Bavarian Research & Innovation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Bavarian Research & Innovation Bavarian research & innovation Bavarian Research Cooperation “Impact of climate on ecosystems and climatic adaption strategies” UNDER THE SIGN OF CLIMATE CHANGE Ecosystems research regarding climate adaptation mpacts from changes in the global climate are Iincreasingly manifesting themselves in terms of the regional sphere. Ecological impacts in all their dimensions are still not completely visible to date, hence there exists such a sense of urgency regarding solutions for the challenges we are facing in climate and ecological systems research. Forests, grasslands and lakes are ecological systems with longevity, thus causing to be considerably impacted by future climate changes. These ecological Modelling of future expected climate changes is a useful tool for ecosystem research systems cover a large pro- (here: A1B-climate-scenario for Bavaria; database: Remo) portion of Bavaria and carry considerable economic signifi - cance. In light of current climate of Munich. They research the changes, the probability is in - impacts of climate upon eco- Spokesperson: creasing that seldom-seen and systems and make thorough in - Prof. Dr. Carl Beierkuhnlein, University of Bayreuth extreme climatological events vestigations in reference to the will occur more often and with following central issues: How do Scientific & administrative coordination: rising intensity. Moreover, extreme climatic conditions Dr. Camilla Wellstein novel forms of extreme con- (e.g. drought and torrential rains) Dipl.-Geoökol. Andreas Gohlke ditions can be expected. Eco - affect the characteristics of eco - Chair of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth nomic damages can be pre- logical systems and functions? Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth sumed. Possibly negative deve - How are ecological processes, Phone +49 (0) 921-55-2299 lopments must therefore be im - such as the production of bio- Fax +49 (0) 921-55-2315 mediately addressed with mass or the interaction between E-Mail [email protected] sufficient adaptive measures. animals and plants, affected? [email protected] How resilient are our ecological Internet: www.bayfor.org/forkast There are researchers involved systems? Research results in www.bayceer.uni-bayreuth.de/forkast/ at the research cooperation this matter are essential pre- FORKAST from 19 chairs and requisites in order to evaluate Funded by the Bavarian Ministry of Science, faculties at the universities of how ecological services (e.g. Research and Art (StMWFK) with €3 million for 3 years, Bayreuth, Regensburg, Würz - stability of mountain slopes, agri - commencing in the spring of 2009. burg, Erlangen-Nuremberg as cultural and silvicultural produc - well as the Technical University tion) will be affected. Moreover, Member of the Association of Bavarian Research Cooperations RESEARCH TOPICS eventual positive developments In this manner, the various should be recognised and qualities of monitoring, mani - developmental opportunities in pulative experiments and the offing should be utilised modelling (i.e. simulations) can early on. be optimally networked. The fundamental research results To facilitate the realisation of sought after within the co- these subject-overlapping and operation offer opportunities for inter-structural demands, FOR - implementation in commerce KAST has inter-linked research and society in, for example, competencies of Bavarian uni - agriculture and silviculture, versities with technical authori - prognosis of natural hazards, ties. FORKAST is, furthermore, nature conservation, planning included in the network of inter - of spaces and water manage - national research consortiums. ment. In this manner, this cru - Up-to-date developments in cial Bavarian enterprise is able methodology are continuously to assume the role of trailbla - implemented and combined zer within the sphere of clima - within the research cooperation. te impact research in Germany. Dry out phenomenom at maple as result of drought in the summer of 2003 Academic Partners University of Bayreuth - Chair of Biogeography - Department of Micrometeorology - Department of Agroecosystem Research - Working Group Soil Physics - Working Group Animal Population Ecology - Junior Professor for Disturbance Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics - Junior Professor for Biogeographical Modelling Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg - Chair for Physical Geography Technical University of Munich - Chair of Vegetation Ecology - Chair of Forest Yield Science - Chair of Soil Ecology - Chair of Atmospheric Environmental Research - Chair of Soil Sciences - Section of Limnology - Section of Geobotany - Section of Eco-Climatology University of Regensburg - Chair of Botany Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg - Chair of Zoology III Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF) Bavarian Office of Forest Seeding and Planting (ASP) Helmholtz Zentrum München (former GSF) Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research Garmisch- Partenkirchen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Experimental area for extreme climate events - Research Group "Ecosystem Matter Fluxes" (EVENT-Experiment at the University of Bayreuth) Member of the Association of Bavarian Research Cooperations.
