Index

A Agricultural mono-production, 201 ABC (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile) Aguirre, DeAnne, 134 cone in the south, 230 Ahmed, Shamsun Nahar, 19 Abe, Shinzo (Prime Minister), 7, 9, Akamatsu, Kaname, 218 107, 115 Alam, Md. Shahriar (Chief Guest of Abi Waqqa, Sa’ad ibn, 54 2016 Latin America seminar, Abuarja, Suhayia, 54 ), 228 Accord-approved, 4 Ali, Mahmud, 20 Acheson, Dean (Secretary of State), Ali, Mohammad (Pakistan’s Prime 251, 256 Minister), 256 “Act East”, 86, 91, 110–112, 114 Allen, George (Ambassador), 254 ad-Din, Shaykh Burhán, 51 Allende, Salvador, 189 ad-Din, Shaykh Jalal, 51 Alliance-authorized factory reforms, Adinath Temple, 52 4 Afghani-Pakistan strains, 114 Alliances, 241 Afghanistan, 13, 19, 63, 108, 110, Almagro, Luis (Secretary General of 114, 222, 245 the organization), 188 Africa, 10, 83, 115, 138, 186 al-Qaeda, 65 African Growth and Opportunity Act Ambassadorial BIISS congregation (AGOA), 158 (March 2016), 231 African regions, 56 Amdowa-PLA truce, 253 Agreement Framework with Mercosur Andaman Island, 115 (2003), 199 Andrugtsang, Gompo Tashi (NVDA Agricultural-manufacture unequal Commander), 257, 261, 265 exchange, 214 “America for the Americans,” 225

© The Author(s) 2019 299 I. Hussain (ed.), South Asia in Global Power Rivalry, Global Political Transitions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7240-7 300 INDEX

Animism, 52 “commodity-for-manufacture trade Antidumping and countervailing exchange,” 224 duties, 183 convergences, 221 Anti-export bias, 156 dynamics, 214 Antipodes, 186 embrace, 14 Anti-Soviet collusion, 242 encounter, 223 A posteriori HST development, 298 forays, 4 Arab Gulf countries, 110 Asian-Latin Century, 223 Arabian Sea, 102 Asian Pivot/Rebalance, 244 Arakan (), 53, 54 Asian post-industrial power, 202 Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army Asian powers, 201 (ARSA), 89 Asian production, 230 Argentina, 182, 187, 193, 215, 217, Asian re-exploration of Latin America, 222, 231 223 Argentine, 181, 223 Asian regions, 56 Arthasastra, 54 Asian valued-added goods, 179 Artificial intelligence, 15 Asia-Pacific Artisan Holey Bakery, 7 nexus, 232 Arunachal Pradesh, 62 patrol, 3 ASEAN access, 87 region, 231 ASEAN-4, 167 rim-land, 232 ASEAN membership, 111–113 Asia-Pacific Business Forum 2017 Asia, 19, 83, 222 (APBF), 231 Asia export-led growth, 213 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Asia-Latin axis, 214 (APEC), 184 Asia-Latin reconnection, 224 Leaders Meeting, Peru (November Asian Age, 173 2016), 182 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 137, leaders’ summit, 188 155, 224, 232 Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement, 247 Asian Development Bank and Inter-­ , 52–54, 62, 142 American Development Bank Assamese, 110, 112 (ADA-IDB), 232 Association of South East Asian Asian exports, 225 Nations (ASEAN), 86, 167, 185 Asian great powers, 202 Atlantic, 19 Asian highways, 18, 69, 70 Atlantic Ocean, 7, 189 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Australia, 3, 107, 171, 197, 224, (AIIB), 104 226 Asian-LAC tango, 227 Aviation Research Centre (ARC), 270 Asian-LAC trading structure, 226 Awami League (AL), 111, 112 Asian-Latin Aye, Maung (General, Vice Chair of asymmetries, 225 the Myanmar State Peace and axis, 216 Development Council), 86 INDEX 301

B Federation of Women Bachelet, Michelle, 189 Entrepreneurs, 135 Bajpai, G. S. (MEA Secretary-­ Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers General), 256 Exports Association (BGMEA), Balance-of-power strategy, 91 175 Baluchis, 110 Bangladeshi diplomatic mission, in Bamiyan, 110 Mexico City, 228 Bandung Declaration (1955), 255, Bangladeshi Islamic fundamentalists, 256 67 Bangalee Muslims, 50 Bangladeshi Latin wish-list, 230 Bangkok Agreement, 159 Bangladesh- relations, 17 Bangla- comparative women’s Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand analysis, 128 Economic Cooperation Bangla-China cooperation, 142 (BISTEC), 104 Bangla-Daesh, 110, 111 Bangladesh-India trade, 163 Bangladesh, 1, 3–6, 9, 10, 17, 19, 50, Bangladesh Institute of International 51, 55–57, 59, 60, 62–64, 66–69, and Strategic Studies [BIISS], 228 81, 88–90, 106, 107, 109–113, Bangladesh Investment Development 116, 125, 127, 129–133, 135, Authority, 144 137–144, 153, 156, 158, Bangladeshi perspectives, 23 160–162, 164, 166–168, 171, Bangladeshi women workers, 17, 143 172, 174, 218, 219, 227, 231, Bangladeshi-U.S. foreign 232, 244, 247, 293, 296 engagements, 9 infrastructures, 9, 57 Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers interest network, 8 and Exporters Association RMG export sector, 163 (BKMEA), 230 RMG track-record, 229 Bangladesh Liberation War, 8, 21, 105 SEZ industries, 143 Bangladesh Ministry of Foreign U.S. apparels exports, 163 Affairs, 228 Bangladesh Accreditation Act (2006), Bangladesh National Party (BNP), 111 160 Bangla-Sino, 20 Bangladesh Accreditation Board, 160 Barbados, 187 Bangladesh Agricultural Rural Bathangwa guerrilla, Baba Yeshi, 265 Development (BARD), 51 Battuta, Ibn, 51 Bangladesh Bank, 170 Bay of , 2, 52, 53, 56, 84, 86, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), 107, 109, 115 154, 170 Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-­ Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Sectoral Technical and Economic (BCIM) Economic Corridor, Cooperation (BIMSTEC), 104, 174 159 Bangladesh Export Promotion Bureau, arrangements, 163 160 BCIM Forum, 174 302 INDEX

