DOCSLIB.ORG

Bulletin No. 379 - Biology and Control of the Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia Lineatella Zeller) in Utah

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bulletin No. 379 - Biology and Control of the Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia Lineatella Zeller) in Utah Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU UAES Bulletins Agricultural Experiment Station 12-1955 Bulletin No. 379 - Biology and Control of the Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella Zeller) in Utah Charles J. Sorenson Farrell H. Gunnell Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/uaes_bulletins Part of the Agricultural Science Commons Recommended Citation Sorenson, Charles J. and Gunnell, Farrell H., "Bulletin No. 379 - Biology and Control of the Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella Zeller) in Utah" (1955). UAES Bulletins. Paper 343. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/uaes_bulletins/343 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural Experiment Station at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in UAES Bulletins by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. / / BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE PEACH TWIG BORER (ANARSIA LINEATELLA Z~LLER) IN UTAH Charles J. Sorenson and Farrell H. Gunnell Bulletin 379 December 1955 Agricultural Experiment Station Division of Agricultural Sciences Utah State Agricultural College BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE PEACH TWIG BORER IN UTAH page Spraying for peach twig borers ................................. 3 Introduction ......... ..... ................................... .... .............. 4 Distribution of the peach twig borer ... ... ............ ..... 4 Host plants ...... ............................ ................ .................... 5 Types of damage ............. .. '" ... ... ........... ................ ' ...... 5 Split pit peaches ............ .. .. .. ................... ............. ..... ... 6 Barren twigs ......... .............. .................................. .. ...... 6 Economic importance ............ .. ......... ........ .... ..... ........... 6 Classification of the peach twig borer .. .. .................. 7 Description of its life stages ...................................... 7 Adults .................................................... .. ................ 7 Eggs .......... .. .............. ........ ........... ............ ................ 7 Newly hatched larvae .. ....................................... 7 :Mature larvae ................................... .:.. ... ............ ... 7 Pupae ........................................................ ................ 9 Research procedure ............................... ...... ................ 9 Generations of twig borers ........... .. ... ......... ... ............. 11 Life history .. .. ............................................... .... .............. 11 Hibernacula ...................... ...... ..................... .................. 12 Prevention and control ............ .............. ...... ..... ............ 12 Influence of weather ......................... .......... ..... .. 12 Prevention ....................................................... .. .. .. 12 Natural enemies ................................................... 13 Parasites ................................................ ... .. ............ 13 Control with insecticides .......................... ................. 13 Results obtained in Utah spray tests ....................... 14 Summary and conclusions .. ..... ....... ........... ... ............ 18 Literature cited ....... .... .. ..................... ........................... 19 2 Spraying for Peach Twig Borers Results obtained in spray tests indicate the advisability of the following spray program for ,the control of the peach twig borer in Utah: First spray: Liquid lime-sulfur, 12 gallons in 88 gallons of water, applied in the delayed-dormant stage of peach trees; that is, from bud swell to early pink-bud stage. Second spray: Basic lead arsenate, 3 to 4 pounds per 100' gallons of water, applied just before the second brood of twig borers emerge. This is usually when growing peach fruits are from % to 1 inch in diameter. H the first spray has not been applied then two applications of the se.c­ ond spray are advisable. The first application should be made immediately after all the petals of peach blossoms have fallen, and the second application as specified above under "second spray." Apricot, nectarine, and prune trees may be sprayed with basic lead arsenate at the same ,time as peach trees if they are not in blossom. H only one application of a spray is to be used, then the "second spray" specified above may be expected to be more effective than any other single spray. The authors: Charles J. Sorenson is research professor emeritus of entomology. Farrell H. Gunnell was a graduate student assistant in entomology during the sum­ mers of 1936, 1937, and 1941. 