Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2015 Seasonal Flight Patterns Of Lineatella Zeller (: ) In South-East Turkey*

Feza CAN CENGİZ Mitko SUBCHEV Mustafa Kemal University, Agriculture Faculty, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Department of Plant Protection Bulgarian Academy of Science, 31040, Antakya, Hatay Sofia-Bulgaria [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—Seasonal monitoring of Anarsia apple. Previous studies on the biology of the pest in lineatella Zeller was organized in five localities in Adana, Mersin, Malatya and Bursa provinces Hatay province of South East Turkey: Alahan, revealed that the first appeared in April to May Delibekirli, Soğuksu and Vakıflı in 2009 and in and the flight ended in October to November Alahan, Döver and Vakıflı in 2010. For the field depending upon the [11]; [4]; [8]; [11]. However, in work pheromone baits for A. lineatella purchased the study carried out in peach orchards of İzmir an from CSALOMON® (Plant Protection Institute, earlier start of the flight - late March or early April, Budapest, Hungary) and home-made sticky Delta was found [1]. In different regions of Turkey, the pest traps of a transparent PVC foil were used. develops 2 to 5 generations [13]; [11]; [4]; [8]; [12]; [2]. Catches of A. lineatella were observed in all of [15] identified two pheromone compounds in A. the investigated sites in both years. In 2009 the lineatella females: (E)-5 decenyl acetate and (E)-5- earliest catches were registered on April 22 in decenol in a ratio of 7:1. Later some more Alahan and the latest ones on October 28 in pheromone components were identified for this Delibekirli, In 2010 the earliest catches were species but none of them was active in field [9]. observed in Alahan and Döver on April 24 and the Intensive field tests in Israel have shown that the latest ones were recorded on October 26 in Vakifli. optimal ratios of E5:10Ac and E15:10OH for Only at the latter site three well defined flight attracting A. lineatella males were 72:28 or 83:17. In periods, most probably representing three addition funnel traps was found to be more effective generations, were observed in both 2009 (end of than sticky traps at high population levels of the pest April – end of May; beginning-middle of June – while at the lower population levels the sticky traps middle-end of July and beginning-middle of were better [6]. August – middle of September) and 2010 Pheromone traps for seasonal monitoring of A. (beginning-middle of May – end of July, lineatella have already been used in different beginning of August – beginning-middle of countries where the pest occurs, e.g. Czech Reublic September and middle of September – end of [7], Bulgaria [5], Greece [3] etc. In Turkey results of October). In the rest of the sites such periods such monitoring were reported for Bursa province, were not so well defined – it seems that the first Thrace region of Turkey [8], Adana and Mersin and second generation overlapped while the third provinces, South-East Turkey [12]; [11]; [4] and İzmir one was more or less well defined. and Aydın provinces, Aegean region of Turkey [1]. The goal of our investigations was to establish the Keywords—Anarsia lineatella; Gelechiidae; patterns of the seasonal flight of A. lineatella in few pheromone traps; seasonal flight; Hatay; Turkey localities in Hatay, east Mediterranean Turkey. II. Materials and methods

Sex pheromone baits for A. lineatella were I. INTRODUCTION ® Anarsia lineatella Z. is an orchard pest distributed purchased from CSALOMON (Plant Protection in West Europe, Mediterraneans, North Africa, Asia Institute, Budapest, Hungary). For the field work we minor, Near East, Iran, India, Australia and North used home-made sticky Delta traps of a transparent America [14]. The pest develops two generation in PVC foil with removable sticky layers covered with Central Europe: TANGLEFOOT® (Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA) glue. The pheromone baits were renewed at Czech republic [7] and Slovenia [16] and three or four five week intervals, as recommended by the producer generations in South Europe: Italy [10], Bulgaria [5] and the sticky layers – after getting contaminated. and Greece [3]. The monitoring was organized in five provinces in A. lineatella is known as a serious pest throughout south-east Turkey: Alahan, Delibekirli, Soğuksu and all regions of Turkey [2]. Its caterpillars damage on Vakıflı in 2009 and in Alahan, Döver and Vakıflı in peach, apricot, nectarine, plum, cherry, almond and

