John Tchicai Discography
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Here I Played with Various Rhythm Sections in Festivals, Concerts, Clubs, Film Scores, on Record Dates and So on - the List Is Too Long
MICHAEL MANTLER RECORDINGS COMMUNICATION FONTANA 881 011 THE JAZZ COMPOSER'S ORCHESTRA Steve Lacy (soprano saxophone) Jimmy Lyons (alto saxophone) Robin Kenyatta (alto saxophone) Ken Mcintyre (alto saxophone) Bob Carducci (tenor saxophone) Fred Pirtle (baritone saxophone) Mike Mantler (trumpet) Ray Codrington (trumpet) Roswell Rudd (trombone) Paul Bley (piano) Steve Swallow (bass) Kent Carter (bass) Barry Altschul (drums) recorded live, April 10, 1965, New York TITLES Day (Communications No.4) / Communications No.5 (album also includes Roast by Carla Bley) FROM THE ALBUM LINER NOTES The Jazz Composer's Orchestra was formed in the fall of 1964 in New York City as one of the eight groups of the Jazz Composer's Guild. Mike Mantler and Carla Bley, being the only two non-leader members of the Guild, had decided to organize an orchestra made up of musicians both inside and outside the Guild. This group, then known as the Jazz Composer's Guild Orchestra and consisting of eleven musicians, began rehearsals in the downtown loft of painter Mike Snow for its premiere performance at the Guild's Judson Hall series of concerts in December 1964. The orchestra, set up in a large circle in the center of the hall, played "Communications no.3" by Mike Mantler and "Roast" by Carla Bley. The concert was so successful musically that the leaders decided to continue to write for the group and to give performances at the Guild's new headquarters, a triangular studio on top of the Village Vanguard, called the Contemporary Center. In early March 1965 at the first of these concerts, which were presented in a workshop style, the group had been enlarged to fifteen musicians and the pieces played were "Radio" by Carla Bley and "Communications no.4" (subtitled "Day") by Mike Mantler. -
The 2016 NEA Jazz Masters Tribute Concert Honoring the 2016 National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Masters
04-04 NEA Jazz Master Tribute_WPAS 3/25/16 11:58 AM Page 1 The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts DAVID M. RUBENSTEIN , Chairman DEBORAH F. RUTTER , President CONCERT HALL Monday Evening, April 4, 2016, at 8:00 The Kennedy Center and the National Endowment for the Arts present The 2016 NEA Jazz Masters Tribute Concert Honoring the 2016 National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Masters GARY BURTON WENDY OXENHORN PHAROAH SANDERS ARCHIE SHEPP Jason Moran is the Kennedy Center’s Artistic Director for Jazz. WPFW 89.3 FM is a media partner of Kennedy Center Jazz. Patrons are requested to turn off cell phones and other electronic devices during performances. The taking of photographs and the use of recording equipment are not allowed in this auditorium. 04-04 NEA Jazz Master Tribute_WPAS 3/25/16 11:58 AM Page 2 2016 NEA JAZZ MASTERS TRIBUTE CONCERT Hosted by JASON MORAN, pianist and Kennedy Center artistic director for jazz With remarks from JANE CHU, chairman of the NEA DEBORAH F. RUTTER, president of the Kennedy Center THE 2016 NEA JAZZ MASTERS Performances by NEA JAZZ MASTERS: CHICK COREA, piano JIMMY HEATH, saxophone RANDY WESTON, piano SPECIAL GUESTS AMBROSE AKINMUSIRE, trumpeter LAKECIA BENJAMIN, saxophonist BILLY HARPER, saxophonist STEFON HARRIS, vibraphonist JUSTIN KAUFLIN, pianist RUDRESH MAHANTHAPPA, saxophonist PEDRITO MARTINEZ, percussionist JASON MORAN, pianist DAVID MURRAY, saxophonist LINDA OH, bassist KARRIEM RIGGINS, drummer and DJ ROSWELL RUDD, trombonist CATHERINE RUSSELL, vocalist 04-04 NEA Jazz Master Tribute_WPAS -
