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Tree-Derived Stimuli Affecting Host-Selection Response of Larva and Adult Peach Twig Borers, Anarsia Lineatella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

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Tree-Derived Stimuli Affecting Host-Selection Response of Larva and Adult Peach Twig Borers, Anarsia Lineatella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) TREE-DERIVED STIMULI AFFECTING HOST-SELECTION RESPONSE OF LARVA AND ADULT PEACH TWIG BORERS, Anarsia lineatella (ZELLER) (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) Mark Christopher Sidney B.Sc, B.Ed, Simon Fraser University, 1999, 2004 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQmEMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Biological Sciences O Mark Christopher Sidney 2005 SEviOiu' FiiASEii I..u'iVEiiSIT'k' Summer 2005 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Mark Christopher Sidney Degree: Master of Science Title of Thesis: Tree-derived stimuli affecting host-selection response of larva and adult peach twig borers, Anarsia lineatella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. E. Elle, Assistant Professor Dr. G. Gries, Professor Department of Biological Sciences, S.F.U. Dr. G. Judd, Research Scientist Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Dr. M. Winston, Professor Department of Biological Sciences, S.F.U. Dr. S. Lindgren, Professor Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia Public Examiner Date Approved SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author's written permission.\ Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. W. A. C. Bennett Library Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada ABSTRACT Volatiles from ripening peach fruit reportedly mediate host-finding by adult peach twig borers, Anarsia lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). However, moths were repelled by in-situ ripe peach fruits, and by a blend of 22 synthetic volatiles associated with ripe peach fruits. In laboratory experiments, females preferred hairy and creviced surfaces over glabrous surfaces as oviposition sites. Volatiles from almond and peach shoots induced oviposition, as did volatiles from immature, green mature, and hard-ripe peach fruits. Soft-ripe peach fruits, in contrast, did not induce oviposition, and when tested against immature peach fruits received three times fewer eggs. In laboratory olfactometer experiments, larvae of A. lineatella were found to orient chemoanemotactically toward Porapak Q extracts of peach shoot or almond shoot and fruit volatiles. P-Bourbonene and (E,E)-a-farnesene identified in almond shoot and fruit volatile extracts, and tested as a 2-component blend, were as attractive to larvae as was the entire extract. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In my thesis, I present data that refute reports that adult Anarsia lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) are attracted by olfactory stimuli from ripe peach fruit. Instead, I show that adult moths were repelled by in-situ soft-ripe peach fruits, and by a blend of 22 synthetic volatiles associated with soft-ripe fruits. Modifications of the fruit volatile blend composition, or dosage, and addition of nine synthetic volatiles from peach shoots, all failed to result in an attractive semiochemical blend. The selection of oviposition sites was found to be mediated by both tactile and semiochemical stimuli. Hairy and creviced surfaces were strongly favoured over glabrous surfaces as oviposition sites by female A. lineatella. Volatiles from almond and peach shoots induced oviposition, as did volatiles from immature, green mature, and hard-ripe peach fruits. Soft-ripe peach fruits, in contrast, did not induce oviposition, and when tested against immature peach fruits received three times fewer eggs. In field experiments, female A. lineatella laid more eggs on mechanically damaged in-situ peach fruits than on undamaged ones, as long as fruits were not yet at the soft-ripe maturation stage. Once damaged in-situ fruits had matured to the soft-ripe stage, they became repellent to A. lineatella, as shown for undamaged in-situ soft-ripe peach fruits. In laboratory experiments, larvae of A. lineatella were found to orient chemoanemotactically toward Porapak Q extracts of almond shoot and fruit volatiles. P-Bourbonene and (E,E)-a- famesene identified in such volatile extracts, and tested as a 2-component blend, were as attractive to larvae as was the entire extract. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my senior supervisor, Gerhard Gries. His tireless support, guidance, and encouragement - and also understanding - made this thesis possible. I would also like to thank Ms. Regine Gries, for sharing her extensive knowledge of electrophysiological techniques and mass spectrometry with me, and generally improving/organizing my projectllife. Thanks to Dr. Gary Judd and Dr. Mark Winston for their input and critical review of my thesis, also for the use of the research orchard at PARC Summerland. I am also grateful to Dr. Kent Daane for shipment of experimental insects, and Bob Birtch for preparation of figures. I would like to thank Kaaaly Levan and James Duperron, Andrea Turner and Ron Schneider for graciously allowing me to run experiments in their orchards. Their warmth and generosity gave me a home away from home, quite literally. I am also indebted to many fellow students for their assistance over the years. First and foremost is Adela Danci, whose patience I aspire toward. Also to Lucian and Bogdana Mircioiu, Kendra Brown, Melanie Hart, and the rest of the Gries lab for field and lab asssistance. I would also like to thank Grigori Khaskin for synthesis of candidate semiochemicals. This work was supported in part by a Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) PGSA scholarship (M.S.) and a NSERC Research and Development grant (G.G .and G.J.R.J.) with financial contributions from the BC Fruit Growers' Association and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Lastly, to my family and friends, whose gentle prodding kept me on track all these years. TABLE OF CONTENTS . Approval .............................................................11 ... Abstract .............................................................111 Executive Summary .....................................................iv Acknowledgements .....................................................v Tableofcontents ...................................................... vi ... List of Tables ........................................................viii I INTRODUCTION 1.1 SEMIOCHEMICAL-MEDIATED HOST SELECTION IN LEPIDOPTERAN INSECTS ...................................................... 1.2 DISTRIBUTION AND PEST STATUS OF Anarsia lineatella ..............5 1.3 BIOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY 1.3.1 A. lineatella ............................................7 1.3.2 Prunus sp. host plants ....................................10 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES .......................................1 1 1.5 REFERENCES ................................................12 I1 EVIDENCE FOR OLFACTORY RECOGNITION OF HOST SEMIOCHEMICALS 2.1INTRODUCTION .............................................20 2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.2.1 Experimental insects .....................................2 1 2.2.2 Landing response of A. lineatella on host and nonhost trees .......... 23 2.2.3 Response to ex-situ ripe peach fruits in field experiments ........... 24 2.2.4 Response to synthetic volatiles from soft-ripe peach fruits and shoots in field experiments 2.2.4.1 Acquisition of soft-ripe peach fruit and shoot volatiles ..... 25 2.2.4.2 Identification of antennally-active soft-ripe peach fruit and shoot volatiles ...............................25 2.2.4.3 Field testing of candidate semiochemicals ...............26 2.2.5 Response to in-situ peach fruits in field cage experiments ...........27 2.3 RESULTS 2.3.1 Landing response of A. lineatella on host and nonhost trees .......... 29 2.3.2 Response to ex-situ ripe peach fruits in field experiments ........... 29 2.3.3 Response to synthetic volatiles from soft-ripe peach fruits and shoots in field experiments 2.3.3.1 Identification of antennally-active soft-ripe peach fruit and shoot volatiles ...............................30 2.3.3.2 Field testing of candidate semiochemicals .............. 30 2.3.4 Response to in-situ peach fruits in field cage experiments .......... 31 2.4DISCUSSION .................................................32 2.5 REFERENCES ................................................34 I11 STIMULI AFFECTING SELECTION
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