PEKI Febru'r725''e7' IEW
IL Comrade, Hua !(uo-feng in llunan
4, Mechan )zation: Fundamental 'Agriculture A Wty Out for ,& Frsnce's New Strotegic Concept PEKING Vol. Z), No. 9 Februory 25, 19Tl
REVIEW Published ln English, French, Spanish, ,L 4 A.* Japanese and German editions
CO NTE NTS
THE WEEI(
Go All Out to lmprove Roilwoy Tronsport . Get-Together in Celebrotion of Spring Festivol ' Premier Huo Congrotulotes President Dooud Diplomotic Relotions Between Chino ond Liberio Estoblished
ARTICLES AND DOCUMENIS
Comrode Huo Kuo.feng in Hunon * Jeh Huo 5 2nd Notionol Leorn-From-Tochoi Conference (lV): Mechonizotion; Fundomentqt Woy Out for Agriculture-Our Correspondent Chou Chin 11 Foreign Trode: Why the "Gong of Four" Creoted Confusion-Kuo Chi 16 Kwongsi: Revolution in Heolth Work (ll): Borefoot Doctors ond Co-operotive Medicol System-Our Correspondents Huo Sheng ond Hsiong Juig 19 Heolth Service in o Remote Mountoin Villoge 23 Frsnce's New Shotegic Concept 25 Newsletter F.rom Bonn: Munich Lesson Must Not 8e Forgotten-Hsinhuo Cor- respondents 27
ROUND THE WORTD
"Closs Struggle" (U.S.A.): On the Theory of Three?L--- Worldsr.r- r r Qator: Oil Notionolized Brozilr No Suspension of Nucleor Agreement With Bonn U.N. Security Council : lnvosion of Benin Condemned Austrolio: Vile Soviet Sociol-lmperiolist Acts C.M.E.A.: Moscow Roises Oil Price Agoin
ON THE HOME FRONT
Rich Repertoire During the Spring Festivol Jonuory Cool Production Plon Overfulfilled A Big Fhosphosiderite Mine
Publirhcd every Fridoy by PEKING REVIEW, Peking (37), Chtno Post Office Registrotion No, 2-/2 Printrd ln the People's Republic of Chino THE WEEK
Go All Out to lmprovc which uras necently published tralized leadership of the Party Railway Transport and Chairman Hua's important committees of the various prov- speech at the Second National inces, municipalities and auton- A national conference on Conlerence on karning From omous regions, take class strug- railway work was recently con- Taehai in Agriculture. They gle as the key link and do a vened in Peking. It was attend- exposed and repudiated the thorough job in exposing and ed by leading comrades of the criminal scheme of the "gang of criticizing the "gang of four." central and local authorities and four" to usurp Party and state The conference stressed that to the railway departments. pol{er, studied the question of manage the railways well it is This meeting was called in ac- mobilizing the whole Party to necessary to properly handle cordance with the Party Cen- manage the railways well and the relationship between the tral Committee's strategic plan get them to funciion more central authorities and the local of grasping the key link and efficiently. authorities and, under the cen- managing the affairs of the This year is one in which the tralized leadership of the cen- country well, and was aimed whole nation is moving towards tral authorities, give full play to at mobilizing the whole Party to great order. The conference the initiative of the central and improve railway transport and pointed out that to get the na- Iocal authorities. Itre confer- carry out in a better way the tional eeonomy up, the railways ence also discussed and set down various tasks set by Chairman must function smoothly, safely the goals for bringing about a Hua for 1977. and punctually and that they quick .lmprovement in railway Hua Kuo-feng, Chairman of should haul a greater volume of transport. It expressed the firm the Central Committee of the goods at a faster speed. determination to work hard for Chinese Communist Party and In the past, the interference three to five years and turn the Ta- Premier of the State Council, of the "gang of four" had nation's railways into a and ViceChairman of the Party brought great damage to rail- ching-type. enterprise. Central Committee Yeh Chien- this adverse- way transport and Get-Together in Celebration ying and other leading com- ly affected industrial and agri- 0f Spring Festival rades of the Party and the state cultural production, the inter- Li lIsien-nien, Chen Hsi-lien, flow of goods between city The National Committee of the Chi Tehg-kuei, Wang Tung- and countryside, :preparedness Chinese People's Political Con- hsing, Wu Teh, Chen Yung- against war and the livelihood sultative Conference (C.P.P.C.C.) kuei, Wu Kuei-hsien, Wang of the people. At present, sponsored a get-together on Chen, Yu Chiu-li, Ku Mu and the railways have become February 18 in celebration of Sun Chien met the representa- the salient weak link in the Spring Festival. Among tives to the conference. Chair- the national economy, so the those present were Party and man Hua and Vice-Chairman whole Party must with the state leaders .Yeh Chien-ying, Yeh gave important directives greatest determination and the Li Hsien-nien, Wu Teh, Ulanfu, and Vice-Premier Chi Teng- greatest effort do everything Teng Ying-chao, Ngapo Nga- kuei spoke at the meeting. possible tb improve railway wang-Jigme, Chou Chien-jen, Participants to the confer- transport, The conference Hsu Teh-heng and Hu Chueh- ence conscientiously studied issued the call that the railway wen. Shen Yen-ping, Vice- Chairman Mao's brilliant work departments throughout the Chairman of the C.P.P.C.C. Na- On the Ten Major Relationships country must, under the cen- tional Committde, also attended.
F&ruary 25, 1977 They were greeted by a stand- 'tion's industrial and agricultural ing ovation and prolonged ap- production and other undertak- Diplomatic Rclations- plause when they entered the ings and that the comprehensive hall. In ,high spirits, Vice- modernization of agriculture, Between China and Chairman Yeh Chien-ying, Vice- industry, national defence and Liberia Established Premier Li Hsien-nien and Vice- science and technology, a task Representative Chairman Wu Teh of the N.P.C. put forward by Premier Chou at. of the Govern- ment the People's Republic Standing Committee cordially the Fourth National People's of of China and its Ambassador to shook han&s with people from Congress in accordance with Sierra Leone Tsung Ke-wen various circles and extended Chairman Mao's directive, will festival greetings present. and representative 4 Pekin4 Rettieto, No. 9 Comrade Hua Kuo-f"ng ln Hunan by Jen Hua .llttllllllllllllltlllllttllltl!llllltlIttllllt!|llllltrtliltilllItililttilil!lltlilililtlilillltllllltilll II-UNAN, the native provinc.e of the great In his nearly two years in llsiangyin, Com- lI leader and teacher Chairman Mao, is where rade Hua Kuo-feng worked during'the'day and Comrade Hua Kuo-feng worked successively for studied very often late into the night. Wearing more than 20 years as the leading member of a pair of straw sandals and carrying En the Party committees of llsiangyin and }lsiang- umbrella when it rained and a hurricane lamp' tan Counties and of the Hsiangtan Prefecture at night, he went from village to village. Un- and Hunan Province- Comrade Hua Kgo-feng's der his leadership, the'county 'carrying was commended steadfastness in out Chairman Mgo,s many times by Fart committees at higher lev- proletarian revolutionary line in both socialist els for the important experience it had obtain- revolution and socialist construction has made ed in carrying out the land reform and sup- a deep impression on the people there. pressing counter+evolution When Hsiangyin County, which is situated on the southern shores of Tungting Lake in Loyol to Choirmon Moo's Rerolutionory Line northern Hunan, was liberated in August lg4g, Comrade Hua Kuo-feng took up the post a group of Party and government workers arriv- ol secretary of the llsiangtan prefectural Party ed at the county seat to a rousing welcome by committee (a prefecture has several counties the people. Marching at the head was a robust under its jurisdiction) at a time when the young man in army uniform. He was Comrade nationwide moverrent for agricultural co-oper- Hua Kuo-feng, who was to be the first secre- ation just got under way. Following Chairman tary of the Hsiangyin county Party committee. Mao's strategic plan, he-rnade investigations in the countryside and helped In the early post-liberation days, Hsiang- organize one of the Iirst mutual-aid ,groups and advaneed yin was often hit by floods, schi-stosomiasis the first agricultural co-op province. spread unehecked and remnant Kuomintang in the In the co- operation movement, Hsiangtan led other " bandits werri still on the rampage while 100,000 all places in the province.. By March 1955, there people -were without a roof over their heads. were 12,000 agricultural co-ops per Undaunted by such great odds, Comrade Hua in Hunan, 40 cent of them in the Hsiangtan Prefecture. Kuo-feng, 28 at the time, acted resolutely in ac- cordance with Chairman Mao,s teachings. However, Liu Shao-chi who pushed a Right Relying on the poor peasants and farm labour- opportunist line began dissolving a large num- ers and mobilizing the masses, the county Party ber of cp-ops. This adverse current was partic- committee he headed took prompt action to ularly strong in the first half of lg55 and Hu- wipe out the bandits, struggle 'pots against local des- nan was affected. Comrade Hua Kuo-feng went and suppress counter-revolutionaries. to the countryside and discussed the Ynatter. Law and ofder was quickly res_tored, the local with the peasants, encouraging them to keep people's government was established, relief firmly to the socialist orientation and run the work was carried out and production resumed co-ops well and helping them solve many con- and developed. Following this, a vigorous land crete problems arising in the process. In July 'reform movement was launched throughout the that'year, Chairman Mao made the report Orr county and the age-old feudal landlord class the Question of Agrianltural Co-operotibn, tol- rule over the peasantry was smashed. lowing Chairman Mao's instrugtions,, Comrade Februi,rg 25, 1977 Comrrdc lfu& I(uo-fcng at werl or r trrfui. Hua Kuo-feng devoted all his energy to leading 'out that the triumph of the new over the old the movement to.success. was an irresistible law. Comrade Hua Kuo-feng staunchly defended Chairman Mao's proletarian The Right opportunist Peng ieh-huai revolutionary line. launched an attack on the Party in 1959,'flinging Peng Teh-huai's attack was repulsed at the mud at the Party's general line for building so- Eighth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central cialism, the big leap forward in national Committee of the Communist Party of China economic construction and the rural people's held on Lushan Mountain that year. After the commune movement. Now a leading member meeting, on the proposal of Chairman Mao' the provincial people's of the Hunan council, Com- Party Central Committee appointed Comrade in- * rade Hua Kuo-feng was at the time making Hua Kuo-feng secretary of the Hunan provin- ' He wrote an vestigations in Taohsien County. cial Party committee. report warmly praising the gen- investigation years (1959-61) of eral line, the big leap forward and the people's During the three difficulties in the national economy communes. He wrote for a newspaper an temporary from the Soviet revisionists' sabotage article entitled l'Victory Belongs to Those HoId- resulting and serious natural calamities, Liu Shao-chi ing Aloft the Red Banner of the Big Leap For- spread pessimism and pushed san zi, yi bao* in ward," ir.r"which he cited facts from Taohsien to refute those who followed the Right oppor: * This refers to the extention of plots for pri- tunist line. Under his direction, another article vate use and'of free markets, the inerease of small their own was written expgunding the complieated strug- enterprises with sole responsibility for profits or losses, and the fixing of farm output gles involved in,the growth of the people's com- quotas for individual households with each on its mune and other newborn things and pointed own. 6 Peki.ng Reoiero, No. 9 the rural areas in an attempt to restore capital- Chinglien was a cornparatively backward ism. Comrade Hua Kuo-feng saw through the_ brigade in Hsiangtan County. In 1962 when its reactionary nature of this revisionist line and, socialist colleetive economy was in gravb danger firmly believing in'pessimistic the strength of the masses, of disintegration because of the evil influence repudiated the and despondent of tiir Shao-chi's san zi gi bao, Comrade Hua views. At the head of a work team, he made Kuo-feng went there with a work team. He four visits to Maotien District in Yuehyang visited the commune members in their homes County where the people, defying the difficul- and taLked with every brigade cadt'e, making a ties confronting them, reshaped the rnountains careful investigation of the damage brought on and rivers by relying on the strength of the peo- by the revisionist line. He tirelessly explained ple's eommune and continued their advance in to the peasants the truth that only socialism big strides. To popularize Maotien's experi- could save China. He led the poor and lowejr- ence, he called