Jahresbericht 2004-2005
DEUTSCHES BERICHT 2004 2005 POLEN INSTITUT DARMSTADT Inhalt 3 Geleitwort 16 Chronik 2004 –2005 37 Gremien 4 Einführung 28 Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 38 Das Institut 6 Veröffentlichungen 29 Bibliothek und Archiv 39 Anhang 11 Forum für Kultur, Politik, Wissenschaft 32 Finanzen 41 Vorträge der Mitarbeiter 15 Öffentliche Veranstaltungen 35 Satzung 46 Veröffentlichungen der Mitarbeiter Geleitwort Mit aller Nüchternheit ist wohl zur Kennt- einerseits und der immer noch viel zu nis zu nehmen, dass in Polen und in unbekannten oder mit relativ geringem Deutschland im Augenblick unterschied- Interesse registrierten Ebene der vielen liche Modernisierungskonzeptionen vor- unspektakulären, funktionierenden ge- herrschen – in Deutschland eine harmo- sellschaftlichen, kulturellen und wirt- nistische und Brüche vermeidende, vor- schaftlichen deutsch-polnischen Verflech- sichtig korrigierende Strategie, in Polen tungen andererseits. Es ergeben sich eine Idee der moralischen und politischen immer wieder neu und überraschend Reinigung. Der Umgang mit der Ungleich- Gelegenheiten, in eine dauerhafte Ver- zeitigkeit der Diskurse in Deutschland änderung der bilateralen Beziehungen und in Polen wird über den Erfolg bei der ins Positive zu investieren und neue Mit- Suche nach den Gemeinsamkeiten von spieler zu finden. Dabei bleibt es nach Deutschen und Polen entscheiden. Ich wie vor die Hauptaufgabe, falsche Bilder habe allerdings nicht den Eindruck – und vom Nachbarn durch neue Wissensbe- Vor zwei Jahren formulierte mein Vor- der wird durch unzählige Begegnungen stände und durch Fördern von emotiona- gänger als Präsident des Deutschen in Polen und in Deutschland in der jüngs- ler Nähe zu korrigieren. Polen-Instituts, Hans Koschnick, im Ge- ten Zeit untermauert – , dass dieser Dis- Das DPI möchte dabei weiter an vor- leitwort zu dem Arbeitsbericht 2002/ sens von den Menschen an der Basis in derster Stelle mit vielen Verbündeten in 2003 mit einer gewissen Besorgnis: Polen und Deutschland keineswegs ge- Deutschland und Polen wirken. -
Late Night Concert
Radio SRF 2 Kultur, Postfach CH-4002 Basel Late Night Concert 27.09.2019 22.00 – 24.00 Redaktion & Moderation: Jodok Hess Elisa Day @ Cully Jazz Festival 11.04.2019 Chapiteau, Cully CD EA RTS Blackboard Story in NY 4.12 Isabelle Ritter Elisa Day Das Huhn und das Knie 4.48 Christian Morgenstern- Elisa Day Isabelle Ritter Atme und zähle bis 10 6.10 Isabelle Ritter Elisa Day Perhaps Strange 4.45 Kurt Schwitters-Isabelle Ritter Elisa Day Der Heimatlose 5.56 Kurt Ringelnatz-Isabelle Ritter Elisa Day L’orange 5.43 Isabelle Ritter Elisa Day Sag mir 6.51 Manuela Ohl-Isabelle Ritter Elisa Day Zipferlake 5.15 Lewis Carol-Isabelle Ritter Elisa Day Nonsense 4.16 Lewis Carol-Isabelle Ritter Elisa Day Der Panther 3.20 Rainer Maria Rilke-Isabelle Elisa Day Ritter Isabelle Ritter (voc), Philippe Hillebranc (cl, b-cl), Lukas Frei (tp, flh), Billy Utermann (p), Jeremias Keller (b), Manuel Pasquinelli (dr) Carla Bley & Paul Haines – Escalator Over the Hill (1968-1971) CD ECM (1998) Hotel Ouverture 13.12 Carla Bley Carla Bley & Paul Haines Carla Bley (p), Jimmy Lyons (as), Gato Barbieri (ts), Chris Woods (bs), Michael Mantler, Enrico Rava (tp), Roswell Rudd, Sam Burtis, Jimmy Knepper (tb), Jack Jeffers (b-tb), Bob Carlisle, Sharon Freeman (frh), John Buckingham (tuba), Nancy Newton (viola), Karl Berger (vibes), Charlie Haden (b), Paul Motian (dr), Roger Dawson (cgs) Carla Bley & Steve Swallow – Are We There Yet? (1998) CD Watt Works (1999) Major 3.35 Carla Bley Carla Bley & Steve Swallow A Dog’s Life 7.13 Carla Bley Carla Bley & Steve Swallow Satie for Two 8.41 Carla Bley Carla Bley & Steve Swallow Lost in the Stars 5.15 Carla Bley Carla Bley & Steve Swallow King Korn 4.37 Carla Bley Carla Bley & Steve Swallow Playing With Water 4.41 Carla Bley Carla Bley & Steve Swallow Musique Mécanique (Part I&II) 13.25 Carla Bley Carla Bley & Steve Swallow Carla Bley (p), Steve Swallow (b) . -
