BK Cascade b HR8493 21 1545 p i BE 1624 c 1501 1 5 HR7500 Errai 1502 2 j q 3 N q +80° 19h c 4 5h e 5 7 p CAME LOPARDALIS 9 d r j a 11 o b 12 HD173739 s 188 16 HR6983 UX t 59 17 39 BN o u v a HR1686 Etamin 40/41 Pola ris (North Star ) n d 18h 6h 6503 2146 c 6543 d n w North x Celestial 1 2 e Pole b m HR6267 6217 2336 43 5 w1 f 6068 12 g f HR4893 15 Alrakis l h 2655 w6 LITTLE

DRACO DIPPER 2403 18 N 4 HR3236 7h 17 h g +80° c b 5

7 16,17

Kochab 24 1 LYNX 21 h URSA MINOR 3147 2985 1 q p p2 o s M82 r2 r1 HERCULES M81 Muscida i 3077 2976 u + s 27 t Edasich 70° Thuban j k

4236 Giausar 23

5907 HD130173 2768 a 8

16 h v M102 10 8h 5866 N 4125 2681 31 u t 2 5322 m URSA 15 l 1 a Dubhe Talitha m 44 4605 4036 MAJOR 2841 i 39 u 26 h 3945 3079 j l h M101 i j Alcor M40 +60° b 5676 f Alioth b 10 UMa Nekkar d M108 Me rak HR3743 d Mizar HR4917 e Me grez M97 3310 2683 2 1 k g BIG DIPPER Phad r r Alkaid M109 c 3631 HR3701 r3 57 BOOTES M51 3953 3718 38 r4 c 3198 9h 15 h Whirlpool a RS Galaxy 4088 Tania Aust ralis 10 5 3893 4100 +50° v k q 5371 A 4800 3726 l M106 w 3184 Greek Alphabet M63 Y 4096 3949 4242 x Tania Borealis alpha nu 20 4051 a m 4449 3319 3003 beta xi M94 3938 21 b n 4618 4111 3675 b c gamma o omicron Double Star 25 delta pi a b 4490 3294 LEO d p 5005 e epsilon q rho

Variable Star 5033 57 3432 MINOR 10 h

14 h CANES Cor Caroli 4151 +40° f zeta r sigma

Cluster N 4244 46 37 g eta s tau

4 VEN ATICI Globular Cluster 4214 3941 1 theta upsilon 42 h t Ne bula 4631 m i iota u phi kappa chi Planetary Nebula 4656 n j v

13 h k lambda w psi

Galaxy 11 h l mu x omega

Magnitudes 1 12 h 1 N

123456 7 NCP NCP 2 0h 23 7h +80° h 2 +80° +80° h 1 +80° h 2 h 1h 1 2h 8 2 1 40,41 0h 22h q 21h 19h 23h j 28 20h UMi Er rai q 28 Greek Alphabet 35 c a alpha m nu j 2 Double Star 73 b beta n xi gamma omicron 31 UX Variable Star 40 23 21 c o CEPHEUS 59 50 delta pi 0 Cluster p d p HR8493 6340 epsilon rho 16 +70° Dra +70° e q +70° 24 73 v 34 w +70° Globular Cluster 42 16 zeta sigma s 40 31 f r

Ne bula 38 g eta s tau N x HR8493 6503 24 Alfirk q h theta t upsilon 11 u Planetary Nebula 11 HR8474 b x b i iota u phi t Galaxy 43 w CEPHEUS j kappa v chi Alfirk 31 e 27 7023 k lambda w psi 37 HR8474 64 mu omega i 4 l x r f e 26 DRACO 6543 7023 d 637 7 7133 13 32 o 7 0° 66 n q 559 Sh2-155 30 654 7133 7129 h Kurhah 7129 4 Altais 42 663 6 36 +60° i +60° +60° 25 18 VV 6 p +60° 743 659 26 Kurhah 20 26 44 g 6939 M103 381 j 10 n VV 64 1 Alderamin a 19 d Navi 20° 18 a v 225 Sh2-155 6946 7380 m 9 66 Ruchbah 30 20 9 Draco 9 6 25 h Dwarf V466 c 12 k 12 Alderamin 2 4 19 m d Galaxy WW u 436 t M52 33 g 457 7790 12 l 1 t1 7510 HD173739 7635 e f 6939 Grumium Alrakis l 110 HR7500 39 CA SSIOPEIA g Caph b ° k o l IC1396 6946 m 281 2 1 n Per a s IC1396 h AR 7380 f 1 48 45 q d 0 l Shedir 0 54 M76 e LACER TA ° +50° +50° +50° G 23 +50° 7789 26 a 53 b Rastaban 2 7008 9 la b c 46 u t r i 33 49 k 1 c 00 E f ° a q c MILKY G u al a ac IC5217 t 7008 30 WAY tic 43 o Etamin Eq 51 x2 r 51 51 ua CYGNUS tor 4 HR6983 x1 7086 j m LW p1 MILKY 82 7086 5 7243 n WAY 20 49 b p1 w R p2 i 9 IC5217 LW 9 u 0° 63 o 16 278 2 51 h Magnitudes n 147 18 3 a p 59 7209 6826 185 M39 5° Binocular M39 26 9 2 p 8 4 7243 60 0 x 43 Field of View IC5146 ° 7082 North 63 7686 7 7082 1 0 X 71 America 71 59 x 11 2

o 1 5 IC5146 Nebula Telrad Reticle q 16 BB 22 q 7000 North 7209 n 1° 60 30 1 7 w America o1 6703 k 2 IC5117 68 2°, 2°, 4° Eyepiece at 50x IC5117 55 a 6884 6811 N VX 4 Nebula Andromeda 75 7000 57 2 N M31 Galaxy 7027 68 Deneb 2 75 d 13 j n M110 11 LACER TA 77 6866 3 +40° m +40° +40° 56 +40° M32 i IC5067 4 2 15 6 77 7027 13 74 Pelican CYGNUS 14 23 7662 Nebula 5 l 10 o 14 13 74 r 61 m l 6 32 16 a s 79 6910 15 7640 72 r 8 Sadr 404 12 72 0 6819 e b 61 ° h 79 70 q 8 c g ANDROMEDA 14 s NORTHERN IC1318 T Mirach 10 7063 70 RS 22 19 f j 69 69 CROSS h r 12 1 7063 34 6888 t M29 d 6791 29 28 15 k i LYRA p t 25 4 G 6883 27 47 R E 6871 b A g M57 Sheliak 104 7331 e T 8 99 +30° d p +30° +30° 14 +30° 27 R Sula fat m 73 f I 17 68 6992 F c 67 T v 17 k 38 15 7 o 49 D 0 e f 6995 39 ° l Veil A 107 28 64 7217 14 6960 19 65 72 Nebula R a 52 K Matar Alphe ratz 63 g l 35 41 L u Psc 7457 15 16 A M56 100 78 23 35 N 2 9 79 Scheat o j E HERCULES 32 32 21 85 6940 b 36 f 31 23 105 g b 16 j 15 19 27 18 95 7741 12 20 3 98 w i 2 2 VULPECULA 30 6885 10 a 106 96 69 56 Sadalba ri 102 +20° 55 12 +20° +20° 16 109 +20° l 28 25 24 54 PEGASUS 6 113 66 52 s 7332 0 101 t k 33 22 17 13 6830 ° 2 112 PK51+9.1 71 25 1 Del 5 M27 6823 1 110 v 1 12 5 93 GREAT SQUARE 13 29 Coathanger 1 64 7006 9 47 51 6905 6886 g 111 87 u 9 4 57 40 9 c 7177 13 f d 53 75 a 7814 PEGASUS M71 SAGI TTA c 17 7006 DELPHINUS 13 Algenib c a IC4997 10 b e 58 11 e M15 a +10° 5 10 +10° +10° M15 c +10° 0 d q ° 86 d Enif 17 f 20 b 11 72 Ma rkab f 17 16 h 71 e g 70 Enif d 34 31 28 6738 6709 OPHIUCHUS 66 21 EQUULEUS 18 d c 6891 7479 n 18 31 x 18 62 82 e 4 i p v 60 9 6572 35 77 Homam 3 j e u 41 f b c 51 80 58 EQUULEUS o Tarazed 6803 6633 66 96G 32 r 7 9 7743 19 a 4 73 55 b a 6804 67 59 36 Kitalpha 10 57 q 4 70 ° 7626 7619 7 IC4756 18 11 n 4 h 0 x a 4 6934 t l ° 74 68 h 3 6781 19 i Kitalpha 13 s 0° 30 0° 0° 25 Al ya 0° Biham m b Alshain 6756 SERPENS CETUS PISCES 35 26 e 22 ( ) 7 r 6755 h CAUDA 1h 44 Ec 34 11 25 21 h 22h 18h lip 37 PISCES 64 59 ti 22 19 26 AQUILA 4 c CIRCLET b c d 21 16 0h k 23 h 22h 21 h 20h 19h j 23E 20E 9 5N 2N

4h 4h 7h w3 6h 5 h 3h 3h 2 h 1h 0h x +40° +40° 51 m s 1857 5 e +40° +40° e 59 40 x q p 1023 IC239 32 UU l q l h 62 50 PERSEUS 1499 16 752 47 ° 4 PERSEUS 20 58 q r 0 1 Aur California h t 7 1342 56 45 AURIGA 1 1778 2 1499 5° Binocular Nebula 1342 1058 949 r California 14 404 M38 n Menkib Field of View n Menkib 24 b Nebula 15 b 1907 IC405 17 1931 u 55 54 40 40 d Mi rach ANDROMEDA M36 19 R h S IC2003 IC2003 c TRIANGU LUM p 56 925 e WW i 42 1° Telrad Reticle 42 410 IS 1893 16 890 7 M37 v o Eyepiece at 50x o

E 14 f 2°, 2°, 4° f 21 777 r Atik Atik 11 82 M33 s d 48 26 1514 13 6 +30° +30° +30° 315 a +30° 5 53 j ° a e 0 w 55 55 39 972 12 68 28 28 8 91 Alphe ratz 49 1 10 b 65 136 41 62 62 35 672 Alnath u 56 56 41 t 2266 59 59 33 85 MILKY 44 Cr21 TU Simeis 49 49 Mebsuta 139 147 125 20 14 37 WAY 98 v 52 10 e 118 52 1156 21 M35 64 1156 64 2158 132 7 7 ARIES a u 121 103 1746 36 k f 2129 90° 99 7 36 00° Ecliptic 80° 72 1 s t 32 g 3 1 M1 j1 37 M45 ARIES M45 36 l g 70° 56 32 1 109 2 39 m j 680 Propus 105 i j 51 Pleiades GEMINI 114 e e w1 55 PEGASUS Mek buda 1 n TAURUS s f s f g 691 v 54 m ° v2 v HU 53 63 47 b v 0 U x 6 60 2 f 2175 9 106 0° 63 ° She ratan 107 w 52 1 + +20° +20° 68 57 T 1555 20° d l 15 94 +20° 64 119 43 13 13 h c w3 66 71 97 d q 120 e 45 40 772 Mesa rtim 1647 5 87 26 115 104 d3 1 0° 50 q 20 2195 130 d ° i 47 Alhena 122 111 1817 Aldeba ran d2 p a 4 64 69 117 75 c 126 2 63 105 7814 33 r r h1 M74 87 to 116 c c a 72 Sh2-261 80 u 1 g 57 q 129 r 2 71 o 4 19 53 E 15 h r 0° m 135 11 72 ic 137 131 q 58 t n 35 1 E Algenib c 2 o 76 p c la 2169 133 o 57 lip 35 a 83 60 tic 30 G 86 38 2194 134 660 n 73 5 5 31 90 79 k 38 k TAURUS p ° 3 58 0 74 93 0° 0 18 6 1662 4 4 2 Cr69 n PISCES 34 15/S 1 88 30 821 k p 30 2264 Head of + +10° Cone l Orion +10° +10° l 10° 75 16 47 6 n 6 n 524 Nebula PK198-6.1 2022 u2 u1 p2 66 o 35 16 l k o k n1 2251 a o n2 64 e 32 2261 14 20 d 41 46 ° 17 13 T x Bellat rix 3 CETUS f 62 p 60 51 2236 52 31 31 32 m 29 29 864 741 676 2244 4 l 80 G

c p 45 m 2 Rosette 63 488 73 Nebula e ORION 40 m 2186 93 93 718 2237 3 8 66 x 38 97 Menkar 97 Menkar 10° E 23 n 520 89 w j a 12 j a c a E 18 33 q 12 470, 474 8 Alrescha ° 21 5 0 59 1 33 2 56 25 p5 44 51 1073 IC1613 2112 p6 1055 60 2301 60 2071 10 10 d 69 0 M77 ° 0° 0° 0° 25 0° M78 d 22 45 25 95 95 1087 42 14 94 94 84 936 70 61 31 24 24 75 450 38 20 27 35 63 2024 f e 51 66 34 MONOCEROS r g 1637 5 39 Horsehead m 32 32 Mi ra 29 2286 Nebula IC 434 1788 n 81 l o 13 68 12 10 42 1981 66 1453 1453 M43 1977 1700 25 Barnard’s Loop 1 b 1600 22 17 17 2232 Trapezium (h ) x 30 30 22 33 30 2183 M42 Cursa 62 c i ,Great 21 21 Orion Beid 67 779 1999 IC2118 46 1022 584 2182 Nebula s Witch o1 37 2215 49 t q3 q1 q3 q1 80 b 55 Head 2 CETUS 596 29 b w o Keid 1084 1052 77 37 Nebula 47 2 2 636 7 56 f q g f q 157 ERIDANUS e Azha e Azha 1042 h i 2149 2 k d d g 988 30 28 –10° j 1779 – –10° f –10° 63 10° 1 3 3 39 v g u3 u Baten u2 Kaitos RX p u4 246 h i p e m 64 q 1535 c IC2165 k j 1421 1421 ERIDANUS 47 g c 11 8 1357 Zau rak 1357 p 210 l f 53 Zau rak 720 46 h R 50 a r 6 c 1832 60 1209 1209 49 1309 1199 1309 s Si rius 17 59 1199 i b a l 58 b 20 20 2 m3 Mirzam Arneb 1440 1440 1 s1 m 1400 1400 Deneb Kaitos 7 m2 2204 19 LEPUS 1407 1407 p 54 1300 1300 –20° –20° –20° –20° 15 b 1232 57 T 17 10 1353 1353 1232 2 247 d 1521 1332 1332 4 s t Greek M41 2207 2196 s4 s 908 c Nihal e 1426 1426 48 Alphabet 1439 s5 1325 1439 5 1325 12 1415 1187 s 1187 56 1 6 a alpha 2 1964 6 15 s 1415 o s 1395 1395 15 6 578 45 b beta Cr121 n2 9 3 s9 7 4 2139 M79 s 8 s7 s s gamma o1 n1 s s3 j c HR1771 1385 s8 1385 d delta 1371 1255 1371 e 1744 1255 f 253 e epsilon CANIS MAJOR 1302 f zeta 1398 1201 1398 1302 288 South eta 1201 Galactic g r 2280 2217 Pole 150 j2 h theta e s s c2 1 e e x j i iota Adha ra m2 a a a j kappa 1 1079 m Blanco 1 Fu rud t ERIDANUS r r 1 613 i lambda 1425 1425 i s f k –30° –30° –30° –30° l mu q q 2 p f f 1097 i l 289 SCULPTOR m nu 10 2243 t2 1344 1344 FORNAX r 1537 b 439 r 254 n xi d FORNAX d S Double Star l 1679 Magnitudes p R o omicron j k 1532 g Variable Star a 1049 Sculptor 134 p pi d 1380 1350 1380 1350 u rho Cluster t k 2090 Phact 43 41 1381 1374 1381 1374 Fornax Dwarf q 1387 0 1387 Dwarf 1 Galaxy sigma c i 1351 i 1399 1351 k r Globular Cluster j b o 1399 Galaxy k2 h tau 2298 e 1427 1379 2 1427 1379 v2 g3 s Wazn CAE LUM v IC2006 1404 1326 Ne bula HR2316 c 1404 g 1365 g2 t upsilon IC2006 g 1389 1365 1326 1 1389 1317 1808 HR1190 1386 u phi Planetary Nebula PUPPIS HR2424 h n h 1386 1317 h 300 b 1316 v chi x HR1190 1316 k2 Galaxy 1792 2 w k1 55 w psi 986 n omega CO LUMBA 1851 ERIDANUS x –40° –40° 3 –40° i –40° y h Acamar 7h 6h 5h Hor 4h 3h 4 4h 2h PHOENIX 1h 0h 5 3h 22 5S 6 2S 17 E 14 E

