Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 18(1) 140-162 2019 DOI: 10.22092/ijfs.2018.117727 Fish assemblage and structure as well as hydrological parameters at Karatoya Fish Sanctuary, Panchagarh,

Md. Rashidul I.1*; Md. Jewel M.1; Shirin S2.

Received: August 2016 Accepted: February 2017

Abstract Spatiotemporal variations in fish assemblage structure was studied from January to December 2015 in order to understand the impacts of the sanctuary on ichthyo-faunal diversity and to determine the indices and major hydrological factors in six sampling stations of Karatoya Fish Sanctuary sectioned in the River Karatoya. A total of 69 fish species were obtained from this sanctuary including 21 threatened species where Aspidoparia jaya, Pethia ticto, Puntius sophore, Canthophrys gongota and Barilius barna were the major contributory species (>4.17%) both in space and time. The uppermost species richness and abundance were viewed in January and lowest in May. Based on analysis of similarities (ANOSIM), fish assemblages were significantly different in all stations (p<0.001, R=0.15) and months (p<0.001, R=0.62). Through two-dimensional nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and cluster analysis based on Bray-Curtis similarity index, assemblages were alienated into two groups at a value of 42% and 28% partition for station and month, respectively. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) recognized considerable relations between the number -1

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 of fishes and hydrological parameters where dissolved oxygen (mg L ) and water temperature (ºC) were the main leading factors in shaping the fish assemblage structure.

Keywords: Fish assemblage, Spatial and temporal variation, Stream biodiversity

1-Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh 2-National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka-1349, Bangladesh *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] 141 Md. Rashidul et al., Fish assemblage and structure as well as hydrological parameters at…

Introduction 2012) where Shannon-Weiner diversity, Aquatic biodiversity, an important evenness and dominance species element and measure of the fitness of indexes consider the number of species, biological and ecological sustainability proportion or relative abundance of (Vačkář et al., 2012), especially of each species (Hossain et al., 2012) stream or riverine biodiversity is while Margalef richness value is used to endlessly threatened because of over contrast the stocks of an ecosystem fishing, pollution and development (Vyas et al., 2012). Additionally, activities eventually affecting the knowledge on aquatic environments structure and function of aquatic biota and their surroundings, in order to (Stoddard et al., 2006; Holcomb et al., evaluate, manage and conserve the 2016). However, most of the inland habitat and fish population, shape the fisheries in the developing world are assemblage and structure of fishes heavily exploited and have declined (Pease et al., 2011). The concentrations faster than both terrestrial and marine of ecological parameters are highly able biodiversity in the last 30 years to associate with fish assemblage (Daga (Jenkins, 2003) due to the lack of et al., 2012) distressing the survival of successful management plans (De fin fishes (Anjos et al., 2008). Mitcheson et al., 2013). So, effective Bangladesh has globally important management and conservation wetland ecosystems, and with its strategies would be necessary especially diversified aquatic habitats ranked third for small indigenous species (Baishya in Asia (Jahan et al., 2014) where et al., 2016). Fish sanctuary is the most inland fisheries comprise a large share thriving category of protected areas for of total fish production. The river shelter and conservation of aquatic Karatoya, changing its name to Atrai

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 biodiversity either yearly or seasonally near Khansam upazila of Dinajpur that was geographically demarcated by district, is said to be a lifeline in the communities and governments at northwestern part of Bangladesh with various levels (Baird, 2006). But, very an approximate total length of 380 km little information including their (Ahmed et al., 2013). During the dry effectiveness was recorded about fish season, this river is like a narrow rivulet sanctuaries in tropical rivers, streams with virtually low water flow in many and other types of inland wetlands places because of colossal siltation and (Poulsen et al., 2002; Cucherousset et water abstraction (Rahman et al., 2003). al., 2007). According to Rahman Along with the view of conservation of (2003), there is no accessible scientific fishes and other riverine animals, the information regarding the establishment Karatoya Fish Sanctuary was first of freshwater protected areas in established in January 2008 in the Bangladesh. Biodiversity indices act as section of and with the the key indicators applied to depict enlistment of the livelihood of local diversity status of a community fishers, the additional aim of this (Magurran, 1988; Van Strien et al., sanctuary was to introduce the concept