Carla Bley Wurde Im Kalifornischen Oakland Geboren Und Lebt Heute in Den Catskill Mountains Im US-Bundes- Staat New York
Bley, Carla Carla Bley wurde im kalifornischen Oakland geboren und lebt heute in den Catskill Mountains im US-Bundes- staat New York. Mit verschiedenen Bands, kammermusi- kalischen Ensembles und Orchestern hat sie die ganze Welt bereist, vor allem Europa und Südostasien. Als „composer-in-residence“ war sie unter anderem beim Glasgow Festival und wurde in die Essener Philharmo- nie eingeladen. Biografie Carla Bley wurde am 11. Mai 1936 als Lovella May Borg in Oakland, Kalifornien, als Tochter zweier Musiker gebo- ren. Bei ihrem Vater Emil Borg erhielt sie ersten Klavier- und Orgelunterricht und begleitete bereits im Alter von vier Jahren Hochzeiten und Begräbnisse. Mit acht Jah- ren verweigerte sie jeden weiteren Unterricht (Carla Bley betrachtet sich selbst als Autodidaktin). Im selben Jahr starb ihre Mutter Arline Borg. Fünfzehnjährig brach sie die Schule ab und jobbte in einem Plattenladen. Zusätzli- ches Geld verdiente sie mit Auftritten in örtlichen Piano- Bars. Insbesondere die Musik Erik Saties, die sie zufällig Carla Bley im Radio gehört hatte, beschäftigte ihre Fantasie. Carla Bley 1957 verließ sie Kalifornien und ging nach New York, wo Geburtsname: Carla Lovella Borg sie sich Carla Borg nannte. In den einschlägigen Jazz- clubs der Stadt nahm sie diverse Jobs von der Zigaretten- * 11. Mai 1936 in Oakland, Kalifornien, USA verkäuferin bis zur Tischfotografin an, um so die großen Musiker live hören zu können: „That is where I learned Komponistin, Pianistin, Organistin, Bandleaderin, everything“, sagte sie über diese intensive Zeit, in der sie Improvisateurin, Arrangeurin, Musik-Verlegerin, alles wie einen Schwamm aufgesogen habe (Frank Oteri, Herausgeberin On Her Own. New York, 2003, S. -
Karen Mantler by Karen Mantler
Karen Mantler by Karen Mantler I was conceived by Carla Bley and Michael Mantler at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1965. Born in 1966, I was immediately swept into the musician's life on the road. After having checked me at the coatroom of the Berlin Jazz Festival, to the horror of the press, my parents realized that I was going to have to learn to play an instrument in order to be useful. But since I was still just a baby and they couldn't leave me alone, they had to bring me on stage with them and keep me under the piano. This is probably why I feel most at home on the stage. In 1971, when I was four, my mother let me have a part in Escalator Over The Hill and the next year I sang on another of her records, Tropic Appetites. By 1977 I had learned to play the glockenspiel, and I joined the Carla Bley Band. I toured Europe and the States with her several times and played on her Musique Mecanique album. After playing at Carnegie Hall in 1980, where I tried to steal the show by pretending to be Carla Bley, my mother fired me, telling me "get your own band". I realized that I was going to have to learn a more complicated instrument. After trying drums, bass, and flute, which I always lost interest in, I settled on the clarinet. I joined my elementary school band and quickly rose to the head of the clarinet section. The band director let me take the first improvised solo in the history of the Phoenicia (a small town near Woodstock, NY) elementary school. -