18 h 16 h 15h 13h 17h u t 14 h 4666 SERPENS 11 4753 SERPENS M14 30 M10 Yed P rior (CAPUT ) 25 11 c (CAUDA ) 6366 36 11 SERPENS 5493 46 4684 g e 61 g f Yed Poste rior l 65 44 Por rima 13 12h 19 h d 15h 16h ( ) 16 Sy rma 80 66 0° 0° 5 e CAPUT l 5634 Zaniah 60 23 5427 4941 4691 180° 25 i 74 h 190°4546 3 0° 0° 106 VIRGO

4030 1 0 4981 4602 ° OPHIUCHUS 36 l 4593 AQUILA 200° 4697 6539 l t 82 4775 25 5812 95 4731

IC1276 4995 4 b 18 4958 4818 s 16 50 d 9 6517 w 76 v 4504 R 20 Zubeneschamali j ° m 210 50 w 4699 4487 g a HR6544 f b a 49 4742 M11 e f 18 4939 S v n Zubeneschamali 5812 iptic 86 4781 21 6664 6309 1 k cl 68 4760 6712 o n2 n E 5077 d HR6946 m 11 37 b M104 2 M107 d e 4783 M26 IC1287 0 e 37 Sombrero ° ° Galaxy 6604 LIBRA l 220 4782 g 48 75 4902 n – –10° SCUTUM M16 10° –10° 5878 1 83 69 Sabik a 5044 4984 –10° c Eagle u 53 4856 Nebula Zubenelge nubi 87 5054 Omega 49 g c a2 6356 m 5728 89 5247 Nebula v h 5878 c 63 M17 M9 5170 48 ° 61 IC4592 34 30 g M18 6342 f g 32 2 Algorab m Graffias LIBRA f 57 6645 6445 b 47 5018 d M24 M23 SN 1604 w m Gienah Y Kepler’s Star x IC4601 x1 k j 41 55 1 n IC4634 49 h i 4361 0 6235 230° c M25 ° 6440 16 58 6287 250° x2 240° 41 15 0° 21 l 26 j 5897 14 6469 6369 24 Nebulae Complex M80 R 4038 M21 6325 q d i 4027 6716 6583 47 k M20 270° 51 B72 o 5897 CORVUS 4039 29 26 o ° c w 31 Crt 4 6401 44 6284 40 48 47 1 c G h 2 –20° n lipti a 22 –20° –20° b Ec la 12 f –20° 33 28 7 c 6144 42 5903 5898 r t 6293 r 54 e 0° M8 ic 6355 36 n2 28 6642 E 3 2 Sco HR5120 6544 Lagoon q M19 56 p 2 m1 24 u 42 5694 m M22 M28 Nebula a Pipe M4 1 5903 50 5061 6717 to a 5898 d 6 3 6553 r Nebula p 4 51 5101 5078 k 43 Alchiba 6638 3 6316 13 M68 Kaus s 58 HYDRA a 6520 Galactic 0 d 12 r 2 ° 3 60 Nunki Borealis Center, 45 6304 M62 t 1 52 M83 Sgr A* q Kaus W 36 4 IC4329 u 6522 MILKY 36 Media 6528 6451 p t r HR6693 s d c 6425 WAY SCORPIUS 4 5253 r 4936 HR6780 Alnasl s 2 s 6624 Terzan6 6383 3 1 6416 M6 27 1 6558 q 5161 4106 6569 2 k 5419 M54 M69 Djorg1 e v – 5824 2 4105 – –30° M70 1 30° –30° IC4296 30° 6563 6396 n p HR6936 6453 c1 y e w1 c2 6652 6072 Men kent z M7 Shaula 6256 v 1 Kaus 3 6302 2 w 5102

w 1 5 5824 Aust ralis t 0 1 h x2 SAGI TTARIUS k ° l2 h u i G 1 w 1 S g 6400 Lesath l LUPUS n 2 6441 6281 u1 w CEN TAURUS x1 5986 Ton2 6242 h S 0 j 6268 6139 g u2 LUPUS 5873 5367 d PK352–7.1 6380 u2 2 6723 i2 Tr24 h 1 k u i 6153 6124 k 5986 v l e j 5873 k t t m n f 6231 g u IC3370 4373 5786 g l h 6322 g 4696 6192 j 4709 CORONA d 5483 5026 k c c IC4444 5530 5011 l l d IC4406 5365 5128 –40° AUSTRALIS HR6750 Sargas 6169 x –40° –40° o –40° b 5643 1 6496 6259 3 s1 t h 6388 6249 4 x 0 6178 f 6541 ° d t2 NORMA s2 g2 g 6250 6204 d e k r HR6416 b i g1 e e g d 5882 4835 i e e h a 5139 d2 a 6200 p f x Centauri d1 6352 k 5460 5266 D 6193 5882 5° Binocular 5206 6134 1 f g m e IC4651 1 Field of View l q 4945 w k m j 1 6167 p m2 4976 n s h 2 f a j c2 c1 m l r 5307 c Telrad Reticle 5286 K n2 6326 j 1° IC3896 E TELESCOPIUM M H l 3 Ru106 r 3 Eyepiece at 50x 2°, 2°, 4° 5927 e2 6152 0 5946 5927 NORMA b 6584 e1 ° g 5946 c e G i 6208 d 6397 6031 q 6134 f c1 Q p 6067 f 5460 6193 j b j 6167 2 q c 3 5822 30° q f c r MILKY k f b Gal 5925 c HR5873 5925 actic v 5822 Equ 5662 WAY IC4797 ARA 6031 ator 5823 F –50° 2 i1 –50° –50° 6152 –50° V 6087 i HR5873 l 6067 j HR5371 g 6215 S 320 5138 Gac rux c A g 5823 f ° 5606 Hadar 3960 Vel 6758 6221 e1 6208 b k b CRUX p IC4889 3 c 2 HR5900 c b 0 5617 b 3918 ° HR4944 d HR7548 6753 d 6156 Cen 1 a J 6025 5662 v 6087 2 i 5316 f i 4755 SOUTHERN CROSS m 5979 S Rigel Kent Jewel i n HR5900 d 310° e 6752 i Box x 6300 d HR5371 ARA h Proxima o1 5606 5979 5281 Ced 4609 4103 o2 6810 m Rigel Centauri 300° 3532 6769 i d b g 6025 g 122 3699 p 6215 e m Ac rux 6770 Kent b b Coalsack k HR6828 IC4662 5617 6221 6156 a h2 e h 3572 g h g a a h f h1 3766 290° –60° TRIANGU LUM –60° –60° 5189 g –60° h 6362 d CIRCINUS 5315 k e Proxima Hadar e 6744 6684 g AUSTRALE i IC4191 IC2948 z PAVO a g b f j c f2 TRIANGU LUM l j c h a f1 HR4401 i At ria f k CIRCINUS AUSTRALAE e j X Car X 4833 Greek Alphabet Dark MUSCA f g a f d Doodah 6101 a alpha m nu At ria c beta xi HR5520 j2 b n j1 c gamma o omicron j1 –70° –70° 1 4372 Double Star HR5520 –70° d delta p pi 6101 j2 i –70° Variable Star e epsilon q rho u zeta sigma Cluster b f r h e g eta s tau Globular Cluster theta upsilon j d1&2 h t p Ne bula OCTANS APUS i iota u phi Magnitudes APUS a CHAMAELEON c j kappa v chi Planetary Nebula h b d1&2 b a k lambda w psi e Galaxy h h l mu x omega h 18 17 16h 0123456 c 15 14h 13h h 1 h 1 19 5h 16 2h –80° 0h 14 –80° –80° 7h 11 –80° 2 SCP h 1 SCP h 27 South Celestial 2 3 5° Binocular Pole Area 0h S Field of View 1h S 7793 l 23h g 1° 134 c PISCIS r Scluptor h Eyepiece at 50x Dwarf SCULPTOR p d AUSTRINUS S Galaxy c R b 2 300 55 1 –40° b P p k2 k IC1459 2h t s 22h n Ankaa u 7410 l Telrad Reticle p a i 7582 7552 t 2°, 2°, 4° l t j HR9077 7424 h C m 7531 h 7412 q l e IC5267 i i 1 k c h d1 l i1 FORNAX m 2 GRUS S i u s l2 c 6 k1 2 1 d2 k2 u b k k –50° s3 b p Fornax r b e 3h Dwarf Alnair 21h 1049 v d q c Galaxy w a g3 p o n g2 e 7213 PHOENIX f Lacaille 7144 2 h1 i s j h 8760 w g f f a v 2 g h q q1 n HR8501 ERIDANUS j g 1326 1317 p u a –60° c MICROSCOPIUM 1316 Ache rnar i 1291 R e d i g e b1 TUCANA h f y HR688 i a 2 f 2 INDUS m j2 b g m a j1 a i 0 e l q f g S 1448 HORO LOGIUM k Sgr 4h 1433 d 1261 20h TW 6868 1512 b l 2 p k 1 –70° m 2 j k a c g c 121 u2 a p2 1 362 h b p Peaco ck n 2 Small NGC 104 q u1 f 1 e d o f f Magellanic c j Cloud m SX 1533 RETICU LUM b HR7548 i 1313 1549 1543 d HYDRUS k o m 1566 r t 1617 1553 i b b TELESCOPIUM 1574 c j h d e a k a h g 1559 7098 2 S h 1511 m w l l1 i g –80° m 6876 h j q 19h 5 5 1705 1672 g1 R n a l2 e c l e 1 6752 g2 DORADO i c1 b l k j 3 f BN c c2 Mel227 PAVO 6744 x f l k k h h HD29058 j g f k 1947 h Large b d 6684 t OC TANS Magellanic m f m PICTOR b Cloud n 6584 b MENSA s c HR6828 2070 c n u p r p i h d e j v 6h 18h g1 m g a E121-6 g2 d 2210 p1 f South V 2 h 6397 p Celestial l k f Pole q i 6362 d p a x c f m l i e j b c b a p1 2 a i d p d1&2 6300 HR2384 c IC4499 j h l g At ria ARA 6326 A d g i f 6101 a g 2442 f a CHAMAELEON e APUS f

2 a 6221 e2 s d h 1 VOLANS 1 6215

g d j2 g f e1 c –80° i 7 7h H j j1 6208

m b 17 h h d S e e j h HR5520 6087 2516 e b 6025 7° b p j i 1 c S 6167 33 i2 PUPPIS TRIANGU LUM 1 j Miaplacidus i f 2 e b HR5900 c a AUSTRALE 6067 tic lac Avior MUSCA Ga r c1 v 4372 ato h Q CARINA x c e Equ e d g HR5873 J 2808 d g P V 4833 a c NORMA c 5° N O 2547 i h b 32 d k t a 1 g c –70° f 5189 5315 a 5946 R IC2602 b CIRCINUS 2 Rigil Kent 5823 B a l Southern e f 7°

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d Pleiades k l Ced f S 8h C i h g IC2391 h h HR4401 5617

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3-letter Latin Genitive Charts Underline = Best Chart abbreviation Spelling

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Designation Object Magnitude (s) Number Double Variable Right b

or Name Type Range indicated of stars in Star Star Ascension Coordinate C for variable, a Cluster Separation Period Coordinate Rounded up. slash for (Calculated for 2025 ) double star. Expressed Rounded up. in Arc (Calculated for 2025 ) " Seconds Class Dimension in Sky or Close-up Chart of Object Single number Minutes. Indicated for objects indicates a diameter. ' For galaxies plotted solely on Expressed in Arc close-up charts. and nebulae. ° Degrees, ' Minutes See below. or " Seconds.

his section provides observing information on every plotted Clusters and Globular Clusters deep sky object, double star and other objects of interest, Throughout this celestial atlas, an , that is, a grouping of Tincluding a few uncharted objects. several to hundreds of stars, is referred to simply as a Cluster. Globular Clusters, which are groupings of thousands of stars, are always referred For an explanation of terms and to as a “Globular Cluster” or “Globular” to distinguish them from abbreviations, see the Glossary. Clusters. See Cluster in the Glossary for more information. Galaxies Magnitudes of Objects S, E and I after a Galaxy designates its type or shape, that is, The average magnitude limit of deep sky objects is 11.5, the limit of a Spiral , Elliptical or Irregular , respectively. See Galaxies in the Glossary 6 to 8-inch diameter telescope under dark skies. The close-up charts go for more information. fainter. Although the magnitude of stars can be measured with certain - ty, deep sky objects are not pinpoints of light, so their magnitudes are Nebulae harder to ascertain. For this reason, you will find that the magnitudes Em, R and B after a Nebula designates its source of illumination, for deep sky objects serve best as a guide. When observing these objects, that is, Emission , Reflection or Bright , respectively. See Nebula in the some will be easier or harder to see than their magnitude indicates. Mag - Glossary for more information. nitudes listed with a long dash are faint and/or have not been quantified.

Listed Order of Deep Sky Objects (DSOs) and Stars Arc Sizes of Objects & Telescope View In the lists of DEEP SKY OBJECTs, objects with names are listed first The size that every object extends in the sky is indicated in arc degrees, followed by catalogues, from the brightest catalogue to the faintest. So, minutes or seconds. It takes some observing experience to get a “feel” the Messier objects are listed before the NGC objects with IC objects fol - for the size of objects when looking through a telescope especially since lowing. Objects with other catalogue designations are at the bottom of the magnification can be changed easily. The Moon is a popular gauge the DEEP SKY OBJECTs lists. For the lists of DOUBLE, VARIABLE and because its diameter extends about 30 arc minutes (30' or 2°). Most RED STARs, stars with names are listed first, followed by those with telescope eyepieces that provide a magnification of 50x will also provide Bayer letters and then Flamsteed numbers. The order of a few listings a field-of-view of 1° in diameter, and an eyepiece providing a magnifi - of stars may seem wrong, but they are listed in their catalogue order. So, cation of 100x will provide a field-of-view of 2° in diameter. for the RED STARs in Cygnus, RS does come before LW.