BCIM Highway, 104 only fully accredited Latin Begum Rokeya, 133 plenipotentiary stationed in Beijing, 51, 90, 247, 253, 255, 260, Dhaka), 228 261, 264, 265 Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South (BRI), 2, 13, Africa (BRICS), 157, 180, 194, 14, 22, 84, 138, 244, 246 195, 224 campaign, 296 alliance, 196 counterpart, 3 bloc, 201 economic projects, 102 compact, 201 gesture, 296 grouping, 113, 189 network, 9 link, 196 recipient, 10 Summit, 90 routes, 104 Bretton Woods institutions, 104 strategy, 104, 107 Brexit, 169, 224 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 109, 112 Britain-Germany asymmetry, 241 “insurrection,” 110 British Empire, 85 Bhashani, Moulana Abdul Hamid, 51, British industrialization, 216 248 British Virgin Islands, 193 Bhutan, 19, 50, 64, 102, 106, 116, Brown, Winthrop, 260 142, 161, 162, 174 Buddhism, 52 Bhutan-Bangladesh-India-Nepal Buddhists, 52, 110 (BBIN), 106 Bulganin, Nikolai (Premier), 258 Bilateral relationship, 8 Bunker, Ellsworth (Ambassador), 264, bin Laden, Osama, 13 265 Black, Eugene (World Bank), 267 Burdwan bomb (2014), 65 Bodo, 110 Burimari land port, 247 Bolivar, Simon Burma, 53, 56 “fortress America” call, 217 “Burma Road,” 82 Bolivarianism, 217 Bush, George W. (President), 242 Bolivarian revolution, 217 Bolivia, 187, 190 Border Industrialization Program C (BIP), 182–183 Cabral, Pedro Álvares (who conquered Bowles, Chester (Ambassador), 256, Brazil for Portugal), 230 266 Cambodia, 7, 115, 138, 218 , 53 Canada, 167, 171, 181, 187, 192, Brasilia Declaration (2003), 224 226, 229, 230 Brazil, 179–182, 187, 189, 190, Cape Hope, 215 192–194, 200, 215, 217, 220, Caribbean, 194, 199 222, 223, 225, 227, 230 Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), 161 Brazilian counterpart, Wanja Campos Caribbean countries, 158, 198 Da Nobrega (the first and then Caribbean Development Bank, 195 INDEX 303

CARICOM members, 195 Chile, 181, 182, 187–189, 193, 194, Caroe, Olaf, 260 198, 215, 217, 222, 223, 225, Castro, Fidel, 182, 226 226, 231 Castro, Raúl, 226 Chile–China FTA, 189 Cayman Islands, 193 “Chimerica,” 114 CDE (Colombia, Dominican Chin, 87 Republic, and Ecuador), in the China, 1–5, 7–10, 12, 16–22, 49–52, north, 230 56, 57, 60, 64, 67, 68, 81–84, CEMEX (once the world’s largest 90, 91, 101–103, 105–108, 111, cement producer), 229, 231 114–116, 125–129, 131, 132, Central America, 186, 198, 199 135, 136, 138–144, 153, 163, Central American Bank for Economic 166–168, 171, 172, 174, Integration (CABEI), 194, 195 179–183, 185, 186, 188–190, Central American Integration System 192, 193, 198, 201, 214, 215, (CAIS), 194, 195 218, 221–223, 225–227, 229, Central Asian, 108 231, 242, 244–247, 253, 259, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 266, 269, 293, 295–297 259, 265 Council for Promoting South-South Central Treaty Organization Cooperation, 144 (CENTO), 1 early retirement age, 130 Centre of Malaysian Chinese Studies in FG model, 219 Kuala Lumpur, 83 FTA’s policies, 191 Ceylon, see Sri Lanka labour force, 130 Chakmas, 61 Latin American presence, 184 Change of tariff heading (CTH), 163 Ministry of Commerce, 138 Chank-Kien (126 Before the Christian off-shore production, 133–137, 295 Era, BCE), 54 oil/gas-pipeline, 107 Chattogram, 52, 53, 55, 56, 68, 90, People’s Liberation Army, 116 107, 139, 248 three-tiered power-tool box, 184 Chattogram-Cumilla, 54 China-Bangladesh economic relations, Chattogram Hill Tracts (CHT), 59 127 Chattogram Port, 7, 159, 174 China-British Burma cooperation, 82 Chávez, Hugo, 226 China Council for the Promotion of Cheh-ti-gan (Chittagaon), 53 International Trade (CCPIT), 191 “Chicken Neck” corridor, 55, 106, China-India (), 50, 114 116 competition, 5, 90 ChiComs, 266 play-off, 5 Chien-lung, Emperor (1711–1799), relations, 108 260 rivalry, 248 Chien-Lung Line, 260 scramble, 115 Child marriage, 132 tussle, 6 Child mortality, 132 China-India-U.S. strategic triangle, 242 304 INDEX

China–LAC Business Summit, 191 Common property resources (CPRs), China-LAC Partnership, 226 66 bloc, 195 Commonwealth of Independent States China National Highway 318, 55 (CIS), 102 China-Nepal Railway, 102 Communism, 218 China News, 56 Communist Party of China (CPC), China-Pakistan Economic Corridor 130, 249 (CPEC), 102, 108 Communist revolution, 132 China Satellite Launch and General Community of Latin American and Tracking Control (CLTC), 191 Caribbean State (CELAC), 184, China-U.S. trade, 220 186, 194, 195, 226 Chinese FG door, 219 Competition, 11 Chinese foreign direct investment, Competitive strategic triangle, 242 172 “Comprehensive partnership,” 226 Chinese FTA synthesis, 188 Concentric-circle appraisals, 23 Chinese immigrants, 190 Concentric-circle view, 6–10 Chinese investment, 139 Confederation of Indian Industry Chinese Ministry of Commerce (CII), 200 (MOFCOM), 144 “Conflict corridor,” 110, 112 Chinese Monroe Doctrine, 242 Confucius Institute (CI), 106, 187 Chinese Tibet, 55 Connectivity, 58 , 7 Constructivism, 12 Christianity, 52 Contingent Reserve Arrangement, CITIC Group Corporation Ltd 197 (formerly the China International Coordination Committee of Maoist Trust Investment Corporation), Parties and Organizations of 84 South Asia (CCOMPOSA), 64 leadership, 84 Correa, Rafael, 226 Civil Nuclear Agreements Corruption, 223 (2005–2008), 242 Cortés, Hernán (who subjugated Climate-change policy priorities, 9 Mexico), 215, 230 Clinton, Bill (President), 222, 242 Costa Rica, 187, 188, 226 Cochineal, 216 Cox’s Bazar, 173 Cold War, 3, 5, 12, 85, 103, 108, “Crony capitalism,” 221 114, 193, 201, 217, 218, 220, Cronyism, 223 261 Cuba, 193, 223, 230 Colombia, 181, 187, 215, 223, 225, Cuban Revolution (1959), 188 226, 229–231 Culture of ecology, 66 Colombo, 115, 249 Culture of pollution, 66 Columbus, Christopher (“Cristobal Customs duty, 159 Colon,” in Spanish, who Customs modernization, 159 colonized North America), 230 Cyclical movements, 157 INDEX 305

