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Economic Corridors in Asia: Paradigm of Integration? a Reflection for Latin America

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Economic Corridors in Asia: Paradigm of Integration? a Reflection for Latin America SORAYA CARO VARGAS (EDITOR) Economic Corridors in Asia: Paradigm of Integration? A Reflection for Latin America Universidad Externado de Colombia Economic corridors in Asia : paradigm of integration? A reflection for Latin America / Alexánder Arciniegas Carreño [y otros] ; Soraya Caro Vargas, editor. -- Bogotá : Universidad Externado de Colombia. 2020. 459 páginas : ilustraciones, mapas, gráficos ; 21 cm. Incluye referencias bibliográficas. ISBN: 9789587903812 1. Cooperación internacional -- América Latina 2. Cooperación internacional -- Asia 3. Crecimiento económico -- América Latina 4. Crecimiento económico -- Asia 5. Globalización 6. Geopolítica 7. Infraestructura (Economía) I. Caro Var-gas, Soraya, editor II. Universidad Externado de Colombia III. Título 337 SCDD 21 Catalogación en la fuente -- Universidad Externado de Colombia. Biblioteca. MRJ. junio de 2020 ISBN 978-958-790-381-2 © 2020, SORAYA CARO VARGAS (EDITOR) © 2020, UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA Calle 12 n.º 1-17 este, Bogotá Teléfono (57-1) 342 0288 [email protected] www.uexternado.edu.co Primera edición: junio de 2020 Diseño de cubierta: Departamento de Publicaciones Corrección de estilo (español): Luis Fernando García Núñez Corrección de estilo (inglés): Michael Forrest Composición: María Libia Rubiano Impresión: Xpress Estudio Gráfico y Digital S.A.S. - Xpress Kimpres Tiraje de 1 a 1.000 ejemplares Impreso en Colombia Printed in Colombia Prohibida la reproducción o cita impresa o electrónica total o parcial de esta obra, sin autorización expresa y por escrito del Departamento de Publicaciones de la Universidad Externado de Colombia. Las opiniones expresadas en esta obra son responsabilidad de los autores. Quiero agradecer al doctor Roberto Hinestrosa Rey, decano de la Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Inter- nacionales por su constante apoyo a esta iniciativa. A las directivas del CIPE por su orientación, a Jerónimo Delgado, Pío García y David Castrillón por hacer parte de la con- cepción de la idea y su materialización, a Francisco Daniel Trejos, quien como asistente de investigación de cesICAM se preocupó por la adecuada compilación de los textos, y el mejoramiento de las imágenes y de los mapas, a Luz Adria- na Gómez por la coordinación desde el CIPE en la edición de esta obra. A la Universidad Externado de Colombia. Un agradecimiento especial a cada uno de los autores, por su dedicación y compromiso. CONTENIDO FOREWORD 13 INTRODUCTION 17 Soraya Caro Vargas 1. The History of a Multicultural Academic Endeavour 17 2. The Search for Security vs. Growing Uncertainty 18 2.1. Methodology and Techniques 19 3. Theoretical Markers 20 4. Bibliographic antecedents in the Region and the Relevance of this Initiative 24 5. Globalizing Precursors and the Resurgence of the Economic Corridor as a Term and Consequence of BRI 28 6. On the Authors and their Vision of Corridors and BRI 32 Conclusion 40 References 41 1. LA NUEVA RUTA DE LA SEDA: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO Y ASPECTOS GEOPOLÍTICOS DE LA ESTRATEGIA GLOBAL DE CHINA 45 Alexánder Arciniegas Carreño Resumen 45 Abstract 45 Introducción 46 1. Los cambios en la inserción internacional china y la emergencia de Obor 48 2. Los caminos de la Ruta de la Seda: franja terrestre y ruta marítima; naturaleza, principios, ejes de actuación e institucionalidad 54 3. Asia central: recursos e importancia estratégica para China 60 4. Obor el dilema de India 64 5. Algunas consideraciones conclusivas sobre la proyección internacional de China y su impacto en Latinoamérica y Colombia 69 Referencias 72 7 8 2. INDIA’S ECONOMIC CORRIDORS AND SUB-REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS 79 Pankaj K Jha Abstract 79 Resumen 80 Introduction 81 1. Theoretical Discourse about Economic Corridors 83 2. India’s Economic Corridors and Highway Networks 85 3. Developing Port Infrastructure 91 4. River Interlinking Plan and Promotion of Inland waterways 94 5. Connecting with Neighborhood and Sub-Regional networks 96 6. Trilateral Highway Networks-Myanmar-India- Thailand 97 7. Mekong India Economic Corridor (MIEC) 98 8. Indo-Pacific Economic Corridor (IPEC) 99 9. Transport Corridors –BBIN and BCIM initiative 100 10. Structural Constraints and Bottlenecks 102 Conclusion 104 References 105 3. CHINESE CAPITAL FLOWS TO AFRICA IN A CONTEXT OF THE SILK ROAD 109 Alicia Girón ABSTRACT 109 Resumen 110 Introduction 110 1. Theoretical perspective 113 2. Behavior of Financial Flows from Chinese Banks and Companies in Africa 116 3. Constant Growth of the Process of Indebtedness since the Post-Crisis Period 122 4. Concluding remarks: Challenges facing Africa in the face of financial flows 126 References 126 4. DEVELOPMENT CORRIDORS IN AFRICA: FOREIGN POLICY AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION STRATEGIES IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH 131 Jerónimo Delgado Caicedo Juliana Andrea Guzmán Cárdenas Abstract 131 Resumen 132 Introduction 133 1. Development corridors 138 9 1.1. From transport corridor to economic corridor 138 1.2. Development corridors and Africa 141 2. Development Corridors as a Foreign Policy and Regional Integration Tool 146 2.1. Foreign Policy in the Global South 146 2.2 . African Regional Integration 150 3. Challenges 154 4. Conclusions 157 References 160 5. A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR. MAPPING PUBLIC DISCOURSE IN PAKISTAN: THE CASE STUDY OF THE INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES 169 Ahmad Saffee Abstract 169 Resumen 169 Introduction 170 1. Situational Analysis of Geo-political Environment 171 2. Theoretical Framework 173 2.1. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 173 3. Research Methodology 177 4. Research Analysis – A Critical Thematic Analysis of Discourse 179 4.1. The Communist Party of China 182 4.2 . Media and Think Tank Community 186 Conclusion 194 References 196 6. RESURGENCE OF SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION AND CHINA’S BelT AND ROAD INITIATIve IN ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA 199 Ume Farwa Guzanfar Ali Garewal Abstract 199 Resumen 200 Introduction 201 1. Belt and Road as a Project of South-South Cooperation 204 2. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: China as a Locomotive and Pakistan as a Catalyst 207 3. The Good and the Best 211 4. The Fix 215 5. Looking Forward: Lessons for Latin America and Impact on ssc 219 Conclusion 220 References 221 10 7. THE INFRASTRUCTURE GAP IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE ARRIVAL OF CHINESE INFRASTRUCTURE FIRMS: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ARGENTINIAN CASE 225 Leonardo E. Stanley Abstract 225 Resumen 225 Introduction 226 1. The nature of the firm (or Why Chinese firms are something special that should be considered) 230 2. The Belt and Road Initiative and Latin America Infrastructure Gap 236 3. Industry Analysis (with a focus on the Argentinean case) 239 3.1. Argentina Infrastructure Gap (particular emphasis on roads) 242 3.2. The entry of Chinese firms and local business groups: competition or cooperation 244 3.3. Financial Schemes and Governance Issues 248 4. Conclusions 252 References 254 8. EL MERCOSUR EN LA BÚSQUEDA DE ASIA PACÍFICO 263 Gustavo Cardozo Resumen 263 Abstract 263 Introducción 264 1. La Nueva Ruta de la Seda y su impacto en América Latina y el Caribe: perspectivas desde el Cono Sur 266 2. El Mercosur en la búsqueda de Asia Pacífico 276 Conclusiones 282 Referencias 283 9. DEL FORTALECIMIENTO DE LAS FRONTERAS A LA CONECTIVIDAD: LECCIONES PARA EL SUR DE ASIA Y AMÉRICA DEL SUR 287 Kelly Arévalo Resumen 287 Abstract 288 Introducción 288 1. Más allá de la geografía política 290 2. Conectividad hoy: corredores económicos 294 3. Conectividad en el Sur de Asia 296 4. Conectividad en América del Sur 301 5. Conclusiones 307 Referencias 311 11 10. EL SUDESTE ASIÁTICO EN LAS NUEVAS RUTAS TRANSCONTINENTALES ASEAN 315 Pío García Resumen 315 Abstract 316 Introducción 316 1. Asean en el núcleo de la integración asiática 320 2. Asean en los proyectos transcontinentales asiáticos 324 3. Asean frente a los proyectos transcontinentales: impacto y perspectivas 330 4. Asean, las rutas transasiáticas y América Latina y el Caribe 337 Conclusiones 342 Referencias 343 11. THE ROLE OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN REGION IN CHINA’S NEW SILK ROAD ECONOMIC BELT PROJECT 349 Azhar Serikkaliyeva Abstract 349 Resumen 349 Introduction 350 1. China’s Interests in Central Asia 352 1.1. The SCO: Fighting three evils 354 1.2. Energy 357 1.3. China’s Peaceful Co-development and Good Neighborly Policy 360 2. Situating Central Asia in BRI 361 2.1. Why Central Asia is important for BRI? 364 2.2. Main BRI projects in Central Asia 365 2.3. The New Eurasian Land Bridge 366 3. Economic corridor China - Central Asia - Western Asia 367 3.1. Response from Central Asia: case of Kazakhstan 371 Conclusion 376 References 377 12. TURKEY AND THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE 383 Gökhan Tekir Abstract 383 Resumen 384 Introduction 384 1. Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway 388 2. Turkey’s Domestic Railway Lines 389 3. Marmaray and Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge 391 4. The Turkish Maritime Leg of the Belt and Road 394 12 5. Turkey’s Role in Civilizational Connectivity 395 6. Challenges to Turkey’s Participation in the Belt and Road Initiative 398 6.1. Volatility in the Infrastructure Sector 398 6.2. The Xinjiang Problem 402 Conclusion 404 References 406 13. BELT & ROAD INITIATIVE Y SU SIGNIFICADO GEOPOLÍTICO PARA CHINA Y ASIA CENTRAL 413 Diana Andrea Gómez Resumen 413 Abstract 413 Introducción 414 1. Alcance del BRI 417 1.1 La tecnología rebasa la geografía 419 2. Importancia geopolítica de BRI 421 2.1. BRI en perspectiva doméstica 421 2.2. BRI en perspectiva regional: el rol de Asia central 423 3. Grandes desafíos generados por BRI en perspectiva global 429 3.1. El rol central de las ciudades 432 Conclusiones y recomendaciones 435 Referencias 437 REFLEXIONES FINALES E INVITACIÓN A LA ACADEMIA 443 Soraya Caro Vargas Referencias 448 AUTHORS 451 FOREWORD Global geopolitics has shifted dramatically over the last thirty years. After the vanishing expectations of a unipolar international system led by the United States, China has gained an increasingly dominant role in areas as innovative as quantum computing, robotics and artificial intelligence.
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