Star chart, circa 1708

39 Objects by Constellation

VARIABLE STAR NGC 1931 Nebula/Cluster. m 10, 5', 24*, [5h33 m, +34°15' ]. g Aquilae . m 3.5 –4.4, Period=7.177 days, [19 h54 m, +1°04' ]. Miniature “” with corresponding “Trapezium .” RED STAR NGC 2281 Cluster. m 5.4, 15', 30*, [6h50 m, +41°02' ]. V Aquliae . m 6.6 –8.4, Period=353 days, [19 h06 m, –5°39' ]. IC 405 Flaming Star Nebula (B). m 10.0, 30x19', [5h18 m, +34°18' ]. Remnant. Photographic object , 3.3x3.3°, ARA [5h42 m, +28°01' ]. About 40,000 years old. [ Ara • Arae • 20S, 17S , 14S, SCP ] DOUBLE STARs DEEP SKY OBJECTs h Aurigae . m 2.6/7.2, Sep=3.5", [6h01 m, +37°13' ]. NGC 6188 Nebula. See NGC 6193, below. w5 Aurigae . m 5.2/8.6, Sep=30.1", [6h49 m, +43°33' ]. NGC 6193 Cluster. m 5.2, 15', 15*, [16 h42 m, –48°50' ]. 4 Aurigae . m 5.0/8.0, Sep=4.6", [5h01 m, +37°56' ]. C The nebula, NGC 6188 surrounds this cluster (19x12' ). . m 5/7.3, Sep=14.1", [5h17 m, +32°43' ]. A NGC 6200 Cluster. m 7.4, 12', 40*, [16 h46 m, –47°30' ]. . m 6.2/6.9, Sep=7.6", [6h14 m, +48°42' ].

NGC 6204 Cluster. m 8.2, 5', 45*, [16 h48 m, –47°04' ]. RED STARs M NGC 6208 Cluster. m 7.2, 15', 60*, [16 h51 m, –53°46' ]. S Aurigae . m 8.2 –14.0, Period=590 days, [5h29 m, +34°10' ]. NGC 6215 Galaxy (S). m 10.9, 3x2', [16 h53 m, –59°02' ]. UU Aurigae . m 5.3 –6.5, Period=235 days/Irregular, NGC 6221 Galaxy (S). m 10.0, 5x3', [16 h55 m, –59°16' ]. [6h38 m, +38°26' ]. NGC 6250 Cluster. m 5.9, 7', 60*, [17 h00 m, –45°58' ]. NGC 6300 Galaxy (S). m 10.1, 5x3', [17 h19 m, –62°51' ]. BOOTES [ – ]. NGC 6326 Planetary Nebula. m 11, 9", 17 h23 m, 51°47' [ Boo • Bootis • NCP, 17N, 14N , 17E 14E ] NGC 6352 Globular Cluster. m 8.0, 11', [17 h27 m, –48°27' ]. DEEP SKY OBJECTs NGC 6362 Globular Cluster. m 7.7, 14', [17 h35 m, –67°04' ]. NGC 5248 Galaxy (S). m 10.2, 4x2', [13 h39 m, +8°45' ]. NGC 6397 Globular Cluster. m 5.5, 22', [17 h43 m, –53°41' ]. NGC 5466 Globular Cluster. m 9.1, 34', [14 h07 m, +28°25' ]. IC 4651 Cluster. m 6.9, 12', 80*, [17 h27 m, –49°57' ]. NGC 5557 Galaxy (E). m 11.1, 2x1', [14 h19 m, +36°23' ].

DOUBLE STARs NGC 5669 Galaxy (S). m 11.3, 3x2', [14 h34 m, +9°47' ]. c Arae . m 3.3/10.2, Sep=17.8", [17 h28 m, –56°24' ]. NGC 5676 Galaxy (S). m 11.2, 4x2', [14 h34 m, +49°21' ]. HR 6416 . m 5.5/8.6, Sep=10.0", [17 h21 m, –46°40' ]. DOUBLE STARs Alkalurops (l). m 4.3.7.1/, Sep=107", [15 h25 m, +37°17' ]. ARIES Izar (e). m 3.3/4.7, Sep=2.6", [14 h46 m, +26°58' ]. [ + ] [ Ari • Arietis • 2N , 2E ] d Bootis . m 3.6/7.9, Sep=1.7", 15 h17 m, 33°13' . DEEP SKY OBJECTs f Bootis . m 3.4/3.8, Sep=0.5", [14 h42 m, +13°37' ]. NGC 680 Galaxy (S). m 11.9, 2x2', [1h51 m, +22°06' ]. i Bootis . m 4.8/7.4, Sep=38.7", [14 h17 m, +51°15' ]. NGC 691 Galaxy (S). m 11.4, 3x3', [1h52 m, +21°53' ]. j Bootis . m 4.5/6.6, Sep=13.5", [14 h14 m, +51°40' ]. NGC 772 Galaxy (S). m 10.3, 7x5', [2h01 m, +19°08' ]. n Bootis . m 4.8/7.0, Sep=6.3", [14 h53 m, +19°00' ]. NGC 821 Galaxy (E). m 10.7, 3x2', [2h10 m, +11°07' ]. p Bootis . m 4.9/5.8, Sep=5.5", [14 h42 m, +16°19' ]. NGC 972 Galaxy (S). m 11.4, 3x2', [2h36 m, +29°25' ]. 39 Bootis . m 5.7/6.1, Sep=2.9", [14 h51 m, +48°37' ]. NGC 1156 Galaxy (I). m 11.7, 3x3', [3h01 m, +25°20' ]. 44 Bootis . m 4.8/5.7, Sep=1.8", [15 h05 m, +47°33' ].

DOUBLE STARs HR 5385 . m 5.0/6.8, Sep=6.2", [14 h25 m, +8°20' ]. Mesartim (c). m 4.5/4.6, Sep=7.5", [1h55 m, +19°25' ]. e Arietis . m 4.6/4.9, Sep=1.5", [3h01 m, +21°26' ]. CAELUM [ + ] k Arietis . m 4.8/6.7, Sep=37", 1h59 m, 23°43' . [ Cae • Caeli • 5E, 5S ] 1 Arietis . m 5.9/7.0, Sep=2.9", [1h52 m, +22°24' ]. DEEP SKY OBJECT . m 5.0/8.0, Sep=107", [2h11 m, +26°04' ]. NGC 1679 Galaxy (S). m 11.5, 3x2', [4h51 m, –31°55' ]. Greek 33 Arietis . m 5.3/9.6, Sep=29", [2h42 m, +27°10' ]. DOUBLE STAR Alphabet Caeli . m 4.6/8.1, Sep=3.2", [5h05 m, –35°27' ]. a alpha c b beta c gamma AURIGA d delta e epsilon [ Aur • Aurigae • 5N , 5E ] CAMELOPARDALIS f zeta eta DEEP SKY OBJECTs g [ Cam • Camelopardalis • NCP , 8N, 5N , 2N ] h theta iota M36 Cluster. m 6.0, 12', 60*, [5h38 m, +34°09' ]. DEEP SKY OBJECTs i j kappa M37 Cluster. m 5.6, 24', 150*, [5h54 m, +32°33' ]. Kemble’s Casade . Twenty m 8 stars in a 2.5° line. k lambda l mu M38 Cluster. m 6.4, 21', 100*, [5h30 m, +35°51' ]. Middle is m 5 star at: [4h00 m, +63°09' ]. m nu n xi NGC 1664 Cluster. m 7.6, 18', 40*, [4h53 m, +43°43' ]. NGC 1501 Planetary Nebula. m 11.5, 52", [4h09 m, +60°59' ]. o omicron p pi NGC 1778 Cluster. m 7.7, 7', 25*, [5h10 m, +37°03' ]. NGC 1502 Cluster. m 5.7, 7', 45*, [4h10 m, +62°23' ]. q rho r sigma NGC 1857 Cluster. m 7, 6', 40*, [5h22 m, +39°22' ]. NGC 2146 Galaxy (S). m 10.6, 5x3', [6h23 m, +78°21' ]. s tau t upsilon NGC 1893 Cluster. m 7.5, 10', 60*, [5h24 m, +33°25' ]. NGC 2336 Galaxy (S). m 10.4, 5x3', [7h31 m, +80°08' ]. u phi v chi Known as the Letter Y Cluster . NGC 2403 Galaxy (S). m 8.5, 16x8', [7h39 m, +65°33' ]. w psi x omega NGC 1907 Cluster. m 8.2, 7', 30*, [5h30 m, +35°20' ]. NGC 2655 Galaxy (S). m 10.1, 5x4', [8h59 m, +78°08' ].

41 Objects by Constellation

IC 342 Galaxy (S). m 9.7, 20x19', [3h49 m, +68°10' ]. NGC 5350 Galaxy (S). m 11.5, 3x2', [13 h54 m, +40°14' ]. St 23 Cluster. m 7.5 +, 17', 25*, [3h18 m, +60°12' ]. NGC 5353 Galaxy (S). m 11.0, 3x2', [13 h55 m, +40°10' ].

DOUBLE STARs NGC 5354 Galaxy (S). m 11.4, 3x1', [13 h55 m, +40°11' ]. b Camelopardalis . m 4.1/7.4, Sep=83", [5h06 m, +60°29' ]. NGC 5371 Galaxy (S). m 10.6, 4x3', [13 h57 m, +40°20' ]. . m 5.8/6.8, Sep=11", [4h34 m, +53°58' ]. NGC 5377 Galaxy (S). m 11.3, 4x2', [13 h57 m, +47°07' ]. HR 1686 . m 5.0/9.2, Sep=26", [5h27 m, +79°15' ]. NGC 5383 Galaxy (S). m 11.5, 3x2', [13 h58 m, +41°43' ]. HR 4893 . m 5.3/5.9, Sep=22", [12 h50 m, +83°17' ]. NGC 5395 Galaxy (S). m 11.5, 3x2', [14 h00 m, +37°18' ].

DOUBLE STARs CANCER Cor Caroli (a). m 2.9/5.5, Sep=19.3". [12 h57 m, +38°11' ]. [ + ] [ Cnc • Cancri • 8N , 8E , A-5 ] 25 Canum Venaticorum . m 4.8/6.8, Sep=1.8". 13 h39 m, 36°10' . DEEP SKY OBJECTs RED STAR C M44 Praesepe or Beehive (Cluster ). m 3.1, 1.6°, 50*, Y Canum Venaticorum . m 4.8 –6.5, Period=158 days, [8h42 m, +19°35' ]. Praesepe means “manger” or “hive.” [12 h46 m, +45°18' ]. N M67 King Cobra (Cluster ). m 6.9, 30', 200*, [8h53 m, +11°42' ].

C NGC 2513 Galaxy (E). m 11.6, 3x2', [8h04 m, +9°21' ]. CANIS MAJOR ( ) [ + ] NGC 2624 Galaxy S . m 14.7, 46x28", 8h40 m, 19°38' . A-5 [ CMa • Canis Majoris • 8E , 5E, 8S , 5S ] NGC 2625 Galaxy (S). m 15.3, 31x26", [8h40 m, +19°38' ]. A-5 DEEP SKY OBJECTs NGC 2637 Galaxy (S). m 15.7, 31x26", [8h43 m, +19°36' ]. A-5 Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy (I). m —, 12x12°, NGC 2647 Galaxy (E). m 15.1, 43x34", [8h44 m, +19°34' ]. A-5 [Centered at 7h13 m, –27°40' ]. Discovered in 2003, it is, NGC 2775 Galaxy (S). m 10.1, 5x4', [9h12 m, +6°56' ]. to date, the closest galaxy to our Galaxy at

DOUBLE STARs 25,000 light years. Not plotted. f Cancri . m 5.3/6.0, Sep=5.9", [8h14 m, +17°34' ]. M41 Little Beehive (Cluster ). m 4.5, 38', 80*, [6h47 m, –20°47' ]. Triple. The brighter is also a double just 1" apart. NGC 2204 Cluster. m 8.6, 13', 80*, [6h17 m, –18°40' ]. i Cancri . m 4.1/6.0, Sep=31", [8h48 m, +28°40' ]. NGC 2207 Galaxy (S). m 10.8, 4x3', [6h17 m, –21°23' ]. The Spring Albireo. NGC 2217 Galaxy (S). m 10.2, 5x4', [6h23 m, –27°15' ]. r4 Cancri ( ). m 5.9/8.1, Sep=4.5", [9h03 m, +32°09' ]. NGC 2243 Cluster. m 9.4, 5', 25*, [6h31 m, –31°18' ]. u2 Cancri . m 6.2/6.2, Sep=5.2", [8h28 m, +26°51' ]. NGC 2280 Galaxy (S). m 10.5, 6x3', [6h46 m, –27°40' ]. . m 5.4/5.7, Sep=1.5", [8h56 m, +30°29' ]. NGC 2325 Galaxy (E). m 11.2, 4x2', [7h04 m, –28°44' ]. NGC 2345 Cluster. m 7.7, 12', 70*, [7h09 m, –13°13' ]. CANES VENATICI NGC 2354 Cluster. m 6.5, 19', 100*, [7h15 m, –25°44' ]. ( ) [ – ]. [ CVn • Canum Venaticorum • NCP, 14N , 11N, 14E, 11E ] NGC 2359 Thor’s Helmet Em Nebula . m —, 7x6', 7h20 m, 13°15' DEEP SKY OBJECTs NGC 2360 Cluster. m 7.2, 12', 80*, [7h19 m, –15°41' ]. M3 Globular Cluster. m 6.2, 16', [13 h43 m, +28°15' ]. NGC 2362 Cluster. m 4.1, 7', 60*, [7h20 m, –25°00' ]. Nice! M51 (S). m 8.1, 11x8', [13 h31 m, +47°04' ]. NGC 2367 Cluster. m 7.9, 3.5', 30*, [7h21 m, –21°55' ]. M63 Sunflower Galaxy (S). m 8.6, 12x8', [13 h17 m, +41°54' ]. NGC 2374 Cluster. m 8, 19', 25*, [7h25 m, –13°18' ]. M94 Croc’s Eye Galaxy (S). m 8.1, 11x9', [12 h52 m, +40°59' ]. NGC 2380 Galaxy (S). m 11.5, 2x2', [7h25 m, –27°35' ]. M106 Galaxy (S). m 8.3, 18x8', [12 h20 m, +47°10' ]. NGC 2383 Cluster. m 8.4, 6', 40*, [7h26 m, –20°59' ]. NGC 4111 Galaxy (S). m 10.7, 2x1', [12 h08 m, +42°56' ]. IC 2165 Planetary Nebula. m 10.6, 9", [6h23 m, –13°00' ]. NGC 4138 Galaxy (S). m 11.4, 3x2', [12 h11 m, +43°33' ]. Cr 121 Cluster. m 2.6, 50', 20*, [6h57 m, –24°45' ]. NGC 4143 Galaxy (S). m 11.5, 3x2', [12 h11 m, +42°24' ]. Centered around o1 Canis Majoris. NGC 4145 Galaxy (S). m 11.3, 5x2', [12 h11 m, +39°49' ]. Cr 140 Cluster. m 3.5, 1°, 30*, [7h25 m, –31°54' ].