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of in-situ conservation to students, 2000× 300 m2 and depth of 0.50 to 2.5 scientists and fishers. While this fish m in the dry season. sanctuary contains a number of native and threatened fish species, fisheries Design and setting up the sanctuary research is unsatisfactory, fisheries data The study area was mainly divided into sets are required and no available three sites i.e. upstream (1 km upward information is known about it. The from sanctuary), inside the fish points of this study were to identify sanctuary, and downstream (1 km spatial and temporal turnover in fish downward from sanctuary) with two assemblage structure along with major sampling stations at 500 m distance water quality parameters at the from each other (Fig. 1). Bamboo poles, Karatoya Fish Sanctuary of this river. branches of bamboo and tree were collected and placed properly by Materials and methods experienced and skilled laborers in the Study area and site selection bottom of the sanctuary to create a An investigation was carried out in habitat, shelter and breeding ground for Karatoya Fish Sanctuary, a section of aquatic organisms. Before the monsoon, the River Karatoya established on 1 sanctuary materials can only be kept January 2008, from January to inside fish sanctuary from November to December 2015. The location of fish April due to less currents and sanctuary is between 26.1303º N turbulence. At the onset of monsoon in 88.7450º E, 26.1311º N 88.7516º E and early month May, all materials e.g. 26.1119º N 88.7486º E, 26.1127º N bamboo poles, ropes and tree branches 88.7510º E with an area of about 2000 were collected from the sanctuary in × 600 m2 and a water depth of 2.50 to order to pile on the river bank, and set

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 8.00 m in the monsoon, and an area of up again within it in early November.

Figure 1: Sampling stations (St.1, 26.1399º N 88.7373º E; St.2, 26.1364º N 88.7403º E; St.3, 26.1237º N 88.7485º E; St.4, 26.1191º N 88.7480º E; St.5, 26.1041º N 88.7523º E; St.6, 26.0994º N 88.7531º E) at Karatoya Fish Sanctuary of the in Bangladesh.

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Sampling and data collection sanctuary where they were collected Experimental data were collected at from. monthly intervals for hydrological factors and finfish species. Based on in- Identification of the fishes situ standard method (APHA, 2012), a Fish species that seemed difficult to digital thermometer, DO meter (Model: identify in field were preserved in 7 to DO5509, Lutron), pH meter (Model: 10% buffered formalin solution and RI-02895, HANNA instruments) and conveyed to the laboratory of the Secchi disk were used to determine the Department of Fisheries Biology and water temperature (°C), dissolved Genetics under Hajee Mohammad oxygen (mgL-1), water pH and Danesh Science and Technology transparency (cm), respectively. Fish University (HSTU) (Bangladesh) to samplings were done with the help of facilitate identification and further traditional fishing gear specifically study. The ichthyo-fauna were seine net (15×3.5 m2, 4 mm), cast net systematically identified and classified (4×6.5 m2, 8 mm), gill net (12×1 m2, 15 based on their external morphological mm) and fishing trap locally known as characters following Talwar and Ucha (2×1.5 m2, 3.5 mm) (Bengali Jhingran (1991), Rahman (2005) and name). All these fishing gear were Nelson (2006). operated at the same sampling spot within a 0.5 km area to ensure Biodiversity parameters and data maximum harvesting of fishes. At each analysis site, both gill nets and fishing traps A community may be considered to were laid down in the late afternoon have high species diversity when it has (8.00 pm) and checked in the morning more equally abundant species but