www.jmest.org JMESTN42350983 2147 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2015 2010; for details see Table 1. The traps were hung on Alahan and Vakıflı respectively. The earliest catches the tree were observed in Alahan and Döver on April 24. branches at a high of about 1.5 m. The traps were Again, because the catches were found at the first visited and the catches counted weekly. Data on visit of the traps after their installing in the filed we temperature were obtained from the meterological can not exclude earlier appearance of the moths at station for all locations in 2009 and 2010. those sites. The highest catches in 2010 were in Döver and Alahan on May 01 and August 28, at 16,2 Table 1. Localities and terms of field observations, and crops in the orchards where traps were installed. In bold – the kind of the fruit-tree(s) C and 29,5 C, respectively. on which the trap(s) were hung In 2009 only in Vakıflı three quiet well flight periods, most probably representing three generations, could be defined: end of April – end of

Locality Date of May; beginning-middle of June–middle-end of July (number of Date of setting removing the Crop and beginning-middle of August – middle of traps) up the trap traps, date September. In the rest of the sites such periods were not so well defined – it seems that the first and

Pomegranate, Alahan second generation overlapped while the third one 15.IV.2009 13.XI. 2009 apple, peach, olive (1 trap) was more or less well defined. and citrus In 2010 again in Vakıflı three flight periods could

Apricot and be defined: beginning-middle of May–end of July, Delibekirli pomegranate (1 trap) 15.IV.2009 13.XI. 2009 early August–beginning-middle of September and

middle of September–end of October. In Alahan and

Apricot and Döver again only the third generation was more Soguksu pomegranate clearly separated. (1 trap) 22.IV. 2009 13.XI. 2009

Peach, plum, Alahan, 2009 Vakifli apricot, olive and 40 35 15.IV. 2009 13.XI. 2009 (1 trap) citrus 35 30

30 25 Pomegranate, 25

20  Alahan peach, olive and 20 15.IV. 2010 5.XI.2010 15

(2 traps) citrus etc. mothsN.of caught 15 Ave.temperature(°C) 10 10 Peach, plum, 5 5 Dover apricot, olive and 17.IV. 2010 5.XI.2010 0 0

(2 traps) citrus trees

1-Jul

8-Jul

3-Jun

2-Sep

9-Sep

7-Oct

5-Aug

4-Nov

15-Jul

22-Jul

29-Jul

6-May

10-Jun

17-Jun

24-Jun

22-Apr

29-Apr

16-Sep

23-Sep

30-Sep

14-Oct

21-Oct

28-Oct

12-Aug

19-Aug

26-Aug

11-Nov

13-May 20-May 27-May Date Peach, plum, 5 November apricot, olive and Fig. 1. Catches of Anarsia lineatella Zeller in Alahan, 2009; 1 trap Vakifli (2 traps) 24 April 2010 2010 citrus per site.

III. Results Delibekirli, 2009 The flight patterns of the seasonal flight of A. 60 35

lineatella in 2009 and 2010 in the investigated sites 30 50 are presented on figure 1-4 and figure 5-7 25 respectively. Catches of A. lineatella were observed 40 20

 in all of the investigated sites in both years. In 2009 30

N.of moths N.of caught 15 the most numerous catches were found in Delibekirli Ave.temperature(°C) 20 – 380 moths against 158 in Alahan, 211 in Soğuksu 10

10 and 215 in Vakıflı. The earliest catches were 5 registered on April 22 in Alahan. Although this was 0 0