3 Introduction HE PEACH twig borer, Anarsia line­ program for any insect, its life his­ T atella Zeller, sometimes called the tory must be known. Consequently peach worm, annually damages peach, the first part of this study was made apricot, nectarine, prune, and plum to obtain specific information on the orchards in Utah. Many buds and biology of the peach twig borer as it twig terminals are destroyed each occurs in Utah, and second, to deter­ spring by the overwintered genera­ mine the effectiveness and best time tion of partially grown larvae. These to apply the various insecticides for emerge from their winter quarters the control, of this pest. The authors almost as soon as host trees begin studied the life history of the borer their spring growth. From the time during 1936 and 1937 in Davis County the fruit becomes about half grown and during 1941 in Washington Coun­ until it is harvested, later generations ty. They studied methods of con­ of twig-borer larvae feed on it causing trol in the Brigham-Perry district of irregular, gummy cavities which make Box Elder County from 1940 to 1943, it un£t for market. inclusive. In order to work out a control Distribution of the Peach Twig Borer URING THIS investigation research­ of fruit trees in California during D ers observed twig-borer injured 1891. Cordley (1897) reported the twigs or fruits of peach trees in or­ insect from Oregon, and recorded chards in Box Elder, Cache, Carbon, notes on injury done and gave an ac­ Davis, Duchesne, Emery, Grand, Iron, count of its life history. Treherne Juab, Millard, Salt Lake, Tooele, (1916) found the peach twig borer Uintah, Utah, Washington, and Weber to be the most injurious insect pest of Counties, Utah. The pest probably peaches at the south end of the occurs wherever peaches and apricots Okanogan Valley in British Colum­ are grown within this state. bia, Canada. Pack (1930) found this Duruz (1923) records that "The pest infesting apricots, plums, and first published account of the peach peaches in Davis County, Utah, and twig borer was the original descrip­ reared three broods of it in an in­ tion by Zeller in Germany in 1839." sectary there during the growing sea­ According to Marlatt (1898) this in­ son of 1929. Essig (1934) says that sect is an old world species, probably "The peach-twig borer, Anarsia line­ a native of Asia, and has been known atella Zeller, is an European species in the United States since 1860. which has become very widely dis­ Glover ( 1873 ) reported the insect tributed throughout the temperate did damage in Maryland and Virginia regions and is a major pest of fruit in 1872. This is the first report of and ornamental trees belonging to the damage done by the peach twig borer genera Prunus and Pyrus. It is possi­ in the United States. Coquillet ble that the insect may have been ( 1892) suspected Anarsia lineatella introduced into Europe from Asia." Zeller of damaging terminal shoots The Insect Pest Survey of the U. s. 4 Department of Agriculture has re­ it from Connecticut, Idaho, New ported the peach twig borer from the Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. following states: Arizona, California, Other literature records the peach Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, twig borer occurring in Algeria, Asia­ Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massa­ Minor, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, chusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, N e­ Canada, China, Cyprus, Dalmatia, braska, New Mexico, New York, France, Germany, Hungary, India, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, South Italy, Macedonia, Mesopotamia, Mo­ Carolina, Texas, Utah, and Washing­ rocco, New South Wales, Russia, ton. Other authorities have reported Sardinia, and Syria. Host Plants N UTAH, the writers found larvae almond (California and Italy), apple I of the peach twig borer infesting (Maryland and Italy), cherry (Cy­ either the twigs or fruits of apricot, prus and Italy), Japanese persimmon nectarine, peach, pear, plum, and (Diospyros kaki L.) (Black Sea Coast prune. However, principal host plants of the Caucasus, Russia), strawberry here are' apricot, peach, and nectarine. (Nebraska), oleaster (Eleagnus an­ Other recorded host plants include gustifolia) (Russia). Types of Damage HE P E ACH TWIG BORER attacks When twig borer infestation is T buds, blossoms, new and termin­ heavy, growth of young trees is seri­ al twig growth, foliage, and fruit of ously retarded by these feeding most host plants. These larvae in feed­ larvae. ing bore into buds, devouring the The overwintered generation of tender tissues and preventing develop­ borers completes its feeding and ment of both leaves and fruit. They larval development in twig terminals; sometimes tie together petals of blos­ whereas, first-generation larvae feed soms, and occasionally a few young in twig terminals only until they are leaves for their protection while feed­ about half grown, when they leave ing within
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Entomology) 1968, Ph.D