NGC 4151 Galaxy (S). m 10.8, 6x4', [12 h12 m, +39°16' ]. DOUBLE STARs NGC 4214 Galaxy (I). m 9.8, 8x6', [12 h17 m, +36°11' ]. Adhara (e). m 1.5/7.5, Sep=7.0", [7h00 m, –29°00' ]. NGC 4217 Galaxy (S). m 11.2, 6x2', [12 h17 m, +46°57' ]. (a). m –1.4/8.5, [6h46 m, –16°44' ]. Separation is 10.4" in 2015 NGC 4220 Galaxy (S). m 11.3, 3x1', [12 h17 m, +47°45' ]. and grows to a maximum of 11.3" by 2023. Minimum NGC 4242 Galaxy (S). m 10.8, 5x4', [12 h19 m, +45°29' ]. separation will be 2.5" in 2043. Period is 50.1 years. NGC 4244 Galaxy (S). m 10.4, 16x3', [12 h19 m, +37°40' ]. Extreme challenge because of the brightness of Sirius NGC 4346 Galaxy (S). m 11.5, 3x1', [12 h25 m, +46°51' ]. and a contrast difference of 9000 between the two stars. NGC 4395 Galaxy (S). m 10.4, 4x2', [12 h27 m, +33°25' ]. l Canis Majoris . m 5.3/7.1, Sep=3.2", [6h57 m, –14°05' ]. NGC 4449 Galaxy (I). m 9.6, 6x5', [12 h29 m, +43°57' ]. m1 Canis Majoris . m 5.8/7.4, Sep=17.5", [6h37 m, –18°41' ]. NGC 4460 Galaxy (S). m 11.5, 4x1', [12 h30 m, +44°44' ]. 145 G Canis Majoris . m 5.0/5.8, Sep=26.8", [7h18 m, –23°22' ]. NGC 4490 Galaxy (S). m 9.8, 6x3', [12 h32 m, +41°30' ]. The Winter Albireo—beautiful! The “145” designation was NGC 4618 Galaxy (S). m 10.8, 4x3', [12 h43 m, +41°01' ]. assigned by Benjamin Apthorp Gould when he charted the NGC 4631 Galaxy (S). m 9.2, 14x3', [12 h43 m, +32°24' ]. skies of the southern hemisphere—the “G” is often omitted. NGC 4656 Galaxy (S). m 10.5, 7x1', [12 h45 m, +32°02' ]. FN Canis Majoris . m 5.4/9.0, Sep=17.5", [7h08 m, –11°20' ]. NGC 4800 Galaxy (S). m 11.5, 2x1', [12 h56 m, +46°24' ]. HR 2834 . m 5.4/7.6, Sep=98.5" or 1.6', [7h26 m, –31°51' ]. NGC 5005 Galaxy (S). m 9.8, 5x3', [13 h12 m, +36°56' ]. The m 5.4 star also has a m 9.7 companion 2.1" away. NGC 5033 Galaxy (S). m 10.2, 11x6', [13 h15 m, +36°27' ]. 42 Objects by Number

he objects in this section INDEX CATALOGUE ( of NGC ) IC 4776 Planetary. Sgr M33 Galaxy. Tri are listed by catalogue des - IC 239 Galaxy. And IC 4797 Galaxy. Tel M34 Cluster. Per Tignation in alphabetical IC 342 Galaxy. Cam IC 4889 Galaxy. Tel M35 Cluster. Gem and numerical order to serve as a IC 348 Nebula/Cluster . Per IC 4997 Planetary. Sge M36 Cluster. Aur cross references when the constel - IC 405 Nebula. Aur IC 5052 Galaxy. Pav M37 Cluster. Aur lation is unknown. The type of ob - IC 434 Nebula. Ori IC 5067 Nebula. Cyg M38 Cluster. Aur ject and 3-letter abbreviation of the IC 694 Galaxy. UMa IC 5105 Galaxy. Mic M39 Cluster. Cyg constellation is given for each ob - IC 1276 Globular. Ser IC 5117 Planetary. Cyg M40 . UMa ject. For more information about an object, see the corresponding IC 1287 Nebula. Sct IC 5146 Nebula/Cluster. Cyg M41 Cluster. CMa entry under Objects by Constella - IC 1297 Planetary. CrA IC 5148 Planetary. Gru M42 Nebula. Ori tion starting on page 40. At the be - IC 1318 Nebula. Cyg IC 5181 Galaxy. Gru M43 Nebula. Ori ginning of each list, the name of IC 1396 Nebula. Cep IC 5201 Galaxy. Gru M44 Cluster. Cnc the cataloguer, catalogue or origin IC 1459 Galaxy. Gru IC 5217 Planetary. Lac M45 Cluster. Tau is provided. IC 1613 Galaxy. Cet IC 5240 Galaxy. Gru M46 Cluster. Pup IC 1805 Nebula/Cluster . Cas IC 5267 Galaxy. Gru M47 Cluster. Pup EDWARD BARNARD IC 1848 Nebula. Cas IC 5273 Galaxy. Gru M48 Cluster. Hya B 33 . Ori IC 1871 Nebula. Cas IC 5325 Galaxy. Phe M49 Galaxy. Vir B 72 Dark Nebula. Oph IC 1954 Galaxy. Hor IC 5328 Galaxy. Phe M50 Cluster. Mon IC 2003 Planetary. Per IC 5332 Galaxy. Scl M51 Galaxy. CVn VICTOR BLANCO IC 2006 Galaxy. Eri M52 Cluster. Cas Blanco 1 Cluster. Scl IC 2035 Galaxy. Hor Leo I (1) Galaxy. Leo M53 Globular. Com IC 2118 Nebula. Eri M54 Globular. Sgr STEFAN CEDERBLAD IC 2165 Planetary. CMa M55 Globular. Sgr Ced 122 Nebula. Cen IC 2177 Nebula. Mon M1 Supernova. Tau M56 Globular. Lyr IC 2391 Cluster. Vel M2 Globular. Aqr M57 Planetary. Lyr PER COLLINDER IC 2395 Cluster. Vel M3 Globular. CVn M58 Galaxy. Vir Cr 21 Cluster. Tri IC 2448 Planetary. Car M4 Globular. Sco M59 Galaxy. Vir Cr 69 Cluster. Ori IC 2469 Galaxy. Pyx M5 Globular. Ser M60 Galaxy. Vir Cr 121 Cluster. CMa IC 2488 Cluster. Vel M6 Cluster. Sco M61 Galaxy. Vir Cr 135 Cluster. Pup IC 2501 Planetary. Car M7 Cluster. Sco M62 Globular. Oph Cr 140 Cluster. CMa IC 2553 Planetary. Car M8 Nebula. Sgr M63 Galaxy. CVn Cr 228 Cluster. Car IC 2581 Cluster. Car M9 Globular. Oph M64 Galaxy. Com Cr 232 Cluster. Car IC 2602 Cluster. Car M10 Globular. Oph M65 Galaxy. Leo Cr 350 Cluster. Oph IC 2621 Planetary. Car M11 Cluster. Sct M66 Galaxy. Leo Cr 338 Cluster. Sco IC 2714 Cluster. Car M12 Globular. Oph M67 Cluster. Cnc Cr 394 Cluster. Sgr IC 2872 Nebula. Cen M13 Globular. Her M68 Globular. Hya Cr 399 Cluster. Vul IC 2944 Cluster. Cen M14 Globular. Oph M69 Globular. Sgr Cr 401 Cluster. Aql IC 2948 Nebula. Cen M15 Globular. Peg M70 Globular. Sgr IC 3370 Galaxy. Cen M16 Nebula/Cluster. Ser M71 Globular. Sge S. G. DJORGOVSKI IC 3896 Galaxy. Cen M17 Nebula/Cluster. Sgr M72 Globular. Aqr Djorg 1 Globular. Sco IC 4191 Planetary. Mus M18 Cluster. Sgr M73 Asterism. Aqr Djorg 2 Globular. Sgr IC 4296 Galaxy. Cen M19 Globular. Oph M74 Galaxy. Psc IC 4329 Galaxy. Cen M20 Nebula/Cluster. Sgr M75 Globular. Sgr EUROPEAN SOUTHERN OBSERVATORY IC 4406 Planetary. Lup M21 Cluster. Sgr M76 Planetary. Per ESO 121-6 Galaxy. Pic IC 4444 Galaxy. Lup M22 Globular. Sgr M77 Galaxy. Cet ESO 358-63 Galaxy. For IC 4499 Globular. Aps M23 Cluster. Sgr M78 Nebula. Ori IC 4592 Nebula. Sco M24 Milky Way Patch. Sgr M79 Globular. Lep

COLIN GUM IC 4593 Planetary. Her M25 Cluster. Sgr M80 Globular. Sco Nebula. Vel IC 4601 Nebula. Sco M26 Cluster. Sct M81 Galaxy. UMa Gum 17 Nebula. Vel IC 4634 Planetary. Oph M27 Planetary. Vul M82 Galaxy. UMa Gum 39 Nebula. Cen IC 4651 Cluster. Ara M28 Globular. Sgr M83 Galaxy. Hya Gum 41 Nebula. Cen IC 4662 Galaxy. Pav M29 Cluster. Cyg M84 Galaxy. Vir IC 4663 Planetary. Sco M30 Globular. Cap M85 Galaxy. Com

HAUTE-PROVENCE IC 4665 Cluster. Oph M31 Galaxy. And M86 Galaxy. Vir HP 1 Globular. Oph IC 4756 Cluster. Ser M32 Galaxy. And M87 Galaxy. Vir

64 Objects by Type

he objects listed in this section are M45 . Tau NGC 1783 . Dor NGC 2353 . Mon NGC 4609 . Cru by type. The 3-letter abbreviation M46 . Pup NGC 1786 . Dor NGC 2354 . CMa NGC 4755 . Cru Tof the constellation is given for each M47 . Pup NGC 1817 . Tau NGC 2360 . CMa NGC 5138 . Cen object. For more information about an M48 . Hya NGC 1818 . Dor NGC 2362 . CMa NGC 5281 . Cen object, see the corresponding entry under M50 . Mon NGC 1845 . Men NGC 2367 . CMa NGC 5316 . Cen “Objects by Constellation” starting on page 40. M52 . Cas NGC 1846 . Dor NGC 2374 . CMa • NGC 5367 . Cen This listing provides for cross-referencing and M67 . Cnc • NGC 1848 . Men NGC 2383 . CMa NGC 5460 . Cen to give observers a convenient check-off list for M93 . Pup NGC 1857 . Aur NGC 2395 . Gem NGC 5606 . Cen observing objects of a single type—an endeav - or many amateurs pursue. Note: Clusters and M103 . Cas • NGC 1858 . Dor NGC 2420 . Gem NGC 5617 . Cen nebulae are often intertwined objects because Mel 20 . Per NGC 1866 . Dor NGC 2421 . Pup NGC 5662 . Cen clusters are born from nebulae. For this rea - Mel 101 . Car NGC 1869 . Dor NGC 2423 . Pup NGC 5822 . Lup son, those clusters associated with a nebula Mel 111 . Com NGC 1871 . Dor NGC 2439 . Pup NGC 5823 . Cir are listed under both Clusters and Nebulae. Mel 227 . Oct NGC 1873 . Dor NGC 2451 . Pup NGC 5925 . Nor NGC 152 . Tuc NGC 1893 . Aur NGC 2453 . Pup NGC 6025 . TrA NGC 188 . Cep NGC 1907 . Aur NGC 2467 . Pup NGC 6031 . Nor NGC 225. Cas • NGC 1929 . Dor NGC 2477 . Pup NGC 6067 . Nor Asterisms Delta Lyrae NGC 290 . Tuc • NGC 1931 . Aur NGC 2479 . Pup NGC 6087 . Nor Big Dipper . UMa Cluster . Lyr NGC 330 . Tuc • NGC 1934 . Dor NGC 2482 . Pup NGC 6124 . Sco Circlet . Psc NGC 339 . Tuc • NGC 1935 . Dor NGC 2483 . Pup NGC 6134 . Nor Coathanger . Vul Cluster . Vel • NGC 346 . Tuc • NGC 1936 . Dor NGC 2489 . Pup NGC 6152 . Nor False Cross . • IC 348 . Per NGC 361 . Tuc • NGC 1937 . Dor NGC 2506 . Mon NGC 6167 . Nor Car /Vel • IC 1805 . Cas • NGC 371 . Tuc • NGC 1955 . Dor NGC 2509 . Pup NGC 6169 . Nor Great Square . Peg IC 2391 . Vel NGC 381 . Cas • NGC 1966 . Dor NGC 2516 . Car NGC 6178 . Sco Kemble’s Cascade . IC 2395 . Vel NGC 436 . Cas NGC 1978 . Dor NGC 2527 . Pup NGC 6192 . Sco Cam IC 2488 . Vel • NGC 456 . Tuc NGC 1981 . Ori NGC 2533 . Pup NGC 6193 . Ara Keystone . Her IC 2581 . Car NGC 457 . Cas • NGC 2014 . Dor NGC 2539 . Pup NGC 6200 . Ara Little Dipper . UMi IC 2602 . Car NGC 458 . Tuc • NGC 2018 . Men NGC 2546 . Pup NGC 6204 . Ara M40 . UMa IC 2714 . Car • NGC 460 . Tuc NGC 2021 . Men NGC 2547 . Vel NGC 6208 . Ara M73 . Aqr IC 2944 . Cen NGC 465 . Tuc • NGC 2048 . Dor NGC 2567 . Pup NGC 6231 . Sco Northern Cross . IC 4651 . Ara • NGC 602 . Hyi • NGC 2070 . Dor NGC 2571 . Pup NGC 6242 . Sco Cyg IC 4665 . Oph NGC 637 . Cas NGC 2112 . Ori NGC 2580 . Pup NGC 6249 . Sco Sickle . Leo IC 4756 . Ser NGC 654 . Cas • NGC 2122 . Men NGC 2587 . Pup NGC 6250 . Ara Summer Triangle . • IC 5146 . Cyg NGC 559 . Cas NGC 2129 . Gem NGC 2627 . Pyx NGC 6259 . Sco Aql/Cyg/Lyr M6 . Sco NGC 659 . Cas NGC 2158 . Gem NGC 2669 . Vel NGC 6268 . Sco Winter Triangle . M7 . Sco NGC 663 . Cas NGC 2169 . Ori NGC 2670 . Vel NGC 6281 . Sco CMa/CMi/Ori • M8 . Sgr NGC 743 . Cas • NGC 2175 . Ori NGC 2818 . Pyx NGC 6322 . Sco M11 . Sct NGC 752 . And NGC 2186 . Ori NGC 2910 . Vel NGC 6383 . Sco • M16 . Ser NGC 869/884 . Per NGC 2194 . Ori NGC 2925 . Vel NGC 6396 . Sco • M17 . Sgr NGC 884/869 . Per NGC 2204 . CMa NGC 3114 . Car NGC 6400 . Sco Clusters M18 . Sgr NGC 1027 . Cas NGC 2215 . Mon NGC 3228 . Vel NGC 6416 . Sco • Associated with • M20 . Sgr NGC 1342 . Per NGC 2232 . Mon • NGC 3247 . Car NGC 6425 . Sco • nebulosity M21 . Sgr NGC 1502 . Cam NGC 2236 . Mon • NGC 3293 . Car NGC 6451 . Sco Blanco 1 . Scl M23 . Sgr NGC 1513 . Per NGC 2243 . CMa • NGC 3324 . Car NGC 6469 . Sgr Cr 21 . Tri M25 . Sgr NGC 1528 . Per NGC 2244 . Mon NGC 3330 . Vel NGC 6520 . Sgr Cr 69 . Ori M26 . Sct NGC 1545 . Per NGC 2251 . Mon NGC 3532 . Car NGC 6546 . Sgr Cr 121 . CMa M29 . Cyg • NGC 1624 . Per • NGC 2264 . Mon NGC 3572 . Car NGC 6568 . Sgr Cr 135 . Pup M34 . Per NGC 1647 . Tau NGC 2266 . Gem NGC 3590 . Car NGC 6583 . Sgr Cr 140 . CMa M35 . Gem NGC 1662 . Ori NGC 2281 . Aur NGC 3680 . Cen NGC 6603 . Sgr Cr 228 . Car M36 . Aur NGC 1664 . Aur NGC 2286 . Mon NGC 3766 . Cen NGC 6604 . Ser Cr 232 . Car M37 . Aur NGC 1711 . Men NGC 2301 . Mon NGC 3960 . Cen NGC 6633 . Oph Cr 338 . Sco M38 . Aur • NGC 1727 . Dor NGC 2324 . Mon NGC 4052 . Cru NGC 6645 . Sgr Cr 350 . Oph M39 . Cyg NGC 1746 . Tau NGC 2331 . Gem NGC 4103 . Cru NGC 6664 . Sct Cr 394 . Sgr M41 . CMa NGC 1751 . Men NGC 2335 . Mon NGC 4230 . Cen NGC 6709 . Aql Cr 399 . Vul • M42 . Ori • NGC 1770 . Dor NGC 2343 . Mon NGC 4349 . Cru NGC 6716 . Sgr Cr 401 . Aql M44 . Cnc NGC 1778 . Aur NGC 2345 . CMa NGC 4439 . Cru NGC 6738 . Aql