1-Jul 8-Jul

3-Jun 7-Oct

2-Sep 9-Sep

15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul

4-Nov

5-Aug

6-May 10-Jun 17-Jun 24-Jun 14-Oct 21-Oct 28-Oct

16-Sep 23-Sep 30-Sep

22-Apr 29-Apr

11-Nov

12-Aug 19-Aug 26-Aug the first check of the trap after its installing in the field 13-May 20-May 27-May Date on April 15 and we can not exclude earlier flight, the single caught on the next visit indicates rather Fig. 2. Catches of Anarsia lineatella Zeller Delibekirli, 2009; 1 trap that this was the start of the flight. Most probably the per site. start of the flight was missed in Soğuksu where the trap was installed on April 22 and 23 moths caught were registered at the first visit on April 29. The latest catches in 2009 were registered on October 28 in Delibekirli, the site where the population level as presenting by the number of moths caught was highest. The highest catches in 2009 was in Soğuksu on July 01 at 29,7 C. In 2010 the most numerous catches were observed in Dover–377 moths against 263 and 240 in www.jmest.org JMESTN42350983 2148 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2015

Soğuksu, 2009 Vakıflı, 2010 60 35 45 35

40 30 30 50 35 25 25 40 30

20 25 20 30

15 20 15 N.of mothsN.of caught

N.of mothsN.of caught Ave.temperature(°C) 20 Ave.temperature(°C) 15 10 10 10 10 5 5 5

0 0 0 0

1-Jul

8-Jul

3-Jun 2-Jul

2-Sep

9-Sep

7-Oct 5-Jun

5-Aug

4-Nov

6-Sep 5-Oct

15-Jul

22-Jul

29-Jul

6-May

2-Aug 9-Aug

10-Jun

17-Jun

24-Jun

12-Jul

19-Jul

26-Jul

1-May 8-May

22-Apr

29-Apr

16-Sep

23-Sep

30-Sep

14-Oct

21-Oct

28-Oct

12-Jun

18-Jun 25-Jun

12-Aug

19-Aug

26-Aug

11-Nov

24-Apr

13-Sep

20-Sep

27-Sep

12-Oct

19-Oct 26-Oct

13-May

20-May

27-May

16-Aug

23-Aug

30-Aug

15-May

22-May 29-May Date Date Fig. 3. Catches of Anarsia lineatella Zeller in Soğuksu, 2009; 1 trap Fig. 7. Catches of Anarsia lineatella Zeller in Vakıflı, 2010; 2 traps per site. per site. IV. Discussion Vakıflı, 2009 Sex pheromone traps for seasonal monitoring of A. 40 35 lineatella have been used in several countries in

35 30 Europe. In Central Europe two generation of the pest

30 were revealed by means of pheromone traps: Czech 25

25 Republic (Bohemia) [7] and Slovenia [16]. Three or 20 four generations of the pest have been indicated by 20

15 pheromone traps in South European: Bulgaria [5] and

N.of mothsN.of caught 15 Ave.temperature(°C) Greece [3]. 10 10 Pheromone traps researches in Turkey have

5 5 revealed different terms of seasonal flight of A.

0 0 lineatella and different number of generations. [8]

1-Jul

8-Jul

3-Jun

2-Sep

9-Sep 7-Oct used pheromone traps for seasonal monitoring of the

5-Aug

4-Nov

15-Jul

22-Jul

29-Jul

6-May

10-Jun

17-Jun

24-Jun

22-Apr

29-Apr

16-Sep

23-Sep

30-Sep

14-Oct

21-Oct

28-Oct

12-Aug

19-Aug

26-Aug

11-Nov

13-May

20-May 27-May pest in 1983 in peach orchards in Bursa province. Date They found that the flight started on May 3 and lasted Fig. 4. Catches of Anarsia lineatella Zeller in Vakıflı, 2009; 1 trap 162-169 days. They determined three flight periods) per site. May 2 – end of June; beginning of July – middle of

Alahan, 2010 August; second half or end of August – October) 70 35 which should correspond to three generations, 60 30 including overwintering one. The results of seasonal