LP EAN Complete June 09
ECM Records - LPs 1 / 2 ECM No. EAN No. Format Artist / Title 223 2701 0422 8232701 7 LP Works Pat Metheny: Works 225 2741 0422 8372741 0 LP Works Lester Bowie: Works 225 2751 0422 8372751 9 LP Works John Abercrombie: Works 225 2761 0422 8372761 8 LP Works Collin Walcott: Works 225 4291 0422 8254291 5 LP Works Eberhard Weber: Works 230 1014 230 1014 LP ECM Corea: Piano Improv. Vol.1 230 1017 230 1017 LP ECM Keith Jarrett: Facing You 230 1022 230 1022 LP ECM Corea: Return To Forever 180g in preparation 230 1050 230 1050 LP ECM Keith Jarrett: Belonging 230 1070 230 1070 LP ECM Keith Jarrett: Arbour Zena 230 1097 230 1097 LP ECM Pat Metheny: Watercolors 230 1114 230 1114 LP ECM Pat Metheny Group 180g in preparation 230 1115 230 1115 LP ECM Keith Jarrett: My Song 230 1155 230 1155 LP ECM Metheny Group: American Garage 230 1216 230 1216 LP ECM Pat Metheny: Offramp 180g in preparation 230 1288 0422 8238441 6 LP ECM Eberhard Weber: Chorus 230 1295 0422 8254071 3 LP ECM John Surman: Withholding Pattern 230 1296 0422 8259021 3 LP ECM L.Bowie: I Only have Eyes.. 230 1307 0422 8275211 6 LP ECM First House: Erendira 230 1308 0422 8275221 5 LP ECM Shankar/Caroline: The Epidemics 230 1319 0422 8290221 4 LP ECM Masqualero: Bande A Part 230 1324 0422 8313941 1 LP ECM Jan Garbarek: All Those Born.. 230 1342 0422 8318141 0 LP ECM Studer/Doran/Wittwer: Red Twist 230 1358 0422 8250851 5 LP ECM Stephan Micus: Twilight Fields 230 1367 0422 8357671 1 LP ECM Masqualero: Aero 230 1371 0422 8371111 2 LP ECM Stockhausen/Peacock: cosi lontano 230 1372 0422 8371121 1 LP ECM A.Cline: The Lamp And The Star 230 1374 0422 8373431 9 LP ECM Eberhard Weber: Orchestra 230 1382 0422 8373611 5 LP ECM Keith Jarrett: Personal Mountains 230 1383 0422 8377491 9 LP ECM Terje Rypdal: The Singles Collection 230 1393 0422 8396191 3 LP ECM First House: Cantilena 230 1394 0422 8396201 9 LP ECM AM 4: ..and she answered 230 1396 0422 8396211 8 LP ECM Alperin/Shilkloper: Wave Of . -
Page | 1 Funding for the Smithsonian Jazz Oral History Program NEA
Funding for the Smithsonian Jazz Oral History Program NEA Jazz Master interview was provided by the National Endowment for the Arts. CARLA BLEY NEA Jazz Master (2015) Interviewee: Carla Bley (May 11, 1936 - ) Interviewer: Ken Kimery Date: September 9, 2014 Repository: Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution Description: Transcript, 60 pp. Ken Kimery: My name is Ken Kimery. I’m here in wonderful Willow, New York. Blue sky; wonderfully clear air, with Carla Bley. Carla Bley, composer, bandleader, pianist, organist? Umm, doctorate? Umm, raconteur, vocalist, umm, guess I’ve heard you sing. Carla Bley: You have? When was that? Kimery: Well there’s a couple of recordings that I’ve heard you sing on, so... Bley: Oh my god! Kimery: Umm… Bley: Gotta have those destroyed! Kimery: [Laughter] And, uhh, 2015, coming up 2015, National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Master. Bley: Isn’t that amazing? Kimery: Thank you very much for allowing me to invade your home here in wonderful Willow, New York, and for the next couple of hours to sit down with you and have you share with us your life story. For additional information contact the Archives Center at 202.633.3270 or [email protected] Page | 1 Bley: Okay. Kimery: If we can start, if you could give us your full name, and if you don’t mind your birth date, birth year. Bley: Mhmm Kimery: And where you were born. Bley: Well, my full name is not the name I was born with. My real name that I was born with is, oh my god, I think I can say it. -