on the whole province to learn middle peasants in studying Chairman Mao's from the district and keep to the socialist orien- instructions concerning people's communes and tation. His action was a forceful repudiation of finding ways to consolidate and develop the the fallacies spread by the Right opportunists. collective economy. He also helped the brigade When Chairman Mao came to Hunan on an in- and its production teams map out production spection tour, he highly commended the work plans and solve housing and other problems like done in Maotien after listening to Comrade Hua pig raising, fish breeding and planting fruit Kuo-feng's report on two occasions. trees. As a result, the situation in Chinglien quickly improved; the "going it alone" tendency was cheeked and the socialist road followed again. The "Report on Several Cur- rent Questions Concerning How to Run Prcduc- tion Teams Successfully" written by Comrade Hua Kuo-feng was endorsed by the provincial Party committee and distributed all over Hunan. While in Chinglien, Comrade Hua Kuo-feng lived in the house of an elderly woman who was a poor peasant. Even now she clearly re- calls those days: "When Chairman Hua lived in my house, he worked day gnd night for the Party. He never seemed to get tired. He ate what we ate and was neyer fastidious about his food and clothes. He took part in labour and often had heart-to-heart talks with the poor and tower-middle peasants as well as chatting with the children. He never put on airs and was like a member of the family." O Lingling In the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolu- a tion, Comrade Hua Kuo-feng closely followed Hsintien Chairman Mao's strategic plans and waged tit- a Toohsien for-tat struggles against the two bourgeois headquarters of Liu Shao-chi and Lin Piao. Tiie Lin Piao anti-Party clique and the "gang of four" advocated "attacking by reason- ing and defending by force" and incited the masses with differing opinions to fight each other. They also advocated "suspecting all and overthrowing all" in an attempt to topple a large number of Party and state leaders. Com- rade Hua Kuo-feng, however, repbatedly dtressed February 25, 1977 that Chairman Mao's instruction must be more economical results in ,building socialism,, followed, namely, when there is a debate, it formulated by Chairman Mao and the policy of should be carried out by reasoning and not by independence and self-reliance, Comrade Hua coercion or force. He also took a series of ef- Kuo-feng led the ma$ses in filling in many gaps fective measures'to prevent coercion or the use in the industrial system. of force and promote the great allianbe among The development of agricultural production different revolutionary mass organizations, thus called for more chemical fertilizer. Together achievirig unity among the people of the whole with the masses, Comrade Hua Kuo-feng went province. When Chairman Mao went to Hu- to the mountains looking for phosphate mines nan, he said approvingiy to Comrade Hua Kuo- and later organized people to exploit them. feng and others: You have followed the right He mobilized the masses to build small course. chemical fertilizer plants through self-reliance In the summer of 1967, Premier Chou En- and, after three years' effort, 87 small nitrogen- par- lai proposed that Comrade Hua Kuo-feng ous fertilizer plants were built. This helped the ticipate in the preparatory work for setting up province get good harvests for years running. the Hunan provincial revolutionary committee. produced in When formation of the committee was being Before liberation, no salt was Hunan, coal was short supply and there was studied in 1968, Chiang Ching and Yao Wen- in no iron and steel industry at all. Under yuan insisted on criticizing one of the 4esponsi- ble members on the provincial Party committee the leadership of the provincial Party com- by name and overthrowing him. This was ve- rnittee headed by Comrade Hua Kuo-feng personal toed by Chairman Mao. Once when Comrade and under his attention, iron and Hua Kuo-feng heard slogans demanding the steel works. were set up in Hsiangtan and Lien- yuan overthrow of this comradb, he unequivocally ex- and the coal industry developed rapidly. pressed his disapproval. He was attacked for Hunan has now become an important coal-pro- it. Firmly standing his ground, he said:' We ducing area south of the Yangtze. And the to a will never agree to what Chairman Mao doesn't Ilsiangli salt mine that was built according endorse. decision by Comrade'Hua Kuo-feng is turning out large quantities of salt. The country's first new provincial Party committee after the start of the Cultural Revo- New indrrstrial cities and towns sprang up lution was formed in Hunan in 1g70.' After one after another in Hunan. as did many new en- Comrade Hua Kuo-feng was transferred to a mining areas.. Commune- and brigade-run leading post in the central authorities, Chair- terprises developed fairly rapidly in the Tsai- man Mao and the Party Central Committee in chiakang People's Comrhune in Changteh 19?2 assigned him the task of solving the prob- County in northern Hunan. Comrade Hua Kuo- lem in Hunan relating to the Lin Piao anti- feng went there on five occasions to encourage With his Party clique. .As he had a.good grasp of Chair- the commune members in their work. man Mio's thinkinp, he followed Chairman warrn support, such enterprises mushroomed Mao's line to the letter in solving the.problem. throughout the province and the total number practically all Chairman Mao praised the document on the res- now is more than 126,000. with olution of the Hunan problem drafted under the crommunes and brigades having their own Comrade Hua Kuo-feng's direction. This docu- enterprises. ment played a big part in promoting the na- Under the guidance of Comrade Hua Kuo- tion'wide movement to criticize Lin'Piao and feng, Hunan's learn-from-Tachai movement rectify the style of work. progressed steadily. Two counties distinguished themselves in Outstonding Contributionr lo this respect. One was Anhsiang in the northern Sociolist Construction. part of the province where the people took class Industry had a very weak foundation in struggle as the key link and worked hard to Hunan before liberation. Resolutely implement- reshape the mountains and rivers, thereby pg the general line'of "going all out, aiming steadily pushing grain output up. The other high and aehieving greater, faster, better and was Hsintien to the south where the people 8 Peking Reoieta, No. 9 ni::.1 ffi f.i$ Comredc f,lr Euo-lcng rt a conciructlon slte of the.Shaoshen irrigation Utoject (1965). adhered to the Part5r's basic line and improved 1965 and was cbmpleted in ten months instead the soil so that grain yield quickly rose and of three years as was originally planned. About surpassed the target set by the.state. Upon 100,000 peasant+workers took part in building learning of the two counties' achievements, the project under the personal guidance of Comrade Hua Kuefeng went there on separate Comrade Hua Kuo-feng who laboured alongside occasions to help the local people sum up their the builders and studied ways and means of experiences, and he called on the whole prov- speeding up the work together with them. In ince to learn from Anhsiang and Hsintien. the- course of, construction, a serious cave-in When Chairman Mao heard this, he was very occurred in oneiof the tunnels. Regardless of the happy, sayrng: Hunan now has its own advanc- risks, Comrade [Iua Kuo-feng went down to the ed models: One is Anhsiang in the north, the several-doien-rrletre-deep tunnel with the work- ers and technicians to study the situation and other is Ilsintien in the south. ,i take'appropriatg measures to cope with it. Upcn profound proletarian feelings for With completion of ihe project, he led the masses in Comrade Kuo-feng paid Chairman Mao, Hua planting trees.along the irrigation canals and great construction in Shao- attention to socialist on the nearby,barren hills. Today, the canals Chairman Mab's native village. The shan, are lined with;tall trees and most of the once famous large Shaoshan irrigation project was desolate hills are green. built under Comrade Hua Kuofeng's guidande. The 24O-kilometre-long trunk canal running' Comrade Hua Kuo-feng also led the people through mountains and aq:ross valleys and riv- in.building a iailway line to Shaoshan so that ers involved tunnelling and building aqueducts people from alt over the country could go there and lateral branches several thousand kilome- by train to visit Chairman Mao's former resi- tres long. Work on the project began in July dence. The Shaoshan .nitrogenous fertilizer Februdrg A5, rc77 9. * !p plant and TV sets factory were also built under went to Kwangtung to study its advanced ex- Comrade Hua Kuo-feng's guidance. perience. He wrote the "Report on Studying Agricultural Production in Kwangtung" whlch, Studying H'orrd ond Mointoining Clorc ficr using the dialectical inethod of "one divides into With thc Mosses two," affirmed what had been achieved in Hu- - Oomrade Hua Kuo-feng always conscien- nan and also pointed out the shortcomings. The tiously studies works by Marx, Engels, Irnin report called for applying the advanced expe- and Stalin and Chairman Mao's works, and ls rienbe of other areas in. the light of conditions good at integrating theory with practice. in Hunan. Chairman Mao higtrly appraised the report and at the same time criticized the met- In August 1949, when the Chinese People's aphysical id6as of complacency and conceit on Liberation Army was advancing triumphantly the part of some comrades who refused to learn south of the Yangtze River, some comrades be- from others and consequently ceased making gan to have an aversion to continual hard liv- Pro€ress. When he became aware of this, Comrade ing. The poor and lower-middle peasants of the Hua Kuo-feng organized the comrades to study MiIo Commune in Milo County had gained very Chairman Mao's Report to the Secoad Pletwrg useful experience in studying and applying Sessioa the Sepenth Central Cornmittde o! oI Marrrist philosophy. Comrade Hua Kuo-feng the Communist Party of China. and urged them went to the commune, attended its political to carry on the fine traditions and continue the night sctrools and took part in the peasants' revolution. study sessions in the fieldq,or in their homes. Together with the other leading comrades He called an on-the-spot meeting which was in Hunan, he went tir Shaoshan many times to participated by representatives from various visit Chairman Mao's forrner residence and places in the province so that Milo's experience study his revolutionary aetivities. IIc also could lie propagated all over Hunan. grass-roots level to arranged for cadres at the In his more than 20 years in Hunan, Com- Mao classes there. attend Tsetung Thought rade Eua Krro-feng always maintained close ties Hunan had a bumper harvest in 1963 after with-tb€ masses and displayea thti fine style of overcoming serious natural adversities. But plaiu living and hard work. In 1970 Comrade Comrade Hua Kuo-feng was never complacent. Hua Kuo-feng visited the Lota Commune in He and another secretary of the provincial Lungnhan County in the llsianghsi Tuchia and Party committee and leading members of the Miao Autonomous Prefecture which is tucked variow prefectural and city Party committees away in the high mountains. He travelled on foot for dozens of kilometres across steep mountains. On his waY, he insPected Wcll-lrlil-out ltctrls ln Hunrn'c Anhrlrryr'Counly. the commune's water conservancy works and talked with local cadres and peas- ants. He spent three days in a hamlet of the Tuchia people, a minoritY na- tionality, lived on the Tuchia diet. Dis- pegarding early summer showers, he crossed one'mountain after another with the help of a stick and went from village to village to acquaint himself with the local conditions. People in the irrigated area of Shao- shan often talked about how Comrade Hua Kuo-feng, not long after work on the irrigation project started, went to a village in Ilsianghsiang County to solicit the opinions of the peasants. PekiW Reoieu, No. I A ?0-year-old peasant woman told him: "The Both the cadres and masses in places where project is very good indeed. But it's a pity no Comrade Hua Kuo-feng had worked pointed steps leading down to the canal have been pro- out: Comrade Hua Kuo-feng has a mastery of vided. So it'i not convenient for rrs to fetch ' Marxism-Leninism, knows the actual conditions water." Following her advice, Comrade Hua in areas under his charge and has insight into Kuo-feng ordered that descending steps be built the complex struggles. He is resolute in imple- on the embankments near tlre viltages and water menting and defending Chairman Mao's prole. taps installed under the aqueducts. Bridges tarian revolutionary line and wholeheartedly over the canals also were builL Recalling this works for the people's interests. Comrade Hua today, the local people -srid: "Chairman Hua Kuo-feng is the reliable successor selected by has the people at heart and always works for Chairman Mao and the long-tested worthy their interests." leader of our Party. 