50 25 monitoring of A. lineatella by pheromone traps in

 40 20 South-East Turkey, the region where the present

N.of mothsN.of caught investigation was organized, are somewhat 30 15

Ave.temperature(°C) contradictive. [12] reported about two main flight 20 10 periods: May-July and August-September and two or 10 5 three peaks of A. lineatella populations in apricot

0 0 orchards in Malatya province in 2001-2002. The flight

3-Jul

5-Jun

4-Sep 2-Oct 9-Oct

7-Aug

10-Jul 17-Jul 24-Jul 31-Jul

1-May 8-May

12-Jun 19-Jun 26-Jun

15-Apr 17-Apr 24-Apr 11-Sep 18-Sep 25-Sep 16-Oct 23-Oct 30-Oct in these investigations started on May 3-10 and

14-Aug 21-Aug 28-Aug

15-May 22-May 29-May

Date lasted until October 15-25. [4] reported about four- five adult flight peaks and four-five generation of A. Fig. 5. Catches of Anarsia lineatella Zeller in Alahan, 2010; 2 traps per site. lineatella per year in peach and nectarine orchards in Adana and Mersin province with the flight starting in Döver , 2010 70 35 April-May and ceased in November. [1], determined the fluctuations of the flight of Grapholita molesta 60 30 Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Anarsia 50 25 lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiiidae) by pheromones 40 20 traps at peach orchards in Kuşadası, Sultanhisar

N.of mothsN.of caught 30 15 (Aydın) and Selçuk (İzmir) provinces in 2005 and

Ave.temperature(°C) 20 10 2006. The results of this study showed that the adult

10 5 flight of A. lineatella started in late March or early

0 0 April and lasted up to the end of November. Air

3-Jul

5-Jun

4-Sep 2-Oct 9-Oct

7-Aug

10-Jul 17-Jul 24-Jul 31-Jul

1-May 8-May

12-Jun 19-Jun 26-Jun

15-Apr 17-Apr 24-Apr 11-Sep 18-Sep 25-Sep 16-Oct 23-Oct 30-Oct temperatures did not strongly influence during flight

14-Aug 21-Aug 28-Aug

15-May 22-May 29-May Date period of A. lineatella at all localities. Fig. 6. Catches of Anarsia lineatella Zeller in Döver, 2010; 2 traps What could be concluded from the recent results per site. obtained by us in the regions and years investigated is that the flight of A. lineatella starts in middle-late April and lasted until late October. Speculations