D Dominican Republic, 230 da Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula, 226 Dragon, 103 Daewoo, 7 Dri River, 260 Dalai Lama, 250, 252, 257, 258, Drills, 245 261 Dulles, 259, 262 Darjeeling, 252 Dundee jute importers, 6 Davos (WEF) Summit (2017), 185 De Barros, 53 E de Kirchner, Cristina Fernández, 226 East Asia, 186, 227 “Deep-draughted” naval-base project, East Asian economies, 192 Sagar Island, 248 East Europe, 10, 296 Deep-sea ports, 18 East European (mis)adventures, 104 “Defensive” posturing, 12–13 East Pakistan (present Bangladesh), Defensive realism, 12 20, 51, 59 Deindustrialization, 182 Ecological nationalism, 66 Delhi, 253–255, 260, 261, 266, 267, Ecuador, 181, 187, 215, 223 270 Education, 128, 129 Delta Bangladesh, 52 Egypt, 134, 249 Democrat administrations, 182 Eisenhower, D. (President), 253, 255, Democratic commitment, 8 257, 258, 262 Demography, 128, 131 Gettysburg farmhouse, 258 Deng, Xiaoping, 51, 113 11+ outfit, 224 “Dependencia” school of thought, “Emerging” country, 5 217 Emerging global market opportunities, Developed countries (DC), 155, 157 156 counterparts, 161 Emerging markets, 169 Dhaka, 53, 89, 139, 141, 247 Employment, 128, 129 Dhaka Latin American seminar, 228, Engage East, 243 231 England, see United Kingdom Dhaka-Beijing relations, 173 English, 215 Dharmawardhane, Iromi (Singapore’s “English School,” 12 S. Rajaratnam School of Enhanced Structural Adjustment International Studies), 223 Facility (ESAF), 164 Dictators, 218 Enlightenment philosophers, 13 Djibouti, 104, 115 Environmental concerns, 139 Doha Round, 196 Ershad, H.M. (President), 247 Doklam, 106, 111 Ethnic nationalism, 64 “standoff”/stand-off, 2, 116 Ethnic rebels, 61 square-off, 105 Eurasian, 108 Doklam/Dok La/Donglang stand-off, Eurasian land-mass, 106 102 Europe, 138, 186, 199, 222 306 INDEX

European Union, 4, 9, 10, 19, 140, Free Trade Agreements (FTA), 184 157, 166, 167, 169, 171, 175, Fujimori, Alberto (Peruvian 214, 223 President), 188 case, 9 Functionalism, 14 market access, 157 Everything-but-arms (EBA) clauses, 158 G Export development fund (EDF) /G-20, 105, 195, 196 financing, 170 Gaganjit Singh (India’s Defence Export-led growth (ELG) Intelligence Agency Major approach, 216 General), 90 countries, 220 Galbraith, 267, 268 magic, 218 Gallagher, Kevin, 225 strategy, 222 Gandhi, Indira, 105 Export-oriented growth strategy, 156 Gandhi-Bangabandhu families, 112 Export processing, 7 Ganga, 60 Export processing zones (EPZs), 160 , 54 Exports, 294 Gap, 171 External-balancing, 241 Garada, Rabindra, 66 External demand, 157 Gender-balanced society, 126 Gender inequality, 126 Generalized System of Preferences F (GSP), 9, 157, 219 Far East, 52, 221, 256 facility, 171 Farakka Barrage, 62 GSP-type facility, 158 Female labour force, 139 scheme, 161 Financial deficit, 156 zero-duty, 158 “First-come, first-served” maxim, 7 Geneva, 257 Five Principles of Peaceful Germany, 201 Coexistence, 184 Ghani, Ashraf (Afghani President), 245 Flying-geese (FG) model, 218 Gilgit-Baltistan, 108 FOCUS, 193 Gilpin, Robert, 15 Foreign direct investment (FDI), 156 “Global,” 15 explorations, 220 Global balance-of-power shift, 109 inflows, 172 Global Economic Governance Foreign policy, 2 Initiative, 225 Forum for East Asia-Latin America Global Gender Gap Index, 130 Cooperation (FEALAC), 224 Global markets, 226 Fourth Industrial Revolution, 223 Goa, 267 Fragmegration, 16 BRICS Summit (2016), 108 Fragmegrative, 18, 20, 21 Goa Declaration (2016), 196 France, 182, 201 Goddess Sita, 52 Free Tibetan Government, 262 Gold, 216 INDEX 307

Gompo Sham (Amdoa guerrilla Hashim Bhashani, Maulana Abul, leader), 257 20 Gono Mukti Fouz, 65 Hasina, Sheikh, 8, 89, 127, 246, Grady, Henry (U.S. Ambassador), 247 250 Hatem, Mohammed (BKMEA Great Britain, 216, 267 Vice-President), 230 The Great International Health, 128, 131 Passage, 83 Hefazat, 111 “Great passage” plan, 83 Hegemonic stability theory (HST), 15 Great Silk Road, 115 literature, 297 Great Silk Route, 7, 13, 18 suggestion, 295 Great Twenty-First Century Recession tenet of political order, 294 (2008-2011), 221 track than India, 297 Green Berets, 13 Hemispheric playground, 180 Gross domestic product (GDP) Herter, Christian A. (Secretary), 264, development trajectory, 176 265 growth, 155 Himalaya Mountains, 53 ratios, 156 Himalayan fiefdom of Mustang, 262 share, 164 Himalayan range/Himalayan Range, Group of Partner Countries of the 52, 116 Security Strategy of Central Hindu fundamentalist, 67 America (SSCA), 195 Hindu India, 69 Guangdong Province, 140 Hindustan Times, 113 Guangzhou, 54 Hindutva, 109–111 Guyana, 187 Hirschman-Herfindahl market , 102, 116 concentration indicator, 198 Gwador, Pakistan, 297–298 Hobbes, Thomas, 13 Hong Kong, 167, 172, 192, 193, 218, 222 H Huang, Hua (Foreign Minister), 247 Haas, Ernst B., 14, 15 Human development, 125, 133 Hague Peace Conferences (1907), 14 Humanitarian aid, 167 “Half of the sky,” 126, 131 Hussain, Imtiaz, 20 Hambantota Port, 102, 115, 116 Hussain, Mamnoon (Pakistan Hanoi- Highway, 107 President), 246 Hard-power, 15, 21 Hydropower dam, at Thamanthi, 87 attachment, 297 Harmonization and standardization logistics, 232 I Haro-Navejas, Francisco Javier, 19 Ibn’Arabi, Muhyi-D-Din, 50 Harriman, Averell, 266 “Ideational, institutional, and Harrison, George material” discourses, 20 Liberation War album (1971), 6 “Identity,” 12 308 INDEX