2nd Nationol Leon-Frcm-Tochoi Conlerence (lY) Mechonization: Fundamentol Woy Out For Agriculture by Our Correspondent Chou Chin f N his summing:up report at the 19?5 First Na- resolved by the method of eollectivization and I tional Conference on Learning From Tachai mechanization in agriculture." (On Contrailic- in Agriculture, Comrade Hua Kuo-feng pointed tion.) out that in building Tachai-type counties 'Uu:made On the eve of the founding of New China, throughout the country efforts to -rsi Chairman Mao pointed out: steps to so- "ensure that agriculture will be mechanized in "The cialize agriculture must be co-ordinated with the main by 1980." In other words, about ?0 development powerlul industry having per cent of the main work in agriculture, for- the of a state enterprise as its baekbone.l' (On the dstry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and P€ople's Democratic Dictotorship, June 30, fisheries will be done by machines by the 1e4e.) beginning of the 80s. This was reaffirmed at last December's Second National Conference on When the movement for. agricultural co- Learning From Tachai in Agriculture. operation was at its height in 1955, Chairman Can this task be accomplished? After Mao made his famous report On the Questioa o! .matter-of-fact discussions, representatives at- Agricultural Co-operation. In the light of the tending the conferenee unanimously declared: experience of the Soviet Union and of China, "It can be accomplished ! It must be accom- he systematically explained the dialectical plished !" ! relationship between socialist industrialization and the socialist transformation of agriculture. He said: are now carrying out a revolu- Choirmon Moo's Wise Policy Decision "YIe tion not only in the social system, the chango Chairman Mao set thls task 21 years ago. from private to public owuership, but also in The basic concept underlying it was put forward technology, the chango from handicralt to much earlier. In 1937, Chairman Mao said: largo-scale modern machine production, and the "The contradiction between the working class two revolutions are interconnected. In agricul- and the peaiant class in socialist soeiety is ture, with conditions as they are in our country Febntary 25,1977 77 co-operation must precede the use of big modernization of agriculture, industry, national machinery (in capitalist countries agriculture defence and scienee and teclinology before the dcvelops in a capitalist way)." He also pointed end of the century, so that our national economy out: "The social and economic physiognomy of will be advancing in the. front ranks of the China will not undergo a complete change until worId." socialist transformation social and the of the In issuing the series of instructions con- accomplished in economic system is and until, cerning agricultural co-operation and mechaniza- wherever the technical field, machinery is used, tion, Chairman Mao upheld and developed the production possible, in.every branch of and in Marxi.st theory concerning the dialectical rela- place." every tionship between the relations of production and ' In the same report, Chairman Mao made the productive forces, revealed the universal the call: "It is estimated that the basic com- law governing the development of socialist agri- pletion of the nationwide technical transforma- culture, and clearly pointecl out the line to be tion of agriculture will take roughly four or followed in mechanizing agriculture in China five five-year plahs, that is, twenty to twenty- and the targets to be reached through hard five years. The whole Party.must fight for the work. A11 this represented the common aspira- fulfilment of this great task." tioqs of the people throughout the country. ' After the establishment of people's com- Carrying out Chairman Mao's behests, the munes in the countryside, Chairman Mao in Party Central Committee headed by Chairman 1959 made it more specific. saying that Hua restated this wise policy decision at the "to equip agriculture with machinery is a national learn-from-Tachai conferences in order decisive factor for achieving a great expansion to turn it into reality. of farming, forestry, and animal husbandry simultaneously." He issued the programmatic A Revolution of For-Reoching Significonce directive: "The Iundamental way out for agri- Representatives to the second nat-onal culture lies in mechanization." learn-from-Tachai conference pointed out that At the Tenth Plenary Session of the Eighth to mechanize farming on the basis of agricul- Central Committee of the Party presided over tural collectivization is a great revolution which by Chairman Mao in 1962, he explicitly an- will iead to prolound ehanges in the political. nounced our Party's fundamental line in agricui- economic, ideological and culturai fields. ture following the completion of land reform: which the The first step is to realize agricultural collectivi- The worker-peasant alliance is proletariat u'ill zation, and the second step is to realize agricul- basis of the dictatorship of the of tural mechanization and electrification on the be further consolidated with the realization the Third basis of collectivization. farm mechanization. Lenin said at Congress of the Communist International: In a letter in 1966 concerning the question "The supreme principle of the dictatorship is of agricultural mechanization, Chairman Mao the maintenance of the alliance between the reiterated that efforts must be made to "achieve proletariat and the peasantry in order that the agricultutal mechanization in the main in the proletariat may retain its leading role and its space of 25 years," beginning from 1955. Plans political power." Our w-orker-peasant alliance and arrangements were made accordingly at an has gone through two stages of development: on-the-spot meeting on farm mechanizatidn in The first was based on land reform which Ilupeh Province in July 1966. At this meeting, wiped out feudal exploitation; the second, on co- Premier Chou made an important speech calling operation among the peasants who formerly on the nation to fulfil'this great task set by worked on their own. This alliance will ad- Chairman Mao in the. spirit of the legendary vance to the stage based on mechanization in Foolish Old Man who removed mountains. the days ahead. Only when agriculture is At the Fourth National People's Congress in mechanized can expanded reproduction be early 1975, Premier Chou, acting on Chairman continuously carried out and the superiority of Mao's instructions, put forward the magnifi- the collective economy fully demonstrated. cent goal of accomplishing "the comprehensive Only thus can we continue to do away with 12 Peki.ng Reuiew, No. I the remnants of the private ownership ideas of In places where farm mechanization has the small peasarit economy, block the channels progressed at a fast pace, its tremendow impact giving rise to the spontaneous tendencies to- is quite evident. wards capitalisrn, consolidate and develop the Ttre Hui\uochen Commune in Kunghsien socialist positions in the rural areas and enable County in western Honan Province, central the working class to exercise leadership over the. China, had been a poor and backward com- peasantry in a still better way. mune with a population of 59,000 in 211 produc- production brigades The realization of farm mechanization will tion teams belonging to 21 land. greatly raise labour productivity. Lenin pointed- and a total of 3,200 hectares of'eultivated Great Cultural Revolution out in A Great Beginnhq:'In the last analysis, Since the start of the productivity of labour is the most important, in 1966, it has basically mechanized such ryajor ploughing, sowing, the principal thing for the victory. of the new farm work as harrowing, fields, irrigation, threshing and social system." With higher labour productivity, levelling the products. has agriculture will be able to provide industry processing farm and.side-line It funds to buy or with a greater labour,force, more raw materials achieved this by accumulating manufacture 209 tractors, 16 trucks, nearly 2,000 and a bigger .market, thereby giving the na- prime inovers (totalling 24,000 h'p.) and tional economy as a whole a tremendous push. sets of 2,300 medium small farm machines. Its Thus the material conditions are created for the and per-hectare grain yield was 8.3 gradual transition from the present system of 19?6 average tons, more than double the quota set in the Na- which takes the production team as ownership tional Programme for Agricultural Develop- the basic accounting unit to that in which the ment. This commune and its production bri- brigade or the @mmune is the basic accounting gades have set up 100 factories, in addition to unit. and finally to the system of ownership by small hydropower stations providing all the the whole people. Moreover, farm mechaniza- production teams with electricity. Their total tion will bring industry and agriculture closer industrial output value came to 18 million yuan together, expedit€ their unity and consequently last year. Thanks to the ra,pid economic build- narrow and ultimately eliminate the differences up at the commune and brigade levels which between worker and peasant and between town and country. . The mechanization of agrieulture is an important measure for irnplementing Chairman Mao's great stra- tegic principle "Be prepared against war, be prepared against natural disasters, ; and do everything for the people." When farm produc- tion goes up and ample grain, cotton and cloth are available. and when ad- vanced techniqus and equipment are introduced in the rural areas and there is a mighty technical con- tinggnt, we will have a surer guarantee to defeat any foreign aggression and over- Small'crawler tractors made ln Shansl Provlnce's llsiyang come natural disastens. County, lhe first Taehai-type county in China. Febiuary 25, 1977 I3 formerly had virtually nothing at their disposal, takings and public accumulation and welfare the fixed assets of the commune-and its bri- funds at the disposal of the cornmune, are still gad'es in 19?5 accounted for 41.6 and 32.6 per cent limited at present, herein lies our great and respectively of the total under the threerlevel bright hope." ownership* and, of the total public accumula- tion funds, the commune and its brigades ac- Turning Bright Hope lnto Reolity counted for 48 and 23 per cent respectively. Over the last few years, the Huikuochen Com- Twenty-one years have elapsed since Chair- mune has allocated huge funds to aid the poor man Mao issued the call that agricultural mech- brigades. It also has sold or delivered more anization should in the mhin be realized in 25 and rnore faim produce and industrial products, 'the year:s. However, these years have. been full of to the state for domestic market, with a twists and turns and fierce struggles as well. portion of its produets for export. Pushing a counter-revolutionary revisionist .line, Shao-chi,: Piao and of The advance in farm mechanization has Liu Lin the "gang brought in its wake the building up of a tech- four" did all they could to undermine our ef- nical contingent comprising one-tenth of the forts to implement Chairman Mao's instructions. producers' commune's total population. They are at once When agricultural co-operatives peasants and workers capable of doing farm were being established, Liu Shao-chi and his produc- work and operating machines and they never followers trumpeted the theory of the cease in criticizing the bourgeoisie- Public tive forces, calling for "mechanization before welfare undertakings with the rudiments of co-operation," and he slashed a large number communism such as homes for the old, nurseries of co-ops. After agricr.lltural co-operation was and the co-operative medical service have accomplished, they opposed mechanization and been thriving. While middle school education spread such fallacies as: "Farm mechanization popu- has become universal, the commune has in ad- is unnecessary becausb China has a large dition set up a "May ?" college. Every family Iation but little farmland" and "Meticulous is equipped with a loudspeaker hooked up to cultivation of land precludes the use of the commune rediffusion station and most bri- machines." gades have their own television sets and film Taking advantage of the temporary econom- projectors. Every brigade and factory has ic difficulties around 1960, they unscrupu- organized an amateur. cultural troupe. All this lously whittled down the farm machinery in- has made for steady improvement in the mate- dustry and the local industries. Driring the rial and cultural well-being of the eommune Great Cultural Revolution, the "gang of four" members who cherish deep love for socialism, worked hand in glove with Lin Piao to instigate the state and the collective. "all-out civil war" and "overthrow all.'' of The growth of this commune testifies to Under the pretext of criticizing the "theory what Chairman Mao predicted in lg59 when the people's communes were in their initial stage r Generally speaking, collective ownership in ru- of development: "The advance from incomplete ral people's communes at the present stage ol ownership by the commune toward complete, development is at three levels, namely, the com- mune, the production brigade and the pmduction single ownership by the commune is a process team. Cultivated land, forested hills, farm im- in which the level of production of the poorer plements and machines, draught animals and other produetion teams is raised to that of the better- means of production are owned by the conunune, production off production teams as well as a process of ex- the production brigade and the team. panding At present, collective ownership at the production the commune public aecumulation team level is basic in the three-level ownership, funds, developing'commune-run industries and and this is commonly known as the "three-level realizing the mechanization and electrification ownership with the production team as the basic of agriculture and the industrialization of the accounting unit." With the development of farm commune and the country as a whole, Although mechanization and the increase in commune- or brigade-run factories, the commune and the brigade the things directly owned by the commune, such are taking over an ever greater share in this system. as commune-run enterprises and other under- of ownership. 