71 Objects by Name

8-Burst Nebula . See Southern . Dark Doodad . Dark Nebula . Mus /14S 30 Doradus . See . Demon Star . The Variable Star, Algol . Per /2N Diamond Cluster . Cluster. NGC 2516 . Car /8S 37 Cluster . NGC 2169. Ori /5E Double-Double . Double Star, e Lyrae . Lyr /20N 47 Tucanae . Globular Cluster. NGC 104. Tuc /SCP , A-8 . Side-by-Side pair. NGC 869/884 . Per /2N . Planetary Nebula . M27 . Vul /20N a (Alpha ) Persei Cluster . See Cluster . g (Eta ) Carinae Nebula . See Eta Carinae Nebula . . Nebula/Cluster . M16 . Ser /17E , A-12 o (Omicron ) Velorum Cluster . See Cluster . Eight-burst Nebula . See Southern Ring Nebula . q (Rho ) Ophiuchi Nebula . See Rho Ophiuchi Nebula . Engagement Ring . Asterism . Nine stars that roughly x (Omega ) Centauri . See . form a circle with Polaris . UMi /A-1 . . Planetary Nebula . NGC 2392 . Gem /8N Alpha (a) Persei Cluster . Cluster next to Mirphak . Per /2N Eta (g) Carinae Nebula . Star-forming Nebula . NGC 3372 . . M31. And /2N Car /11S , A-9 , A-11 . Galaxy pair. NGC 4038/4039. Crv /11E Eyes . Two Galaxies. NGC 4435 & 4438 in Markarian’s Chain . Vir /A-14 Barnard’s Galaxy . . NGC 6822. Sgr /20S Barnard’s Loop . Nebula. Sh2-276. Ori /5E False Cross . 2 stars in Carina & 2 stars in Vela that are Barnard’s Star . Fast moving star. Oph /17E confused with the true Southern Cross. Indicated on Beehive . See Praesepe . charts 11S and 8S . Big Dipper . An Asterism of Ursa Major but most of us think Firecracker Galaxy . . NGC 6946 . Cyg /20N of the Big Dipper as Ursa Major. UMa /NCP , 11N . . NGC 2024 . Ori /5E . M64. Com /14E Flaming Star Nebula . Star-forming Nebula . IC 405 . Aur /5N Black Swan . Cluster. M18. Sgr /17E , A-12 Flickering Globular . Globular Cluster . M62 . Oph /17S Blinking Planetary . Planetary Nebula. NGC 6826. Cyg /20N Blue Planetary . Planetary Nebula. NGC 3918. Cen /11S , A-9 Garnet Star . See Herschel’s Garnet Star . Blue Snowball . Planetary Nebula. NGC 7662. And /23N Gem Cluster . Cluster . NGC 3293 . Car /11S , A-9 Bode’s Nebulae . Galaxy pair. M81/M82. UMa /11N Ghost of Jupiter . Planetary Nebula . NGC 3242 . Hya /11E Bow Tie Nebula . Planetary Nebula. NGC 40. Cep /23N Great Hercules Cluster . Globular Cluster . M13 . Her /17N Box . 4 faint Galaxies: NGC’s 4169, 4173, 4174, 4175. Great Orion Nebula . See Orion Nebula . Spans 4', m 12.2 –14.3, centered at [12 h13 m, +29°02' ]. Great Pegasus Cluster . Globular Cluster . M15 . Peg /23E In Coma Berenices. Not plotted. Great Rift . A dark in the Milky Way Band that Box Nebula . Planetary Nebula. NGC 6309. Oph /17E stretches from Cygnus to Sagittarius . 20N , 20E , 17E Brocchi’s Cluster . Asterism. Cr 399. Better known as the Great Sagittarius Cluster . Globular Cluster . M22 . Sgr /20S , A-12 Coathanger because it is shaped like one. Vul /20N . Great Square . An Asterism of Pegasus . Four bright stars in Bubble Nebula . Stellar-wind Nebula. NGC 7635. Cas /23N Pegasus that form a giant “square.” Peg /23N . Bug Nebula . Planetary Nebula. NGC 6302. Sco /17S , A-12 Grus’ Quartet . 4 Galaxies: NGC’s 7752, 7582, 7590, 7599. Gru /23S . M6. Sco /17S , A-12 Heart Cluster . Cluster . NGC 2547 . Vel /8S . Star-forming Nebula . NGC 1499 . Per /5N . Emission Nebula . IC 1805 . Cas /2N Carinae Nebula . See Eta Carinae Nebula. Helix Galaxy . Polar-ring Galaxy . NGC 2685 . UMa /8N Cat’s Eye . Globular Cluster . M4 Sco /17S . Planetary Nebula . NGC 7293 . Aqr /23E Cat’s Eye Nebula . Planetary Nebula . NGC 6543 . Dra /17N Hercules Cluster . See Great Hercules Cluster . Cave Nebula . Star-forming Nebula . Sh2-155 . Cep /23N Herschel’s Garnet Star . Red Star , l Cephei . Cep /23N . Galaxy & Radio Source. NGC 5128 . Cen /14S Hind’s Variable Nebula . Nebula. NGC 1555 . Tau /5N Christmas Tree Cluster . Cluster . NGC 2264 . Mon /8E . Dark Nebula . Overlaps IC 434. Ori /5E Cigar Galaxy . Irregular Galaxy . M82 . UMa /11N Hourglass Nebula . Brightest part of the , M8. Circlet . An Asterism of Pisces . Six stars that form a ring below Sgr /17E , A-12 the Great Square of Pegasus . Psc /23E . Hubble’s Variable Nebula . Nebula . NGC 2261 . Mon /8E Coalsack . Dark Nebula . Cru /14S , A-9 Hyades . Largest Cluster . Also an Asterism . Tau /5N Coathanger . See Brocchi’s Cluster Cocoon Galaxy . Spiral Galaxy . NGC 4490 . CVn /14N Intergalactic Wanderer . Globular Cluster . NGC 2419 . Lyn /8N Cocoon Nebula . Star-forming Nebula . IC 5146 . Cyg /23N , 20N . Star-forming Nebula . NGC 7023 . Cep /20N Cone Nebula . Diffused & Dark Neb. NGC 2264 . Mon /8E Copeland’s Septet . 7 faint Galaxies: NGC’s 3745, 3746, . Cluster . NGC 4755 . Cru /14S , A-9 . There is a 3748, 3750, 3751, 3753, 3754 . Spans 5', m 13. 6–15.2, northern counterpart called the Northern Jewel Box. centered at [11 h39 m, +21°56' ]. In Leo. Not plotted. . . M1 . Tau /5N Kemble’s Cascade . Twenty m 8 stars in a 2.5° line. Cam /5N . Emission Nebula . NGC 6888 . Cyg /20N Kepler’s Star . Supernova Remnant, 1604 AD . Oph /17S , A-12 Croc’s Eye . Sprial Galaxy . M94 . CVn /14N Keystone . Asterism . Four stars that form the shape of the Cross . See Northern Cross and/or Southern Cross . top center stone used in forming an arch, like that of a doorway. Her /17N . King Cobra . Cluster . M67 . Cnc /8N 76 Messier Objects

he catalogue represents the cream-of-the-crop his most notable life-long achievements was discovering about 20 deep sky objects that can be seen from the mid-latitudes of the comets, which established his credibility and lead to his induction into T northern hemisphere. It was compiled at the end of the 1700s almost every European science academy. by Charles Messier from Paris, France, using telescopes around 3 to Messier never would have believed that his namesake would be 4-inches in diameter. This catalogue is historically significant because it defined by his little catalogue—he would have thought it would have is the very first catalogue ever compiled of deep sky objects. And, since been his comet discoveries. He catalogued deep sky objects because he it lists the biggest and brightest objects in the sky, it realized that such a catalogue was missing in the field has become a logical “next step” for amateurs want - of astronomy (astronomy and most sciences were ing to go beyond observing the Moon and planets. just starting to get organized during this time in his - An interesting point about this catalogue is that tory). To start the catalogue, he used a few short lists it has at least one example of every type of deep sky of deep sky objects compiled by other astronomers object that exists, so it represents a good sample of and quickly added objects he found exploring the the objects that can be found in the heavens. night sky. Three editions of his catalogue were pub - There is a quirk of nature that allows viewing all lished, each growing in size, with the last published of the Messier objects in one night. This can be ac - in 1781, listing 103 objects. He stopped adding ob - complished around New Moon during March. This jects because in 1785, , inspired by event has become known as a Messier Marathon and Messier’s catalogue, published a catalogue listing many astronomy clubs sponsor “parties” to accom - about 1,000 objects using an 18.7-inch diameter plish this dusk to dawn task. telescope. Messier knew he could not compete! Charles Messier was born in Badonviller, France Although Messier’s last catalogue listed just 103 in 1730. His father held a mayoral-type position in objects, seven additional objects have been added— the town but passed away when Messier was 11. objects that he described in other publications but Charles Messier was the leading observational Hyacinthe, Charles’s brother, trained Charles as an astronomer in the 1700s and compiled the never listed in his catalogue. In the table below, the administer’s assistant and eventually found Charles first catalogue of deep sky objects. Double Cluster (in Perseus) has been added as a job in Paris as an assistant to an astronomer. objects 111 and 112 because these are Messier-type Messier did exceedingly well at his job, advanced, and became, dur - objects that Messier knew existed but for some reason missed includ - ing his time, the leading observational astronomer in the world. He ing them—his only glaring “error.” r eventually acquired his boss’s position as Astronomer of the Navy. Dur - Messier passed away in 1731 at his residence in the Cluny Hotel e

i ing his career, he wrote numerous articles that spanned the field of as - (near the Sorbonne), now known as the National Museum of the Mid -

s tronomy and were published in the leading scientific journals. One of dle Ages. His observatory was atop the front tower but no trace remains. s e

M The Messier Catalogue

# Cons. Charts NGC# RA 2025.0 Dec Object Mag. Arc Size Name

M1 Tau 5N , 5E 1952 5h 36m +22° 02' Supernova Remnant 8 6x4' Crab Nebula M2 Aqr 23E , 20E 7089 21h 35m –0° 43' Globular Cluster 6.5 13' M3 CVn 14N , 14E 5272 13h 43m +28° 15' Globular Cluster 6.2 16' M4 Sco 17E , 17S 6121 16h 25m –26° 35' Globular Cluster 5.9 26' Cat’s Eye M5 Ser 14E , 17E 5904 15h 20m +1° 59' Globular Cluster 5.7 17' M6 Sco 17E , 17S 1 6405 17h 42m –32° 16' Cluster 4.2 15' Butterfly Cluster M7 Sco 17E , 17S 1 6475 17h 56m –34° 47' Cluster 3.3 80' Ptolemy’s Cluster M8 Sgr 17E , 17S 1 6523 18h 05m –24° 23' Nebula 6 1.5x0.7° Lagoon Nebula M9 Oph 17E , 17S 1 6333 17h 21m –18° 33' Globular Cluster 7.7 9' M10 Oph 17E 6254 16h 58m –4° 08' Globular Cluster 6.6 15' M11 Sct 20E , 20S 6705 18h 52m –6° 14' Cluster 5.8 14' M12 Oph 17E 6218 16h 49m –2° 00' Globular Cluster 6.7 15' M13 Her 17N , 17E 6205 16h 43m +36° 25' Globular Cluster 5.8 17' Great Hercules Cluster M14 Oph 17E 6402 17h 39m –3° 16' Globular Cluster 7.6 12' M15 Peg 23E , 20E 7078 21h 31m +12° 17' Globular Cluster 6.2 12' Great Pegasus Cluster M16 2 Ser 17E , 17S 1 6611 18h 20m –13° 46' Nebul a/Cluster 6 35x28' Eagle Nebula M17 Sgr 17E , 17S 1 6618 18h 22m –16° 10' Nebul a/Cluster 6.5 46x37' , Swan Nebula M18 Sgr 17E , 17S 1 6613 18h 21m –17° 05' Cluster 6.9 9' Black Swan M19 Oph 17E , 17S 1 6273 17h 04m –26° 18' Globular Cluster 6.8 14' M20 Sgr 17E , 17S 1 6514 18h 04m –23° 02' Nebul a/Cluster 8 28x28' 1See close-up chart A-12, too. 2Contains the Pillars of Creation (pictured on the back cover).

78 Caldwell Objects

he Calwell objects are a more recent listing of deep sky objects sphere. His catalogue contains objects mostly from the NGC and IC picked by the British amateur astronomer Sir Patrick Alfred catalogues by Dreyer. He uniquely ordered his objects by declination T Caldwell-Moore (1923 –2012) from existing catalogues. from north to south. Although Moore is mostly unknown to Americans, he was a well-known The Caldwell objects are not specifically noted in this celestial atlas British celebrity having the longest run British TV show on astronomy, using Moore’s designations because the list is not historically significant. The Sky at Night , and has written more than 70 books on astronomy. However, all of the Caldwell objects can be found in this celestial atlas In 1995, the popular US astronomy magazine, Sky and Telescope , using their traditional catalogue designations, which are included in the published Moore’s list of 109 deep sky objects that he selected as a sup - table below. The Caldwell catalogue is provided because of an interest by plement to Messier’s objects, but encompassing the entire celestial amateurs to find objects on lists.