Import substitution industrialization Indian Maoists, 63 (ISI) strategy, 154, 155, 213, 217 Indian Ministry of Commerce and economies, 217 Industry, 200 exhaustion, 221 Indian Mujahideen, 89 Latin model, 219 Indian Ocean, 13, 82, 115 Import-production-export (IPE) Indian Ocean Region, 243 sequence, 219 Indian Ocean Seventh Fleet, 3 Incepta Pharmaceuticals, 174 Indian-Pakistani War (1965), 270 India, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 17–20, 22, 57, Indian-Russian relationship, 113 59, 60, 62–64, 66–68, 81, 85, India-Pakistan border, 116 87, 90, 91, 101, 102, 104–111, India-Pakistan-China triangle, 266 113, 116, 130, 153, 159, 163, India–Peru FTA, 199 167, 169, 172, 174, 179–183, Indo Latin American Chamber of 194, 196, 201, 214, 215, 223, Commerce (ILACC), 229 225, 229, 242–245, 247, 249, Indonesia, 7, 167, 218, 222, 249 251, 254, 258, 259, 263, 265, Indo-Pakistani-U.S. ties, 269 268, 296, 297 Indo-Soviet Treaty (August 1971), center-province tension, 111 105 Latin American engagements, 179 Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), “Look/Act East” policy-approach, 88, 270 14, 107, 295, 296 Indo-U.S. Mutual Defense Assistance Ministry of Commerce, 193 Agreement (1958), 263 neo-liberal policy approach, 109 Indo-U.S. partnership, 242 neo-liberal shift, 106 Indo-U.S. security cooperation, 244 India-Bangladesh-Myanmar gas Indus Waters Agreement, 265 pipeline, 104 Industrial Revolution, 15, 216 India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA), 194, Information and Communication 195, 224 Technology (ICT), 174 India–Chile PTA, 199 Information technology (IT), 104, India-Japan cooperation, 242 109 India–Latin American relations, 193, Infrastructural development, 142 194 Infrastructural projects, 69 India–Mercosur Preferential Trade Infrastructure-building, 2 Agreement (PTA), 199 Inland Water Terminal (IWT), 87 India-Myanmar Friendship Road, 87 “Inner-most”/innermost circle, 9, India-Myanmar relationship, 86 294, 295 India-Myanmar-Thailand Asian Inside-out, 3, 5, 7 Trilateral Highway, 86, 87 Institute of Strategic Studies and Indian cotton, 216 Predictions in Moscow’s People’s Indian infrastructural imperatives, 108 Friendship University, 110 Indian-Latin America Conclave, 200 Intellectual property right (IPR), 160 Indian liberalization, 193 Intelligence Bureau (IB), India, 250 INDEX 309

Inter-American Development Bank J (IADB, IDB), 184, 185, 224 Jacob, Jayanth, 113 institutions, 191 Jae-in, Moon (President), 107 notification, 227 Jaha Buddha hai, uha judda nahi ho Interdependence/interdependency, sekta hai’ (‘Where Buddha exists, 14, 20 there cannot be any war’), 68 “Interests,” 12 Jaishankar, Subrahmanyam (India’s “Intermodal Fair,” 228 Foreign Secretary), 63 Internal-balancing, 241 Jamaati-e-Islam, 111 Internal Displacement Monitoring Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen (JMB), 89 Centre (IDMC), 66 Jamaica, 187 Internally displaced people (IDP), 59 Jammu-Kashmir, 108 Internal war, 67 Japan, 3, 7, 8, 20, 56, 107, 130, 134, “International,” 15 139, 171, 172, 180, 192, 193, International Bank for Reconstruction 201, 215, 218, 222, 223, 225, and Development, 104 226, 231, 295 International Conference of American Japanese-besieged China and Burma, 82 States, held in Washington, D.C., Japanese FG bridge, 219 217 Japanese flying-geese countries, 220, International Day of Yoga (IDY), 197 227 International Labor Organization/ Jiabao, Wen, 247 International Labour Jihadi-driven bombings, 111 Organization (ILO), 129, 134, Jingwu, Zhang (General), 251 175 Jinping, Xi (Chinese President), 7, International Monetary Fund (IMF), 103, 105, 113, 116, 127, 138, 104, 155, 164, 196, 198 182, 183, 188, 226, 243, 245 Internet, 15 Joint Commission on Consultation, Interventionist-wars, 186 Cooperation, and Coordination, Inverted-V follow-the-leader geese 195 pattern, 218 Joint Economic and Trade Committee Inward, 23 with Ecuador (JETCO), 199 Iran, 108 Jono Juddo, 65 Iraq, 222 Juama’atul Mujahideen Bangladesh Iron Curtain, 116 (JMB), 64 ISIS, 182 Islam, 52 Islamic extremism, 110 K Islamic fundamentalism, 114 Kabeer, Naila, 134 Islamic revolution, 62 Kahn, Theodor, 226 Islamists, 64, 65 Kaladan, 91 Israel, 113 Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit I-tsing (seventh century CE), 54 Transport Project, 87 310 INDEX