Recommended publications
  • From Baghdad to Regensburg German Which the Treatment of a US Soldier with Life Threatening Injuries Using Should Be Used for Referencing
    MEDICINE This text is a CASE REPORT translation from the original From Baghdad to Regensburg German which The treatment of a US soldier with life threatening injuries using should be used for referencing. a new system for extracorporeal, pump free pulmonary support The German version is Thomas Bein, Alois Philipp, Warren Dorlac, Kai Taeger, authoritative. Michael Nerlich, Hans J. Schlitt SUMMARY History and clinical findings: The authors describe a new extracorporeal pumpless interventional lung assistance system (iLA) which was inserted in a young US soldier suffering from severe acute respiratory distress syndrome with critical hypoxemia/hypercapnia after blast injury in Baghdad. The system is characterized by a new membrane gas exchange system with optimized blood flow which is integrated in an arterial-venous bypass established by cannulation of the femoral artery and vein. After implementation of the system, gas exchange improved rapidly, and the patient was airlifted from Iraq to Regensburg University Hospital, where he recovered gradually. Treatment and clinical course: The system was removed after 15 days, and the patient was successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation. Discussion: iLA serves as an enabling device for artificial lung assistance with easy use and low cost. However, bleeding complications and ischemia of the lower limb can occur as a consequence of wide bore cannulation of the femoral artery. Further prospective studies are needed to establish whether iLA can be adopted more widely. Dtsch Arztebl 2006; 103(42):A 2797–2801. Key words: acute respiratory distress syndrome, blast injury, lung protective ventilation, pumpless extracorporeal interventional lung assist ven after the end of the war in Iraq frequent casualties are being suffered in the civilian E population and in the military, due to constant attacks, insurgency and acts of terrorism.
    [Show full text]
  • Business Bavaria Newsletter
    Business Bavaria Newsletter Issue 07/08 | 2013 What’s inside 5 minutes with … Elissa Lee, Managing Director of GE Aviation, Germany Page 2 In focus: Success of vocational training Page 3 Bavaria in your Briefcase: Summer Architecture award for tourism edition Page 4 July/August 2013 incl. regional special Upper Franconia Apprenticeships – a growth market Bavaria’s schools are known for their well-trained school leavers. In July, a total of According to the latest education monitoring publication of the Initiative Neue 130,000 young Bavarians start their careers. They can choose from a 2% increase Soziale Marktwirtschaft, Bavaria is “top when it comes to school quality and ac- in apprenticeships compared to the previous year. cess to vocational training”. More and more companies are increasing the number of training positions to promote young people and thus lay the foundations for With 133,000 school leavers, 2013 has a sizeable schooled generation. Among long-term success. the leavers are approximately 90,000 young people who attended comprehensive school for nine years or grammar school for ten. Following their vocational train- The most popular professions among men and women are very different in Ba- ing, they often start their apprenticeships right away. varia: while many male leavers favour training as motor or industrial mechanics To ensure candidates and positions are properly matched, applicants and com- or retail merchants, occupations such as office manager, medical specialist and panies seeking apprentices are supported in their search by the Employment retail expert are the most popular choices among women. Agency. Between October 2012 and June 2013 companies made a total of 88,541 free, professional, training places available – an increase of 1.8% on the previ- www.ausbildungsoffensive-bayern.de ous year.