JAZZ ORCHESTRA Christoph Cech Austria 2019
JAZZ ORCHESTRA Christoph Cech Austria 2019 Oct. 16th–19th, 2019 Graz, Vienna, Linz, Salzburg Picture: © Helmut Lackinger © Helmut Picture: JAZZ ORCHESTRA Euroblues – Impressions from Europe Conductor & Composer: Christoph Cech Oct. 16th, 20.00: Graz, University of Music and Performing Arts / WIST Oct. 17th, 19.30: Vienna, Funkhaus / Studio 3 Oct. 18th, 20.00: Linz, Anton Bruckner Private University / Großer Saal second concert: Upper Austrian Jazz Orchestra Oct. 19th, 19.00: Salzburg, Festival »Jazz & The City« / Szene LINE-UP Ajda Stina Turek (Slovenia), voice Lana Janjanin (Croatia), voice Oilly Wallace (Denmark), alto saxophone Sebastian Jonsson (Sweden), alto & soprano saxophone Štěpán Flagar (Czech Republic), tenor saxophone Danielius Pancerovas (Lithuania), baritone saxophone Tim Rabbitt (Great Britain), trumpet & flugelhorn Idar Eliassen Pedersen (Norway), trumpet & flugelhorn Ivan Radivojević (Serbia), trumpet & flugelhorn Aarni Häkkinen (Finland), trombone Janning Trumann (Germany), trombone Cyril Galamini (France), bass trombone Elza Ozolina (Latvia), piano & keyboards Andreas Erd (Austria), electric guitar Heikko-Joseph Remmel (Estonia), electric bass & double bass Daniel Bagutti (Switzerland), drums Christoph Cech (Austria), conductor & composer Since 1965, public radio stations, who are part of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) have been sending young jazz talents under 30 to the Euroradio Jazz Orchestra every year. In the host ing country, which changes every year, they work with an established professional to de- velop and perform a new original program. In October 2019, the 16 excellent young musicians from just as many countries will be guests in Austria for the fi rst time in decades on the initia- tive of the jazz department of ORF Radio Ö1. We are honoured to engage Christoph Cech, one of the country’s most distinguished jazz orchestra experts, as composer and conductor. -
Downbeat.Com January 2016 U.K. £3.50
JANUARY 2016 U.K. £3.50 DOWNBEAT.COM DOWNBEAT LIZZ WRIGHT • CHARLES LLOYD • KIRK KNUFFKE • BEST ALBUMS OF 2015 • JAZZ SCHOOL JANUARY 2016 january 2016 VOLUME 83 / NUMBER 1 President Kevin Maher Publisher Frank Alkyer Editor Bobby Reed Associate Editor Brian Zimmerman Contributing Editor Ed Enright Art Director LoriAnne Nelson Contributing Designer ŽanetaÎuntová Circulation Manager Kevin R. Maher Assistant to the Publisher Sue Mahal Bookkeeper Evelyn Oakes Bookkeeper Emeritus Margaret Stevens Editorial Assistant Baxter Barrowcliff ADVERTISING SALES Record Companies & Schools Jennifer Ruban-Gentile 630-941-2030 [email protected] Musical Instruments & East Coast Schools Ritche Deraney 201-445-6260 [email protected] Classified Advertising Sales Sam Horn 630-941-2030 [email protected] OFFICES 102 N. Haven Road, Elmhurst, IL 60126–2970 630-941-2030 / Fax: 630-941-3210 http://downbeat.com [email protected] CUSTOMER SERVICE 877-904-5299 / [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS Senior Contributors: Michael Bourne, Aaron Cohen, Howard Mandel, John McDonough Atlanta: Jon Ross; Austin: Kevin Whitehead; Boston: Fred Bouchard, Frank- John Hadley; Chicago: John Corbett, Alain Drouot, Michael Jackson, Peter Margasak, Bill Meyer, Mitch Myers, Paul Natkin, Howard Reich; Denver: Norman Provizer; Indiana: Mark Sheldon; Iowa: Will Smith; Los Angeles: Earl Gibson, Todd Jenkins, Kirk Silsbee, Chris Walker, Joe Woodard; Michigan: John Ephland; Minneapolis: Robin James; Nashville: Bob Doerschuk; New Orleans: Erika Goldring, David Kunian, Jennifer Odell; New York: -