Kaladan River, 90 Kuala Lumpur, 4 (present day Assam), 54 Kuan-sen, Tan (General), 261 Kami (Nepalese residing in West Kuczynski, Pedro Pablo, 226 Bengal), 53 , 142 Kant, Immanuel Kunming-Ruili-Yangon, 83 Perpetual Peace (1795), 13 Kunming-Tengchong-Myanmar-India, Kapoor, Deepak (General), 243 83 Kaptai Dam, 59 Kuomintang (KMT)-led Republic of Karachi, 254 China (RoC), 249 Karakoram Range, 261 Kuribreña, José Antonio Meade Karakorum Highway, 102 (Mexican Foreign Minister), 228 Karatoya (river in Bangladesh), 54 Kyauk Phyu Port, 83 Karnafuli Tunnel, in Chattogram, 9 Kyauk Phyu Special Economic Zone, 84 river, 248 Kyrgyzstan, 103 Kashmir, 63, 116, 267, 269, 270 Kashmir War (1947–1948), 254 Kautilya, 54 L Kazakhstan, 103 Labour-intensive economic growth, Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 13 133 Kennedy, John F. (President), Labour-intensive sectors, 143 266–269 Labour safety, 143 Keohane, Robert O., 14 Ladakh’s Chip-Chap River, 268 Keong, Voon Phin, 83 Ladakh-Tibet border, 245 Keqiang, Li (Chinese Premier), 57, 107 Lake Kokonor, 257 Khan, Ayub (Pakistan’s President), Laos, 115, 218 264, 266–268 Latin America, 4, 10, 20, 181, 185, Khan, Shibly Noman, 19 186, 188, 192, 194, 196, 199, Khrushchev, Nikita (Soviet First-­ 201, 213, 221, 225–227 Secretary), 258, 265 as Bangladesh’s next RMG frontier, Khulna, 55, 60 230 Kia-tan (785–805, BCE), 54 formal and far more asymmetrical Kindleberger, P. Charles, 15 free-trade agreements of the Kirchner, Néstor, 226 1990s, 219 Kissinger, Henry, 1 Latin America-Bangladesh Chamber of Kolkata-based Consul General, 252 Commerce and Industry Kolkata-Ho Chi Minh City Highway, (LA-BCCI), 229 115 Latin American countries (LAC) Kolkata-Kunmin Highway, 104 exports, 226 Korbyko, Andrew, 110 flows, 225 Korea, 215, 218 program, 193 Korean stalemate, 13 region, 225 Korean War, 218 trade, 225 INDEX 311

Latin American dependency, 202 Lord Shiva, 52 Latin American middle powers, 202 “Lost decade of the 1980s,” 216, 217 Latin American natural resource, 179 Lost Latin decade, 221 Latin American trade relations, 181 Lovett, Robert (Secretary), 256 Latin–Asian relations, 179 Low-intensity wars, 222 Latin attention, 10 Low-wage advantage, 229 Latin corporations, 231 Lusai Hills, 54 Latin countries, 216 Latin economic interests, 5 Latin “goose,” 220 M Latin gross domestic product (GDP), Ma Bharat, 105 225 Macau, 193 Latin markets, 230 MacKinder, Sir Harold, 108 Leadership, 11 Macmillan, Harold, 257 League of Nations (1920–1939), 13 Macri, Mauricio (President of Lehmann, Jean-Pierre, 227 Argentina), 190, 226 Less developed country (LDC) Madhya Pradesh, 245 exporter, 164 Madras (Chennai), 2 group, 161 Maduro, Nicolás, 226 Group, in Geneva, 159 Magellan, Ferdinand, 215, 225 pathway, 295 Maghs (Burmese), 53 Lesser degree, 183 Mahathir Mohammad, 4 Letelier, Orlando (Ambassador to the Maheshkhali Island, 174 United States and Minister of Mahuan (the Medieval Chinese Foreign Affairs under Allende), traveler), 53 189 Maizbnahdari Sūfis, 51 Lhasa-Kathmandu Railway, 116 Maizbhandari Sūfism, 50 Liang, Hong (Chinese ambassador to Malacca Strait, 83, 242 Myanmar), 90 Malaysia, 4, 167, 218, 222 Liberal, 13 Maldives, 161, 162 Liberalism, 11, 13, 16, 21 Mamata Banerjee (West Bengal’s Chief Liberalist, 8, 21 Minister), 68 boundaries, 23 Manipur, 53, 54, 62, 63 glamour, 294 Mannan, Manzurul, 18 Liberation War, 133 Mao Zedong, 51, 113, 126, 130, 131, Life expectancy, 131 270 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 88, 174 Maoist Red Corridor, 61 Locke, John, 13 Maoists, 62, 65, 67 London, 115 Maritime Silk Road, 115 “Look/Act East” policy approach Maritime Silk Route Economic Belt, (from 1991), 3, 7, 13, 17, 18, 22, 104, 106 86, 109, 243 Market-access windows, 4 312 INDEX

Market-oriented reforms, 156 Mittal Group, 173 Marriage, 132 Mixed family dynamics, 293 Marxism, 64 Mizoram, 54, 62, 87 Marxists, 69 Modi, Narendra, 7, 105, 109, 112, Matarbari coal-fired power plant, 8 113, 183, 197, 243 Maternal mortality, 132 as Gujarat Chief Minister, 109 Mattala International Airport, 102 as Indian Prime Minister, 57, 63, 67 McMahon Line, 250, 260, 263, 268 Modi-Xi Wuhan truce, 107 Mearsheimer, John J., 12 Moheskhali Island, 9, 52 Megaproject, 7 Mongla, 55 , 62, 142 Mongolia, 259 Mekong-Ganga grouping, 115 Mono-production, 181 Menon, Shivshankar (Indian National Monroe Doctrine, 216, 217, 225, 242 Security Adviser (NSA)), 243 Morales, Evo, 226 Menon, V.K. Krishna, 256–258, Morgenthau, Hans J., 11 265–267 Most-favored nation (MFN) Mesquita, Mauricio, 224 tariff, 159 Mexican elites, 180 treatment, 159 Mexican spices, 216 Mughals, 53 Mexico, 179, 181, 182, 187, 190, Mukherjee, Pranab (ex-President), 112 192–194, 215, 217, 220, Mullik, B. N., 250, 261 222–224, 226, 227, 229, 230 Multi-fibre Arrangement (MFA) Economic Minister Ildefonso quota, 157, 158 Guajardo, 223 Mumbai, 89 Microfinance, 130 Muslim Bangladesh, 62 Mid-2017 Doklam stand-off, 102 Muslims, 52, 68 Middle East, 10, 68, 83, 115 Muslim United Liberation Tigers of alliances, 104 Assam (MULTA), Northeast countries, 154 India, 65 Middle-income pack, 214 Mutis, Monica Lanzetta (Colombia’s Middle-income ranks, 158 Ambassador to India/ “Mid-stream” circle, 9, 294, 295 Bangladesh), 229, 231 Millennium Development Goal Myanmar (ancient Srikestra), 18, 50, (MDG) targets, 127 52, 54, 56, 57, 59–61, 63, 65, Mineral-manufacture exchange, 215 81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 107, Ming-class submarines, 248 110, 111, 113, 115, 116, 159, Minimum wages, 140 174, 218, 219, 232, 247 Ministry of Happiness, Bhutan, 106 Mishra, Binod (Head of the Centre for Studies in International Relations N and Development in India), 91 Naga, 110 Misri, Vikram (Indian Ambassador ), 91 insurgency, 86 Mitrany, David, 14 Nagaland, 62 INDEX 313