    [Show full text]
  • GERMANY 21: REGIONALER BÜROMARKTINDEX Angebotsmieten Ausgewählter Deutscher Bürozentren 13
    GERMANY 21: REGIONALER BÜROMARKTINDEX Angebotsmieten ausgewählter deutscher Bürozentren 13. Ausgabe – Fokusstadt Freiburg im Breisgau Stand 09/2017 INHALT INHALT Einführung 3 Regionalzentren als Investmentstandorte 4 • Attraktivität regionaler Bürozentren • Auswahl der Regionalzentren im Büromarktindex Indexentwicklung 10 • Benchmarkvergleich • Altersklassenbetrachtung • Städtetrends Fokusstadt Freiburg 20 • Regionalökonomie & Büromarkt • Interview: Städtebauliche Entwicklungen • Interview: Investmentstandort Freiburg Methodik 26 Über empirica und CORPUS SIREO Real Estate 28 Kontakt 31 2 EINFÜHRUNG Liebe Leserinnen und Leser, an den Büromärkten in Deutschland wird es immer enger: Mietflächen in zentralen Lagen sind knapp geworden, ebenso die verfügbaren Investmentmöglichkeiten – der Mangel an Produkten treibt Preise und Mieten. Diese „Herausforderungen“ unterstrei- chen die Halbjahresdaten zu den Vermietungs- und Investmentmärkten. Am Investmentmarkt ist die Nachfrage nach Büroimmobilien ungebrochen. Mit rund 10 Mrd. Euro Transaktionsvolumen und knapp 40 Prozent Marktanteil bleibt der Sektor im ersten Halbjahr 2017 an der Spitze des Gewerbeinvestmentmarktes. An den Vermietungsmärkten sinken dank starker Flächenumsätze bei geringen Fertig- stellungen die Leerstände und stützen die positive Mietentwicklung. Weitere Mietsteige- rungen sind bei anhaltend guter Konjunktur zu erwarten – dieser Trend betrifft neben den Top 7 auch die regionalen Büromärkte. Den Aufwärtstrend in den Regionalzentren wie den Top-7-Märkten unterstreicht für die erste
    [Show full text]
  • Epileptic Activity Increases Cerebral Amino Acid Transport Assessed by [18F]
    Journal of Nuclear Medicine, published on July 28, 2016 as doi:10.2967/jnumed.116.176610 Original Article Epileptic activity increases cerebral amino acid transport assessed by [18F]- fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine amino acid PET - a potential brain tumor mimic Running Title Epileptic activity and 18F-FET PET Author Affiliations Markus Hutterer,1,2,3,* Yvonne Ebner,3 Markus J. Riemenschneider,2,4 Antje Willuweit,5 Mark McCoy,6 Barbara Egger,7 Michael Schröder,1 Christina Wendl,8 Dirk Hellwig,9 Jirka Grosse,9 Karin Menhart,9 Martin Proescholdt,2,10 Brita Fritsch,11 Horst Urbach,12 Guenther Stockhammer,13 Ulrich Roelcke,14 Norbert Galldiks,5,15 Philipp T. Meyer,16 Karl-Josef Langen,5,17 Peter Hau,1,2 and Eugen Trinka3 1Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg Medical School, Regensburg, Germany; 2Wilhelm Sander-Neurooncology Unit, University of Regensburg Medical School, Regensburg, Germany; 3Department of Neurology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian-Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; 4Department of Neuropathology, University of Regensburg Medical School, Regensburg, Germany; 5Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; 6Department of Radiology and Division of Neuroradiology, Christian-Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; 7Department of Nuclear Medicine, Landeskrankenhaus Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; 8Department of Radiology 1 and Division of Neuroradiology, University
    [Show full text]
  • Netzwerktreffen EU-Projekt „Kulturplattform Donauraum – Kreative Orte Des 21
    Netzwerktreffen EU-Projekt „Kulturplattform Donauraum – Kreative Orte des 21. Jahrhunderts“ Mittwoch, 28. Juni 2017 Ort: Leerer Beutel, Bertoldstraße 9, 1. OG 20.30 Uhr Begleitprogramm Filmvorführung Filmgalerie im Leeren Beutel Boring River Ein Film von Rainer Prohaska und Carola Schmidt Donnerstag, 29. Juni 2017 Ort: Leerer Beutel, Bertoldstraße 9, 1. OG 9.30 Uhr Begleitprogramm Filmvorführung Filmgalerie im Leeren Beutel Boring River Ein Film von Rainer Prohaska und Carola Schmidt Vor 10 Jahren brach der Künstler Rainer Prohaska zu einer ersten Schiffsreise auf der Donau Richtung Schwarzes Meer auf. Diese Fahrt führte ihn vorbei an vielen Baustellen und international geplanter Infrastruktur; eine Donaukultur im Aufbruch! Im Sommer 2014 begab er sich abermals auf Expedition, um den Geist dieser „Rising Danube Culture“ einzufangen. Gemeinsam mit dem Theaterregisseur und Autor Volker Schmidt reiste Rainer Prohaska mit der eigens dafür konstruierten „MS CARGO“ von Melk an der Donau stromabwärts nach Sulina am Schwarzen Meer. Die Eindrücke dieser Reise, geprägt vom Einfluss verschiedener Gäste und einer bizarren Fracht, sind in diesem Film zu sehen. 