www.jmest.org JMESTN42350983 2149 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2015 about distinct pest generations could be done only in [7] Kocourer, F., J. Beránková & I. Hrdý. Flight few of the sites monitored, where more or less clear patterns of the peach borer, Anarsia lineatella Zell. diminishing of the catches, corresponding to the (Lep., Gelechiidae) in Central Europe as observed bound between separate generations, was observed. using pheromone traps. J. Pest Sci., 69, 4: 1996, As a whole, because of overlapping of the flight of pp.84-87. moths of the different generations, pheromone trap [8] Kovanci, B. & N. Kilinçer. Bursa iİlinde şeftali monitoring of A. lineatella can not show clearly the filiz güvesi (Anarsia lineatella Zell. Lepidoptera: start and end of the separate generations. We accept Gelechiidae) erginlerinin yakalanmasında cinsel that our results show a presence of three generation çekici bir feromon’un (Atralin) kullanılma olanakları of A. lineatella in the sites of the investigations but Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 3: 1984, not exclude partial fourth one overlapping with the pp. 1-6. third generation. [9] Millar, J.G. & R.E.Rice. Reexamination of the Acknowledgments female sex pheromone of the peach twig borer: field *This project was partially supported by Grant screening of minor constituents of pheromone gland DO02-244/2008 of the Bulgarian National Scientific extracts and of pheromone analogs. J. Econ. Fundation. Entomol. 85:1992, pp.1709-1716. Thanks are due to Erkan İsa Sağıroğlu and Akif [10] Molinari, F., O. Zanrei.. Studies on some Keskinkılıç for their help in the field work. developmental parametres of Anarsia lineatella Zell. reared on artificial diet. Integrated plant protection in References stone fruit IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 27, 5: 2004, pp.29 [1] Akşit, T. İ. Gençsoylu & G. Samancılar. - 34 Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) [11] Öztürk, N. & M. R. Ulusoy. Mut (Mersin) ve Anarsia lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiiidae)’nın Kayısı Bahçelerinde Zararlı Şeftali güvesi, Anarsia Kuşadası, Sultanhisar (Aydın) ve Selçuk (İzmir) lineatella Zell. (Lep.: Gelechiidae)’nın Ergin ilçelerinde şeftali bahçelerinde popülasyon Popülasyon Takibi ve Mücadelesi Üzerinde değişimleri ve zararları. Türkiye IV. Bitki Koruma Araştırmalar Ç.Ü.Z.F. Dergisi, 20 (2): 2005, pp.57-66. Kongresi Bildirileri, 28-30 Haziran 2011, [12] Öztürk, N.& M. R. Ulusoy, Lerzan Erkılıç, Kahramanmaraş. Selime Ölmez. Malatya İli Kayısı Bahçelerinde Zararlı [2] Anonymous. Zirai Mücadele Teknik Talimatları, Şeftali güvesi, Anarsia lineatella Zell. (Lep.: Cilt: IV. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Gelechiidae)’nın Ergin Popülasyon Gelişimi Üzerine Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. 2008, 388 p. Araştırmalar. Ç.Ü.Z.F. Dergisi, 21 (1): 2006, pp.11- [3] Damos, P. & M. Savopoulou-Soultani. Flight 16. patterns of Anarsia lineatella (Lepidoptera: [13] Özbek, H., Ş. Güçlü, R. Hayat & E. Yıldırım, Gelechiidae) in relation to degree – days heat Meyve, Bağ ve Bazı Süs Bitkileri Zararlıları. Atatürk accumulation in Northern Greece. Comm. Appl. Biol. Üniversitesi Yayınları Erzurum. No:792, 1998, 340p. Sci, Ghent University, 72: 2007, pp. 465-468. [14] Piskunov, V. I. Fam. Gelechiidae. In: [4] Hazir, A. & M. R. Ulusoy. Adana ve Mersin illeri Medvedev, G. S. (ed.) Keys to the Identificationof şeftali ve nektarin bahçelerinde Şeftali güvesi of European USSR, Vol. 4, part 2. Nauka, [Anarsia lineatella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Leningrad: 1981, pp. 659-748 (in Russian) Gelechiidae)]’nin ergin popülasyon değişimi. BİTKİ [15] Roelofs, W., J. Kochansky, E. Anthon, R. KORUMA BÜLTENİ 2009, 49 (2): 2009, pp.45-54 Rice & R.Carde, Sex pheromone of the peach twig [5] Ivanova, L., H. Kutinkovaa & V. Dzhuvinov. borer moth (Anarsia lineatella) (Lep., Gelechiidae). Flight Monitoring of oriental Fruit Moth, Cydia molesta, Environ. Entomol., 4, 4: 1975, pp.580-582. and Peach Twig Borer, Anarsia lineatella, by [16] Tomše, S., I. Žežlina & L. Milevoj. Dynamics pheromone traps in apricot orchard of north-east of appearing Cydia molesta and Anarsia lineatella in Bulgaria. Proc. XIVth IS on Apricot Breeding and peach orchards in Slovenia. Integrated plant Culture Ed.: C. Xiloyannis Acta Hort. 862: 2010, pp. protection in stone fruit IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 27, 5: 465-470 2004, pp. 49 – 53. [6] Kehat, M., L.Anshelevich, E.Dunkelblum & S.Greenberg, 1994. Sex pheromone traps for monitoring the peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella Zeller: effect of pheromone dose, field aging of dispenser, and type of trap on male captures. Phytoparasitica, 22, 4: 291-298.

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