14 Pektng Reoieu:, No. I i&-r-,\*ti;"{,ii-t:$ jrdi:i:3 the productive forces," they op- poped the socialist modertriza- tion o.f agriculture, industry, na- tional'defence and science ,!d technology as,put forward by Chairman. Mao and did their utmost to undermine both rev- olution and production. Yao Wen-yuan went so far as to openly clamour: "Can farm mechanization be realized iD the main by 1980? I don't ttink we can." He even arbitrarily withheld a Renmin Ribao editorial on farm mechaniza- tion which had been aplrroved The Changwel Tractor Plant ln Shantung Provlnce. by Comrade Hua Kuo-feng for puhlication in 19?1. Ilowever, no interference and sabotage by these anti-Party mass movemenk, relying on our own efforts cligues could check the tiumphant advance of and taking measures suited to local conditions. the cadres and rnacses 'nder the guidance of Chairmai Mao's revolutionar5r line. Farm mech- Chairman Mao said: "Our territory is so population anization has developed at a faster tempo since vast, our is so large and the condi: the start of the Great Cultural Revolution. tions are so complex that it is far better to have the initiative come from both the central and Output 6f rnajc farm machinery in 19?6 the local authorities than from one source was several and, in some cases, over a dozen alone." (On the Ten Major Relationships.) The times that of 1965, with internal combustion emphasis in making farin maehinery is thus put engines for drainage and irrigation purposes on bringing the initiative of the local authori- and walking tractors up by 13 and 61 times re- ties into play. With the exception of large spectively- In the five years beginning in 1970, .farm machines whose production is taken care output of traetors, pumps and other farm of by the central departments concerned, me- machinery gqrrrlled or surpa$sed the total for dium and small ones are made mainly by the previous 20 years. Irrigated acreage in- factories in different provinces, prefectures and creasd at the rate of 1.6 million hectares per counties. Most provinbes, municipalities and year. And a large number of advanced coun- autonomous regions now have their own tractor ties and prefectures , in mechanizing agricul- or walking tractor plants and prime mover fac- ture emerged in many provinces tories, while upwards of 96 per cent of the An important reason for these achieve- counties and- many communes and production ments in farm mechanization is that, in accord- brigades have set up farm machinery repair ance with Chairman Mao's directives, our shops. Under the unified leadership of local Party has not only formulated a Marxist line Party committees, thepe plants have co-ordi- for the development of socialist agriculture, but nated their efforts and speedily increased their also laid down a correct principle for the reali- manufacturing capacity through mass move- zation of farm mechanization, that is, the prin- ments. A good example in this respect is Yentai ciple of putting the stress on the variow loea- Prefecture on the Shantung Peninsula whose lities to make the farm machinery, on medium annual production capacity of 20 h.p. crawler and small farm machines rather than big ones, tractors rose to 1,000 in 1976, after trial-manu- and on the collective economy to make the facture of this type had begun the year before. purchases. The basic spirit of this principle lies in mobilizing all positive factors, launching (Continued on p. 26.) February 25, 1977 I5 Foreign Trade: llhy the "Gang,ol Four" Greated Conlusion by Kuo Chi anllllIlilllllltlllllllltlilt!illtttIIilililillllllliltl|tlilriltlllllItttlttlllfiililililtIIllllllllll [. OR many years, especially since 1976, the with the development of the national economy [' Wang-Chang-Chiang-Yao "gang of four" since the founding of New China, and particular- created confusion in the matter of foreign trade ly since the start of the Great Proletarian Cul- and launched attacks on the Party. They tural Revolution. Total value of imports and slandered China's exports of oil and,other mate- exports in 1975 was 13 times that in 1950 and rials as "selling out its natural resources" and more than trebled that in 1965, the year before its imports of complete sets of equipment as the Great Cultural Revolution. China has now "worshipping things foreign and fawning upon established trade relations with 160 countries fbreigners." At the same time, they dressed and regions the world over. This has played themselves up as "heroes" opposing !'capitula- a significant role in enabling the Chinese people tionism and national betrayal." Now their plot to defeat the imperialist blockade, withstand , has been exposed. soeial-imperialist pressure, advance the cause of . socialist construction, carry out Chairmah Mao's Choirmon Moots Revolutionory Line revolutionary liire in foreign affairs, support and China's foreign trade all along was con- assist the people of the third world in their ducted under Chairman Mao's solicitous concern struggles against imperialism, colonialism and and Premier Chou's direct leadership. Chairman hegemonism and strengthen the friendship and Mao personally formulated the correct line, prin- unit5r between the people of China and other clples and policies for our foreign trade. Shortly countries. before New China was founded, Chairman Mao While the ratio of agricultural, side-occupa- pointed out: "The restoration and development tion and native products to total exports has of the national economy of the people's republic been dirninishing, ihere has been a steady in- con- would be impossible without a policy of crease in the proportion of industrial goods and trolling foreign trade." (Report to the Second minerals, which have now accounted for about Session Seoenth Central Com- Plenary of the 65 per ctnt of the exports as against only 30 per China.) mittee of the Comrnunist Partg oJ cent in the early'post-liberation period. This is teaching, foreign Following this China.placed an achievement in China's industrial develop- state of the trade firmly in the hands of tlie ment. dictatorship of the proletariat. As for petroleum, China's crude oil output In 1949, Chairman Mao declared to the has gone up. rapidly as a result of the exploita- world: "The Chinese people wish to have friend- tion Taching and other new oilfields since ly co-operation with the people of all countries of Not only has China .ensured its and to resume and expand international trade the early 1960s. ex- in order to develop production and promote eco- own needs but it has a certain amount for nomic prosirerity." (Adilress to the Preparatory port. This also is a major success in socialist Meeti.ng of the Neuo Political Consultdtitse construction. The decision to export crude oil Conf erence.) had been discussed and proposed by Premier the When China's Second Five-Year Plan was Chou En-lai and othei leadin$ comrades in mapped out, Chairman Mao issued his written central authorities and approved by Chairman instruction: "Eely mainly on our own efforts Mao himself. while making external assistance subsidiaty." With respect to imports, China has, on the Guided by this Marxist line of Chairman premise of independence and self-reliance, in- Mao's, China's foreign trade has steadily grown troduced some equipment and technology needed, I6 Pektng Reoiew, No. 9 for our socialist construction. This, too, is in Meanwhile, through the news media under IuIl accord with Chairman Mao's revolutionary theii cbntrol and using metaphysical sophistry, line. As a matter o1 fact, the imports of the the "gang of four" reversed right and wrong. complete sets of equipment, which the "gang In an article entitled "Criticize Philosophy of of four" made so much noise about, had been Servility to Things Foreign" published in a approved by Chairman Mao. Furthermore, even journal, they charged the Ministry of Foreign the "gang of four" themselves signed the rele- Trade with "national betrayal and capitulation- vant reports and selected the factory sites for isrn," "begging other countries for a living" and certain imported items. so on and so forth. They made innuendoes against the Ministry of Foreign Trade, saying Attocks by the "Gong of Fbu/' it had "unrestrainedly imported what China can produce and limitlessly exported what is badly This bunch of counter-revolutionary double- needed at home," that it had even "conceded dealers, however, launched a surprise attack in the sovereignty over the exploitation of mines the matter of foreign trade. and resources to others" and "tried to turn At a meeting called by her without authori- China into the imperialist countries' dumping zation last March behind the backs of Chairman ground, raw material base.'repair workshop and Mao and the Party Central Committee, Chiang outlet for investments." Ching lied that China's petroleum "is all being In co-ordination with their attacks on oil taken off to other countries." Then at three exports, the "gang of four" artificially created conferences held by the central leading organs tension in the domestic oil supply, disrupting between March and June last year, the gang the national economy and undermining foreign mounted a series of converging attacks on lead- trade. ing comrades in the central authorities. Wang overall consi- Hung-wen asserted that "there is a group of Already worked out through production, national betrayers in the foreign trade depart- deratiori, the 19?6 plan fo'r the con- raw ments:'f Chang Chun-chiao claimed that sumption and export of China's fuel and "in Party Central our Party, first of all in the Political Bureau, materials had the approval of the practicable. of there is the bourgeoisie, the comprador bour- Committee and was The "gang had professed agreement with the plan, geoisie," and he slandered China for "going in four" yet made by directing for a colonial economy." Chiang Ching declared they clandestinely trouble that "by exporting petroleum China is shifting their trusted followers in Shanghii and Liaoning change many enterprises fueled by the international energy crisis on to the Chinese to wilfully coal to go over to petroleum. This greatly in- people," and it "has ,saved the first and second crude and upset the worlds." Yao Wen-yuan drivelled that the State creased consumpfion of oil result, factories in some Council was "Ieasing" China's natural resources original plan. As a provinces and cities were compelled to stop pro- to foreign countries and "is engaged in national betrayal." duction, some oil refineries ran out of crude and many drainage and irrigation facilities in the At these Conferences, the "gang of four" countryside ceased operation. Then, the "gang also lashed out at imports of complete sets of of four" made a coutrter-charge by imputing all equipment. Chang Chun-chiao blustered: "We this to oil exports. are importing too many major items, a whole As a consequence of the sabotage by the bunch of things all at once. You (meaning lead- "gang of fottr," China's exports of crude were ing comrades in the State Council Tr.) will affected and its international prestige was im- satisfy nobody unless you make - self-criti- a paired, resulting in a bad influence politicaliy cism." Comrade Hua Kuo-feng sternly refuted and economically. them there and then, pointing out that the imports of the major items had Chairman Mao's Raising a hue and cry, the "gang of four" approval. Chang Chun-chiao went so far as