Volume II Appendices FILE VI-. -. .; - -. , , ~711 =ii=:::i2iiii i , " i ' .:I IIgl~~ - Ij, , ! CENTRAL SELVA NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROJECT USAID PROJECT NO. 527-0240 VOLUME II - APPENDICES Lima, Peru October, 1981 Prepared by: JRB Associates 8400 Westpark Dr. McLean, VA 22102 APPENDICES APPENDIX A Bayley, Peter FISH RNSOURCES IN THE PALCAZU VALLEY: Effects of the Road and Colonization on Conservation and Protein Supply APPENDIX B Bolaftos/Wh-tson ROPORT ON THE EVALUATION OF LAND USE CAPACITY APPENDIX C Bolaflios/Wetson REPORT ON THE PALCAZU VALLEY ECOLOGICAL MALP APPBNDIX D Bt-aec, Antomd.-o ECOLOGICAL VALTgATION OF THE PALCAZU RIVER VALLEY ( Paseo, Peru.) AND GUIDELINES FOR AN BNVIRONMNTAL GONSBRYVMION PROGAM APPENDIX E Dourejean.i, Marc MNA&GNMENT OF FAUNA AND WLDLANDS IN THE PALCAZU VALLEY APPENDIX F Postec, Robin BRIE-F INVBNTORY OF PLANT COMMUNITIES AND PLANT RESOURCES OF THE PALCAZU VALLEY Department of Pasci. Peru APPENDIX G He.tsborn, Gary FORESTDRY POTENT.AL IN THE PA'WCAZU VALLEY, PERU APPENDIX H Marks, Ira BASELINE HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF THE PALCAZU VALLEY APPENDIX I MicCaff-rey, Dennis AIGZYSIS OF GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALCAZU VALLEY APPENDIX J Morris, Gregory L. THE CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY OrT THE PALCAZU WATERSHED AND IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT APPENDI X K Pool, Douglas AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PALCAZU VALLEY, PERU Appendix L Smith, Richard Chase LAND, NATURAL RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMUESHA NATIVE COMMUNITIES IN THE PALCAZU VALLEY APPENDIX M Staver, Charles ANINWL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN THE PALCAZU VALLEY AND MRANS FOR THEIR EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION APPENDIX N Tesi, Joseph LAND USE CAPABILITY AND RECOMMENDED LAND USE FOR THE P&LCAZU VALLEY APPENDIX 0 Zadtaga, Frank SOME IMPORTANT WATER AND RELATED RESOURCE CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING THE CAPABILITY AND SUITABILITY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TEE PALCA.ZU VALLEY, PERU APPENDIX A FISH RESOURCES IN THE PALCAZU VALLEY: EFFECTS OF THE ROAD AND COLONIZATION ON CONSERVATION AND PROTEIN SUPPLY Peter B. Bayley jv CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................... A-i 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................ A-2 2. THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT ...................................A-2 3. FISH ECOLOGY ............................................. A-4 4. PRESENT FISHERY, YIELD AND POTENTIAL .................... A-8 4.1. GEAR ................................................ A-8 4.2. SEASONALITY OF FISHING.............................. A-9 4.3. YIELD .. ............................................ A-10 4.4. POTENTIAL YIELD ................................... A-10 5. RIVERINE REPTILES ....................................... A-12 6. EFFECTS OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION ............................ A-13 7. EFFECTS OF COLONIZATION ................................. A-14 8. THE FUTURE OF FISH AS A SOURCE OF ANIMAL PROTEIN TO THE REGION IN THE CONTEJT OF ALTERNATIVES ................... A-15 8.1. GAME MEAT ......................................... A-16 8.2. LIVESTOCK .......................................... A-16 8.3. MARINE FISH FROM LIMA .............................. A-16 8.4. FISH FROM PUCALLPA ................................. A-17 8.5. FISH CULTURE ....................................... A-17 9. SPORT FISHING AND TOURISM ............................... A-18 10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMmENDATIONS ......................... A-19 11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................... A-21 12. REFERENCES .............................................. A-21 13. SCHEDULE .................................................A-22 14. CHECKLIST OF FISH SPECIES ............................... A-23 TABLES TABLE 1 - LENGTHS OF RIVER ................................... A-27 TABLE 2 - PRINCIPAL CATCHMENT AREAS ........................ A-27 TABLE 3 - PER CAPITA CONSUMITION OF FISH IN THE SHIRINGAMAZU COMMUNITY, RIO PALCAZU, DURING MID-MARCH TO MID-MAY.A-27 ABSTRACT The aquatic environment, fish ecology and riverine reptiles, axe described. The largely subsistence fishery yielding about 590 tons per year, is by comparison with other fisheries, close to tne maximum expected. Moreover, the increasing comnercial fishery downstream will almost certainly affect the stocks which typically migrate large dist­ ances. The illegal use of dynamite accounts for most of the fishing effort. It is very inefficient and destructive. The effect of road construction may limit the extent of upstream migration. Colonization may affect the hydrology adversely if the forest is not protected, and will also