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University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Inequality in São Paulo's Old Republic: A Wage Perspective, 1891-1930 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Molly Catherine Ball 2013 © Copyright by Molly Catherine Ball 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Inequality in São Paulo's Old Republic: A Wage Perspective, 1891-1930 by Molly Catherine Ball Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor William R. Summerhill, Chair Urbanization often follows on the heels of industrialization, and in Latin America, stark inequality has accompanied this growth. However, we know little about how and when this inequality became entrenched in the region. This dissertation looks at lived workers' experiences and inequality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil during the city's rapid Old Republic (1891-1930) growth. São Paulo is the ideal environment to study inequality. The city was one of the first in the region to experience rapid expansion, growing from 65,000 inhabitants in 1890 to over one million by 1933, and was also one of the most diverse, as immigrants and migrants flocked to the city. As the first comprehensive and systematic study of wage inequality in such an important city, my project contributes to the historiographical literature on labor, gender and development history in Latin America. Furthermore, the methodology of using firm-level data to measure inequality when official statistics are unreliable can be applied across regions and time periods. ii My dissertation directly examines the national, racial and gender discrimination workers faced in São Paulo's formal labor market using a variety of archival and official sources. It finds evidence that Afro-Brazilian, Portuguese and women workers encountered significant labor market discrimination. To analyze this discrimination, the dissertation addresses three related topics. It provides the first analysis of incoming immigrant groups' relative skill levels for the city. Immigrant registries suggest employers may have hired Germans into skilled positions and Portuguese into unskilled positions based on the expectation that they would be more or less skilled, respectively. Second, using firm-level employment data, the dissertation provides a much-needed wage series and shows real wages steadily declined and that skilled and unskilled wages diverged slightly in the 1920’s. Finally, using firm-level data and a unique set of employee interviews, the dissertation shows that despite heavy criticism and labor market discrimination, some working- and middle-class wives and mothers chose to remain in the labor market. The dissertation findings suggest gender inequality was prominent during the Old Republic, but racial inequality actually expanded in the Vargas-era and Second Republic. iii The dissertation of Molly Catherine Ball is approved. Naomi Lamoreaux Leah Boustan William R. Summerhill, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2013 iv Table of Contents Dissertation Abstract....................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures and Tables............................................................................................................. vii Notes on Conventions.................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................... x Biographical Sketch..................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Inequality in a Burgeoning Metropolis ......................................................................... 1 Part I: São Paulo's extraordinary growth....................................................................................................... 5 Part II: Paulistano Life in the Old Republic................................................................................................ 10 Part III: Inequality Studies .......................................................................................................................... 15 Part IV: Dissertation Outline....................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2: Immigrants Settle in the City ...................................................................................... 22 Part I: Immigration in São Paulo................................................................................................................. 25 Part II: Skill Levels of São Paulo Immigrants............................................................................................. 42 Banco de Dados Maria José................................................................................................................... 43 Immigrant Streams.................................................................................................................................. 55 Part III: Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 3: São Paulo Wages in the Old Republic ........................................................................ 61 Part I: Wage Series Sources ........................................................................................................................ 62 Part II: Methodology: Creating a Wage Series ........................................................................................... 70 Part III: Wage Series Results ...................................................................................................................... 79 Part IV: Conclusion..................................................................................................................................... 88 Chapter 4: Wage and Labor Inequality in Old Republic São Paulo, SP....................................... 90 Part I: The Typical Paulistano Worker........................................................................................................ 93 Paulista ................................................................................................................................................... 94 Light ........................................................................................................................................................ 96 Jafet......................................................................................................................................................... 99 Mappin .................................................................................................................................................. 103 Part II: Methodology (Finding Evidence of Labor Market Discrimination & Importance of Literacy)... 106 Part IIIA: Results for Labor Market Discrimination................................................................................. 111 National Discrimination ....................................................................................................................... 111 Racial Discrimination........................................................................................................................... 114 Gender Discrimination ......................................................................................................................... 114 Part IIIB: Results for Importance of Literacy ........................................................................................... 116 Part IV: Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 117 Chapter 5: The Working Paulistana Woman .............................................................................. 119 Part I: The Demand for Mothers, Wives and Workers ............................................................................. 121 Part II: Gendered Differences ................................................................................................................... 133 Part III: Class Differences ......................................................................................................................... 146 Part IV: Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 150 Chapter 6: Conclusion................................................................................................................. 152 Appendices.................................................................................................................................. 163 Appendix 2.1: BDMJ ................................................................................................................................ 163 v Appendix 2.2: Estimating Italian Immigrants in São Paulo in 1904......................................................... 169 Appendix 2.3: Chapter Two Data Appendix............................................................................................. 172 Appendix 3.1: Chapter 3 Data Appendix .................................................................................................. 178 Appendix 4.1: Chapter 4 Data Appendix .................................................................................................
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