The Caldwell Catalogue

# Cons. Charts NGC# RA 2025.0 Dec Object Mag. Arc Size Name

C1 Cep NCP 188 0h 50m +85° 23' Cluster 8.1 17' C2 Cep 23N 40 0h 14m +72° 40' Planetary Nebula 10.7 36" Bow Tie Nebula C3 Dra NCP , 11N 4236 12h 18m +69° 19' Spiral Galaxy 9.6 22x6' C4 Cep 20N 7023 21h 02m +68° 16' Nebula 6.8 18x18' Iris Nebula C5 Cam 2N IC 342 3h 49m +68° 11' Spiral Galaxy 9.7 20x19' C6 Dra NCP , 17N 6543 17h 59m +66° 38' Planetary Nebula 8.1 20" Cat’s Eye Nebula C7 Cam 8N 2403 7h 39m +65° 33' Spiral Galaxy 8.5 16x8' C8 Cas 2N 559 1h 31m +63° 26' Cluster 9.5 5' C9 Cep 23N Sh2-155 22h 58m +62° 45' Nebula 7.7 50x10' Cave Nebula C10 Cas 2N 663 1h 48m +61° 22' Cluster 7.1 16' C11 Cas 23N 7635 23h 22m +61° 20' Nebula 11.0 15x8' Bubble Nebula C12 Cyg 20N 6946 20h 35m +60° 14' Spiral Galaxy 9.1 12x11' C13 Cas 2N 457 1h 21m +58° 25' Cluster 6.4 13' Owl Cluster C14 Per 2N 869/884 2h 22m +57° 14' Two Clusters 4 & 4 30' & 30' Double Cluster C15 Cyg 20N 6826 19h 45m +50° 35' Planetary Nebula 8.9 25" Blinking Planetary C16 Lac 23N 7243 22h 16m +50° 00' Cluster 6.4 29' C17 Cas 2N 147 0h 35m +48° 39' 9.6 9x5' C18 Cas 2N 185 0h 40m +48° 29' Elliptical Galaxy 9.2 9x7' C19 Cyg 23N ,20N IC5146 21h 54m +47° 23' Nebula/Cluster 7.2 12x12' Cocoon Nebula C20 Cyg 20N 7000 21h 00m +44° 26' Nebul a62x1.7° C21 CVn 14N 4449 12h 29m +43° 57' Irregular Galaxy 9.6 6x5' C22 And 23N 7662 23h 27m +42° 40' Planetary Nebula 8.3 17" Blue Snowball C23 And 2N 891 2h 24m +42° 28' Spiral Galaxy 9.9 13x3' C24 Per 5N , 2N 1275 3h 21m +41° 36' 11.8 2x1' C25 Lyn 8N 2419 7h 40m +38° 50' Globular Cluster 9.1 6' Intergalactic Wanderer C26 CVn 14N 4244 12h 19m +37° 40' Spiral Galaxy 10.4 16x3' C27 Cyg 20N 6888 20h 13m +38° 29' Nebula 7.4 20x10' Crescent Nebula C28 And 2N 752 1h 59m +37° 54' Cluster 5.7 50' C29 CVn 14N 5005 13h 12m +36° 56' Spiral Galaxy 9.8 5x3' C30 Peg 23N 7331 22h 38m +34° 33' Spiral Galaxy 9.5 10x4' C31 Aur 5N IC 405 5h 18m +34° 18' Nebula 10.0 30x19' Flaming Star Nebula C32 CVn 14N 4631 12h 43m +32° 24' Spiral Galaxy 9.2 14x3' C33 Cyg 20N 6992/5 20h 57m +31° 49' Supernova Remnant 8 60x8' East Veil Nebula C34 Cyg 20N 6960 20h 47m +30° 48' Supernova Remnant 8 70x6' West Veil Nebula C35 Com 14N 4889 13h 01m +27° 51' Elliptical Galaxy 11.5 3x2' C36 Com 14N 4559 12h 37m +27° 49' Spiral Galaxy 9.8 11x5'

81 Stars by Name

Name (Desig. ) Mag .1 Const. Dist. Chart Name (Desig. ) Mag .1 Const. Dist. Chart

Acamar (h) 3.2 Eridanus 161 ly 2S Ascella (f) 2.6 Sagittarius 88 ly 20S (a) 0.5 Eridanus 139 ly 2S Asellus Australis (d) 3.9 Cancer 136 ly 8E (a) 0.8 Crux 320 ly 14S Asellus Borealis (c) 4.7 Cancer 158 ly 8E Acubens (a) 4.3 Cancer 174 ly 8N Aspidiske (i) 2.2 Carina 690 ly 11S Adhafera (f) 3.4 Leo 274 ly 11E Asterope (21 ) 5.76 Taurus/Pleiades 444 ly A-3 Adhara (e) 1.5 Canis Major 430 ly 8S Atik (f) 2.8 Perseus 750 ly 5N Albali (e) 3.8 Aquarius 208 ly 20E Atlas (27 ) 3.6 Taurus/Pleiades 444 ly A-3 Albireo (b) 3.2 Cygnus 430 ly 20N Atria (a) 1.9 Triangulum Australe 391 ly 17S Alchiba (a) 4.0 Corvus 48 ly 11S Avior (e) 1.9 Carina 610 ly 8S Alcor (80 ) 3.99 Ursa Major 83 ly 14N Azha (g) 4.1 Eridanus 121 ly 2E Alcyone (g) 2.86 Taurus/Pleiades 444 ly A-3 Baten Kaitos (f) 3.9 Cetus 260 ly 2E (a) 0.9v Taurus 65 ly 5E Becrux /Mimosa (b) 1.3 Crux 280 ly 11S Alderamin (a) 2.5 Cepheus 49 ly 23N Beid (o1) 4.0 Eridanus 125 ly 5E Alfirk (b) 3.2 Cepheus 690 ly 23N (c) 1.6 Orion 250 ly 5E Algedi (a1) 4.3 Capricorn 690 ly 20S Betelgeuse (a) 0.6v Orion 643 ly 5E Algedi ( 2) 3.6 Capricorn 109 ly 20S a Biham (h) 3.5 Pegasus 97 ly 23E Algenib (c) 2.8 Pegasus 390 ly 23E Canopus (a) –0.7 Carina 310 ly 8S Algieba (c) 2.0 Leo 130 ly 11E (a) 0.1 Auriga 43 ly 5N Algol (b) 2.1v Perseus 93 ly 2N Caph (b) 2.3 Cassiopeia 55 ly 2N Algorab (d) 3.1 Corvus 87 ly 11S Castor (a) 1.6 Gemini 51 ly 8E Alhena ( ) 1.9 Gemini 109 ly 8E c Cebalrai (b) 2.8 Ophiuchus 82 ly 17E Alioth (e) 1.8 Ursa Major 83 ly 11N Celaeno (16 ) 5.44 Taurus/Pleiades 444 ly A-3 Alkaid (g) 1.9 Ursa Major 104 ly 14N Chara (b) 4.3 Canes Venatici 28 ly 14N Alkalurops (l) 4.5 Bootes 121 ly 14N Chertan (h) 3.4 Leo 165 ly 11E Alkes (a) 4.1 Crater 174 ly 11E Cor Caroli (a) 2.9 Canes Venatici 110 ly 14N Almaak ( ) 2.3 Andromeda 350 ly 2N c Cursa (b) 2.8 Eridanus 89 ly 5E Alnair (a) 1.7 Grus 101 ly 23S Dabih (b) 3.1 Capricornus 328 ly 20E Alnasl (c) 3.0 Sagittarius 97 ly 17S Deneb (a) 1.3 Cygnus 2,600 ly 20N Alnath (b) 1.7 Taurus 131 ly 5E Deneb Algedi (d) 2.9 Capricornus 39 ly 20E Alnilam (e) 1.7 Orion 1,300 ly 5E Deneb Kaitos (b) 2.0 Cetus 96 ly 2E Alnitak ( ) 1.7 Orion 1,260 ly 5E f (b) 2.1 Leo 36 ly 11E (a) 2.0 Hydra 177 ly 11S Dubhe (a) 1.8 Ursa Major 123 ly 11N Alphekka (a) 2.2 Corona Borealis 75 ly 17N Edasich (i) 3.3 Draco 101 ly 17N Alpheratz (a) 2.1 Andromeda 97 ly 23N Electra (17 ) 3.70 Taurus/Pleiades 444 ly A-3 Alrakis (l) 5.7 Draco 88 ly 17N Enif (e) 2.4 Pegasus 690 ly 23E Alrescha ( ) 4.5 Pisces 139 ly 2E a Errai (c) 3.2 Cepheus 45 ly 23N Alshain (b) 3.9 Aquila 45 ly 20E Etamin (c) 2.2 Draco 154 ly 17N Alsuhai l/Regor (k) 1.8 Vela 1,100 ly 8S (a) 1.2 Piscis Austrinus 25 ly 23S Altair (a) 0.8 Aquila 17 ly 20E Furud (f) 3.0 Canis Major 362 ly 8E Altais (d) 3.1 Draco 97 ly 17N (c) 1.7 Crux 89 ly 11S Alterf ( ) 4.3 Leo 336 ly 11E k Giausar (k) 4.1 Draco 334 ly 11N Aludra (g) 2.4 Canis Major 2,000 ly 8S Gienah (c) 2.6 Corvus 154 ly 11E Alula Australis (n) 3.8 Ursa Major 29 ly 11N Gomeisa (b) 2.9 Canis Minor 162 ly 8E Alula Borealis (m) 3.5 Ursa Major 399 ly 11N Graffias (b) 2.6 Scorpius 400 ly 17S Alya (h) 4.0 Serpens 132 ly 20E Grumium (n) 3.8 Draco 113 ly 17N Ancha ( ) 4.2 Aquarius 187 ly 23E h Hadar (b) 0.6 Centaurus 350 ly 14S Ankaa (a) 2.4 Phoenix 85 ly 2S Hamal (a) 2.0 Aries 66 ly 2N Antares (a) 1.1 Scorpius 550 ly 17S Homam (f) 3.4 Pegasus 204 ly 23E (a) –0.04v Bootes 37 ly 14E Izar (e) 2.7 Bootes 203 ly 14N Arkab (b) 4.0 Sagittarius 378 ly 20S Kaus Australis (e) 1.8 Sagittarius 143 ly 17S Arneb (a) 2.6 Lepus 2,200 ly 5E Kaus Borealis (k) 2.8 Sagittarius 78 ly 17S See Notes at the bottom of page 86 about spellings. 1The small “v” next to magnitudes indicates that the star varies a little in brightness. 84 Greek Mythology

oday, we have a scientific understanding of the world but an - Spring Constellations cient civilizations did not have this luxury, so they made up sto - Originally, Leo , the Lion, extended eastward to Cancer and westward ries to explain natural wonders like the shape of mountains T to Coma Berenices . Its whiskers were the Beehive (M44) and its tail and everyday events like the wind, thunder, lightning and movement of ended up in the faint cluster of stars at the top of Coma Berenices (Mel the and Moon. Often these stories involved mighty characters or 111). , the brightest star in Leo, has been identified with the gods who wielded the power to move heaven and Earth. Over time, these birth of Christ. Its name implies King, Mighty, Great, Center or Hero, de - stories became traditions, beliefs and their religions. This occurred with pending on the culture. every civilization at every “corner” of the world. There is no classical mythology for Leo Minor , because this con - The “stories” that influenced our western culture the most came stellation was created in the 1600s. Cancer , the Crab, was sent to pre - from the Greeks and were adopted by the Romans. vent Hercules from killing the Hydra . However, Hercules trampled The Greek stories are plentiful and rich in content but they differ the Crab and succeeded in killing the Hydra anyway. The Hydra had nine from the stories that we tell and write today. Our modern-day stories heads and if one was chopped off, two grew back in its place. Hercules unfold in a way that is familiar because they reflect our experiences, had to burn each stub to prevent the heads from growing back. Corvus perceptions and values. And, so did the Greek’s but they saw life differ - was a bird placed in the heavens on Hydra’s back by Apollo for being ently! To them, life was capricious and heavily laced with non-sequitur slow in bringing him water and lying about his tardiness. Crater twists and turns. As such, their mythological stories often take us on a represents the container of water that is always out of reach of Corvus. wild roller-coaster ride that jumps rails. Canes Venatici are the Hunting Dogs of Bootes , the Bear Driv - The mythological stories vary and overlap. Presented below are er, who is sometimes seen as a Herdsman or Ploughman. One story has some of the more popular versions as they relate to the heavens. it that Ceres, the goddess of Agriculture, asked Jupiter to place Bootes amongst the stars in gratitude for his invention, the plough. Another North Circumpolar Constellations story is that Bootes was a grape grower taught to make wine by Bacchus, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor , respectively the “Big Bear” and the god of Wine. Upon making the first batch, he celebrated with his “Little Bear,” are better known as the Big and Little Dippers. In Greek friends who got so drunk, they fell asleep. The next morning, his friends mythology they represent a mother, Callisto and her son, Arcas sent to killed him because they thought he was trying to poison them. His hunt - the sky by Jupiter. Jupiter came upon the beautiful Callisto, daughter of ing dogs were so shaken by his death that they died with him. King Lycaon of Arcadia, when he was on Earth, inspecting carnage An interesting story about Virgo , the Maiden, is that she was caused by Phaethon, son of Helios, who had arrogantly tried to ride the Proserpina, the daughter of Ceres. Pluto, the god of the Underworld, Sun Chariot across the sky. Jupiter took favor upon Callisto, and against noticed her beauty one day when she was playing in her mother’s fields. her will, fathered her a son, Arcas. Jupiter’s wife, Juno discovered her He swiftly abducted her to the Underworld. Ceres was enraged at his husband’s escapade and turned Callisto into an ugly bear. Later, when action and decided to abandon all the crops. Jupiter intervened when he Arcas had grown up and was hunting, he encountered a bear running noticed the Earth becoming barren, so he struck a compromise. Pluto towards him. Not knowing that it was his mother, he aimed an arrow to would have Proserpina for half a year and Ceres for the other half. When kill but Jupiter took sympathy and intervened, turning Arcas into a bear Virgo is in the night sky, crops grow, but when she has sunk below the and hurling both into the sky as restitution for all the agony he caused. horizon to the Underworld, the growing season ends. Cepheus and Cassiopeia were the king and queen of Ethiopia Centaurs were offspring of the gods, half-man and half-horse crea - and parents of a daughter, Andromeda . The gods became angry at tures that walked on four legs. Some say that Centaurus represents Cassiopeia because of her boastings that she and her daughter were Chiron, the wisest and gentlest of his kind, whom Jupiter placed in the more beautiful than the Nereids mermaids, whose protector was heavens to reward him for educating Hercules, Jason, Achilles and oth - . To appease the gods for Cassiopeia’s disrespect, Cepheus had ers. Lupus , the Wolf, was a generic wild animal to the Greeks but was to sacrifice his daughter to the Sea Monster, Cetus . About this same also seen as the centaurs’ offering to the gods or a wine skin for libation time, Perseus , the son of Jupiter, had cut off Medusa’s head for a (having nothing to do with animals). Take your pick! wedding gift, and was heading back with it from this journey. He saw Andromeda chained to a sea cliff, and instantly fell in love. Summer Constellations Noticing her parents watching in agony, Perseus agreed to rescue There is probably more lore about Hercules , the Strongman, than any her for marriage and then chopped Cetus’ head off with the sickle he other mythological figure. It is ironic however, that his stars are not as had used on Medusa. At his wedding, a prior suitor showed up which prominent as his stature. Hercules should have the stars of Orion. Her - prompted the royal parents to renege on their promise to Perseus. cules’ mother was Alcmene and his father Jupiter, but, Alcmene was A fight ensued, and Perseus was almost overpowered but was saved married to the Thebesian military leader, Amphytrion. Once, when he by using Medusa’s head, for all who looked upon her face turned to was off to battle, Jupiter came to Alcmene in the form of her husband, stone. Afterwards, the royal couple was banished to the heavens by feigning a short leave. Hercules, like many offspring of Jupiter, had to Neptune for their misdeeds. endure the wrath of Jupiter’s wife Juno for most of his life. One day, Her - Draco , the Dragon, was one of the many monsters fighting along cules met two women, Pleasure and Virtue, who foretold that he could with the great Titans against the Olympians, commanded by Jupiter. have either of their lives, but that the life of Virtue which Hercules picked Near the climax of the battle, the dragon opposed the goddess of would be difficult yet have a glorious end. This leads to the famous twelve Wisdom, Minerva, who in turned flung it to the heavens where it froze labors of Hercules which were tasks directed by King Eurystheus. The twisted, after landing so close to the frigid North Celestial Pole. labors often involved fighting ferocious beasts with themes loosely based Camelopardalis , the Giraffe, Lacerta , the Lizard, and the on the twelve zodiacal constellations. Hercules was placed into the heav - Lynx are faint constellations that were added in the 1600’s. ens by Jupiter after his wife Deianeira gave him a caustic poison because she wrongly believed that he was interested in another woman.