Nagas, 112 Norbulingka Palace, 261 NAM movement, 249 North American Free Trade Narcotics trade, 65 Agreement (NAFTA), 180, 182, Nathu La trade route, 247 215 Nation, 66 hurdle, 229 National Bureau of Statistics of China, membership, 192 193 relationship, 183 “National interests,” 11 North American Free Trade Area, Naxalite, 110 161 Naxalite-Maoists, 61 North Atlantic pocket, 222 Naypyidaw, 90 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Ne Win (General), 85 (NATO), 114, 267, 268 Necessary condition, 15 North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA), Necessary HST condition, 296 260, 268 Nehru, Pandit Jawaharlal, 85, 249, province, 265 250, 253, 258, 264–269 North Korea, 3, 103, 183, 218 Nehru-Zhou exchanges, 260 North–South dependency, 192 NEI states—Mizoram, Manipur, Norway, 171, 172 Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland, Nuclear Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 86 242 Neo-functionalism, 14, 15 Nuclear Supplier Group, 108 Neo-liberal capitalist instruments, 103 Nuclear Weapons State-status, 242 Neo-liberal economic parameters, 111 Nye, Joseph S., 14 Neo-liberal era, 104 Neo-liberalism, 3, 12, 218 Neo-liberal reforms, 108 O Neo-realist, 13 Obama, Barrack (President), 183, 224, framework, 23 242 Nepal, 50, 64, 104, 106, 115, 116, Odisha, 66 142, 161, 162, 174, 244–246, 259 “Offensive,” 12, 13 Netherlands, 172 Offshore Chinese corporations, 19 New Bank Development, 197 Oli, K.P. (Nepal Prime Minister), 246 New Delhi, 90, 249 ‘One belt, one road’ (yidal yilu) , 104 (OBOR) initiative, 57, 91, 101 New energy Silk Road, 50 “One-China” policy, 183, 184 New Zealand, 107 Organisation for Economic “Next Eleven” member, 5 Cooperation and Development Nicaragua, 186 (OECD) countries, 157, 218 Nixon, Richard, 250, 270 Organization of American States Non-aligned, 2 (OAS), 184, 185, 187, 191 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 85, “Outer-most” circle, 9, 295 193 “Outside-in” forces, 3, 8, 294 Non-Japanese flying-geese countries, 227 Outward, 23 314 INDEX

P PLA entry into Tibet, 251 Pacific Alliance (PA), 14, 226, 227, Plan of Joint Action, 188 229 Policy Planning Staff, 259 Pacific Ocean, 186, 189, 215 Politburo Standing Committee of the Padma Bridge project, 9, 57, 116 Communist Party, 132 Paharis, 59 Political involvement, 128 Pakistan, 8, 21, 60, 63, 105, 106, 108, Pompeo, Mark (U.S. Secretary of 109, 111, 113, 114, 116, 161, State), 3 163, 171, 172, 183, 245, 254, Port Sudan, 13 258, 265, 266, 269, 296, 297 Portugal, 267 Gwadar Port, 84 Portuguese exclave of Goa, 267 Inter-Service Intelligence Portuguese ‘harmads,’ 53 Directorate (ISI), 253 Post-Cold War Lashkar-e-Taiba, 89 systemic shifts, 242 two-winged artificial existence, 1 U.S. systemic primacy, 244 Paletwa, 87 Post-Soviet independent republics, 102 Panama, 186, 217 Post–World War II, 3 Pan-American congress, 217 Poverty alleviation, 142 Pandit, V. L. (Ambassador), 252, 256 Poverty reduction, 125, 135 Pangda-Tsang, Rapgya (Kham’s Prakash, Aru (Admiral, ex-Chief of former Governor), 257 Naval Staff), 248 Pang-ko-la (Bangalia), 53 Prebisch, Raúl, 214 Panikkar, K. M. (India’s Ambassador Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA), in Beijing), 253 224 Paraguay, 230, 231 Pria, Melba (Mexico’s Ambassador to Patagonia space-station, 190 India but accredited to Pax Americana, 15, 189 Bangladesh), 228 Pax Britannica, 15 Primary sector economies, 192 Payra deep-sea port, Patuakhali, 248 Prisoner’s dilemma game, 105 People’s Liberation Army of China, 85 Prophet Muhammad, 54 People’s Republic of China (PRC), see Pu Yi (Qing Emperor), 249 China Public Procurement Act and Public Permanent Court of International Procurement Rules (2008), 160 Justice (1922–1945), 13 “Puebla Fair,” 228 Permanent Mechanism for Political Puducherry (Pondicherry), 245 Dialogue and Cooperation, 195 Purbo Banglar Communist Party Persian rugs, 216 (PBCP), 65 Peru, 187–189, 198, 215, 222–226, 229–231 Philippines, 130, 213, 215, 218, 227 Q Pinochet, Augusto, 189 al-Qarani, Uwais, 54 Pivot Asia, 18 QUAD, 107 INDEX 315