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 (6.00 am) where five throws were made thought as low species diversity if it has for cast net and one haul for seine net few species or few species are more per sampling station (8.00 am). Six abundant. A variety of diversity fishing traps named Ucha made from measures such as Shannon-Weiner, bamboo were placed at the bottom of richness, evenness, Simpson’s and each sampling site for fishing. On every dominance diversity indices can be sampling day (6.00 am), three persons used to know the similarity or took the Uchas out of the water one by dissimilarity of biological communities. one and brought them to the river bank. However, in order to realize the natural The tree branches from Uchas were index of community and fish removed carefully. Immediately after assemblage structure, month-wise data harvesting, a total of 7,501 fish were collected and recorded where specimens were caught, sorted and diversity indices were calculated using counted on spot anchored in their the formulae: external morphology. Then, all live Buzas-Gibson’s evenness, individuals were carefully released into (Pielou, 1966) the respective areas of the fish

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multidimensional scaling (nMDS), Dominance index, distance based process ordinates (Harper, 1999) research items by rank contrasts, Margalef’s richness index, founded on the relative abundance of (Margalef, 1968) fishes. Fishes responsible for similarity Shannon-Weiner diversity index, in assemblage structure were (Shannon and determined with the similarity Weiner, 1949) percentages (SIMPER) even as one- Simpson’s index, SI = 1-D (Harper, way analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) 1999) was performed to test the significant variations among months and stations, Where, ni is the number of individuals of taxon i; n is the total number of respectively. The composition of fish individuals; ln is the species among stations and months was For hydrological parameters compared through cluster analysis by (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and Unweighted Pair Group Method with transparency), one-way analysis of Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) by Clarke variance (ANOVA) followed by and Warwick (1994). All statistical Tukey’s post hoc test were used to analyses were done using PAST (Paleontological Statistics) software resolve the dissimilarities among stations and months. Canonical (version 2.17 and 3.10) based on Bray- Correspondence Analysis (CCA) is an Curtis similarity index to assemble the appropriate ordination technique similarity matrices for spatiotemporal designed to explore the correlation scale. between physical factors and species composition, and has recently been Results Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 applied to fish communities (Toham Hydrological parameters and Teugels, 1998). To assess the The major water quality parameters in relative importance of each six stations of Karatoya Fish Sanctuary hydrological variable on both spatial during twelve months (January- and temporal patterns of fish December) are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. assemblage and structure, we used CCA Both minimum and maximum water derived from abundance and temperatures were recorded as 17.50 ºC hydrological matrices in each station at the sanctuary (St.3) in January and and month. CCA was applied to overall 34.50 ºC upstream (St.1) in August. The fish data matrix and environmental data highest level of dissolved oxygen (DO) -1 matrix in order to obtain a direct was noted to be 6.50 mg L at the environmental interpretation of sanctuary (St.3) in June and July while the lowest value was 4.40 mg L-1 extracted ordination axes. Both spatial and temporal differentiation in fish recorded downstream (St.6) in assemblage structure were reviewed December. Values of water pH ranged with two-dimensional nonmetric from 6.80 to 8.60 upstream (St.1) and at the sanctuary (St.4) in November and

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April, respectively. Transparency (F=1.19, p>0.05) and transparency reached its maximum value of 35.60 cm (F=0.19, p>0.05) among stations. In downstream (St.5) in May, whereas the contrast, significant differences were minimum value (23.70 cm) was found in water temperature (F=209.00, recorded upstream (St.2) in January. No p<0.01), dissolved oxygen (F=24.87, considerable differences (p<0.05) were p<0.01), pH (F=3.28, p<0.01) and observed in hydrological parameters i.e. transparency (F=30.88, p<0.01) among water temperature (F=0.02, p>0.05), months. dissolved oxygen (F=0.19, p>0.05), pH

Figure 2: Hydrological parameter at stations with months of the Karatoya Fish Sanctuary.

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Figure 3: Hydrological parameter with months at stations in the Karatoya Fish Sanctuary.