88 MID-LATITUDES NORTHERN

HEMISPHERE

o H r

i z Starbits h t o r n o

Although Sirius is the brightest star in the N January night sky, Jupiter and Venus are always brighter. The Winter Triangle consists of the stars Sirius , and Betelgeuse . Betelgeuse is a red February Deneb 2 with a diameter greater than the About 1 hours 6543 of Mars. It is at the end after Sunset of its life and will “soon” DRACO MILKY explode—becoming WAY a supernova within Thuban URSA LACER TA M51 MINOR CEPHEUS 100,000 years. Mizar Kochab LITTLE URSA DIPPER Magnitudes MAJOR BIG M52 COMA CANES DIPPER Pola ris, VENATICI The “North Star” 0 1 234+ BERENICES CA SSIOPEIA Dubhe Caph M81/82 PEGASUS Mel111 Double M31 Alpheratz Cluster

CAME LOPARDALIS ANDROMEDA E Almaak

Mirach Mi rphak n

a Denebola LEO MINOR

M34 M33 o

s LYNX

Capella Algol

z

t

Top i

of TRIANGU LUM r H Algieba

PERSEUS Hamal Sky o

o LEO AURIGA SICKLE Castor i ARIES PISCES H r c ® ® E M37 M36 i C CANCER Connects L t Connects z I P Regulus T I Pleiades to the C s to the o M44 M35 Alnath

West Horizon e East Horizon n GEMINI Hyades of the TAURUS of the May / June W July / August Aldebaran Alrescha Chart HEAD Chart SEXTANS Betelgeuse HYDRA CANIS Procyon MINOR CETUS ORION BELT Alphard

M42 Cursa MONOCEROS Rigel Double Star Sirius Zaurak ERIDANUS Planetary Nebula “One” star that becomes two with The shedded atmosphere of a dying star. sufficient telescope magnification. CANIS LEPUS One often orbits the other. MAJOR M41 Cluster of Stars 145G Nebula A dozen to a hundred or so stars M79 FORNAX A “cloud” of and born out of the same nebula cloud. gas that is often birthing new stars. PYXIS Adhara Globular Cluster Galaxy Thousands to tens of thousands of stars 2477 “Islands” of billions of stars. They grouped in the shape of a ball. COLUMBA are beyond our Milky Way Galaxy. CAELUM PUPPIS Where are the planets? They move through the fixed stars but can always be found on or near the path called the Ecliptic. M44 Beehive or Praesepe South Horizon Cluster. m 3.1, 1.6°, 50*. Can/ 8N D=580 ly, S =16 ly he late winter sky is domi - SELECTED OBJECTs M31 Andromeda Galaxy . M52 Cluster. Tnated in the south by Orion. . m 3.5, 3x1°. And/ 2N m 6.9, 13', 100*. Cas/ 23N Its three Belt stars, hovering half- m 1. 8–7, 3°, 100*. Per/ 2N D=2,400,000 ly, S =120,000 ly D=3,300 ly, S =11 ly way up the southern horizon, are Around the star Mirphak. M34 Cluster. M79 Globular Cluster. easy to spot, sandwiched between D=600 ly, S =31 ly m 5.2, 35', 60*. Per/ 2N m 7.7, 9'. Lep/ 5E red Betelgeuse and Rigel . Below the Double Cluster . m 4 each, D=1,400 ly, S =14 ly D=41,000 ly, S =107 ly Belt, nestled in the Sword, is the 30' each, 200*/115* . Per/ 2N M35 Cluster. Great Orion Nebula, the “greatest” D=7,200 ly, S =63 ly m 5.1, 28', 200 *. Gem/ 5N DOUBLE STARs nebulae in the northern hemi - Head of Orion Cluster. D=2,800 ly, S =23 ly M36 Cluster. 145G Canis Majoris . Blue & sphere. It is lit by four young stars Group of 15 stars. Ori/ 5E Gold. m 5.0/5.8, Sep=26.8". = = m 6.0, 12', 60*. Aur/ 5N called the Trapezium, because of D 1,600 ly, S 28 ly CMa/ 8S D=6,300 ly their shape. If you extend the Hyades Cluster. Eyes / D=3,700 ly, S =13 ly M37 Cluster. i Cancri . Blue & Gold. m 4.1/6.0, Belt south, it points to Sirius , the m 0.5, 5.5°, 100*. Tau/ 5N Sep=31". Can/ 8N D=298 ly brightest star in the entire celestial D=153 ly, S =15 ly m 5.6, 24', 150*. Aur/ 5N D=4,200 ly, S =29 ly Castor (a). Favorite! m 1.9/3.0, sphere—a beacon of the winter Pleiades Cluster. Sep=4.6". Gem/ 8N D=52 ly night. The winter sky has a pleni - m 1.2, 1.8°, 100*. Tau/ 5N M41 Little . m 4.5, 38', 80*. CMa/ 8S Trapezium (h1). Four stars. tude of clusters including the D=395 ly, S =13 ly D=2,200 ly, S=24 ly In the M42 Orion Nebula . Pleiades, Hyades and Double Clus - NGC 2477 Cluster. M42 Orion Nebula . See close-up chart A-4 . ter, treats for the naked eye, binoc - m 5.8, 26', 160*. Pup/ 8S D=3,600 ly, S =27 ly m 4.0, 1.1x1°. Ori/ 5E/A-4 ulars or small telescope. D=1,500 ly, S =66 ly 93 MID-LATITUDES SOUTHERN

HEMISPHERE

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November S The Eta Carinae Nebula, NGC 3372, located in the constellation Carina, is the largest and brightest nebula in the night sky. This -birthing ARA CIRCINUS Rigel 5139 “cloud” sports several star clusters, is at a December Kent 2 distance of 7,500 light years and About 1 hours TELESCOPIUM CENTAURUS stretches across 650 light years. Within is Eta Carinae , a after Sunset CORONA 4755 AUSTRALIS Atria TRIANGULUM hypergiant star of 130 solar AURALE Coalsack 6752 CRUX masses that varies in PAVO APUS magnitude from MUSCA Peacock –1 to +8. It 3532 OCTANS Magnitudes IC2602 3372 should “soon” INDUS supernova. South CHAMAELEON CARINA MICROSCOPIUM Celestial VELA ANTLIA 0 1234+ Pole MENSA VOLANS CAPRICORNUS TUCANA 104 SMC c IC2391 HYDRUS 2070 LMC 2516 PISCIS 1 HYDRA GRUS b PICTOR AUSTRINUS Achernar RETICULUM Alsuhail DORADO PYXIS

W PHOENIX PUPPIS

253 Canopus 2477 n

e Top of Sky

2451 o s Fomalhaut

Ankaa Cr135

HOROLOGIUM z

t Alphard i

SCULPTOR COLUMBA r

H M93 CAELUM o Acamar 2362 o AQUARIUS Adhara

FORNAX 145G H

® r ® CANIS M46 Connects i M41 Connects M79 MAJOR t z Menkar to the M47 to the s East Horizon o West Horizon a of the n LEPUS Sirius of the E MONOCEROS E July / August C Zaurak May / June Chart L Rigel Chart I CIRCLET P M42 T CETUS Cursa ERIDANUS CANIS Procyon I f PEGASUS C MINOR BELT ORION Betelgeuse PISCES HEAD Double Star GREAT MILKY Planetary Nebula “One” star that becomes two with Aldebaran The shedded atmosphere SQUARE WAY sufficient telescope magnification. of a dying star. One often orbits the other. Hyades ARIES TAURUS GEMINI Pollux Cluster of Stars Alpheratz Hamal Pleiades M35 Nebula A dozen to a hundred or so stars A “cloud” of hydrogen and helium born out of the same nebula cloud. M33 Alnath gas that is often birthing new stars. TRIANGULUM M37 Globular Cluster Mirach M36 Galaxy Thousands to tens of thousands of stars “Islands” of billions of stars. They grouped in the shape of a ball. AURIGA are beyond our Milky Way Galaxy. M31 PERSEUS ANDROMEDA Algol Almaak Capella

North Horizon

he Large and Small Magel - SELECTED OBJECTs M93 Cluster. m 6, 22', 80*. DOUBLE STARs Pup/ 8S D=3,600 ly, S =23 ly Tlanic Clouds may appear as CR 135 Cluster. m 2.1, 50', 145G Canis Majoris . Blue & Gold. detached patches of the Milky Way 15*. Very loose & sparse. NGC 104 47 Tucanae Globular m 5.0/5.8, Sep=26.8". CMa/ 8S Band but they are galaxies, albeit Pup/ 8S D=840 ly, S =12 ly Cluster. m 4.0, 43'. Tuc/ 23S D=6,300 ly D=16,700 ly, S =209 ly small, just like our Milky Way M41 Little Beehive Cluster. Acamar (h). m 3.2/4.3, Sep=8.3". Galaxy. And, these two are satellites m 4.5, 38', 80*. CMa/ 8S NGC 2070 Tarantula Nebula . Eri/ 5S D=161 ly Inside the LMC. Nebula and or “moons,” gravitationally bound D=2,200 ly, S=24 ly Alsuhail (c). Four stars spanning to us. Near to the northwest horizon cluster. m 5.0, 40x25'. Con - M42 Orion Nebula . tains a 5' super cluster with 1.5 '. m 1.8/4.3/7.4/9.2. Vel/ 8S are the Andromeda (M31) and m 4.0, 1.1x1°. Ori/ 5E/A-4 thousands of stars. Dor/ 5S D=336 ly D=1,500 ly, S =66 ly Pinwheel (M33) Galaxies. The D=157,000 ly, S =1,800 ly Rigel (b). m 0.3/10.4, Sep=9.5". Andromeda Galaxy, visible to the M46 Cluster. m 6.1, 27', 100*. NGC 2362 Cluster. Ori/ 5E D=860 ly naked eyes, the , Pup/ 8S D=5,400 ly, S =42 ly m 4.1, 7', 60*. CMa/ 8E Trapezium (h1). Four stars. and the , are four of M47 Cluster. m 4.4, 30', 30*. D=4,800 ly, S =10 ly In the M42 Orion Nebula . about 50 galaxies that Pup/ 8S D=1,600 ly, S =14 ly NGC 2451 Cluster. m 2.8, 44', See close-up chart A-4 . are gravitationally bound to one M78 Nebula. m 8, 8x6'. Ori/ 5E 40*. Pup/ 8S This is actually two f Orionis . m 1.7/3.9, Sep=2.3". other. Unfortunately, the orbits of D=1,600 ly, S =4 ly clusters in the same line of sight! Ori/ 5E D=387 ly the 50 are not as orderly as we M79 Globular Cluster. NGC 2477 Cluster. m 5.8, 26', b1 Tucanae . m 4.3/4.5, Sep=27". might like because in about four m 7.7, 9'. Lep/ 5E 160*. Pup/ 8S D=3,600 ly, S =27 ly Tuc/ 23S D=140 ly billion years, our galaxy will collide D=41,000 ly, S =107 ly c Volantis . m 4.0/5.5, Sep=14.4". 104 with the Andromeda Galaxy. Vol/ 8S D=142 ly Moon, Mercury and Venus

Major features of the Moon The most notable features on the Moon are its brighter cratered high - Planets lands called terrae and smoother darker plains known as maria. These The planets are best observed and other features are described below. with a telescope. Mercury, Terminator . The border or “line” separating the lighted side from the Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn dark side. The terminator is absent during Full Moon. Craters, and other are the naked-eye planets and surface detail, appear their sharpest/best near the terminator. are fairly “easy” to spot because Craters . Large and small bowl-like depressions on the Moon. they are bright. They are delights to Most of the craters on the Moon were formed from mete - first-time observers. oroid or cometary impacts that ended about 3 billion Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars years ago. are known as the Terrestrial Planets, being Earth- like or rock like in nature. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are Terrae & Maria . Terms coined by Galileo meaning known as the Gas Giants because they are very large compared to Earth “highlands” and “seas.” The lighter-colored terrae have the highest con - and have atmospheres that extend downward for thousands of miles, centration of craters and are older than the maria. The darker maria are thickening to a liquid and then a solid. smoother areas of the Moon and represent 31% of its surface on the near side. They are the result of impacts from very large asteroids or comets creating fractures to the once molten interior, releasing dark, iron-rich, basalt lava, which flowed upward and outward to create the great plains. They average 500 to 600 feet thick. There are very few maria on the far Mercury side of the Moon. Rilles & Faults . Rilles are long valley-type depressions in the maria, up to hundreds of miles in length that can be linear, curved or sinuous. Many rilles can be seen in telescopes. Faults, like the Straight Wall (see iddled with craters, Mercury looks like the Moon, but it is elusive photo on page 107), can also be seen in the maria. R to see because it orbits close to the Sun, “peeking out,” just a few Rays . Bright streaks that radiate from some craters. They represent times a year. So, just to see Mercury in the sky is a treat, all by itself. lighter, reflective material, ejected during the formation of craters and are most pronounced around Full Moon. The crater Tycho has the longest Observing Mercury . Mercury is visible only for a short time, up to an rays, spanning one-quarter of the globe. It is estimated that rayed craters hour, at dusk or dawn, near the horizon of a Sun that has just set or is are less than one billion years old because the rays of older craters have about to rise. Unfortunately, this places Mercury very low and in the most been eroded by micrometeorites (as described in Regolith, below). You turbulent part of the sky, sometimes making it disappointing to view can see the rays around the craters Copernicus and Kepler (craters num - through a telescope because it might look like a bubbling blob. bered 69 and 68, respectively) on page 108. The window of opportunity to see Mercury is about a week’s time, Regolith . A fine grained “soil” that covers the surface of the Moon. two or three times a year, when it is farthest from the Sun, at what is Created from the bombardment of the surface by micrometeorites, the called its greatest eastern or western elongation, and will appear at half regolith varies in depth from 3 to 15 feet in the maria, and to 50 feet or phase. Consult an astronomy internet site for dates. An obstructed hori - more in the highlands. The micrometeorites that bombard Earth burn zon, with houses, trees or low-lying clouds can easily foil your attempt to up in the atmosphere. locate this planet because the most it will be above the horizon is about one pencil’s length at an arm’s distance. For evening dates, start search - ing about 30 minutes after sunset. You will have about one-half hour to Apollo Lunar Landings see Mercury. For morning dates, start searching about one hour prior to sunrise. In either case, Mercury will appear as bright as magnitude –2 in Mission Date Three Astronauts a lightened sky above and near the sunrise/sunset point, so it may be *Circled the Moon in the only “star” visible in the twilight, making it easy to identify. At times, Command Module it will be plainly visible to the naked eye, but more often, it may blend in Apollo 11 July 20, 1969 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins* with the lightened sky and you may need to help locate it Apollo 12 Nov 19, 1969 Conrad, Bean, Gordon* because it can be easily missed unless you are looking directly at it. Oh, Mercury does not have any moons. Apollo 14 Feb 5, 1971 Shepard, Nitchell, Roosa* Apollo 15 July 30, 1971 Scott, Irwin, Worden* Apollo 16 April 21, 1972 Young, Duke, Mattingly* Apollo 17 Dec 11, 1972 Cernan, Schmitt, Evans* Enhanced image to Selena, goddess of the Moon show clouds Venus

ften referred to as the morning or evening star, it can linger for Omonths as a shining beacon above the eastern or western horizon. At its brightest, and without competition from the Moon, it will cast shadows.