to were merely spreading rumours and viciously say: "Why do you always try to overawe others distorting facts. by usipg Chairman Mao's name?" This betrayed That China has changed over from depend- him as an opponent of Chairman Mao. ence oD imported oil before liberation to ex- Febqpry 25, 1977 17 porting petroleum is in itself a victory for the eyei not blindly, and we mustn't copy everything policy of independence and self:reliance. This indiscriminately and transplant mechanically. has played a certain part in combating thb two Naturally, we mustn't pick up their shortcom- hegemonic powers, the Soviet Union and the ings and weak points." United supporting and assisting people in States, The l'gang of four," however, vilified such the third world and acquiring materials needed foreign trade as "national betrayal aud capit- national construction. Ching, how- for Chiang ulationism," "worshipping things foreign and exports had extricat- ever, babbled that China's fawning upon foreigners." According to their Western capitalist countries from their ed logie, if one wants to adhere to the policy of energy crisis. As a matter of fact, China's ex- independence and self-reliance, one has no alter- ports of crude accounted for only 0.067 per cent native but to follow a "closed-door" policy and the world's total in 1973 and only 0.65 per of isolate oneself from the world. Obviously, this can this be described cent in 1975. How, then, is preposterous in theory and most harmful in gotten - as having the Western capitalist countries practice. They turned things upside down not out of their energy crisis? This slander uttered because of their ignorance but because of their by Chiang Ct"ing in disregard of basic facts only ulterior motives. shows to what deptn the "gang of four" had sunk. A Serious Step to Usurp Porty ond Immediaiely after its founding, New China Stote Power abolished all the prerogatives enjoyed by the The attack by the "gang o{ four" was a imperialists in old China and placed the life- serious step in their plot to usurp Party and peo- blood of the national economy firmly in the state 1rcwer ple's hands. .China has never been cowed by fabricated a by the imperialist blockade nor has it submitted Jo They host of "da!a" which tJeey attacked the Ministry. of Foreign social-imperialist political and economic pres- Trade at a conferenee ort national planning last sure. We do not allovr foreign capital to exploit sumrner- tried td mislead the representa' China's resources nor do we run joint enter: Ihey tives at tte conference from various provincbs prises with foreign countries, still less bcg them and muaicilniities and various ministries under for loans. It is common knowledge that China the'._aeDEaf organs by circulating, the "data" now is free from both foreign and domestic among then llenwhile, the gang clamoured debts. about taking organizational "measures" to The "gang of four's, wild tale about 'ton- "drange the leading bodies" and made prepara- ceding the sovereignty over the exploitation of tions organizationally to seize power. Seizing mines and resources -to others," "begging from power in foreign trade departments was part of foreign countries" and "turning China into the their scheme for an all-round seizure of power. imperiaiists' dumping ground" was sheer non- Flaunting the signboard of @riticizing "capit- sense. ulationism and national betrayal," they actually Through foreign trade, China has acquired spearheatled their attack against Chairman Mao, needed materials and introduced some necessary Premier Chou, Comrade Hua Kuo{eng and equipment and technology. The aim is to en- the Party Central other leading , comrades in hance its abiiiiy to bu,lld socialism independently Committee. Their criminal objective was trump- quicken and self-reliantly, and the tempo of se ing up charges against the Party Central Com- eialist construction. This fully conforms with mittee in order to overthrow it and take its Chairrnan Mao's teaching "Make foreign things place. serve China" and with the principle he advanced in his On the Ten Major RelatLonships in 1956: Now the plot of the "gang of four" has "Learn from the strong points of all nations been smashed and the confusion they created and all countties, learn all that is genuinely good has been cleared up. things turned upside down in the political, economic, scientific and tech- are being reversed. China's foreign trade will nological fields and in literature and art. But continue to advance along Chairman Mao's we must learn with an analytical and critical revolutionary line. I8 PekiW Reuiew, No. I Kwongsi: Revolution in Heolth Work (ll) Borefoot Doctors ond Co-operotive Medicol System by Our Correspondents Huo Sheng ond Hsiong Jung ry.two socialist new things, the barefoot doctors pediatrics and .eye, ear, nose and throat. I and the co-operative medical system which Pericardiolysis, hepatectomy and similar major emerged in the Great Cultural Revolution, have operations have been suceessfully performed vastly improved medical and health work in there. the countryside and are of far-reaching signifi- While on a visit to the clinic of Peiya Com- cance. What we saw and heard in Ishan County mune, the biggest of the 12 communes in.the vividly bears this out. county, the clinic director told us that prior to One of the 82 counties in the Kwangsi the Cultural Revolution it had been a ongoom Chuang Autonomous Region, Ishan is in the affair. The four medical workers in attendanee northwestern part, known locally as the ilGreat had neither the skill nor the facilities to treat Rockies," and has a population of 420,000. How even deep abscesses. They were joined in 1966 the people there sulfered from poverty and by 13 urban medical workers from Nanning (the diseases before liberation even now brings autonomous region's capiial), of whom the painful memories to the old peasants we spoke director was one. Over the years, ni:w buildings to. In ihe dusty tom€s recording the county's with a total floor space of 1,500 square metres history we found rneny entries like this: "fn have"been added and the staff has risen to 27. the summer of 1901, numerous people in and The elinie can now handle ordinary medical and around the cotmt5r and in nearby townships surgical cases. died, sometimes whole families perished, within All these are impressive developments. three or four hours from-the onset of vomiting Howevey, although the medical workers of the and diarrhea-" \f,ben cholera swept the county county hospital and commune clinics have in 1946, half the ll0 inhabitants of Yuehyang done their best, they still cannot fully meet the Village lost their lives." medical needs of the peasants living in the After liberation in 1949, the peasants' widely separated mountain villages, as in Ishan. political and economic position improved beyond recognition, but in Ishan and the rest of the Sociolist New Things rural areas, doctors and medicines remained Unknown to the peasants of Ishan and the woefully unavailable and inadequate before the rest of the countryside 1965, a solution to Great Cultural Revolution. This was due to the in their health problems was provided by the interference and sabotage by Liu Shao-chi's People's Chuansha revisionist line in health work. Chiangchen Commune in County on the outskirts of Shanghai. Some Since the start of the Cultural Revolution, eommune members there had been trained to tremendous changes have taken place in Ishan's treat common,ailments and do preventive health rural health work. At the county hospital we care work but, apart from this, they continued visited with the director of the county health to take pa.rt in collective productive labour- And bureau, we were told that over the past few because they worked in the paddyfields like years the hospital had gradually expanded to any other ordinary commune member, bare- its present size - a staff of 76 and 120 beds. It footed and with trouser legs rolled up, they were is fairly well equipped and has departments of givgn the name "barefoot doctors." These medicine, surgery, obstetrics-gynaecology, medical personnel selected from the masses by February 25,1977 Beginning in early 1969, the revolu- tionary committee of Ishan County began introducing on a trial basis barefoot doctors and the co-operative medical system, first in one production brigade and then gradual- Iy in others. Today, all 150 brigades (each brigade has about 2,000 people) have their , own clinies manned by several barefoot .'" doctors. There were 502 barefoot doctors in . Ishan when we were there recently. i -r To provide even more convenient med- l'ical service to all members of the 2,455 production teams in the county (each' brigade has several production teams of about a hundred people each), the teams ' also have established clinics run by a bare- Barefoot doctors ln Ishan CountY inoculating commune members' foot doctor assisted by a medical orderly and a midwife, all of whom take Part work when not doing health service the masses themselves could give instant on-the- in farm 4,?00 medical orderlies and spot aid to their fellow commune members. work. Ishan had midwives in i976. In 1966, far to the west of Shanghai, in Visiting many brigade and team elinics, central China's Hupeh Province, the Leyuan we saw that most of the former built in the People's Commune of Changyang County was last two years were spick-and-span and they organizing its members to form a co-operative had consulting roorir, a pharmacy, a sick medical system. This was a pioneering effort a ward with several beds and a maternity ward. by peasants themselves to solve the problem of In some we saw one or two simple machines pgoviding inexpensive, effective medical care for for proc"essing and pqeparing herbal medicines. themselves. Relying on the strength of the collective, this novel system called for each com- Barefoot doctors are reeommended for mune member to pay a snall annual plemium, their pcts by the other brigade members and junior generally one yuan (roughly U.S. 50 cents), and generally are -voung peasants with a the production brigades to allot part of their middle school education. A few are seleeted public welfare funds* to cover the medical fees from ernong practitioners of Chinese medicine of commune members. Treatment is free or who are experieaced and knowiedgeable in partially free, depending on the brigades' Iocal and home remedies. Many are sent to hospital finances. study in the commune clinic 'or county and a few go to medical colleges. Instruction is When these two new things appeared, also provided by the mobile medical teams sent Chairman Mao immediately gave them' his from the cities, one of their main tasks being support. Inveqtigation reports on the barefoot to help train the barefoot doctors. The barefoot doctors of Chiangchen .Commune and the co- doctors' master5r of medical knowledge and operative medical system of Leyuan Commune skills is constantly improved through these were published in newspapers in 1968 and channels and their own studies and practice, attracted immediate interest and support enabling them to treat and help prevent com- throughout the countryside. Ishan County's mon diseases, acquire birth control techniques enthusiasm for these new things was tremen- and practise modern midwifery. Some of them dous. : are capable of treating fairly complicated cases. In production teams the medical orderlies' * A certain amount of the total income to be homes often serve as clinics. The orderlies have distributed among commune members is set aside for medicines and each year by the production brigade to iund social a many-compartment cabinet services and collective welfare undertakings. some of their tools. They treat minor ailments 20 Peking Reuieta, No. 9 or injuries before going to work .and after "putting the emphasis on curing diseases knocking off. Women medical orderlies also while slighting prevention" and resolutely serve as midwives. kept to the principle "put prevention first." A barefoot doctor of Ishan said to us: "A A Very Visble Force doctor who has cured a hard case, that is The barefoot doctors and the co-operative clever. But if there is a method which medical system have led to the setting up of a makes people less subject to illness or not rural medical service network in Ishan. become ill at all, is that not more clever? What Commune me'mbers today are treated for minor do you say? Of course, the'latter is. Chairman ailments in their own teams, cornmon di:seases Mao's principle 'put prevention first' is most in their brigades and the more serious cases in clever." These sirr$le words express a profound their own commune. understanding. In Ishan the barefoot doctors Shih Hsiu-lan of the Fulu Brigade bled pro- organize the masses to frequently clean up the fusely and collapsed when she was having envirohment, wipe out mosquitoes and flies, her first child in 1962- The brigade her by construct and improve lavatories and do a good sent job stretcher with eight sturdy men to the county of night-soil disposal. Together they sink hospital, 36 gruelling kilometres of mountain drinking wells tb change the old habit of drink- paths away. The motler was saved but not the ing ditch water and river water and move the child. It cost the family 2fi) yuan for medical animal pens out to places far away from human expenses. With her second baby, the woman habitation. They also make use of blackboards, had trouble again in 1969. This time. however, wall newspapers and meetings to publicize there was a barefoot doctor to attend her knowledge about hygiene and foster among the throughout her pregnancy. When the time came, commune members the habit of paying constant the mother was sent to the commune clinic and attention to hygiene. the child was safely and easily delivered. When Another aspect of the barefoot doctors' work old peasant Srei tzu-kun in 1973 was laid up is distribution of prophylactics and mass in- with sciatica, a barefoot doctor visited him oculations or vaccinations. Since 19?0, the county daily, giving hirn herbal and Western medicines has given 3.65 million inoculations or vaccina- and acupuncture treatment. Before long, he was tions against 15 types of infectious diseases. 