Relative abundance, allocation and A total of 7501 individuals, comprising seasonal profusion of fishes 8.01% in St.1, 6.32% in St.2, 33.41% in

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St.3, 29.84% in St.4, 10.93% in St.5 area. Based on number of species, and 11.49% in St.6, were trapped in maximum threatened fishes were December (Maximum, 14.00% of total recorded at the sanctuary (21 species, catch) and June (Minimum, 3.80%) St.3) equally in January and February belonging to 49 genera, 23 families, 10 (11 species) and minimum fishes were orders and 69 fish species (Table 1). wedged upstream (9 species, St.1 and Besides, highest number of fishes were St.2) jointly in April and May (7 recorded in January (38 species) at the species). The total catch of threatened sanctuary (67 species, St.3) and the fishes was maximized at the sanctuary lowest number of species were found (St.3, 7.71%) in December (3.31%) and both in June and September (23 were minimized upstream (St.2, 1.73%) species) upstream (27 species, St.2). in April (1.00%). However, month-wise According to the red list of abundance of fishes in each station International Union for Conservation of gradually decreased from January to Nature (IUCN) in Bangladesh (IUCN April and increased from September to Bangladesh, 2016), 21 threatened fish December except from April to species (1814 individuals, 24.18% of September with some fluctuations. total catch) were caught inside the study

Table 1: Abundance and allocation of fishes in Karatoya Fish Sanctuary both space and time. Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021

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Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 CR: Critically endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: vulnerable; NT: Near threatened; LC: Least concern; NE: Not evaluated; IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature

Diversity status of finfishes no variations were noted among the After polling all samples (72), values of months (F=2.04, p>0.05) expect diversity indices were calculated on the between June and October (p<0.01). basis of month and station (Figs 4 and Maximum dominance index value 5) where average value of dominance (0.63) was observed in June at the diversity index (D) value was station located upstream (St.2) and 0.17±0.01 (Mean±SE). Above and minimum value (0.05) was found in beyond the fish sanctuary (St.3 and December at the sanctuary (St.4). St.4) showed considerable differences Evenness index value (E) was noted to (F=8.95, p<0.01) measured up to be 0.74±0.01. The highest (0.97) and upstream (St.1 and St.2) and lowest (0.48) values of evenness were downstream (St.5 and St.6) respectively recorded in May and July at the (except St.4 with St.5 and St.6) while upstream (St.1) and downstream (St.6)

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stations, respectively. Significant December and the lowest (0.68) was differences were found in the values of observed downstream (St.2) in June. evenness between January-March and Significant differences were also found March-August (F=2.41, p<0.05) but no in mean diversity values of the significant differences were observed sanctuary than outside its boundary among stations (F=1.20, p>0.05). (F=19.67, p<0.01) but not among Average Margaleaf richness value (d) months (F=1.40, p>0.05). Simpson was 2.70±0.14. The maximum richness diversity index (SI) value was value observed was 5.51 at the 0.83±0.01 where the highest value sanctuary (St.3) in January, whereas the (0.95) was observed in December at the minimum value observed was 0.72 at sanctuary (St.4) and the lowest value the station upstream (St.1) in May. (0.37) was observed in June at the Moreover, richness values of the station upstream (St.2). Moreover, sanctuary were significantly different momentous differentiations (F=8.61, from stations upstream and downstream p<0.01) originated in the values of (F=16.73, p<0.01) but not among the dominance diversity index for sanctuary various months (F=1.38, p>0.05). Mean compared to upstream and downstream value of Shannon-Weiner diversity whereas no differences were found index (H) was found to be 2.14±0.06. among months (F=2.04, p<0.05) expect Highest Shannon diversity index (3.18) between June and October. was found at the sanctuary (St.4) in

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Figure 4: Mean values of Ichthyo-faunal diversity indices at different stations of Karatoya Fish Sanctuary.

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Figure 5: Mean values of Ichthyo-faunal diversity indices at different months of Karatoya Fish Sanctuary.

Fish assemblage and structure significant differences in fish A two-dimensional nMDS based on assemblage with that upstream (St.1 Bray-Curtis’s similarity index suggests and St.2) and downstream (St.5 and that fish assemblages at sanctuary (St.3 St.6) where no significant difference and St.4) were varied from that was observed between upstream and upstream (St.1 and St.2) and downstream. In the case of months, downstream (St.5 and St.6) having there were significant dissimilarities stress as 0.18 (Fig. 6) while similar among months wherever similarities assemblages were connected with the were recorded in fish assemblage months i.e. January and August; between January and May, January and February and October; March and August, February and April, May and September; April, June and July; and August, May and November, May and May, November and December December, June and July as well as stressing as 0.18 (Fig. 7). The analysis November and December.

