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River Systems Management Only for Discussion Not to be quoted BANGLADESH DELTA PLAN 2100 FORMULATION PROJECT River Systems Management Baseline Study August 2015 General Economics Division Planning Commission Government of Bangladesh Title River systems management Subject Baseline Study Author BanDuDeltAS Date August 2015 Version Final Executive Summary Major rivers, including the Ganges, Brahmaputra-Jamuna, Padma and Meghna and their numerous tributaries and distributaries make Bangladesh a land of rivers. These rivers which originate in the young mountains across the national borders of Bangladesh, are very dynamic in nature, as the land mass is composed of recent deltaic deposits. There is no denying of the fact that rivers are the most eminent feature influencing the overall socio-economic condition of the over populated country, Bangladesh. In the rural areas, people are mainly dependent on the agricultural land resources for living and agricultural sector is dependent on river system for irrigation and drainage aspects. A large number of rural people are dependent on rivers for their living as fisherman, boatman and by other business activities. Moreover, the river system also plays an important role in the urban areas as the water supply and the industrial sector is heavily dependent on the river resources. Navigation is a very important aspect of economic activities of the country. The rivers also cause immense suffering to people of Bangladesh. River bank erosion is a serious hazard that directly or indirectly causes the suffering of about one million people annually (Elahi, 1990). A large number of people living in both rural and urban areas become the victims of flooding annually. These two hazards – flooding and river erosion – are major contributors to the process of impoverisation of people in this country. Thus, river management is an inevitable need for utilizing the river resources for the development of this country. In most of the countries the large rivers are well trained and the nations are benefiting through using river resources. Many developed cities, industrial areas around the world have been established along the banks of the large rivers for using the resources and benefits of these rivers. In Bangladesh, particularly the rural people, along the river banks, are living in the lower poverty level. Understanding on the river system of this country is necessary to ensure proper river management. In this regard, the base condition of the regional river system has been analyzed in this report. The development and characteristics of any river system is closely related to the geological and physiographical setting of different regions. Thus the geological and physiographical setting of the country has been discussed in this report. Analysis of geological setting depicts that the Bengal Basin has been filled by sediments derived from erosion of the highland boundaries on all three landward sides. However, the main source of the sediment has been the Himalayas due to their alpine nature. Since the Pleistocene, the Ganges has, together with the Brahmaputra, delivered enormous quantities of sediment to the Bengal Basin. These sediments have formed the world’s largest river delta with an area of about 100,000 km2. About 90% of the land area of Bangladesh is formed by recently deposited, alluvial and deltaic sediments. In physiographical setting it is shown that Bangladesh comprises 30 agro-ecological regions which have developed based on physiography, soil properties, soil salinity, depth and duration of flooding which are relevant for land use and for the assessment of agricultural potential. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) based on the surveys of 1950s has been used to analyze the topographical setting. The dominating slopes have been identified and the characteristics of the rivers have been described in this connection. The major features of Bangladesh surface is the high level of the Barind Tract and the Madhupur Tract. It is observed from the DEM that the dominating topographic slopes are directed towards southeast in the western part and southwest in the eastern part of Bangladesh. In discussing the hydrological setting, the gross area of each hydrological region was determined (Figure 2.8). The evolution of the overall river system of Bangladesh has been discussed to portray the distinctiveness of the river system of this country. The river system of this delta has evolved through various changes and these changes are interlinked with each other. The geo-morphological characteristics, base condition and key problems of the major rivers (the Jamuna, the Padma, the Ganges and the Meghna) have been described as they influence the overall river system significantly. For instance about 200 years ago, a i significant amount of the Brahmaputra flows diverted to the present Jamuna River to meet the Ganges due to the avulsion of the Teesta River and other tectonic activities. By the early 20th century, most of the Brahmaputra flow was diverted to the Jamuna River and most of the Padma flow was diverted to the Meghna River turning its old course, along the Arial Khan River, into its right bank distributary. This avulsion has greatly influenced significant changes in North-East, North-West and South-East regions. The characteristics of the rivers of Bangladesh vary significantly within different regions due to diversification in physical setting of different regions. Thus regional analysis has been conducted in terms of geographical and topographical setting, historical development and key problems or concerns of particular regions. Additionally, description and specific problems of some important rivers have been provided region wise. In North-West Region, the Barind Tract and the Atrai basin, a part of the Chalan Beel have been identified as the controlling features for land and river development. The avulsion of the Teesta River is considered as one of the important factors for river development in this region. Avulsion and westward shifting of the Brahmmaputra River and construction of Teesta Barrage have caused other significant changes in this region. Erosion, navigation during dry season, high extraction of groundwater, flood and water scarcity for irrigation are the major problems of this region. In North-Central Region high level of the Madhupur Tract is the controlling feature and has made the whole region southwest aligned extending. The region being gradually lower towards northwest-southeast direction, most of the rivers take off from the Brahmaputra- Jamuna and the Old Brahmaputra and some drain into the Padma River and others into the Meghna River. Enormous sediment supply from upstream through Jamuna and its avulsion attributed to the off-take sedimentation of major rivers of this region. Maintaining navigation facilities is a major problem for this region as many rivers have become morphologically inactive. Discharged effluence and waste materials from industries have caused deterioration of water quality significantly. A tectonically active basin is situated at the central part of North-East Region which is subsiding. This basin is draining an area which generates the highest rainfall in the world through an outlet in the south. Net subsidence of this basin due to lack of sediment in this region is one of the main reasons for the avulsion of the rivers. Subsidence can also cause avulsion of rivers, changes in their planform pattern and increase or decrease of sinuosity. This increased subsidence rate is mainly caused by the sediment starvation due to the avulsion of the Brahmaputra River. Moreover, the northern part of the region being most depressed, the rivers showed a tendency of shifting towards the north. Proper sediment management is very significant for this region to compensate the subsidence and other effects of climate change and at the same time to maintain the ecosystem. More than half of the South-West and South-Central regions are influenced by tide and salinity intrusion is a common feature for several kilometers inland from the Bay of Bengal. This is a complex region of inter- linked ecosystems in the delta of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Rivers. Delta progradation or delta building process is the most eminent feature of this region which is influenced by tectonic and seismic activities.This active delta building process has impact on accelerating the dynamics of rivers and Meghna Estuary of this region. This region is severely vulnerable in terms of climate change and sea level rise. Lack of fresh water, salinity, groundwater arsenic and subsidence of polders are the major problems of this region. The rivers in South-East Region are less dynamic compared to the other regions of Bangladesh. So their planform has not changed significantly during the course of time. But the drainage condition of this region has deteriorated with time, mainly due to neo-tectonics and delta building process. Tectonical uplift and subsequent subsidence along the subsurface Anticlines and Synclines together with delta progradation at the south margin of this region result in flooding and drainage congestion. Navigation problems are available in the upstream part of some rivers which is impeding commercial activities. ii The topography of the Eastern Hill Region being different from the rest of the country, the rivers of this region are different as well. These rivers did not change the same way as did rivers of the other regions. Rivers in the hilly region mainly follow the terrain of the hills. Most of the rivers of this region
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