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REVISTA COLOMBIA Amazónica Nº 5 De 2012 58 PLANTAS ALIMENTICIAS NO CONVENCIONALES EN AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA Y ANOTACIONES SOBRE OTRAS PLANTAS ALIMENTICIAS Dairon Cárdenas López, Nórida Lucia Marín Canchala & Nicolas Castaño Arboleda Costus guanaiensis. Dairon Cárdenas 58 REVISTA COLOMBIA AMAZÓNICA Nº 5 de 2012 PLANTAS ALIMENTICIAS NO CONVENCIONALES EN AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA Y ANOTACIONES SOBRE OTRAS PLANTAS ALIMENTICIAS Dairon Cárdenas López, Nórida Lucia Marín Canchala & Nicolas Castaño Arboleda Centropogon cornutus. Dairon Cardenas RESUMEN introduced to the Colombian Amazon and annota- tions are presented on the origin of some emblematic Las Plantas Alimenticias No Convencionales (PANCs), species of the region. definidas como especies nativas del bosque subu- tilizadas y no cultivadas, constituyen una alternativa Key words para contribuir a mejorar los aportes nutricionales y fortalecer la soberanía alimentaria de los pueblos. Se Unconventional food plants, food sovereignty, econo- reportan 428 con poblaciones naturales en amazonia mic botany, Colombian Amazon. colombiana, las cuales se agrupan en 207 géneros y 69 familias. Se incrementa a 71 el reporte de especies INTRODUCCIÓN alimenticias introducidas a la Amazonia colombiana y se presentan anotaciones sobre el origen de algunas El avance del desarrollo económico ha traído consigo especies emblemáticas de la región. un detrimento en las culturas tradicionales de la Ama- zonia y con ello una disminución en el conocimiento Palabras clave del uso de las especies del bosque. Tal es el caso de las especies usadas para la alimentación, las cuales cada Plantas alimenticias no convenionales, soberanía ali- vez se restringen a menos especies, poniendo en ries- mentaria, botánica económica, Amazonia colombiana. go la seguridad alimentaria de los pueblos tradiciona- les y generando pérdidas de conocimiento incalcula- ABSTRACT bles. Por lo tanto, es importante generar información sobre alternativas para garantizar la soberanía alimen- Unconventional food plants (UFPs), defined as un- taria en la región amazónica, dado que la dependencia derutilized native forest and uncultivated, are an de especies domesticadas e introducidas ha empobre- alternative to help improve nutritional intake and cido la dieta humana (Hernández & León 2004). En strengthen peoples’ food sovereignty. 428 UFPs are ese sentido las Plantas Alimenticias No Convenciona- reported with natural populations in Colombian les (PANCs), constituyen una alternativa para contri- Amazon, which are grouped in 207 genera and 69 buir a mejorar los aportes nutricionales y fortalecer families. Increases to 71 the report of food species la soberanía alimentaria de los pueblos (Chávez et al. Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI .Autor de correspondencia: [email protected] REVISTA COLOMBIA AMAZÓNICA Nº 5 de 2012 59 PLANTAS ALIMENTICIAS NO CONVENCIONALES EN AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA Y ANOTACIONES SOBRE OTRAS PLANTAS ALIMENTICIAS 2009); entendida como “el derecho de los pueblos, contenidos de proteínas, vitaminas y otros nutrientes comunidades y países a definir sus propias políticas en cantidades mucho más elevadas que las plantas que agrícolas, pecuarias, laborales, de pesca, alimentaria, actualmente consumimos de forma intensiva (Kinupp de forma que sean ecológica, social, económica y cul- & Barros 2008) y en otros casos las frutas y verduras turalmente apropiadas a sus circunstancias exclusi- no convencionales son ricas en fibras y compuestos vas”. Esto incluye el derecho real a la alimentación y a con funciones antioxidantes (Schmeda-Hirschmann la producción de alimentos. et al. 2005, Odhav et al. 2007), en esta medida mu- chos de los alimentos silvestres provenientes del bos- El hombre ha domesticado cerca de 2000 especies de que constituyen una alternativa importante para con- plantas para su alimentación y cerca de 150 se cultivan tribuir a los equilibrios nutricionales de los pueblos de comercialmente en la actualidad (Mukerji 1997); de la región. En muchas ocasiones las políticas orientadas estas 103 proveen más del 90% de la alimentación al manejo del bosque, la seguridad alimentaria y la mi- humana de origen vegetal en el mundo (Prescott- tigación de la pobreza, desconocen beneficios de los Allen & Prescott-Allen 1990). La mayoría de estas es- alimentos provenientes del bosque y en ese sentido no pecies se cultivan de manera intensiva; en contraste, sacan de ellos el máximo beneficio (Wagner 2006). existen entre 12.500 y 15.000 especies de plantas con potencial alimenticios en el mundo (Rapoport et al. Aunque gran parte de las comunidades que habitan la 2001), la mayoría en estado natural y con procesos de amazonia colombiana, combina el consumo de espe- pérdida de conocimiento sobre sus usos. cies