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 of similarity (ANOSIM) showed considerable dissimilarity in assemblage structure (Table 2 and 3) among stations (p<0.001, R=0.15) and months (p<0.001, R=0.62). Fish sanctuary (St.3 and St.4) showed

Table 2: One-way ANOSIM (uncorrected significant) among the stations of Karatoya Fish Sanctuary.

Overall p-value = 0.0001 (R-value = 0.1468) Stations St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St.6 St.1 - 0.0012 0.0109 - -

St.2 - 0.0001 0.0010 - -

St.3 0.0012 0.0001 0.0003 0.0001

St.4 0.0109 0.0010 0.0026 0.0050

St.5 - - 0.0003 0.0026 -

St.6 - - 0.0001 0.0050 -

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Table 3: One-way ANOSIM (uncorrected significant) among the months of Karatoya Fish Sanctuary. Overall p-value = 0.0001 (R-value = 0.6217) Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 0.0015 0.0175 0.0017 - 0.0033 0.0029 - 0.0019 0.0019 0.0027 0.0123

Feb 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.0028 0.002 0.0018 0.0026 0.0017 0.0055 0.024

Mar 0.0175 0.002 0.0016 0.0107 0.0024 0.0026 0.0077 0.0405 0.0017 0.0152 0.0471

Apr 0.0017 - 0.0016 0.0023 0.0024 0.0014 0.0024 0.0019 0.0017 0.002 0.0019

May - 0.0025 0.0107 0.0023 0.0017 0.0022 - 0.0236 0.0018 - -

Jun 0.0033 0.0028 0.0024 0.0024 0.0017 - 0.0016 0.0023 0.0022 0.0022 0.0016

Jul 0.0029 0.002 0.0026 0.0014 0.0022 - 0.0025 0.0026 0.0026 0.0025 0.0027

Aug - 0.0018 0.0077 0.0024 - 0.0016 0.0025 0.0029 0.0021 0.0282 0.0074

Sep 0.0019 0.0026 0.0405 0.0019 0.0236 0.0023 0.0026 0.0029 0.0022 0.0012 0.0026

Oct 0.0019 0.0017 0.0017 0.0017 0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.0021 0.0022 0.0019 0.0017

Nov 0.0027 0.0055 0.0152 0.002 - 0.0022 0.0025 0.0282 0.0012 0.0019 -

Dec 0.0123 0.024 0.0471 0.0019 - 0.0016 0.0027 0.0074 0.0026 0.0017 -

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 Figure 6: Two dimensional nMDS scaling of comparative fish assemblage data based on Bray-Cruits similarity index among stations of Karatoya Fish Sanctuary.

Figure 7: Two dimensional nMDS scaling of comparative fish assemblage data based on Bray-Cruits similarity index among months of Karatoya Fish Sanctuary.

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Based on SHIMPER analysis (all A. jaya (8.59% and 9.15%) while the pooling), about 74.81% and 76.14% lowest was Osteobrama cotio (0.08% average dissimilarity were found among and 0.08%) both for spatial and stations and months, respectively (Fig temporal scale, respectively. 8). The highest contributing species was

Figure 8: Most discriminating fishes both in stations and months (average dissimilarity) using SIMPER analysis by Bray-Curtis similarity index.

Two major clusters were viewed based i.e. September with January, May, on Bray-Curtis similarity index where August, November and December for severance was perceived at about the 1st cluster where January with Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 42.00% and 28.00% for station and August, May with November and month, respectively (Figs. 9 and 10). December, and November with Spatially, one cluster twisted at St.3 and December showed close resemblance. St.4 (fish sanctuary) while another Then, March with February, April, cluster united upstream (St.1 and St.2) June, July and October were unified for and downstream (St.5 and St.6) the 2nd cluster and the sub-clusters indicating very close relationship consist of month June with July, between them but alienated from fish at October with February and April, and the sanctuary. Conversely, two main February with April. clusters were also viewed temporally

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Figure 9: Classical UPGMA clustering (spatial) of fish assembly unglued as two groups based on Bray-Curtis similarity index of Karatoya Fish Sanctuary.