10.30 Uhr Registrierung 11.00 Uhr Begrüßung Vertreter der Stadt Regensburg PD Dr. Doris Gerstl, Leiterin der Museen 1 Project co-funded by the European Union funds (ERDF and IPA) 11.10 Uhr Projektpräsentation Maria Lang M.A., Museen der Stadt Regensburg Regina Hellwig-Schmid, donumenta e.V. Dr. Hans Simon-Pelanda, donumenta e.V. 11.30 Uhr Keynote Der Donauraum: Altes und Neues – Verborgenes und Vergessenes Sibylle Bassler Chefredakteurin von ML mona lisa (ZDF) Die Fernsehjournalistin Sibylle Bassler wurde am 9. Oktober 1957 in Freiburg im Breisgau geboren.
    [Show full text]
  • Article Title: Or Go Down in Flame: a Navigator's Death Over Schweinfurt
    Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Or Go Down in Flame: A Navigator’s Death over Schweinfurt. For more articles from this special World War II issue, see the index to full text articles currently available. Full Citation: W Raymond Wood, “Or Go Down in Flame: A Navigator’s Death over Schweinfurt,” Nebraska History 76 (1995): 84-99 Notes: During World War II the United States Army’s Eighth Air Force lost nearly 26,000 airmen. This is the story of 2d Lt Elbert S Wood, Jr., one of those who did not survive to become a veteran. URL of Article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/1995_War_05_Death_Schweinfurt.pdf Photos: Elbert S Wood, Jr as an air cadet, 1942; Vera Hiatt Wood and Elbert Stanley Wood, Sr in 1965; the Catholic cemetery in Michelbach where Lieutenant Wood was buried; a German fighter pilot’s view in a head-on attack against a B- 17 squadron; Route of the First Air Division
    [Show full text]
  • Bayreuth, Germany
    BAYREUTH SITE Bayreuth, Germany Weiherstr. 40 95448 Bayreuth 153 hectares employees & 6,3 Germany site footprint Tel.: +49 921 80 70 contractors ABOUT THE SITE ABOUT LYONDELLBASELL The Bayreuth Site is located in northern Bavaria, Germany and is one of LyondellBasell’s largest PP LyondellBasell (NYSE: LYB) is one of the largest compounding plants. The plant produces a complex portfolio of about 375 different grades composed of up to 25 different ingredients for automotive customers in Central Europe. The site manufactures plastics, chemicals and refining companies grades in a wide range of colors according to customer demand. The site features eight extrusion lines in the world. Driven by its 13,000 employees and an onsite Technical Center for product and application development. Recent capacity increases around the globe, LyondellBasell produces were performed in the years 2013 and 2016. materials and products that are key to advancing solutions to modern challenges ECONOMIC IMPACT like enhancing food safety through lightweight and flexible packaging, protecting the purity Estimate includes yearly total for goods & services purchased and employee of water supplies through stronger and more million $33.4 pay and benefits, excluding raw materials purchased (basis 2016) versatile pipes, and improving the safety, comfort and fuel efficiency of many of the cars and trucks on the road. LyondellBasell COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT sells products into approximately 100 countries LyondellBasell takes great pride in the communities we represent. Our Bayreuth operation supports and is the world’s largest licensor of polyolefin the Bavaria community by donating a gift to school children that goes toward traffic safety education.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Change Ecology (M.Sc.)
    UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH Graduate Program (M.Sc.) UNIVERSITY OF AUGSBURG UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG Global Change Ecology Scope Structure The graduate program Global Change Ecology is devoted The general structure of the program (120 ECTS) brings to understanding and analyzing the most important and together natural sciences (research in global change and eco- consequential environmental concern of the 21st century: logy - 70 %) and social sciences (laws and regulations, social Environmental Global Change. Problems of an entirely new and dimensions, socio-economic implications - 30%). The obtained Change interdisciplinary nature require the establishment of degree is a Master of Science. Based on additional research ac- Universität innovative approaches in research and education. tivity, a PhD degree can be obtained. Methods Augsburg Ecological A special program focus is the linking of natural science The courses in the graduate program require a high Change perspectives on global change with approaches in social level of performance. Students are selected via a standar- Universität science disciplines. dized aptitude assessment procedure that meets the highest Internship/ Schools Würzburg international criteria. Bachelor degrees related to all fields of The elite study program combines the expertise of the Uni- environmental science will provide for acceptance to the pro- Societal versities of Bayreuth, Augsburg and Würzburg, with that gram. Finally, a select number of students will be accepted who Change of Bavarian and international research institutions, as well as may profit from excellent infrastructure and direct one-on-one Master Thesis economic, administrative and international organizations. communication with their supervisors. The program is unique in Germany, from the standpoint of content, and at the forefront with respect to international efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Margravial Opera House Bayreuth Kaldor, A., Opera Houses of Europe, Antique Collectors’ Club, (Germany) UK & USA, 1996
    Literature consulted (selection) Margravial Opera House Bayreuth Kaldor, A., Opera Houses of Europe, Antique Collectors’ Club, (Germany) UK & USA, 1996. No 1379 Ertug, A., Forsyth, M, and Sachsse, R., Palaces of Music: Opera Houses of Europe, AE Limited Edition, USA, 2010. Technical Evaluation Mission An ICOMOS technical evaluation mission visited the Official name as proposed by the State Party property from 13 to 14 September 2011. Margravial Opera House Bayreuth Additional information requested and received Location from the State Party Free State of Bavaria ICOMOS sent a letter to the State Party on 22 Administrative District of Upper Franconia September 2011 and the State Party provided Germany information on 24 October 2011 on the property´s current conservation status, works to be undertaken Brief description between 2010 and 2014, transformation or additions to The 18th century Margravial Opera House in Bayreuth is the building, impacts of adjustments to contemporary a masterwork of Baroque theatre architecture, uses, regulations of visitors, participation of local commissioned by Margravine Wilhelmine, wife of authorities and other stakeholders. The information has Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Beyreuth, as a been incorporated below. A further letter was sent on 5 venue for opera seria. The bell-shaped auditorium of December 2011 asking the State Party to consider tiered loges built of wood lined with decoratively painted shortening the name of the nominated property to canvas was designed by the then leading European ‘Margravial Opera House Bayreuth’. A response was theatre architect Giuseppe Galli Bibiena. It survives as received from the State Party on 18 January 2012 the only entirely preserved example of court opera house agreeing to this proposal.
