X-Rays Tracing the Star Formation History of the Magellanic Clouds

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X-Rays Tracing the Star Formation History of the Magellanic Clouds X-rays Tracing the Star Formation History of the Magellanic Clouds Dissertation der Fakult¨at fur¨ Physik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit¨at Munc¨ hen zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften Dr. rer. nat. vorgelegt von Manami Sasaki aus Tokio, Japan Munc¨ hen, den 21. Dezember 2001 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Trump¨ er 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ralf Bender Tag der mundlic¨ hen Prufung:¨ 14. Mai 2002 Zusammenfassung R¨ontgenstrahlung als Spuren der Sternentstehungsgeschichte in den Magellanschen Wolken Manami Sasaki Galaxien setzen sich aus Sternen und der den interstellaren Raum auffullenden¨ Ma- terie zusammen. Am Ende der Sternentwicklung entstehen Weiße Zwerge, Neutro- nensterne, Schwarze L¨ocher sowie Supernova-Ub¨ erreste, die aufgrund hoher Temper- aturen R¨ontgenstrahlung emittieren. Deshalb liefern astronomische Beobachtungen im R¨ontgenbereich wichtige Erkenntnisse fur¨ das Verst¨andnis des Aufbaus und der Entwicklungsgeschichte von Galaxien. Die Große Magellansche Wolke (Large Magellanic Cloud, LMC) und die Kleine Magellansche Wolke (Small Magellanic Cloud, SMC), jeweils ca. 160.000 und 190.000 Lichtjahre von unserem Sonnensystem entfernt, befinden sich in unmittelbarer Umge- bung unserer Milchstraße und sind somit die am besten geeigneten Objekte fur¨ die Un- tersuchung von Galaxien in ihrer Ganzheit. W¨ahrend der Betriebsphase des R¨ontgen- satelliten ROSAT in den Jahren von 1990 bis 1998 sind etwa 900 Beobachtungen von der LMC und der SMC durchgefuhrt¨ worden, die das Bild der Magellanschen Wolken (MCs) im R¨ontgenlicht enthullten.¨ Erstes Hauptziel dieser Doktorarbeit bestand darin, die erste umfassende Studie der R¨ontgenquellen in den MCs anhand von Archiv-Daten vom ROSAT "High Resolu- tion Imager" (HRI) durchzufuhren.¨ Die Ergebnisse erm¨oglichen in Kombination mit den Quell-Katalogen von Haberl & Pietsch (1999a) und Haberl et al. (2000), die mit Hilfe der Daten von ROSAT "Position Sensitive Proportional Counter" (PSPC) er- stellt wurden, eine ganzheitliche Untersuchung der MCs im R¨ontgenbereich. Da die Ortsaufl¨osung des HRIs h¨oher war als die des PSPCs, wurden insbesondere in den von Quellen dicht bev¨olkerten Regionen der MCs zus¨atzliche, neue Quellen entdeckt. Die ROSAT-Quellkataloge stellen nicht nur eine exzellente Grundlage fur¨ die Analyse der neu detektierten Quellen dar, sondern geben auch Aufschluss ub¨ er die Quellpopulation in den MCs und ihrer bisherigen Entwicklung. Fur¨ die Erstellung der Kataloge von R¨ontgenquellen, die mit dem ROSAT-HRI in den Feldern der LMC und der SMC detektiert wurden, standen im ROSAT-Archiv Daten von ca. 600 Beobachtungen zur Verfugung.