Figure 10: Classical UPGMA clustering (temporal) of fish Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 assembly separated as two groups based on Bray-Curtis similarity index of Karatoya Fish Sanctuary.

In case of water quality parameters, analysis. The highest vector length of eigen values of canonical water temperature at the fourth axis correspondence analysis (CCA) of the showed significant correlation with the first four axes were found to be 0.2093 sanctuary (St.3 and St.4) in March and

(CCA1), 0.1158 (CCA2), 0.0690 November where high values of it allied

(CCA3) and 1.890E-05 (CCA4) both for with the occurrence of Canthophrys spatial and temporal scale where the gongota. Besides, vector length of

first (CCA1) and second (CCA2) axes dissolved oxygen showed significant were polled and modeled as 53.10% relations with upstream (St.2) and and 29.38% of species data, downstream (St.5) in August connected respectively (Fig. 11). Vector length of with the incidence of Cirrhinus reba, any specific parameters is a sign of pH showed significant relations with magnitude of that variable in CCA the sanctuary (St.3) and outside the

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sanctuary (St.1 and St.6) in March and showed insignificant relation without August linked with the abundance of any associations with the occurrence of Anabas testudineus where transparency fishes.

Figure 11: Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of fish abundance and hydrological parameters of Karatoya Fish Sanctuary.

Discussion 17.00-33.50 °C, DO was 3.80 to 11.60 The Karatoya River, an arm of the mg L-1, pH was from 6.50-7.90 and Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 Jamuna River, had no previous transparency was 8.10-48.70 cm scientific information on fish (Rakiba and Ferdoushi, 2013) due to assemblage inside the sanctuary or in the same geographical area. this river and it was not possible to Fishes especially indigenous and compare the present findings with threatened species were found more previous ones. However, there were inside the sanctuary compared with its significant differences (p<0.05) outside area correspondingly over the observed in the hydrological parameters successive months mainly in winter among months similar to Grimaldo et representing positive impacts of the al. (2012) but insignificant variations sanctuary. Moreover, the presence of among stations of this vicinity. Besides, minnows, eels, loaches and other small values of water quality parameters from fishes within the sanctuary indicates a both inside and outside the sanctuary lie friendly ecosystem where materials within the limits of Dhepa River in were also helpful to congregate the Dinajpur district of Bangladesh where bottom dwelling fishes. Both the water temperature was noted to be number of fishes and individuals

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maximized inside the sanctuary might the forthcoming habitat for that species. be due to the greater periphyton This is not analogous to Hasan et al. community and other food stuff grown (2012) because of its territorial and on tree branches and bamboos making hydrological deviations where notable the habitat more suitable for charitable threatened fishes P. conchonius, shelters, natural food particles and Acanthocobitis botia, Amblyceps breeding places than its outside zones. mangois and Chaca chaca were found A trend of fluctuation in the number of in Matshaya Rani Fish Sanctuary of the species and specimens might be due to Old . Additionally, dispersion of fishes from the sanctuary threatened fishes were also documented in early April for breeding purposes from other aquatic haunts such as 28 after entering of new water, and to species from the Chalan (Galib et increase water level and flow in the al., 2009) and 26 species from the River Karatoya River. Fishes were registered Choto Jamuna (Galib et al., 2013). The at 57, 60 and 62 in 2003, 2004 and findings differ from the present results, 2005, respectively at the sanctuary of and this may be owing to its Dopi beel in Joanshahi where geographical and environmental threatened species were found to have discrepancies. However, occurrence of reappeared during three years (Azher et the mentioned threatened fishes in the al., 2007); 30, 25 and 24 species out of study area corroborated the fact that 32 small indigenous fishes were they found suitable feeding and recorded inside the sanctuary, upstream breeding grounds inside the sanctuary and downstream, respectively from compared with its outside. Matshaya Rani Fish Sanctuary (Hasan Increasing fishing pressure is one of et al., 2012); and 78 species in the Atrai the main triggering factors to decline