Quadrilateral Coordination Group (of Real effective exchange rate (REER) which China is a part, along with exports, 170 Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Realism, 11, 13, 16, 21, 294 United States), 114 Realists, 8, 12 Quadrilateral Security Dialogue “Red corridor,” in eastern India, 61 (QSD), 3, 111, 115 Refugees, 1 alignment, 10 Regional Comprehensive Economic mechanism, 3 Partnership (RCEP), 184, 191 membership, 23, 297 Regional economic integration, 14, 15 partners, 3 “Regional value chains,” 226 Quebec’s French background, 229 Regional war, 67 Remittances, 167 Rentism, 180 R Republican, 182 Rahman, Ziaur (President), 247 Republic of China (RoC), see China Rajasthan, 245 Republic of Korea, 130, 163, 169 Rakhine province, 107 “Ring around China”/ring-around-­ Rakhine state, 81, 83, 87–90 China, 9, 109 Rana Plaza disaster (2014), 9, 158 Rinpoche, Taktser, 250, 252 Rashid, Ahmed, 114 River Indus, 105, 110 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Rohingya, 7, 18, 56, 81, 89, 90, 92, 110 107, 111 Ray, Rebecca, 225 Muslims, 61 Ready-made garments (RMG), 4, refugee influx, 18 15 refugees, 111 breakthroughs, 221 Rohingya Solidarity Organisation entrepreneurs, 7 (RSO), Myanmar, 65 exporter, 125 Rosenau, James N., 16 exports, 4, 9, 19, 155, 157, 164, Rousseff, Dilma, 226 175, 229 Roy, Arundhati, 59 factories, 4 Ruili Development and Experimental financial discretion, 161 Zone (RDEZ), 83 industry, 19, 164, 227 Rules of Origin (ROO) criteria, 158 production, 19, 219 Russia, 2, 91, 101, 103, 108, 182 reforms, 9 RMG-type sectors, 166 RMG-work, 138 S sector, 130, 134, 158 SAARC Preferential Trading textile manufactures, 164 Agreement (SAPTA), 161 trade, 158 origin rule, 162 window, 4 preferences, 162 workforce, 135 Santos, Juan Manuel, 226 316 INDEX

Sardar Sarovar Dam (Narmada), 59 Singapore, 7, 167, 218, 222 “Sardines,” 217 Singh, Jaswant, 242 Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, 110 Singh, Manmohan, 109, 111, 112, 243 Saudi Arabia, 107 Sino-Argentinean relationship, 190 Schedule Caste, 60 Sino-Indian disputes, 265, 269 SCO platform, 191 Sino-Indian rivalry, 243 Scotland, 6 Sino-Latin American relations, 192 SDG constraint, 132 Sino-Pak negotiations, 266 Sea lines of communications (SLOCs), Sino-South Asia, 58 242 Sino-South Asian connectivity, 58 SEAL, 13 Sino-Soviet schism, 249 Second concentric circle, 8 Sino-Tibetan accord, 251 Sector Adjustment Loan (SAL), 164 Sino-U.S. front, 249 Security complexes, 241, 242 Sirisena, Maithripala (Sri Lankan Security Council, 201 President), 246 Security Strategy of Central America, Sitakunda Mountain, 52 Caribbean Community Sittwe Port, 87, 88, 107, 116 (CARICOM), 194, 195 Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises Sen, Amartya, 126, 133 (SMEs), 135 Senkakus, 242 Social empowerment, 134 Seven Sisters States (SSS), 55, 107 Social perspectives on women, 128 Shahbagh movement, 133 “Societal” actors, 11 Shakabpa, Tsepon (Minister), 250 Soft power, 15, 21, 22, 102 Shan state, 83 instruments, 4 Shanghai Cooperation Organization Sonadia deep-sea port, 8 (SCO), 103, 185 Sonadia Island, 55, 174, 248 Shanghai Framework Agreement, 113 South America, 181 “Shaping the Future of Asia-Latin South Asia, 1, 2, 4, 7, 17, 19, 49, 53, American and the Caribbean 56, 63, 81, 102, 104–107, 109, Relationship,” 232 110, 125, 140, 227, 244, 297 “Sharks,” 217 South Asian, 4, 5, 15, 23, 67 “Shining” Asia, 18, 49 alliances, 67 “Shining” South Asia, 49, 56, 58, 65, connectivity, 69 67 countries, 161 Shung-she (420–479 BCE), 54 member countries, 161 Shwe, Than, 85, 86 region, 104 Sikkim, 105, 142 states, 69, 70 Siliguri Corridor, 55, 116 South Asian Association for Regional Silk Maritime Road, 106, 115 Cooperation (SAARC), 247 Silk Road, 49, 55, 68 South Asian Free Trade Agreement Silver, 216 (SAFTA), 104, 159, 161 INDEX 317

South Asian Terrorism Portal (SATP), Hambantota Port, 84 63 Sri Lankan government, 246 South China Sea, 243, 297 State, 11 South China Sea (SCS), 244 State Law and Order Restoration developments, 3 Council, 85 island-construction, 103 Strait of Hormuz, 83 island-installations, 103 Strait of Malacca, 82 Southeast Asian/south-east Asian, 4, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 65, 231 (SALT), 1–2 countries, 139, 229 Strategic partnerships, 241 regions, 221 Strategic triangle, 242 Southeast Asia/south-east Asia, 1, 7, “Strings of Pearl,” 13, 58 52, 53, 66, 81, 86, 107, 138, Structural adjustment programs 199, 244, 256 (SAPs), 155 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Suarez-Meir, Manuel (Mexican (SEATO), 1 economic diplomat, Washington, South Korea, 7, 139, 172, 180, 189, D.C.), 215 192, 193, 201, 218, 222, 225, Subaltern radical groups, 69 227, 295 Sub-Saharan countries, 158 South-South cooperation, 224 Sudkáwán (Chattogram), 51 South-South trade, 166 “Suffering” Asia, 18 South-west Asian relations, 113 “Suffering South Asia” paradigm, 50, 58 Soviet “threats,” 254 Sufficient condition, 15, 298 Soviet Union, 1, 2, 51, 85, 102, 108, Sūfi Belt (Chattogram-Sylhet), 62 182, 193, 201, 296, 298 Sūfis, 52 “ring-around-China” 1960s Suhrawardy, H. S., 20, 248 approach, 102 Su-men-ta-la (Sumatra), 53 veto, 267 Superpower, 5, 103 Soyanization, 180 Surmah ( in Sylhet, Spain, 186, 201, 213, 215, 223 Bangladesh), 54 colonial trade, 215 Sustainable development, 143 Spanish language, 215 Sustainable Developmental Goals Special Economic Zone/special (SDG), 9 economic zone (SEZ), 7, 87, signatories, 125 139, 143, 173 Suu Kyi, Aung San, 81, 85, 86 Special Frontier Force (SFF), 270 Sylhet-Silchar, 54 Special Services Bureau (SSB), 270 Systemic challenge, 11 Spillover effect, 60 “Systemic power distribution,” 11 Square Group of Bangladesh, 174 Systemic primacy, 242 Sri Lanka, 5, 64, 84, 102, 106, 115, Systemic transitional fluidity, 242 116, 159, 161, 163, 245, 251 Systemically driven, 297 318 INDEX