'Various his old self again. All costs were covered by the seasonal' epidemics are combated by co-operative medical fund. We heard many early adoption of preventive measures and the similar incidents wherever we went in Ishan. administration of medicine is done on a house- The rise of the barefoot doctors and the co- to-house basis or in the fields. operative medical system has sparked a pro- found revolution on China's medical and health Ishan is fortunate in that there is an abund- front and made it possible for the complete im- ance of wild herbs growing in the valleys and plementation of Chairman Mao's Marxist-Lenin- on mountain slopes. The working people here ist line in health work. In essence, Chairman have accumulated a rich body of knowledge preventive Mao's revolutionary line in health work means about the use of herbs for or curative purpos"p the work must be orientated to serving the and there are many home remedies popular workers, peasants and soldiers who make up among the masses. With the introduc- the overwhelming majority of the people, the tion of the co*operative medical system, the stress in this work must be put on. the rural skills and herbs have been fully utilized in an areas, preventive medicine must be given organized **y. Thu 52 commune- br brigade-run priority over curative medicine, medical workers small pharmaceutical plants in Ishan collect, jrrgcess prac\ising traditional Chinese or Western cultivate and a large variety of medicinal medicine must work in unity to fully explore herbs. Nearly every brigade clinic has more than and tap China's medical treasure house, and 100 different herbs in stock. health work must be combined with mass move- . While learning from the older peasants and ments. practitioners of Chinese medicine, the barefoot The barefoot doctors have repudiated what 'doctors sollect folk remedies to study; te3t and those advocates of the revisionist line did in verify them. They study hard to master and use February 25, 1977 21 a blending of Chinese and Western medical by the exploiting classes and the intellectuals practice and the ancient Chinese skiU of appendant to them. With. the workirig people acupuncture. This has enabled them to treat the masters in China today, the proletariat must most cases of acute abdominal pain, pneumonia build up its own mighty contingent of medical in infants and acute hepatitis by a cornbination and health workers, while helping those trained of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. before liberation to.carry out ideological re- moulding and enabling them to serve the work- Synchronization of heatth work with mass ing people wholeheartedly. country today movements has been greatly prornoted by the The has trained 1.5 million barefoot doctors of poor introduction of the barefoot doctors and the co- or lower-middle peasant origin. This has br,oken .operative medical system. For example, when for the first time the monopoly of the landlord the county assigned 340 full-time people to make and capitalist classes in a field which has vital an investigation of filariasis in 1959, only 40,000 a bearing on the well-being of the people. It is eases were studied in five months. In 1970, great dictatorship anolher investigation was carried out, this time of help to strengthening the the proletariat over the bourgeoisie, with barefoot doctors and medical orderlies as of the backbone force and participation by the The emergence of the barefoot.doctors has Arasses. Within ?0 days, 280,000 cases had been broken down the centuries-old concept that studied and identified cases were treated at least working people cannot be doctors and doctors once. Another example of the integration of are not ordinary working people. Refuting this hgafth personnel and the masses is in collecting coneept, the barefoot doctors take part in collec- herbs. When the wild herbs are ready for tive productive labour and get work points Iike harvesting, nearly all commune members, young any other commune member. They are a new and old, men -and women, are called upon to type of health care persdnnel, people doing both collect them, usually during work breaks or manual and mental labour. In China today, all school holidays. workers and cadres receive medical care free and the peasants are served by the co-operative For-Reqching Significonce medical syst€m. It is immediately obvious that all this hdp gradually narrow the gap between Apart from remedying the inadequacy and 'town unavailability of doctors, drugs and facilities in and countrlr, between worker and peasant the countryside, the barefoot doctors and the and between rnenllsl and mental labour. co-operative medical system are'of far-reachlng The co-operative medical system also helps significance restrict bourgeois right. The Constitution of the Medical knowledge is the crystallization of People's Republic of China stipulates: "The the experience gained by the working people state applie the soeielist principle: 'IIe who does through long years of struggle against diseases. not work, neitter shall hs eat' and 'from each But for thousands of years it was monopolized according to his ability, to each according to his work.'" This principle of distribution A small pharmaceutlcal plant run by a commune cllnic. according to work zupersedes the prin- ciple operating in capitalist' society where those who work little gain much and distribution is carried out accord- ing to capital and power. This is a fundamental change, However, "to each according to his work" still represents bourgeois right characterized by the covering up of actual inequality wlth equality in form and provides the soil for engendering eapitalism. This is why Chairman Mao said: "under the dicta- totship of the proletariat such things can .onhr be restricted:" Peking Reoiew, No. I The cb-operative medical system is financed the polarization into the rich and the poor that is in part by the money paid in by the commune often brought on by debt, disability or death due members out of their own pocket. This forrns to illness. Ideologically, the cooperative medical a very small part. The major portion comes system helps the peasants foster the collective from the public funds acsumulated by the spirit and gradually bring about a complete collective economy. This way of financing in- break with the old traditional concept of private corporates both the socialist factor of mutual ownership. help practised among the commune members In short, the barefoot,doctors and the co- and the commuqist factor of "to each aocording operative medical system are of great signifi- to his needs" as repreented by the reliance cance in consolidating the dietatorship of the placed on the strength of the cpllective economy. proletariat, building socialism and uttimately It ratricts the bourgeois right of being able to realizing the goal of cor4munism.. This is why buy medical care with money and helps prevent the people call them l'socialist new things." Health Service in a Remote Mountain Village t- --- rIaHE introduction and development of the Altogether, it'cost 1.8 yuan per person in the r barefoot doctors and the co-operative medical first year. As the collective economy prospered, system in the i\ehow Production Brigade is a the brigade members paid less and less. By miniature representation of what has happened 1976, all costs were paid out of the pubiie iri most mountainous areas in China. Tuchow welfare funds. A patient today pays five fen, shows that health care work has been introduced about the cost of two boxes of matches, for even into the remotest mountain villages by registration and nothing more. Whatever cases the revolution whieh took place in health work. the brigade clinic cannot handle are referred to Leaving the county town of Yungfu in the commune clinic and, if necessary, to the northern Kwangsi, we motored 100 kilometres county hospital, or prefectural or autonotnous on tortuous roads to Hoping Commune. From regional hospitals. there anotlher six kilometres of twisting paths Under the leadership of the brigade's Party took us to Tuchow Brigade. The brigade is branch, a nine-member poor and lower-middle linked to its nine production teams by narrow peasant managemeni committee made up of tracks windiag up and down over rough t€rrain. representatives of chdres, poor and lower-middle The production teams are spread out in 20 peasants and barefoot doctors was set up, AlI widely scattered villages with a total of 200 major guestions like collecting revenue, alloca' households populated by a thousand people. tion of funds, management of the co-operative Barefoot doctors and the co-operative medical system and the political-ideological medical system came to the brigade in April education of the barefoot doctors are decided by 1969. Its clinic is a two-storeyed building with this committee through discussion. Aceounts an outpatient department, a dispensar5r, a sick are open to all brigade members and thus the ward and a maternity ward. Ttre small dispen- clinic operates under their supervision. sary has more than 100 kinds of pills, medicinal Three staff members of the brigade clinic herbs and injectants. We found the usual para- 27, Pan I-kang, and phernalia like sphygmomanometers for measur- are Meng Chia-chien, 32, just ing blood pressure, autoclaves, bundles of scal- Wei Wan-yun, an l8-year-old girl who pels, forceps and other instruments, transfusion joine{, all being barefoot doctors. They are bottles and stands and different birth control children of formeriy impoverished peasants in equipment. the locality. Meng had five and a half years of When the co-operative medical system was schooling, Pan went through junior middle first introduced, its fund was provided by the school. Meng studied at the county hospital, Pan brigade members who paid half (0.9 yuan per at the commune clinic. Wei has just completed head) and the production teams which covered a year's course in a health care school run by the othen,half from their public welfare funds. the county. Between them, the three gan com- February 25,19?? 23 tion he went to the sec.ond child before going home. . ,Meng and Pan spent two days and nights together fight- ing to save Mo Lig-mei, an old woman whose familY had already given liei up for lost. The elderly peasant had sud- denly vomited large quantities of blood and gone into a coma. The two barefoot doctors wePt to work apptying all their S and stayed with her until she was out of danger. ' tn every way, the three barefoot doctors have retained the fine qualities of the labour- ing people. Ttrey are not Paid a ralary, but live bY work Points earned like the rest of the brigade members. Unless theY are attendirrg. to medical duties, they work in the fields. If med- ical calls take them away, they petently handle common complaints such as get the same work points as those who are phy- t pneumonia, hepatitis, asthma and rheumatism. sically equal to them do in the same period of They can suture superficial wounds, Lance tirne, no more, no less, abscesses, grve acupuncture treatment give Every vilage here in the days before libera- injections and transfusions, attend births includ- tion had its oqrr "Devil's Dump," .a graveyard ing rather difficult cases, and do everything reserved solety fc burying infants and children required in birth control work. because infant mortality was extremely high When brigade members become iU, the in the old days wben there were neither doctors barefoot doctors are there to treat them, come nor medicine in tJre rural areas and the peasants wind, come rain. They handled a total of 2,000 could not afford to pay for medical treat- cases in l9?4, of which only l5 per cent were ment. Not lar from the brigade head- treated at the clinic. The rest were home calls' quarters is a hill known as "Coffin Lid" are the type of doctors we wanf' because all but qne of six families residing "They surviv- the brigade members say. there perished within a few years' The when it riould. Diseases Once while Meng Chia-chien was scaling ing family moved out worked hand in hand with the the mountain slopes for a particular herb to in those days make lifd, hard treat a mentally deranged woman' he fell off exploiting classes to ]nbearably people of Tuchow and a ledge and was knocked unconscious. \[hen for the tabourin! there were epidemics; they he came to, he saw that, apart from some bad elsewhere. When bruises, he had cut his leg. He bandaged himself and continued his search despite the late hour Such tragedies no longer'occur after libera- until he had found what he wanted. Another tion. And radical changes have, taken place in time, Meng got a message calling him home to rural health work since the Great Cultural attend his two-year-old child who was running Revolution. Today there are health care per- a high fever. Just as he was about to leave the sonnel and medicine readlly on hand. The clinic, there was enother call from a family Tuchow peqple all acclaimed: '"The Great $tth a sick child. Without the slightest hesita- Cultural Revolution is really fine!" 21 PekW Reoieut, No. I Fronce's New Strotegic Concept A PROGRAMME for military spending and favour of the concept of "enlarged sanctuariza- Lr equipment of the armed.forces for the pe- tion." "This concept should allow us,l' the riod 197?