    RING T. CARDÉ a. Professional Preparation Tufts University B.S. (Biology), 1966 Cornell University M.S. (Entomology) 1968, Ph.D. (Entomology) 1971 New York State Agricultural Postdoctoral Associate, 1971-1975 Experiment Station at Geneva (Cornell University) b. Appointments and Professional Activities Positions Held 1996-present Distinguished Professor & Alfred M. Boyce Endowed Chair in Entomology, University of California, Riverside 2011 Visiting Professor, Swedish Agricultural University (SLU), Alnarp 2003-2009 Chair, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 1989-1996 Distinguished University Professor, University of Massachusetts 1988 Visiting Scientist, Wageningen University 1984-1989 Professor of Entomology, University of Massachusetts 1981-1987; 1993-1995 Head, Entomology, University of Massachusetts 1981-1984 Associate Professor of Entomology, University of Massachusetts 1978-1981 Associate Professor of Entomology, Michigan State University 1975-1978 Assistant Professor of Entomology, Michigan State University Honors and Awards (selected) Certificate of Distinction for Outstanding Achievements, International Congress of Entomology, 2016 President, International Society of Chemical Ecology, 2012-2013 Jan Löfqvist Grant, Royal Academy of Natural Sciences, Medicine and Technology, Sweden, 2011 Silver Medal, International Society of Chemical Ecology, 2009 Awards for “Encyclopedia of Insects” include: • “Most Outstanding Single-Volume Reference in Science”, Association of American Publishers 2003 • “Outstanding
    [Show full text]
  • Folk Taxonomy, Nomenclature, Medicinal and Other Uses, Folklore, and Nature Conservation Viktor Ulicsni1* , Ingvar Svanberg2 and Zsolt Molnár3
    Ulicsni et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:47 DOI 10.1186/s13002-016-0118-7 RESEARCH Open Access Folk knowledge of invertebrates in Central Europe - folk taxonomy, nomenclature, medicinal and other uses, folklore, and nature conservation Viktor Ulicsni1* , Ingvar Svanberg2 and Zsolt Molnár3 Abstract Background: There is scarce information about European folk knowledge of wild invertebrate fauna. We have documented such folk knowledge in three regions, in Romania, Slovakia and Croatia. We provide a list of folk taxa, and discuss folk biological classification and nomenclature, salient features, uses, related proverbs and sayings, and conservation. Methods: We collected data among Hungarian-speaking people practising small-scale, traditional agriculture. We studied “all” invertebrate species (species groups) potentially occurring in the vicinity of the settlements. We used photos, held semi-structured interviews, and conducted picture sorting. Results: We documented 208 invertebrate folk taxa. Many species were known which have, to our knowledge, no economic significance. 36 % of the species were known to at least half of the informants. Knowledge reliability was high, although informants were sometimes prone to exaggeration. 93 % of folk taxa had their own individual names, and 90 % of the taxa were embedded in the folk taxonomy. Twenty four species were of direct use to humans (4 medicinal, 5 consumed, 11 as bait, 2 as playthings). Completely new was the discovery that the honey stomachs of black-coloured carpenter bees (Xylocopa violacea, X. valga)were consumed. 30 taxa were associated with a proverb or used for weather forecasting, or predicting harvests. Conscious ideas about conserving invertebrates only occurred with a few taxa, but informants would generally refrain from harming firebugs (Pyrrhocoris apterus), field crickets (Gryllus campestris) and most butterflies.
    [Show full text]
  • Pheromone Trap Catch of Harmful Microlepidoptera Species in Connection with the Chemical Air Pollutants
    International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) Volume 2, Issue 1, 2016, PP 1-10 ISSN 2454-9444 (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-9444.0201001 www.arcjournals.org Pheromone Trap Catch of Harmful Microlepidoptera Species in Connection with the Chemical Air Pollutants L. Nowinszky1, J. Puskás1, G. Barczikay2 1University of West Hungary Savaria University centre, Szombathely, Károlyi Gáspár Square 4 2County Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Agricultural Office of Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Directorate, Bodrogkisfalud, Vasút Street. 22 [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: In this study, seven species of Microlepidoptera pest pheromone trap collection presents the results of the everyday function of the chemical air pollutants (SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, CO, PM10, O3). Between 2004 and 2013 Csalomon type pheromone traps were operating in Bodrogkisfalud (48°10’N; 21°21E; Borsod-Abaúj- Zemplén County, Hungary, Europe). The data were processed of following species: Spotted Tentiform Leafminer (Phyllonorycter blancardella Fabricius, 1781), Hawthorn Red Midged Moth (Phyllonorycter corylifoliella Hübner, 1796), Peach Twig Borer (Anarsia lineatella Zeller, 1839), European Vine Moth (Lobesia botrana Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775), Plum Fruit Moth (Grapholita funebrana Treitschke, 1846), Oriental Fruit Moth (Grapholita molesta Busck, 1916) and Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella Linnaeus, 1758). The relation is linear, logarithmic and polynomial functions can be characterized. Keywords: Microlepidoptera, pests, pheromone traps, air pollution 1. INTRODUCTION Since the last century, air pollution has become a major environmental problem, mostly over large cities and industrial areas (Cassiani et al. 2013). It is natural that the air pollutant chemicals influence the life phenomena of insects, such as flight activity as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Izatha (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae)