    [Show full text]
  • Bavarian Spiritual & Religious Highlights
    Munich: The towers of the Frauenkirche are the city’s iconic landmark © DAVIS - FOTOLIA - DAVIS © Bavarian Spiritual & Religious Highlights 6 DAYS TOUR INCLUDING: WELTENBURG ABBEY ⋅ REGENSBURG ⋅ PASSAU ⋅ ALTÖTTING ⋅ KLOSTER Main Bayreuth SEEON ⋅ MUNICH Bamberg Würzburg Nuremberg Bavaria’s famed churches and other Main-Danube-Canal i Rothenburg sacred buildings are still important places o. d. Tauber Regensburg of pilgrimage and witnesses to the deeply held faith of the people of Bavaria. For Danube Weltenburg Passau instance, today, Bavaria’s monasteries Abbey have become attractive tourist landmarks. Augsburg Erding Most of them are well preserved, still Altötting Munich Marktl inhabited by their religious order and Memmingen Kloster Seeon living witness to the state’s rich past. Chiemsee Berchtesgaden Lindau Füssen Oberammergau Ettal Garmisch- Partenkirchen BAVARIA TOURISM ― www.bavaria.travel ― www.bavaria.by/travel-trade ― www.pictures.bavaria.by 02 Bavarian Spiritual & Religious Highlights DAY 1 Arrival at Munich Airport. Transfer to Weltenburg Abbey TIP Experience traditional German coffee and cake at Café in Kelheim (1 h 30 m*). Prinzess, Germany's oldest cafe. WELCOME TO WELTENBURG ABBEY, Afternoon Visit Document Neupfarrplatz GÄSTEHAUS ST. GEORG! Regensburg’s greatest archaeological excavations. The Located on the Danube Gorge, Weltenburg Abbey is cross-section goes from the Roman officers’ dwellings the oldest monastery in Bavaria and founded through the medieval Jewish quarter to an air-raid around 600 AD. Tour the abbey, Baroque Church and shelter from World War II. enjoy lunch and dinner for the day. Explore Thurn and Taxis Palace Afternoon Explore the Danube Gorge The princess of Thurn and Taxis, founder of the first Natural marvel and narrow section of the Danube valley large-scale postal service in Europe (15th century), with surrounding high limestone cliffs and caves rising turned the former monastery into a magnificent up to 70 meters.
    [Show full text]
  • More Than Just a Location
    StInvestierenadt Ba yreuth in Bayreuth www.wirtschaft.bayreuth.de Business locationInvestieren bayreuth in Bayreuth www.bayreuth.de www.bayreuth.de Stadt Ba yreuth „ In Bayreuth More than„ In Bayreuth just a trifft sich trifft sich Location die Welt. “ die Welt. “ “Working hard for Bayreuth, working hard for your company.” A Welcoming Culture Extending a warm welcome to all In our globalized economy, where people live, where companies are based and where people work is changing much more frequently. Companies are looking for places to do business where they can implement new ideas and find the right partners to work with. The City of Bayreuth offers all of the benefits that come with close ties between city authorities, business and research, making Bayreuth an attractive Stadt Bayreuth city for qualified and highly-motivated employees, whom I would like to invite Wirtschaftsförderung hereby to join us in writing the next chapter of Bayreuth‘s success story. Luitpoldplatz 13 We are ready to support and advise all who choose to make Bayreuth their new D - 95444 Bayreuth home, because we know how thrilling and invigorating a fresh start can be. Tel. +49 (0) 9 21 / 25 - 15 83 Cover Image: Whether you‘re coming from another region in Germany, from another New Materials Bayreuth Corp. European country or even from another continent, we are very much looking Fax +49 (0) 9 21 / 25 - 11 49 develops new types of materials forward to welcoming you and we would be delighted to help you make the and processing methods for [email protected] plastics, metals and reinforced- best possible start to life here in Bayreuth.
    [Show full text]
  • Jews in the Medieval German Kingdom
    Jews in the Medieval German Kingdom Alfred Haverkamp translated by Christoph Cluse Universität Trier Arye Maimon-Institut für Geschichte der Juden Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur | Mainz Projekt “Corpus der Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden im spätmittelalterlichen Reich” Online Edition, Trier University Library, 2015 Synopsis I. Jews and Christians: Long-Term Interactions ......................................... 1 . Jewish Centers and Their Reach ......................................................... 1 . Jews Within the Christian Authority Structure ......................................... 5 . Regional Patterns – Mediterranean-Continental Dimensions .......................... 7 . Literacy and Source Transmission ........................................................ 9 II. The Ninth to Late-Eleventh Centuries .............................................. 11 . The Beginnings of Jewish Presence ..................................................... 11 . Qehillot: Social Structure and Legal Foundations ...................................... 15 . The Pogroms of ................................................................... 20 III. From the Twelfth Century until the Disasters of – ....................... 23 . Greatest Extension of Jewish Settlement ............................................... 23 . Jews and Urban Life ..................................................................... 26 . Jewish and Christian Communities ..................................................... 33 . Proximity to the Ruler and “Chamber
    [Show full text]