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 River (Joadder, 2012). Sarker et al. aquatic biodiversity. The higher number (1999) reported five Kuas (Catch- of individuals observed at the fish ponds) protected as fish sanctuaries in sanctuary may be as a result of low the Goakhola-Hatiara beel allowing human hindrance and most favorable wild fishes to breed obtaining 33% environmental conditions, whereas the higher fish catch in 1998 than in 1997. lower number of individuals observed Fish diversity, abundance and catch outside the sanctuary may be due to were augmented after the establishment extreme human interference. In the of a fish sanctuary in the deeper part of study area, the highest number of a beel (Ahmed and Ahmed, 2002) and species and specimens were caught in more than 500 waterbodies considered January and December, the winter under co-management in Bangladesh months of the study area, may be due to (Mustafa el al., 2014). On the other the reduced volume of water. The hand, among the threatened fishes minimum number of species and Pethia ticto, Barilius barna and Botia individuals were recorded in June, the lohachata were most prominent in monsoon month and this would be due Karatoya Fish Sanctuary being a sign of to heavy rainfall resulting in flooded

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area, whereas the lowest number of environmental incidents (Keskin and fishes also observed in September Unsal, 1998) and fish migrations (Ryer would be by reason of seasonal or and Orth, 1987) as well as seasonal climate changes. The results were differences in species diversity. In divergent with the highest fishes found Bangladesh, a number of small in October and lowest in February indigenous fish species reproduce in (Jahan et al., 2014) from rivers and freshwater habitats from April to May nearby of Karimganj would be that would be the subsequent reason for down toward geographical and climate the diversity indices to fluctuate and changes. The highest number of fishes join as new fish stocks, and where were recorded in November but the ecological circumstances also have an lowest were in June and August from effect on the distribution of fishes. (Chaki et al., 2014) more The non-metric multidimensional or less similar to the present findings. scaling (nMDS) composes associations Because of low species variety and among assemblages in particular high selectivity effect of fishing gear, coordination rooted in their similarity low values were obtained for or dissimilarity. Both spatial and biodiversity indices from the temporal scales (stress as 0.18) of the investigated area (Keskin and Unsal, fish sanctuary just above the minimum 1998) which was ignored during this value (<0.15) of nMDS model that study period. Besides, there was a close to the finding (0.16) of Li et al. positive relationship between Shannon- (2012), but below the spatial stress as Weiner with Margalef richness, 0.20 in relative abundance for the Evenness and Simpson index supported Brazilian reservoir (Sanches et al., by Galib et al. (2013) who reported a 2016). The fish sanctuary showed

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 similar relationship for fish diversity in dissimilarity in fish assemblage with the river Choto Jamuna. Conversely, a upstream and downstream where more negative relation was observed between similarity was observed between dominance with Shannon-Weiner, upstream and downstream through Margalef richness, evenness and analysis of similarity may be due to less Simpson index in the present study human interference in the sanctuary which was supported by the study of than its outside region. In case of Chowdhury et al. (2010) of Naaf River months, equally good fish assemblages estuary. Based on the spatiotemporal scrutinized between January and May, scale, values of all diversity indices January and August, February and were assorted for stations but not for April, May and August, May and months (except June-October for November, May and December, June dominance and Simpson diversity and July and November and December index) in the Karatoya Fish Sanctuary would be attributable to particular where discrepancies may have occurred ecological variables for breeding, due to dissimilarities in nutrients (Huh feeding, rearing and sheltering and Kitting, 1985), water currents and fluctuating seasonally with water