Music and Industry News in Brief
JazzWeek with airplay data powered by jazzweek.com • July 31, 2006 Volume 2, Number 35 • $7.95 Artist Q&A: STEVEN BERNSTEIN page 9 On The Charts: #1 Jazz Album – Regina Carter #1 Smooth Album – Mindi Abair #1 College Jazz – Costello/Toussaint #1 Smooth Single – Peter White #1 World Music – Sean Paul JazzWeek This Week EDITOR/PUBLISHER Ed Trefzger MUSIC EDITOR Tad Hendrickson ven though IAJE is about five months away, planning is be- CONTRIBUTING WRITER/ ing finalized for this year’s radio track. JazzWeek is pleased PHOTOGRAPHER Eto coordinate those three sessions again this year. We’ll have Tom Mallison information for you here shortly. PHOTOGRAPHY One panel session, proposed by WSHA’s Bob Rogers, picks up Barry Solof on the theme of many of our discussions at the JazzWeek Sum- Contributing Editors mit in June. The topic will be the crisis in jazz radio, and why that Keith Zimmerman might be an opportunity. Kent Zimmerman Despite an artform that is absolutely amazing in its creativity Founding Publisher: Tony Gasparre and productivity – and the new releases I’ve listened to this week ADVERTISING: Devon Murphy certainly confirms that in my mind – we’re losing radio outlets one Call (866) 453-6401 ext. 3 or at a time and have for several years. If Chicago – Chicago for cry- email: [email protected] ing out loud! – can’t support a jazz station, and if other stations SUBSCRIPTIONS: in big jazz markets are hemorrhaging listeners, then there must Free to qualified applicants be something we’re doing wrong. Maybe we haven’t done enough Premium subscription: $149.00 per year, research; maybe we’ve done too much. -
Timbila Metamorfosi Di Un Processo Identitario Attraverso La Musica
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2007 Timbila: metamorfosi di un processo identitario attraverso la musica Laffranchini, Moira Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-160579 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Laffranchini, Moira. Timbila: metamorfosi di un processo identitario attraverso la musica. 2007, Univer- sity of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. TIMBILA METAMORFOSI DI UN PROCESSO IDENTITARIO ATTRAVERSO LA MUSICA Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Of the University of Zurich For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Moira Laffranchini Accepted in the spring semester 2007 On the recommendation of the doctoral commitee: Prof. Dr. Ernst Lichtenhahn, supervisor Prof. Dr. Dorothea Baumann, commitee Zurich, 2018 2 INDICE INTRODUZIONE……………………………………………………………………...5 PARTE I - TEORIA……………………………………………..……………………..9 1. Musica e cultura……………………………………..……………………………..9 1.1. Antropologia della musica e antropologia musicale…………………………..18 1.2. Creatività della musica e cerimonie…………………………………………...26 1.3. Conseguenze motodologiche…………………………………………………..31 2. Approccio epistemologico………………………………………….……………..33 2.1. Questioni di carattere storico-antropologico…………………………………..34 2.2. Questioni di carattere musicale………………………………………………..36 2.2.1. La poetica di timbila contro le umiliazioni coloniali…………………...37 2.2.2. La poetica dei timbila per l’indipendenza politica………….…………..37 2.2.3. La poetica dei timbila per la pace………………………………..……..38 2.2.4. “Tradizionalizzazione” della musica come condizione per la modernità……………………………………………………………….40 2.3. Tracey, timbila e chopi………………………………………………………...42 2.3.1. La danza relegata in secondo piano…………………………………….45 2.3.2. Chopi, timbila e Tracey…………………………………………………46 2.3.3.