    Hoare, R. J. B. 2010: Izatha (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae). Fauna of New Zealand 65, 201 pp. The Copyright notice printed on page 4 applies to the use of this PDF. This PDF is not to be posted on websites. Links should be made to: FNZ.LandcareResearch.co.nz EDITORIAL BOARD Dr R. M. Emberson, c/- Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand Dr M. J. Fletcher, Director of the Collections, NSW Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia Dr R. J. B. Hoare, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Dr M.-C. Larivière, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Mr R. L. Palma, Natural Environment Department, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand SERIES EDITOR Dr T. K. Crosby, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 65 Izatha (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae) Robert J. B. Hoare Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand [email protected] with colour plates by B.E. Rhode Manaak i W h e n u a P R E S S Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 2010 4 Hoare (2010): Izatha (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae) Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2010 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Modern Threats to the Lepidoptera Fauna in The
    MODERN THREATS TO THE LEPIDOPTERA FAUNA IN THE FLORIDA ECOSYSTEM By THOMSON PARIS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 2011 Thomson Paris 2 To my mother and father who helped foster my love for butterflies 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I thank my family who have provided advice, support, and encouragement throughout this project. I especially thank my sister and brother for helping to feed and label larvae throughout the summer. Second, I thank Hillary Burgess and Fairchild Tropical Gardens, Dr. Jonathan Crane and the University of Florida Tropical Research and Education center Homestead, FL, Elizabeth Golden and Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park, Leroy Rogers and South Florida Water Management, Marshall and Keith at Mack’s Fish Camp, Susan Casey and Casey’s Corner Nursery, and Michael and EWM Realtors Inc. for giving me access to collect larvae on their land and for their advice and assistance. Third, I thank Ryan Fessendon and Lary Reeves for helping to locate sites to collect larvae and for assisting me to collect larvae. I thank Dr. Marc Minno, Dr. Roxanne Connely, Dr. Charles Covell, Dr. Jaret Daniels for sharing their knowledge, advice, and ideas concerning this project. Fourth, I thank my committee, which included Drs. Thomas Emmel and James Nation, who provided guidance and encouragement throughout my project. Finally, I am grateful to the Chair of my committee and my major advisor, Dr. Andrei Sourakov, for his invaluable counsel, and for serving as a model of excellence of what it means to be a scientist.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Frank G. Zalom
    Award Category: Lifetime Achievement The Lifetime Achievement in IPM Award goes to an individual who has devoted his or her career to implementing IPM in a specific environment. The awardee must have devoted their career to enhancing integrated pest management in implementation, team building, and integration across pests, commodities, systems, and disciplines. New for the 9th International IPM Symposium The Lifetime Achievement winner will be invited to present his or other invited to present his or her own success story as the closing plenary speaker. At the same time, the winner will also be invited to publish one article on their success of their program in the Journal of IPM, with no fee for submission. Nominator Name: Steve Nadler Nominator Company/Affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis Nominator Title: Professor and Chair Nominator Phone: 530-752-2121 Nominator Email: [email protected] Nominee Name of Individual: Frank Zalom Nominee Affiliation (if applicable): University of California, Davis Nominee Title (if applicable): Distinguished Professor and IPM specialist, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis Nominee Phone: 530-752-3687 Nominee Email: [email protected] Attachments: Please include the Nominee's Vita (Nominator you can either provide a direct link to nominee's Vita or send email to Janet Hurley at [email protected] with subject line "IPM Lifetime Achievement Award Vita include nominee name".) Summary of nominee’s accomplishments (500 words or less): Describe the goals of the nominee’s program being nominated; why was the program conducted? What condition does this activity address? (250 words or less): Describe the level of integration across pests, commodities, systems and/or disciplines that were involved.