109 Observing Considerations

spoiler to observing “closer” double stars is poor seeing caused by a tur - but after observing several, you will catch on. A good starting point is to bulent atmosphere. During these times, stars appear as big scintillating find and observe the smaller and brighter Messier clusters like M6, M7, blurs that makes stars close to one another impossible to separate. This M11, M25, M34, M35, M36, M37, M38, M41, M46, M47, M48 and M67. effect usually exists with stars close to the horizon, even on nights of This will give you a foundation for finding others that are smaller and good seeing. fainter. Some clusters stand out and are distinct from the surrounding Generally, when observing double stars, start with lower magnifica - stars while others blend in more and are thus harder to identify. Clus - tions and work your way up to higher magnifications. After some expe - ters composed of fainter stars that cannot be resolved by smaller tele - rience, you will know the magnification required to split or separate scopes will appear as faint hazy patches and may only be glimpsed using double stars with specific arc angle separations. averted vision, while a larger diameter telescope could show them plainly. The separation distance of many double stars varies over time because the stars are in binary systems, where one star revolves around Observing Globular Clusters the other (or they revolve about each other). So, some of the separation In smaller telescopes, globular clusters often look like unremarkable values listed in this atlas will change over time. faint cotton balls that brighten towards their centers. Some of the bigger and brighter ones like M3, M13 and M22 will, however, show a sprinkle of faint but distinct stars. Globular clusters look absolutely spectacular in very large telescopes (around 12 inches in diameter and up) because these telescopes can resolve many of the fainter stars that make up these clusters, so you can literally see hundreds of stars in the Examples of Airy disks and their associated rings that can be seen around stars at higher shape of a ball. Start with magnifications around 50x. magnifications with good, well-alligned optics and good seeing conditions. Left: The Airy disk and rings around a bright star. Center: The appearance of a very close double star Observing Planetary Nebulae with less than an arc second of separation. It cannot be split into two separate stars but is observed as the merger of two Airy disks. Right: The Airy disks around a resolved or The Messier list of planetary nebulae consists of M27, M57, M76 and “split” double star with a fainter component. M97. M57, the Ring Nebula, is much smaller than most people think and requires 100x or higher in order to recognize it the first time. Over - To observe very close doubles, around 1 arc second of separation, all, the Messier planetary nebulae are not representative of the NGC it will take a night of good seeing and 200x magnification or more to planetary nebulae because they are large and fairly bright. Many of the discern the two stars. NGC planetary nebulae are stellar-like, that is, they look like stars at And, when you observe stars at these higher magnifications, they lower magnifications and will only assume a small disk-type appearance will appear as little disks—these are called “Airy disks” and are a result with sufficient magnification, around 100x to 250x. These objects were of the wave nature of light. The small disks do not represent the actual originally dubbed “planetary” because of their roundish shape— diameters of the stars. Additionally, there are a few rings of light around resembling the disks of the planets. any Airy disk. Both the Airy disk and associated rings are more noticable with brighter stars. For very close doubles, those around one-half to one Observing Nebulae arc second separation, the best “separation” that you will get are two Although there are some bright nebulae, like M17, M18, M42 and NGC merged Airy disks or “one” that appears elongated. 3372, in general, nebulae are difficult to observe because they are faint and gossamer. Needless to say, dark skies are necessary to see these ob - jects. Averted vision can help to catch a glimpse of those that are faint. The Deep Sky Objects (DSOs) Another technique for those that are fainter (and, this applies to galax - ies, too) is to either let the nebulae drift through the eyepiece field-of- For the following objects, the darker a moonless night sky, the better. view (turn off any tracking motors) or move/slew the telescope back and You can forget about observing these objects within any major city, but forth slowly. The movement of faint objects sometimes registers with the you might fair better on their outskirts. If you live in the heart of a city, eye, especially in the area of peripheral vision. you will have to travel to a darker site to enjoy viewing these objects. At a dark location, almost every object plotted in this atlas can be seen in Observing Galaxies a smaller, 6-inch diameter telescope. There are many more galaxies than all other DSOs combined. Observ - ing them is a similar experience to observing nebulae. Therefore, they Binocular Note in Regards to DSOs are very affected by light pollution. Although some galaxies brighten Some deep sky objects are large and might not be recognized if viewed toward their cores or centers, none are as bright or detailed as the in a telescope. For example, the Pleiades, because of its size, is best brightest nebulae. Since galaxies are outside our galaxy, no individual viewed in its entirety through binoculars. The cluster, IC 4665, in Ophi - stars can be seen or resolved except for a rare supernova. For the most uchus, was an overlooked Messier and NGC object because you need part, galaxies appear grayish, gossamer, plain and often, just faint lower magnifications to recognize it in its entirety. And, some objects, smudges. Spiral galaxies that are “face on” are very faint, like M33 and like the M33 galaxy, are often easier to see in binoculars because of their M101, while those that are “edge on” are much brighter because all large size and low surface brightness. their light is concentrated along a band, like M82. Some arms of spiral galaxies can be glimpsed, like with M51. Overall, elliptical galaxies are Observing Clusters of Stars fainter than spiral galaxies and will be more challenging to see. Although The best example of a cluster is the Pleiades, which is visible to the the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), is extremely large and “bright” (you can naked eyes. But, there are many more smaller and fainter clusters that see it with the naked eyes), you will not be able to see any detail like in can be seen only with telescopes. Start with magnifications around 50x. photos. Review the observing technique described about nebulae in the At first, it might be somewhat challenging to positively identify clusters, above paragraph to help see faint galaxies.

T See PICTURES of Deep Sky Objects on pages 116, 119 and the back cover T 114 Glossary

Many stars near the end of their lives expand to a hundred or thou - Telescope. An optical instrument that magnifies distant objects. The sand times their original diameter before they finally “die” to become a telescope was invented in 1608 and by the end of 1609, Galileo had , neutron star or . Near the end of our Sun’s life, it improved it by increasing its magnification from 3x to about 30x. will puff up to become a star having a diameter about 250 times There are two basic types of telescopes, the original refractor invented its present diameter—perhaps expanding beyond Earth’s orbit. Super - from using eyeglass lenses and the reflector, a telescope that uses a concave giant stars are stars that started with masses from 8 to 12 times that of mirror to focus light, first built by Newton in 1668 and called the Newton - the Sun and expand, at the end of their lives, anywhere from 30 to 500 ian reflector in his honor. There are also hybrid telescopes, a combination and on to 1,000 times the diameter of our Sun. The very largest stars of a refractor and reflector, called catadioptrics, and the most common are called hypergiants with initial masses ranging from 100 to 265 times design is called the Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope or SCT, which was first that of our Sun, having expanded diameters reaching 1,000 times or made popular by Celestron telescopes in the early 1970s. more of our Sun and with upwards of two million times that A Newtonian reflector telescope of 6 to 8 inches in diameter is a very of our Sun. adequate telescope for exploring the night sky. This type of telescope is the The distance to stars is measured using the unit of length called a least expensive per aperture inch, that is, it is the best deal for the money light year (ly). One light year is the distance that light can travel in one (great for those on a budget or just getting started). They usually have year’s time which is nearly 6 trillion miles or 9.5 trillion kilometers. The simple, manual, altazimuth mounts, and in this form, are often called stars that we see in the sky range anywhere from 4 ly to 3,000 ly away. All Dobsonians, after John Dobson who popularized larger, low-cost Newtonian the stars in the sky are in our Milky Way Galaxy. telescopes on simple altazimuth mounts. Today, Newtonians used by ama - teurs can have diameters more than 36 inches and these large telescopes . A general term that refers to an open cluster, galactic are best for observing the fainter deep sky objects. cluster or globular cluster. See Cluster. Refractor telescopes typically have diameters that range in size from 2 to 6 inches but the most popular sizes are from 3 to 4 inches. The high - Star of Bethlehem . See Conjunction. est quality refractors, known as “apochromatics,” are, by far, the most ex - pensive telescopes per optical inch but they also have the highest image Summer Solstice. The 90° point on the ecliptic (chart 5E & in quality of any telescope. Taurus). When the Sun is at this position, about June 21, it is the start of The Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope or SCT generally provides the most Summer in the northern hemisphere. “bang” for the buck because it usually includes a computer-motorized mount that will automatically “GO TO” and follow any object chosen from Summer Triangle. The three bright stars, Altair in Aquila, Deneb in a hand controller. The most popular size is 8 inches in diameter. Anything Cygnus and Vega in Lyra. larger in diameter starts to get heavy fast. Magnification should not be a consideration when buying a telescope. Sun. The name commonly given to the star that Earth orbits. The ancient The highest useful magnification for any telescope, independent of it size, is Roman and Greek names are respectively, Sol and Helios. So, the Sun is about 350x because this represents the resolution limit created by the tur - the closest star to Earth—sometimes asked as a “trick” question. bulence in the atmosphere. Theoretically, a 12-inch diameter telescope can see twice as much detail as a 6-inch but our turbulent atmosphere places Supergiant Stars. See Star. the limit on seeing detail. The greatest resolution (or smallest detail) that a “normal” Earth-based telescope can resolve is about 0.5 arc seconds ( 2 an Supernova (plural: Supernovae) . An explosion of a massive star, at arc second), which is the theoretical limit of an 8-inch diameter telescope. the end of its life, of such intensity that the light emitted outshines all the What is the advantage of larger diameter telescopes if an 8-inch pro - stars in its galaxy. A supernova can remain brilliant for several weeks. vides the maximum resolution? It is light-gathering capability—the ability They occur infrequently in our galaxy, so amateur and professional to see fainter objects. For example, a 12-inch diameter telescope has 4 times astronomers observe them more often in other galaxies. The last super - the surface area of a 6-inch diameter telescope, so fainter objects will visu - nova visible in our galaxy was seen in the year 1604. A supernova explo - ally be brighter in a 12-inch diameter telescope than in a 6-inch. In this sion leaves a nebula remnant. Well-known examples are the Crab Nebula case, the 12-inch will allow seeing objects to about 1.5 magnitudes fainter (M1) in Taurus and the larger Veil Nebula (NGC 6960/6992) in Cygnus. than the 6-inch (1.5 magnitudes is more significant than you might think). A GOTO or GO TO telescope actually refers to the mount, but some Telrad. A popular “finder” that is attached to a telescope and aids point - GO TO mounts have integrated telescopes, like with many SCTs manufac - ing a telescope to an object or spot in the night sky. The Telrad is a reflex-sight tured by Celestron and Meade. finder that projects a red bullseye onto the night sky. This reticle pattern is reproduced on the side of the main charts. The bullseye reticle does not actually get projected onto the sky but is reflected back to the eye from an e ol angled piece of glass. Like all reflex-sight finders, the Telrad provides no is P x al r A ti la es magnification. To use it, you place your eye o el P C a to (head) a few inches to a foot behind the back ts LEFT in while looking at the sky through the slanted Po A refractor telescope glass (see picture). The red bullseye appears by Tele Vue on an superimposed on the night sky allowing you to Equatorial mount easily point the telescope to any spot. The (a GEM mount). brightness of the red bullseye can be changed. RIGHT This type of finder is much easier to use than Newtonian reflector traditional finders which are small, low- telescope, Dobsonian style, powered telescopes that have narrow/ on an altazimuth mount. confining fields-of-view. See Finder. 124 Telrad Reflex Finder Chart Reference

Constellation Chart Page Constellation Chart Page Constellation Chart Page ANDROMEDA 2N 15 DORADO 5S 30 PAVO 20S 25 ANTLIA 11S 28 DRACO NCP 27 PEGASUS 23N 28 APUS 14S 27 EQUULEUS 20E 17 PERSEUS 2N 15 AQUARIUS 23E 16 ERIDANUS 5S /2S 30–31 PHOENIX 2S 31 AQUILA 20E 17 FORNAX 2S 31 PICTOR 5S 30 ARA 17S 26 GEMINI 8E 21 PISCES 23E /2E 16/23 ARIES 2N 15 GRUS 23S 24 PISCIS AUSTRINUS 23S 24 AURIGA 5N 14 HERCULES 17N 10 PUPPIS 8S 29 BOOTES 14N 11 HOROLOGIUM 5S 30 PYXIS 8S 29 CAELUM 5S 30 HYDRA 14E /11E /8E 19–21 RETICULUM 5S 30 CAMELOPARDALIS 5N 14 HYDRUS 2S 31 SAGITTA 20N 29 CANCER 8N 13 INDUS 20S 25 SAGITTARIUS 20S /17S 25–26 CANES VENATICI 14N 11 LACERTA 23N 28 SCORPIUS 17S 26 CANIS MAJOR 8E 21 LEO 11E 12 SCULPTOR 23S 24 CANIS MINOR 8E 21 LEO MINOR 11N 12 SCUTUM 20E 17 CAPRICORNUS 20E 17 LEPUS 5E 22 SERPENS 17E 18 CARINA 11S 28 LIBRA 14S 27 SEXTANS 11E 20 CASSIOPEIA 2N 15 LUPUS 14S 27 TAURUS 5E 22 CENTAURUS 14S 27 LYNX 8N 13 TELESCOPIUM 20S 25 CEPHEUS 23N 28 LYRA 20N 29 TRIANGULUM 2N 15 CETUS 2E 23 MENSA 5S 30 TRIANGULUM CHAMAELEON SCP 32 MICROSCOPIUM 20S 25 AUSTRALE 17S 26 CIRCINUS 14S 27 MONOCEROS 8E 21 TUCANA 23S 24 COLUMBA 5S 30 MUSCA 11S 28 URSA MAJOR 11N 12 COMA BERENICES 14N 11 NORMA 17S 26 URSA MINOR NCP 27 CORONA AUSTRALIS 20S 25 OCTANS SCP 32 VELA 11S /8S 28–29 CORONA BOREALIS 17N 10 OPHIUCHUS 17E 18 VIRGO 14E 19 CORVUS 11E 20 ORION 5E 22 VOLANS 8S 29 CRATER 11E 20 VULPECU LA 20N 29 CRUX 14S 27 CYGNUS 20N 29 Right Ascension Lines DELPHINUS 20N 29 ANALOGOUS TO LONGITUDE BUT USES 24 HOURS FOR DIVISIONS

DSOs * Stars & Constellations 15h 14 h 13h +10° +10° M93 Messier DSO Designation Star Names are Italicized Diamond Greek Letter (Bayer ) Designation for Stars a 3211 NGC DSO Designation (2 to 4 digits) Flamsteed Number Designation for Stars 21 Pal7 Other DSO Catalogue Designation Other Star Designations. See page 115. HR8474 18 d ALL DSOs ARE DESCRIBED IN Declination Lines E 0° clip 0° “Objects by Constellation” SIMILAR TO LATITUDE 15 Satipcp hire 14 Constellation Names in UPPERCASE 3199 STELLARUM b Outline of Nebula with NGC Designation Constellation Boundary 19 *DSOs are “Deep Sky Objects ,” that is, 12 c MILKY WAY *Clusters of Stars, Nebulae & Galaxies. BAND –10° –10°

Greek a alpha e epsilon i iota m nu q rho u phi Alphabet b beta f zeta j kappa n xi r sigma v chi c gamma g eta k lambda o omicron s tau w psi d delta h theta l mu p pi t upsilon x omega

128 128