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quality parameters (Agostinho et al., downstream may be due to water depth 2008). However, the present study and water currents compared to the fish found almost the same similarity in case sanctuary. In this study area, minimum of occurrence of finfish assemblage level of fish diversity was detected at among sampling zones and months. For low water temperature and small both spatial and temporal points, the flowing discharge in the winter months main donating species are also similar but maximum fish diversity was viewed but their percentage of contribution with comparatively high temperature varied from each other. At this point, and water discharge in summer similar resemblance was found more among to Yan et al. (2010). Alteration in water months rather than stations where major temperature influences the physical, causal fishes are related to the Chalan chemical and biological uniqueness of beel for Puntius sophore and P. ticto aquatic environments and fish (Kostori et al., 2011) and to the Halti reproduction ultimately altering their beel for P. sophore (Imteazzaman and abundance and diversity (Kathiresan Galib, 2013) while it was different from and Bingham, 2001; Rashleigh, 2004). estuary (Hossain et al., Dissolved oxygen, an indicator of water 2012). In addition, the alienation of the excellence, primary production and fish sanctuary from upstream and contamination, also plays a vital role downstream may be as a result of for fish profusion and allotment (Maes secured sheltering, feeding and et al., 2004) generally influenced by breeding grounds, and the estrangement temperature (Vijayakumar et al., 2000). of the months November and December Water pH also the most important from June and July could be due to abiotic factor for fish migration and seasonal variations. This similarity and distribution (Vega-Cendejas et al.,

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 2:44 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 dissimilarity of fish assemblage and 2013) would be the upshots of pollution structure are mainly affected by from municipal sewage and small seasonal alterations among hydrological industries contiguous to this river. and meteorological parameters in Transparency, attributes of turbidity, is estuaries (Loneragan and Potter, 1990; also regarded as another hydrological Whitfield, 1999; Young and Potter, factor in fish assemblage and 2003). Seasonality also affects the distribution where poor transparency spawning activity of fin fishes has been considered as a driving factor accelerating to alter the catch in order to support the survival of fishes composition (McErlean et al., 1973). (Whitfield, 1999). In a lotic ecosystem, especially However, for the existence of any rivers, the biological condition is aquatic inhabitants, they need to have a strongly influenced by water chemistry suitable feeding and breeding ground in and habitat quality (Bio et al., 2011). order to stay, grow and reproduce Water temperature variations among without any commotions. During lean months showing more impacts on season, both threatened and non- species distribution upstream and threatened fishes with other aquatic

157 Md. Rashidul et al., Fish assemblage and structure as well as hydrological parameters at…

animals can feed, breed and attain Technological Assistance for Rural sexual maturity in the next spawning Advancement, Dhaka, Bangladesh, season in the Karatoya Fish Sanctuary pp. 1-126. which will ultimately increase and Ahmed, B., Rasel, H.M. and Miah, conserve them. Besides, strong M.S.U., 2013. Investigate the river management by the local community water quality parameters: A case and administration through either study. American Journal of Civil temporally or permanently natural Engineering, 1(3), 84-90. courses of a fish sanctuary may nourish DOI: 10.11648/j.ajce.20130103.12 and preserve the targeted species within Anjos, M.B., De Oliveira, R.R. and this sheltered area. Finally, upcoming Zuanon, J., 2008. Hypoxic well supervised and advanced plans environments as refuge against should be geared for this sanctuary in predatory fish in the Amazonian order to enrich and conserve the aquatic floodplains. Brazilian Journal of biodiversity of Atrai River in the Biology, 68, 45-50. northwestern quarter of Bangladesh. APHA., 2012. Standard methods for examination of water and Acknowledgements wastewater, 22nd ed. American The authors are thankful to Upazila Public Health Association, Fisheries Officer (UFO), MS students Washington, 1360 P. of Fisheries Biology and Genetics Azher, S.A., Dewan, S., Wahab, (HSTU) and fishermen of the Atrai M.A., Habib, M.A.B. and Mustafa, River for their logistic support in order M.G., 2007. Impact of fish to collect the experimental samples sanctuaries on production and from the Karatoya Fish Sanctuary. biodiversity of fish and prawn in

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