cultivadas con el uso de especies silvestres, cada día disminuye el uso de especies que provienen del Por ejemplo, en Ecuador se registran 1.561 especies bosque, bien sea por el esfuerzo que implica la reco- de plantas alimenticias (Van den Eynden & Cueva lección de estas en el bosque o simplemente por la 2008), entre nativas y cultivadas; y considerando incidencia de alimentos provenientes del mercado de solo especies de plantas alimenticias nativas se es- más fácil acceso. tima que en el Perú existen cerca de 1.200 (Brack 1999); por su parte en Colombia aunque no se han publicado datos que compendien la información de plantas alimenticias, en el presente trabajo se consi- dera que pueden existir cerca de 1.250, entre nativas e introducidas. Muchas especies de plantas nativas son llamadas dañi- nas o plagas, pues su utilidad o potencial económico son desconocidos; sin embargo muchas de éstas po- seen gran importancia económica, ecológica y un po- tencial alimenticio (Kinupp & Barros 2004, Rapoport et al. 1998, Azurdia 1984). Las especies alimenticias no convencionales podrían ser claves para lograr la soberanía alimentaria de muchas comunidades, espe- cialmente las desfavorecidas por el sistema agroeco- nómico actual (Ladio 2005), que da prioridad a los monocultivos y provoca una reducción a la diversidad de especies en el mercado. Además de proporcionar una base más amplia (por lo tanto más sólida y segura) de alimentación, muchas de esas plantas alimenticias no convencionales poseen Lecythidaceae Grias nueberthii. Dairon Cardenas 60 REVISTA COLOMBIA AMAZÓNICA Nº 5 de 2012 En la Amazonia colombiana los procesos de coloni- PLANTAS ALIMENTICIAS NO zación han incidido en la vida indígena adoptando CONVENCIONALES DE LA prácticas que han afectado la seguridad alimentaria y han causado la pérdida de algunos productos que AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA hacían parte de la diversidad de la chagra y de la dieta En el presente trabajo, las plantas alimenticias no con- alimenticia. En este sentido la identificación de espe- vencionales se han interpretado como especies nativas cies alimenticias y la cuantificación de sus contenidos del bosque subutilizadas y no cultivadas. Se encontra- nutricionales, aportará pautas para el diseño de pro- ron 428 especies alimenticias con poblaciones natura- gramas de manejo integral de los recursos naturales les en amazonia colombiana, las cuales se agrupan en como fuente nutricional que aporte a la seguridad 207 géneros y 69 familias (Anexo1). Esta cifra resulta alimentaria de las comunidades indígenas y colonos muy alta si consideramos las cerca de 45 especies de de la región. plantas nativas utilizadas como alimento en la cuenca del Orinoco colombiano (Acero 2005). MÉTODOS Y FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN Las familias con el mayor número de especies son Arecaceae con 32, Mimosaceae con 31 y Sapotaceae El presente trabajo está basado en la información de con 30 (Figura 1). Por su parte, los géneros más di- plantas alimenticias registradas en el Herbario Ama- versos son Inga (Mimosaceae) con 23 especies, Pou- zónico Colombiano COAH, la información de los in- teria (Sapotaceae) con 12 y Iryanthera (Myristicaceae), ventarios de plantas útiles en diferentes comunidades Passiflora (Passifloraceae) y Pourouma (Cecropiaceae) indígenas y otros grupos étnicos que han colonizado con 10 especies cada uno (Figura 2). También en la región (Cardenas et al. 2002, Cardenas et al. 2007); Ecuador el género Inga es el más diverso y muchas de así como procesos de Zonificación y Ordenación las especies son manejadas en sistemas agrícolas tra- Forestal adelantados en el marco del Decreto 1791 dicionales para sombrío y por su propiedad fijadora de 1993) (Cardenas et al. 1997, Cárdenas & López de nitrógeno, aunque también se usan ampliamente 2000, Cárdenas et al. 2004, Cárdenas et al. 2008). para leña y sus frutos son comestibles (Pennington & Se han considerado entonces plantas nativas aque- Revelo 1997). llas que son parte de la base natural de la Amazonia colombiana, documentada esta con la presencia de poblaciones naturales en el territorio colombiano, las cuales están registradas en colecciones biológicas de cualquier herbario. Las plantas se clasificaron siguiendo el sistema filoge- nético propuesto por Cronquist (1981); los hábitos de crecimiento registrados fueron Árboles: plantas leñosas erectas de gran porte, generalmente por en- cima de 5 metros de altura y con ramificaciones por encima de 4 m. Arbustos: plantas leñosas de me- diano porte, normalmente por debajo de 5 metros y con ramificaciones desde la base en ocasiones. Be- jucos: plantas trepadoras en el bosque, rastreras en las sabanas y decumbentes o leñosas trepadoras en los arbustales. Hierbas: plantas no leñosas, terrestres, erguidas o postradas. Palmas: plantas sin crecimien- to secundario, donde
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