    [Show full text]
  • Fhnews 171 Mar.P65
    forest health news No. 171, March 2007 ISSN 1175-9755 ENSIS SCIENTISTS CONTRIBUTE TO FOREST LIGHT BROWN APPLE MOTH IN CALIFORNIA BIOSECURITY CONFERENCE IN THE USA Epiphyas postvittana (light brown apple moth) is a south-east The USDA Interagency Research Forum on Invasive Species, one Australian leaf-rolling moth that was first found in New Zealand of the principal conferences on invasive forest pests and diseases, in 1887. It has also become established in Tasmania, south-western takes place in Annapolis, Maryland, every January. Ensis scientists Australia, New Caledonia, Hawaii, and the United Kingdom. have attended this forum on several occasions and this year Ecki Brockerhoff and Tod Ramsfield were invited to contribute new information on bark beetle introductions and on genetic tools used in pathogen research, respectively. This conference has become an important forum for the exchange of information on invasive species and their management, and for encouraging collaboration among scientists from around the world. Colleagues in the USA have their hands full due to a series of recent incursions and introductions including the Asian long- horned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) (FH News 123:2), the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (FH News 125:2), Sirex noctilio, and sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum) (FH News 123:1). In addition, there is much ongoing work on attempting to Epiphyas postvittana adult minimise the impact and to prevent the further spread of earlier introductions such as gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) which causes Recently two E. postvittana moths were caught in a light trap much defoliation in the eastern USA during periodic outbreaks.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree-Derived Stimuli Affecting Host-Selection Response of Larva and Adult Peach Twig Borers, Anarsia Lineatella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
    TREE-DERIVED STIMULI AFFECTING HOST-SELECTION RESPONSE OF LARVA AND ADULT PEACH TWIG BORERS, Anarsia lineatella (ZELLER) (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) Mark Christopher Sidney B.Sc, B.Ed, Simon Fraser University, 1999, 2004 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQmEMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Biological Sciences O Mark Christopher Sidney 2005 SEviOiu' FiiASEii I..u'iVEiiSIT'k' Summer 2005 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Mark Christopher Sidney Degree: Master of Science Title of Thesis: Tree-derived stimuli affecting host-selection response of larva and adult peach twig borers, Anarsia lineatella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. E. Elle, Assistant Professor Dr. G. Gries, Professor Department of Biological Sciences, S.F.U. Dr. G. Judd, Research Scientist Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Dr. M. Winston, Professor Department of Biological Sciences, S.F.U. Dr. S. Lindgren, Professor Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia Public Examiner Date Approved SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users.
    [Show full text]
  • Gelechiidae Biosecurity Occurrence Background Subfamilies Short
    Ardozyga stratifera (Gelechiinae) Gelechiidae Twirler Moths or Gelechiid Moths Biosecurity BIOSECURITY ALERT This Family is of Biosecurity Concern Occurrence This family occurs in Australia. Background The micromoth family Gelechiidae is the namesake family for the enormous superfamily Gelechioidea and is one of the most diverse families of the Lepidoptera. Gelechiids are very small moths with narrow wings. The family has a worldwide distribution and is diverse with over 4,700 known species in 500 genera, but that number would be at least doubled with undescribed and new species. The family is particularly prevalent in North America because of the close association of species with Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga). The caterpillars have very diverse feeding habits on many plant parts and species. Many species are external feeders but are protected by a shelter of some kind, often in tied or rolled leaves (Fig. 1). Many others feed internally, boring into flower heads, stems (Fig. 2) or roots. They are leaf-miners (Fig. 11), gall-inducers or stem-borers, or feed within flowers or fruits (Fig. 13). They also can be concealed in silken tunnels in earth or in portable cases. Not surprisingly, therefore, there are many gelechiids that are agricultural pests, such as: the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Fig. 13), one of the most destructive pests of cotton in the world; Sitotroga cerealella (Angoumois grain moth); Phthorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth); and, Tuta absoluta (tomato leaf miner). Contrastingly, several species have been used as biocontrol agents against weeds. One Australian species feeds on dead leaf litter. Fig. 1. Mature caterpillar of the widespread Australian gelechiid Ardozyga stratifera (Gelechiinae).