put undue pressure on the fish stock unless animal protein alternatives are found. These alternatives and costs are discussed, including fish culture. A-I 1. INTRODUCTION The approach to this assessment was limited by time, and I concentrat­ ed on learning a great deal by questioning experienced Colonist and Amiesha fishermen who had twenty or more year's experience. This information was subsequently compared and contrasted with my own experience with fisheries in the foothills if the Bolivian Andes (R.Pilcamayo), the Central Amazon in Brazil and Iquiitos. In addition, published material on migratory fish of the same genera in south Brazil and Argentina have been essential in understanding viable life strategies in the context of the R. Palcazu and contimuous rivers. It was also possible to make a collection of various genera whose specific identity was uncertain. These are to be deposited in the Maseo Naciona-1 de Ciencia Natural in Lima and the Smithsonian Institute for subsequent identification. This will provide additional baseline data with which to assess long term effects of colonization on species distribution. 2. THE AQUATIC ENVIROMT Since many of the important fish populations are not confined to the R. Palcazu Valley, it is necessary to describe the system as far as the confluence of the R. Pachitea with the R. Ucayali. A-2 The hydrology of any system controls the fish productivity in ways which are not obvious to those only familiar with the vastly altered temperate river systems (Welcomme, 1979). Certain types oY flooding are essential for productivity, whereas others can be prejudicial. Slow, predictable flooding such as that which characterizes the Rio Ucayali is essential for maintaining the life cycles and productivity of tho majority of commercial fish species. Short tezxn or "flash" flooding, which can occur without environmental alteration in the montainous areas produces innundation of such limited duration and low predictability as to have io direct value as access to fish for feeding or spawning purposes. In addi­ tion, flash flooding often carries a high suspended inorganic sediment load which has effects described in chapters 3 and 6. In the Rio Palcazu and its tributaries there is no prolonged flooding, but flash flooding is fre­ quent, especially during the months of December to February. These floods typically last for leds than 24 hours. Since the river and its tributaries are very close to the major zones of precipitation, and the latter always exceeds evapotranspiration and by a similar amount, river flow rates close­ ly correspond to precipitation on a month to month basis. Minimum flow occurs during July and August, mostly the latter, and maximum flow occurs in December, January and February, typically in January. In the middle Pal­ cazu the typical high water levels are about l.5 m. above the lowest level, but these are still 1-2 m below the river bank height which is only occasionally exceeded, by definition, by flash floods. At low water, transparency exceeds 5 m. Most of this river consists of pools and rapids or riffles, with water­ falls above the confluence of the Rios Bocaz and Pichinaz which form the Palcazu. A- 3 The whole system as far as the lower Pachitea has well-defined river courses in which braiding is limited (except for a section of the lower Rio Pozuaso) and ox-bow lakes axe so infxequent as to be inconsequential. Table 1 shows the lengths of the major rivers. Table 2 shows the catchment areas of major components. Only the lower Rio Paclitea, which is essentially part of the Ucaya­ li floodplain with its complex of lakes, levees and connecting channels, is clearly within the slow, pred-catable flooding definition. 3. FISH BCOL'GY A checklist of the major species, including non-commercial ones, is given in Appendix 2.. By far the most important species in tevms of bio­ mass and the fishery is the bocachico (Prohilodus cf nigXIcapa whose life cycle is described below. Other common migratory characoids including the s~balo (Aryop sp), corvina (not to be conffused with another fresh-water wCorvina" in the Ucayali), (,JaIdjims affinis), paco (Colossoma cf brachypeo­ mum. and lisa (Schizodon fasoitum) have very similar life cycles. Prochilodus species typically undergo long migrations (de Godoy, 1950; Bonetto et al, 1964 & 1971; Bayley, 1973) and the information received in the Rio Paleazu supports this. There, the bocachico arrives from downstream in August and September and sometimes in July in the tpper Palcazu. Typically they arrive in July, occasionally in June or August at San Pedro de Longin in the lower Palcazu. There are also resident subpopula­ tions which had not previously migrated downstream. The newly arrived fish neither have large fat reserves (in contrast to the Rio Pilcomayo, Bolivia and Rio Mogi Guassy, Brazil nor mature gonads. Fat reserves are built A-4 up during subsequent feeding on organically-rich mud and detritus, in