T Trade liberalization/trade-­ Tadjik, 114 liberalization, 156, 164, 184, 220 Taipei, 183 Trade-related intellectual property Taiwan, 185, 218, 222, 242, 258 rights (TRIPs), 160 Talbott, Strobe, 242 Traditional exports, 164 Talcher coalfield, 66 Trans-Asian highways, 55 Taliban, 110, 114 Trans-Asian railways, 69 Tamil Nadu, 245 Trans-border informal networks, 65 Tamralipti (modern Midnapore Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 5, district, India), 54 214 Tapia-Muro, Cristina, 19 bloc, 191 Target, 171 11+ form, 226 Tariff-elimination, 226 ratification, 219 Tata Group, 173 rise and fall, 224 Tatmadaw, 81, 85, 89, 90 Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Taufiq, 18 Partnership between Chile, Tazreen fire hazards, 9–10 Brunei, New Zealand, and , 68 Singapore (2006), 224 Thabit, Hassan ibn, 54 Transpacific trade relations, 225 Thahtay Chaung hydropower, 87 Transparency, 159, 232 Thailand, 7, 87, 113, 115, 138, 139, Treaty of Kanagawa (1854), 186 159, 163, 167, 169, 218, 222, Treaty of Peace, Cooperation, and 251 Friendship, 2 Theory, 3 Trieste, 116 Thondup, Gyalo, 252, 262 Trilateral Security Dialogue between Norbu, Thubten, see Rinpoche, Australia, Japan, and the United Taktser States (2002), 115 Tibet, 56, 251, 253, 255, 259, 262 Trilateral Highway, 113 Tibetan resistance, 250 Trincomalee Port, 115 TICFA (Trade and Investment Trinidad and Tobago, 187, 194 Cooperative Forum Agreement) , 61–63, 68, 142 negotiations, 9 Trump, Donald J. (Presidency), 3, 22, Tillerson, Rex (Secretary of State), 103, 159, 180, 182, 214, 219, 243 220, 222, 223, 242, 243 Tin Aung Myint Oo (Lieutenant pathway, 200 General Thiha Thura, of policies, 185 Myanmar), 88 revolution, 224 Tipaimukh, 66 Tsai Ing-wen (Taiwan President), 183 Toolbox, 20 Tsa-ti-king (Chatigaon or Chittagong, Trade and Investment Cooperation and now Chattogram), 52 Framework Agreement (TICFA), Tset-ta-going (the Arakan name for 219 Chittagong), 53 INDEX 319

Turbulence theory (TT), 15, 16, 18 global retreat, 214 traits, 297 growth, 222 Turkistan, 114 GSP scheme, 163 Turkmenistan, 103 market, 158, 219 Twain, Mark, 213 Marshall Plan, 101 “Two ,” 110, 112 sanction, 108 Two-child policy, 131 Seventh Fleet, 2 weapons-building, 3 UN Security Council (UNSC), 90, U 267 Uddin, M. Ashab (Major General), U Nu, 85 17 Upward mobility, 10 Ullah, Ahmed, 51 Uruguay, 225, 230 Ukraine, 104 U.S. Agency for International United Arab Emirates, 134, 198 Development (USAID), 175 United Kingdom (UK), 169, 172, USSR alliance, 270 201, 222, 249 U.S.-Taiwan alliances, 253 United Liberation Front of Assam U.S.-U.K. efforts, 269 (ULFA), 65 Uzbekistan, 103 United Nations (UN), 14, 182, 196, 251 reforms, 196 V United Nations High Commissioner Vajpayee, A. B., 112, 114, 243 for Refugees (UNHCR), 89 Value-chain production networks, United Nations International 227 Convention on the Elimination of Values–interests, 189 all forms of Discrimination Vandenberg, Hoyt (General, Against Women (CEDAW), 133 commander U.S. Air Force United States (US), 1–3, 5, 10, 15, (USAF)), 256 17, 18, 20, 23, 56, 91, 101, Vatican State, 189 103, 105, 113, 114, 140, 153, Venezuela, 181, 187, 191, 193, 198, 158, 166–169, 171–173, 223–225, 230, 231 179–181, 183, 186, 187, 192, Vicious poverty cycle, 50 193, 201, 214, 216–218, 220, Vietnam, 7, 17, 102, 115, 139, 140, 223–225, 229, 230, 242, 243, 169, 218, 219, 232, 244 249, 251, 253, 267, 268, 296, TPP membership, 229 297 Vietnam War, 13 border, 217 Village-Agency for International Chargé d’affaires, 260 Development (V-AID), 51 dependence, 216 Villagomez, Mentor (Ecuadorian global power, 186 Ambassador), 228 320 INDEX

Villarreal, Ildefonso Guajardo developmental imperative, 216 (Economic Minister), 228 “Worst-case scenario” mindset, 103 Vision Document 2021, 173 Wuhan Summit (May 2018), 102, 105

W Wahhabism, 111 X Walmart, 171 Xiamen BRICS (Brazil-Russia-India-­ Waltz, Kenneth N., 11, 12, 15 China-South Africa) Summit Washington, 251, 252, 258, 266, 269, (September 2017), 102 270 Xinhua, Lyu, 144 Washington Consensus, 218, 221 Xinjiang, 102, 114, 257, 259 Weltanschaaung (worldview), 58 Xiannian, Li, 247 West Asia, 1 (an ancient Chinese West Asia-Middle East, 254 Buddhist monk), 53 West Bengal, 60, 62, 110 West Europe, 15, 101, 116 West European countries, 5 Y Western Hemisphere, 187 Yan, Gao (Vice Minister of Women Entrepreneur Association of Commerce), 144 Bangladesh (WEAB), 136 Yandong, Liu (Chinese Vice President, Women entrepreneurs, 135 Vice Premier), 57 Women hold up half of the sky, 130 Young husband, 255 Wonden, Phala Thubten (Lord Yugoslavia, 249 Chamberlain), 250 Yunnan-Manipur-Chattogram route, World Bank (WB), 9, 57, 104, 131, 54 140, 155, 164, 218, 265 Yunnan province, 82, 83, 174 World Economic Forum (WEF), 113 World Trade Organization (WTO), 104, 185 Z agreement, 166, 175 al-Zawahri, Ayman Mohammad Rabie, liberal, 158 65 provisions, 199 Zhangmu Port, 55 trade policies, 196 Zhou Enlai, 249, 258, 263–265, World Trading Organization (WTO), 270 159 Zia, Khaleda (Prime Minister), 247 World War II, 11, 85, 101, 103, 218, Zomia insurgents, 63 222, 296 Zomias, 52, 53, 65