    [Show full text]
  • Microorganisms and Their Byproducts, Nematodes, Oils and Particle Films
    REVIEW ARTICLE t Microorganisms and their byproducts, nematodes, oils Larry D. Godfrey Elizabeth E. Grafton-Cardwell Harry K. Kaya William E. Chaney t The insect and mite control potential of natural and biological toxins has been recognized for several centuries. Bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi are the primary groups of micro- organisms known to reduce insect populations; they often occur natu- rally in fields and function as compo- Natural and botanical products have been nents of biological control. Beneficial used to control insect pests for centuries. nematodes are also being used for Kaolin is a mineral-based particle film that is sprayed onto crops as a barrier to repel pest control, especially against soil in- insects and prevent feeding. sects. The isolation of toxic metabolic compounds from microorganisms con- tinues to be a fruitful research area, The insect-control potential of natu- biological agents that are being used although there are barriers to their ral and biological toxins has been rec- for pest control, especially against soil successful marketing and distribution. ognized for several centuries. As early insects. Several species of beneficial Another, more controversial way to as 2700 B.C., unintended epizootics nematodes are commercially available, (outbreaks of disease affecting many and the animal itself acts as a distribu- deliver these insect-specific toxins to animals of one species at the same time) tion tool for symbiotic bacteria that the target pest is through genetically by natural enemies (microorganisms) actually kill the target pest. As with the modified plants, such as those modi- were reported in beneficial insects such microorganisms, the ability to produce fied to express Bacillus thuringiensis as silkworms and honeybees.
    [Show full text]
  • IHS Fresh Fruit/Vegetables
    Import Health Standard Commodity Sub-class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Cherries, Prunus avium from the United States of America – States of Idaho, Oregon and Washington ISSUED Issued pursuant to Section 22 of the Biosecurity Act 1993 Date Issued: 4 July 2005 IHS Fresh Fruit/Vegetables. Prunus avium from the United States of America – 4 July 2005 States of Idaho, Oregon and Washington (Biosecurity Act 1993) 1 Contents Endorsement Review and amendment Distribution INTRODUCTION SCOPE REFERENCES DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS OUTLINE OF REQUIREMENTS NEW ZEALAND LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS IMPORT HEALTH STANDARD: FRESH FRUIT/VEGETABLES – PRUNUS AVIUM FROM THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – STATES OF IDAHO, OREGON AND WASHINGTON 1 Official contact point (New Zealand National Plant Protection Organisation) 2 General conditions for the importation of all plants and plant products 3 Explanation of pest categories 4 Application of measures 5 General conditions for fresh fruit/vegetables for consumption 6 Specific conditions for cherries (Commodity Sub-Class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables) from the United States of America – States of Idaho, Oregon and Washington 6.1 Pre-shipment requirements 6.1.1 Inspection of the consignment 6.1.2 Testing of the consignment 6.1.3 Phytosanitary measures for high impact pests 6.1.4 Documentation 6.1.5 Phytosanitary certification 6.1.6 Additional declarations to the phytosanitary certificate 6.2 Transit requirements 6.3 Inspection on arrival in New Zealand 6.4 Biosecurity/quarantine directive 6.5 Testing for regulated pests 6.6 Actions undertaken on the interception/detection of pests/contaminants 6.7 Biosecurity clearance 6.8 Audit of offshore measures 6.9 Feedback on non-compliance 7 Contingencies following biosecurity clearance Appendix 1: Categorised pest list Appendix 2: Pre-arrival phytosanitary measures for high impact fruit flies IHS Fresh Fruit/Vegetables.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Vegetation for Agronomic and Ecological Benefits in California Nut Orchards
    Managing Vegetation for Agronomic and Ecological Benefits in California Nut Orchards February 2021 MANAGING VEGETATION FOR AGRONOMIC & ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS – CALIFORNIA NUT ORCHARDS PAGE 1 Acknowledgements This report was developed by Environmental Defense Fund with support from Environmental Incentives. We thank Amélie Gaudin, Vivian Wauters and Neal Williams (University of California, Davis); Rex Dufour (National Center for Appropriate Technology) and Lauren Hale (USDA Agricultural Research Service) for their valuable contributions. MANAGING VEGETATION FOR AGRONOMIC & ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS – CALIFORNIA NUT ORCHARDS PAGE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................................. 4 State of Research: Managed Vegetation in Nut Orchards .............. 5 Ecosystem Services and Business Value of Managed Vegetation .......................................... 5 Climate Change Impacts .................................................................................................11 Grower Decision-Making ........................................................... 13 Grower Perceptions ........................................................................................................13 Communication Networks ...............................................................................................16 Key Considerations ................................................................... 17 Selecting Plant Species ...................................................................................................17
    [Show full text]