¨ In einem 10◦ 10◦ Ausschnitt des Himmels, der die LMC abdeckt, sind 397 R¨ontgenquellen detektiert× worden; im 5◦ ◦ × 5 Feld um die SMC sind es 121 Quellen. Diese ROSAT-HRI-Kataloge enthalten neben den Objekten in den Magellanschen Wolken auch Galaktische Sterne im Vordergrund oder Galaxien, Aktive Galaktische Kerne bzw. Galaxienhaufen im Hintergrund. Zur Bestimmung der Arten von R¨ontgenquellen sind die neuen Kataloge mit Ergebnissen von anderen R¨ontgensatelliten sowie mit verschiedenen Katalogen aus Beobachtungen in anderen Wellenl¨angenbereichen verglichen worden. Die R¨ontgeneigenschaften wie Ausdehnung, Flussvariabilit¨at und "Hardness Ratio" - das Verh¨altnis vom weichen Anteil der R¨ontgenstrahlung zum harten Anteil - in Kombination mit optischen und Nah-Infrarot-Eigenschaften fuhrten¨ zur Klassifikation der HRI-Quellen. R¨ontgenquellen, die in der Entfernung von den MCs mit ROSAT detektiert wer- den konnten, sind R¨ontgendoppelsterne (X-ray binaries, XBs; Doppelsternsysteme mit einem Neutronenstern oder einem Schwarzen Loch), Supernova-Ub¨ erreste (supernova remnants, SNRs) oder Superweiche Quellen (supersoft sources, SSSs; Doppelsternsys- teme mit einem Weißen Zwerg). Sowohl SSSs als auch XBs und SNRs sind Vertreter der Endstadien der Sternentwicklung, sodass ihre r¨aumliche Verteilung Aufschluss ub¨ er die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Galaxien gibt. Der HRI-Katalog fur¨ die LMC enth¨alt 29 bereits bekannte SNRs und SNR-Kandida- ten. Zus¨atzlich dazu sind in dieser Arbeit funf¨ neue HRI-Quellen in der LMC aufgrund ihrer Ausdehnung als weitere Kandidaten fur¨ SNRs vorgeschlagen worden. In der SMC sind vom HRI sieben SNRs beobachtet worden. Die HRI-Daten lieferten genaue Mes- sungen der Struktur und Ausdehnung der SNRs. Die Anzahl der detektierten SSSs in der LMC betr¨agt funf,¨ in der SMC sind es vier. Fur¨ die meisten dieser SSSs ist eine starke Flussvariabilit¨at nachgewiesen worden. In der LMC sind 10 bereits bekannte XBs und Kandidaten beobachtet worden, der SMC-Katalog enth¨alt 17 solche Quellen. Die meisten dieser XBs sind massereiche XBs (high-mass X-ray binaries, HMXBs), die aus einem Ub¨ erriesen-Stern oder einem Be-Stern als Begleitstern und einem Neutronenstern oder Schwarzen Loch bestehen. Besonders in der SMC ist bisher eine relativ große Anzahl von HMXBs mit Be-Sternen entdeckt worden (22 Doppelsternsysteme mit Be-Sternen und nur ein System mit einem Ub¨ erriesen). Zwei weitere LMC-Quellen und 10 SMC-Quellen kommen als neue Kandidaten fur¨ XBs in Frage. Die Anzahl und Verteilung der XBs weisen darauf hin, dass vor etwa 107 Jahren eine aktive Sternentstehung in den MCs stattgefunden hat. Der zweite Hauptteil der Arbeit besch¨aftigte sich mit der diffusen Emission des heißen Interstellaren Medium (ISM) der MCs. Durch die Analyse der Daten, die mit dem ROSAT-PSPC in den oben genannten Feldern der LMC und der SMC gewonnen wur- den, ist zum ersten Mal die Temperaturverteilung des heißen ISM-Anteils in den MCs mit einer Aufl¨osung von 150 150 bestimmt worden. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass sich das heiße, interstellare Plasma× jeweils ub¨ er die ganze LMC und die ganze SMC er- streckt mit Temperaturen von etwa 106 bis 107 K. Aus dem Leuchtkraft-Profil des heißen ISM wurde die integrale Leuchtkraft von 1:4 1039 erg s−1 fur¨ die LMC und 6:0 1037 erg s−1 fur¨ die SMC jeweils in den beobach×teten Bereichen errechnet. Die × Analyse der ROSAT-PSPC-Daten lieferte somit eine signifikante Messung am heißen ISM der MCs. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind die Ergebnisse zur SMC, deren diffuse R¨ontgenemission in der Vergangenheit nicht sehr detailliert untersucht worden war. Es wird allgemein vermutet, dass der interstellare Raum durch Sternwinde und Supernova-Explosionen aufgeheizt wird. Expandierende Supernova-Ub¨ erreste und in- terstellare Blasen, die von Sternwinden um massereiche Sterne ausgeformt werden, sammeln k¨alteres Gas (T < 105 K) auf. Dadurch entstehen in den Galaxien schalen- f¨ormige Strukturen, die im Radio-Bereich beobachten werden k¨onnen. Die diffuse 2 R¨ontgenemission kann als Ub¨ erlagerung der Strahlung vom heißen Gas im Inneren der Schalen aus kaltem Gas und der Strahlung aus dem Halo der Galaxien betrach- tet werden. In beiden MCs stimmen die physikalischen Parameter wie Temperatur, Leuchtkraft und Stoßwellen-Geschwindigkeit gut mit den theoretischen Voraussagen ub¨ er die Aufheizung des ISM durch Supernova-Ub¨ erreste und Sternwinde ub¨ erein. Dadurch werden nun durch Beobachtungen gestutzte¨ Anfangsbedingungen fur¨ die theoretische Beschreibung der weiteren Entwicklung des ISM geliefert. Hierbei fuhrt¨ es durch die Expansion des heißen Gases zur Fragmentation der Schalen und schließlich zur Bildung von sehr kalten, dichten Gaswolken, die sich gr¨oßtenteils zu Sternentste- hungsgebieten weiterentwickeln. Weiterhin erm¨oglichte eine der ersten Beobachtungen des neuen R¨ontgensatelliten XMM-Newton die Durchfuhrung¨ der ersten Analyse der diffusen Emission der "super- giant shell" SGS LMC 2 am ostlic¨ hen Rand des optisch sichtbaren Balkens der LMC anhand von Daten der "European Photo Imaging Camera" mit pn-Halbleiterstruktur (EPIC-PN). Diese besitzt im Vergleich zum ROSAT-PSPC eine verbesserte Energieauf- l¨osung, w¨ahrend die Ortsaufl¨osung vergleichbar zum ROSAT-HRI ist. Auf der EPIC- PN-Aufnahme ist eine Region mit einem Durchmesser von etwa 100 pc zu erkennen, die sich durch eine st¨arkere diffuse R¨ontgenemission von ihrer Umgebung unterschei- det. Diese Region stimmt r¨aumlich mit einer H II-Region in der LMC ub¨ erein, sodass die diffuse Emission mit sehr hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit von der interstellaren Blase in der H II-Region stammt. Aus dem Spektrum konnte der physikalische Zustand des heißen, interstellaren Plasmas wie Elementh¨aufigkeit, Alter oder Ionisationsgrad genau ermittelt werden. Neben der Gas-Temperatur, die im Inneren der Blase h¨oher als im umgebenden ISM ist, wurden aus den EPIC-PN-Daten weitere physikalische Parameter wie z. B. das Alter der interstellaren Blase hergeleitet. 3 4 Summary X-rays Tracing the Star Formation History of the Magellanic Clouds Manami Sasaki Galaxies consist of stars and matter filling up the interstellar space. White dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, and supernova remnants which all emit X-rays due to high temperature, are formed at the end of stellar evolution. Therefore, X-ray observations of galaxies are necessary to obtain crucial information for the better understanding of the galactic structure and evolution history. The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) with a distance of 160.000 and 190.000 lightyears from the Solar system, respectively, are one of the closest galaxies to the Milky Way and offer an ideal site for studying the galaxies as a whole. From 1990 to 1998, ROSAT collected data of the LMC and the SMC in nearly 900 pointings, unveiling their entire picture in X-rays. One of the main objectives of the thesis
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