-82 and a budgetary programme for gene,ral said, "while safeguarding our territorial inereased military expenditures in 1977 worked integrity, to intervene with all or part of our out by the French Defence Ministry and gen- forces in all the zones whose territorial security eral staff were approved by the National As- is under the most immediate menace, that is sembly and the Senate last year. The prog- -to say, in Europe and its immediate approaches, rammes embody'a new slrategic concepl and which comprise in particular the Mediterra- defence policy. nean basin." French strategy has been an '1a1l azimuth" The new strategy divides France into a first one based on the idea of nuclear deterrence. and a sgcond defence periphery, with the em- This presupposes France being subject to attack phasiq on the first periphery, on parts of from both the East (the Soviet Union) and the Europe and the Mediterranean where the threat West (the United States), thus requiring the from the Soviet Union is more serious. Speak- country to devise its defence accordingly. "This ing at the Institute of Higher Defence Studies doctrine," said Raymond Aron, Vice-Director of of France, French Defence Minister Yvon French Institute Strategical Studies, the of Bourges said: "It cannot be said that those in supposes that we deploy our nuclear "Iogically charge of France's defence can, make a plan for submarines in such a way that they can not it without taking into aceount Europe, only bring New York but also Leningrad or \Western Central Europe and the Mediterranean." Moscow into their range of fire." General Mery also elucidated on the ques- Since it degenerated into social-imperialism, the Soviet Union has made Europe a key tion of militari co-operation with France's whenever a region point of fierce contention, thereby confronting Western allies. He said that the alliance framework is invad- France with a new situation. Especially in the within NATO join last few years, the Soviet Union has repeatedly ed, "the possibitity that u'e will the battle tried to bully and intimidate France and en- at the front can by no means be excluded. On gaged in subversive activities against it. Soviet my part, I even think that it will be extremely military planes have made reconnaissance dangerous.for our country to voluntarily keep flights in French air space and Soviet naval aloof from the first battle in which our own vessels and nuclear submarines have cruised in security is already at stake." French territorial waters. Soviet qpy ships .open- France has decided to strengthen its Med- Iy keep .French nuclear submarines under close iterranean defence in line with the new strategic watch. Soviet spies and other agents, dispatch- concept. Last July 11; French President Giscard ed, or hired locally, are activ'e in France. All d'Estaing said in Toulon: "From 7914 to 1977, this is a serious threat to the country. the total tonnage of the French combat fleet in In these. circumstancels, a new military the Mediterranean wTU have increased from strategy gradually has taken shape. Writing in ??,000 tons to 136,000 tons." Earlier, Defence the National Def ence Reoiew last June, Minister Bourges stressed that France would General Guy Mery, Chief of Staff of the Armed hever allow the sea "to fall into ihe hands of Forces of France, unequivocally stressed the others, especially the tu,o superpowers which need to abandon the "all azimuth" strategy in lie outside the Mediterranean." I February 25, 1977 25 In accordance with the new strategic con- It is significant that the French reorienta- cept, France also has emphasized the need to tion of strategy and strengthening of defence develop eonventional forces while strengthening have greatly irritated the new tsars in the its nuclear power. Quite a few French military Kremlin. After the French Chief of Staff and political figures as well as newspapers have of the Armed Forces explained the new strategic . anxiously noted that, in an attempt tb follow concept in last June's Nationut Defence Revicro, in Hitler's footsteps, thq Brezhnev clique, the Kremlin's mouthpieces, TASS, Praudo and behind the smokescreen of "detente," has lztsestia, immediately raised a hue and cr)', ac- desperately developed corrventional armaments cusing France of advocating a retui'n to the while energetically strengthening its nuclear policy of brinksmanship. During'his French arms. Therefore they maintain that while tour in December, B.N. Ponomat'ev, a member nuclear weapons are necessary for safgguarding of the Soviet leading clique, publicly blamed the the security of Europe, a strong conventional French defence policy in his speech at the For- force, as inany events since the birth of nuclear eign Affairs Committee of the National As- weapons show, is vital to preventing aggressors sembly. He charged that France did not rvant from making trouble everywhere. President to see any reduction in war threats, but hoped to Giscard d'Estaing emphatically pointed out that solve contemporary world issues through war, This ruthless talk naturally was counterattacked while a'nuclear "deterrent must be maintained," by Flance. "we also need conventional means so as to give the French population and our national entity Moscow's vituperative attack reflected dis- the sentiment that we have a certain range of may at the fact that its "detente" fraud has means to face diverse menaces by which we been seen through by more and more people in i will eventually be overtaken." Western Europe. (Continued. from p. 15.) brigades with their ow-n funds. As regards those communes and brigades not so well- With a vast territory and great differences which are off. state annually earmarks a certain in natural conditions and farming methods, the amount of money as interest-free loans or free China needs a wide range of farm machines, subsidies help them the machines especially easy-to-make medium and small to buy farm they need. With the development of industry, ones for meticulous farming. Thus far 1,500 prices farm machines have dropped on kinds of farm machines have been designed and for several occasions. made to suit the needs of varying local condi- tions. I Representatives to the second national learn- from-Tachai greatly Farm machines are bought mainly with conference were elated when stepping funds from the collective economy while the they exchanged experiences in mechanization looked forward state provides financial aid only when it is up farm and necessary. Relying on the strength of the col- to the bright prospects following the smashing of lective economy, the communes or brigades buy the "gang of four." They were convinced that, whatever machines they need and look after with t'tre guidance of invincible Marxism-Lenin- and use them, thus having the right both to own ism-Mao Tsetung Thought, the firm leadership and use them. This shows that on the question of the Party Central Committee headed by of farm mechanization our Party has full faith Chairman Hua, the united and arduous struggle in the peasants and relies on them, adheres to of hundreds of millions of people and cadres and the principle of self-reliance and persists in industry's increasing support to agriculture, giving ."op"'to the superiority of the socialist they would certainly overcome all difficulties system. , At present, about 70 per cent of the and basically realize agricultural mechanization farm machinds are bought by the communes or by 1980. 26 Peking Retsieu, No. 9 ri ;'; Newsletfer From Bonn unich Lesson Must Not Be Forgotten ulltlilUlltltlllilllllttlllllluillllllllllliltlllililuIttlililltu!lllItllilttlrIrIllrtllllllltltr N'EARLY 39 years have passed since the no- withhold my tears. The histor! of ttre past must I \ torious "Munich agreement" was signed, not repeat itself, never!" yet the dark clouds of the Munich trend have We also visited the Munich beer ho'use- appeared again in the skies over Western where Hitler often harangued about "peace" about expresses tiie niriop". WiJespread talk it and war, the villa where British Prime Minister pbssible recurrence his- worry over a of that Neville Chamberlain stayed when he tried to was at this time public torieal tragedy. It of beg Hitler for peace, and tlre site of tlre con- uneasiness in Western Europe that we went to ference at which the agreement bearing the, the city Munich for a visit. of name of Munich was signed. On the Isar River north of the Alps, Hitler's ambition to conquer all Europe and Munich is the eapital of Bavaria, West Germany's dominate the whole world became known in largest state; and the oountry's second biggest the early 30s. But Chamberlain and French city with a population of 1.3 million. It also is Prime Minister Edouard Daladier repre- political, qrltural and communica- the economic, sented the forces of appeasement and sought to part the country. tion centre of the southern of bring about a temporary peace in the rvVest by r- We visited the historical site of the Dachau turning the peril of the German fiscist aggres- Concentration Camp. Located in Dachau, sion eastward. They signed in September 1938 a small town some 20 kilometres northwest with Hitler and 'Mussolini the Munich agrqe- of Munich, this camp was the first one ment which sold out Czechoslovakia under the Ilitler set up after taking power. Accord- guise of "peace" and "detente." ing to incornLplete statistics, in the years from When Chamberlain returned to London, he 1933 1945, camp gaoled over 200,000 to 'andthis gleefully told the welcoming crowdr "It is peace war" from more "criminals" "prisoners of for our time" and "now I recommend you to go European Most of them were than 20 countries. home and sleep quietly in your beds." Hardly tortured to death, tens of thousands killed in had his voice faded away before Hitler attacked gas chambers or became victims of Hitler's bac- and tobk over all Czechoslovakia. In 1940 he teriological warfare experiments. blitzed Western Europe and started his all-out With a young native worker, Werner, who offensive. This historical lesson showed that the volunteered as our guide, we made the rounds peace and security of Europe could not be of the site of the camp. It was fortified by wide b_rought about by making concessions to satisfy trencheq high walls and an electric wire fence, the insatiable desires of aggressors at the ex- and watch towers with machineguns still in pense of other countries. On the centrary, this position. On display inside are instruments of could only expose the weakness of the West torture of every description, photos showing European countries and thereby encourage HlTler atrocities against the victims, and many to accelerate launching a war of aggression. other exhibits bearing evidence to the crimes of the fascists. Everything here arouses abhor- Nearly 39 years have elapsed, yet dark rence qf the fascist reign of terror and imperialist clouds are again gathering over Europe. Armed war of aggression. With tears in his eyes, to the teeth, the two superpow€rs are facing Werner told us: "Some of my older relatives each other with huge forces on the European were also tortured and murdered here. I have been here many times, but each time I cannot (Continu[d on p. 30.) February 25, 1977 27 try as of f'gblgary 9, Qatar npw ROUND has full sovereignty over its oil THE WORLD resources. Qatar is rictr in oil resources, but prospecting and exploitation "ct-A55 STRUGGT..E" (U.S.A.) liberation, today they all still in the past had been controlled face the task of winning their On the Theory of Three by the foreign-run Qatar Petro. economic independence by com- leum Company and the Shell Worlds bating the continued neocolo- Company of Qatar. The domination The latest issue of Closs nial influence and government took over 60 per Stntggle, the theoretical quar- of imperialism." cent of the shares of both oom- terly of the U.S. October League It pointed out that Chairman panies in 1974 and all shares (Marxist-Leninist), carried a Mao "observed that the thirJ of the Qatar Petroleum Com- signed article on the current in- world had become the main pany last September. It also has ternational situation and Chair- force in fighting imperialism taken possession of all Shell man Mao's theory of the divi- and striking out at superpower shares, sion into three worlds. hegemonism, weakening thus The struggle to nationalize oil the main enemy of the interna- The article pointed out; resources in the third world as l'Like struggle." Lenin's viewpoint, Chairman tional "Although a whole is surging forward class and national differences Mao's conception of the three vigorously. Up till now, Iran, still exist throughout the third worlds is, in essence, a strategic Iraq, Kuwait ahd Venezuela view of the world revolution." world, the main trend is towards against the in addition to Qatar have na- "Each of its components is unity superpowers." "The thrust of tionalized all their oil resources. based thoroughly and deeply on This proves that the ltoncession Marxism-Leninism." the third world struggle is profoundly revolutionary." system" imposed on the oit pro- It stressed: Mao's ducing countries. by the im- "Chairman Referring to the second world, definition of the first world, perialists over the past century it s.iid: "The seoond.world is then, is a mighty blow against is heading for collapse. Oil pro- also subjected to superpower social-imperialism." ducers also have won the right Soviet "To- domination, interference and to fix oil prices through united day, both superpoweri are at- contnol to a lesser or greater taeking world aqd struggle. the third degree." It stressed the need the second world and are pre- to take into aocount and utilize Now the imperialists can no paring to attack each other." this important contradiction. longfer exBloit and plunder the It continued: "Chairmari "In sumrnarf," the article em- third. worldls oil. resources as struggle has Mao's definition of the third phasized, "Chairman Mao's con- they like. But the play- .of its world and the role it is cept the three worlds an- not ended. Not reconciled to ing today provides a scientific defeat as an oil hegemonist, one swers the question of friends class understanding of the third superpower rebukes the third and enemies in the revolution- world movement." "Each coun- world oil producing countries try has its own particularities, ary struggle, showing how to and tries to intimidate them into but all the third world coun- build the united front against giving up their struggle, so as tries share the characteristic of imperialGm headed by the su- to maintain the old world perpowers." having been historically sub- economic order. Dreaming of jected to the political and eco- being a new oil hegemonist, the nomic domination of world im- other superpower is plotting and OATAR perialism. Although most of sowing discord to undermine the the third world eountries have Oil Notionolized unity ot the third world oil pro- now won formal independenee ducing countries and hamper through braVe armed struggle Taking control of all foreign their struggle to defend their and dedication to the cause of oil company shares in the coun- national rights and interests. 28 PekiW Retsietn, No. I BRAZIL provides for' West Germany-to. . .In. their s5leeeheq, representa- No Suspension of Nucleor export to Brazil over 4,000 mil- tives of mahy'Afritan counkies lion U.S. dollars worth pointed Agreement With Bonn of nu- otrt that the attack on clear reactors and installations Benin was an attack on sll In an offieial note issued on for reprocessirig, enriching and Africa, and that all the African February l, the Brazilian For- recovering Brazil's uranium. countries shou$ unite with eign Ministry announced that But immediately after its sign- Benin. Representatives of Pak- there would be no possibility of ing, this agreement met with istan, Romania and Panama all suspending the nuclear agree- opposition from the two super- took the floor, condernning the ment signed between Brazil and powers, the, Soviet Union and invasion. the Federal Republic of Ger- the United $tates, which tried Chinese Represeatative Lai many in 19?5. their best to maintain their Ya-li said in his speech that the During an interview with the position as hegemonic nuclear Cotonou incident cdnstituted an Brazilian paper O Estodo ile Sao powers. In a serieis ol articles, encroaehment by imperialism on 'Paulo on January 29, U.8. the Soviet press attacked the the indefendence,rterritorial in- Under-Secretary of, State Joseph agreement as a "disruption" of tegrity an& scivereignty of Nye said in a menacing tone the nuclear non-proliferation Benin. lhe Chinese Govern- that the United Stakis would treaty. ment and people extend their supply Brazil with all hdr fu- In the face of this charge and congratulations to the Govern- require- ture enriched uranium pressure, the Preaidential Palace ment and people of Benin who, ments on condition that Brazil - in Brazil issued a document at under the leadership of Presi- key. aspects the cancels two of the time, saying that "we do not dent .Kerekou, victoriously re- nuclear supply agreement with: agr€e to the world being divided pulsed the invasion and defend- cover West Germaiy, which into two parts: On the one hand, ed thejr national in{ependsnc€ Brazilian plans to build facilities . the countries of the 'atomic and soverelgnty, and express nuclear and for recycling fuel club' are allowed to oontinue profound sympathy for the the for enriehing uranium. At with their limitless expansion of losses suffered by the peopk of end of Ja.nuary; U.S. Secretary atomic military fore, while the Benin. The Chinese Govern- of State Cyrus Vanee expressed' remaining countries, on the ment ie convlnoed'that the Gov- the hope that Brazil and West other hand, are deprived of the ernment and people of Benin Germany will suspend the sovereign right to exchange will certainly heighten their vig- agreement, at least temporarily. gnything; they can only make ilance, strengthen their unity The U.S. attitude aroused use of the scraps that any strong and continue to safeguard their strong repercussions in Bra- power of that group is willing national independence and state zilian political circles. Vice- to provide." sovereignt5r. Chairman qf the Parliamentary AUSTRALIA Commission of Foreign Affairs U.N. SECITR|TY COUttCtt- Joao Cunha said: "lhis U.S at- Vile Soviet Sociol-t mperiolist titude is detrimental to our state lnvosion of Benin Acts sovereignty as it constitutes in- Condemned Many vile Soviet social-im- terference in our internal af- Ttre Urritcd Nations.ilt;.irl;-ffi Security perialist acts in dustralia have fairs and progress." C;;i;;-; Leen bared by the Australian Though Brazil has rich urani- 8 meetings disctrssed the event press. um resources, it suffers from an of an attack by imperialists and lTaking advantage of others' acute shortage of energy. In re- their mercenaries on Benin's difficulties to force down pur- cent years, it has made efforts to Cotonou Airport on January 16. ctrasing prices is a consistent press ahead with a programme In a resolution, the Council af- Moscow practice in foreign for utilization of nuclear energy. firmed the territorial integrity trade. Last August, September In June 19?5, Brazil signrd a and independence of the People's and October, the Soviet Union co.operation agreement with Republic of Benin and decided cashed in on Australia's inflat- West Germany on the peaceful to send a special mission to in- ed .stocks of beefr due to the us€ of nuclear energy which vestigate the event. wholesale slaughtering of cattle February 25, 1.977 e* because of severe drought to lian ports and Japanese as well of oil. In 19?5, it suddenly buy 12,000 tons of boned beef as Philippine ports. In the first declared a 130 per cent pribe at 0.06 Australian dollar per quarter of 1976, a total of 108 hike and again jaeled it up by kilogramme below the market Soviet ships visited the Austra- I per cent last year. price. In November and Decem- lian coast, three and a half In this w&y, Moscow has ber, it bought more than 56,000 times the number compared made huge profit out of the tons of beef and mut^uon at re- with the corresponding period East European countries. The duced prices. in 1973. respective figures in 1975 and The Moscow Narodny Bank The Australian people's atti- 1976 were 2,311 million rubles squeezed into Australia by tude towards the! Soviet social- and 200 million rublqs. granting loans as investments in imperialists has been expreSsed East European countries all various Australian monopoly in a leaflet distributed at a along strongly resented Mos- capitalist groups. The Comfin demonstration rally last Septem- cow's practice of making money business group in Queensland is ber. It said: "In Australia, while at the expense of others. The backed by the Moscow Narodny the U.S. multinationals are the Bulgarian press said that the Bank. This Soviet bank has in- main exploiter of the working Soviet Union's practice was vested 100 million Australian people, the Soviet bosses are unacceptable because it was in dollars in real estate near Bris- getting in for their chop too!" fact shifting the adverse effects bane, capital of Queensland. It "Free our country from inter- of the capitalist countriss' is also active in Sydney and ference by either the U.S. super- markets directly on to the mem- Wstern Australia. Last May, power or the Russian super- ber states of the Council for a Perth businessman was power." Mutual Economic Assistance. A forced to sell a piece of land and Hungarian expert complained a farm which had been mort- CM.E.A. that if Moscow makes another gaged to the bank because he oil price increase, "we will go Moscow Roises Oil Prhe could not pay his debts. - bankrupt." Agoin Australian shipping companies Brezhnev once declared are up in. arms over the Soviet The Soviet Union has recent- shamelessly that the Soviet shipping company competing for ly again raised the price of oil Union raised its fuel prices in business by cutting rates to 15 sold to East European countries, order to solve the problems in a per cent below the negotiated this time by nearly 25 per cent. "socialist way" and t'guarantee" prices. The manager of one As a result, Hungary now has the economy of the East Euro- shipping company told an Aus- to pay 22.5 per cent more than pean countries as far as Pos- tralian reporter that "the Rus- it did last year. sible "against the harmful im- sian moves (rate-cutting) are not Taking advantage of its posi- pact of the criSes in the caPi- commercial, they're political. It tion as the chief supplier of talist world." Robbing one of is another step in exerting Rus- energy sources to countries in his money while parading as sian influence." Big Soviet Eastern Europe, the Soviet his helper - this is the Practice freighters are now busy sailing Union in the last few Years has typical of the social-imPerial- between various main Austra- repeatedly increased the price ists. (Continued lrom p. 27.) Europe and the United States like a spectre today, is extremely dangerous. continent. The Soviet Union, in particular, The historical lesson of Munich must not be over mantle Hitler, sings of taking the of forgotten. A friend from press circlds working while frenziedly expand- "peace" and "detinte" in Munich said well: "If there is anything to be ing its armaments in prepa.ration for war and learnt from the Munich of the 30s, the most intensifying its infiltration and expansion in important, in my opinion, is that one must be Western Europe. The Soviet offensive has able to see through aggressors and not be de- opened the Cyes of many West European people luded by their fine words, nor frightened by to the stark'reality. It has been noted that the their armed thteats," Munich trend of thinking, which still haunts (H sinhua C ome spond ent s ) 30 Peking Retsiew, No. 9 which take their themes frcm ON THE HOME FRONT the history of the Chinese Com- munl3t'Farty, warmly' acclaim ftteh fr.epertolre The plays, An Dctraord.inary Chairman Mao's . revolutionary glorious Dstlng thc SpDarr.O Battle and A Fightil,.g Chapter, line and the Party's Feettoa,l are paeans to Chairman Mao revolutionary tradition. Many and Chairman- Hua's loving of the chuyi items which use [)EKING'S stages and cinemas care for the people of the earth- satire to penetratingly expose I provided a rich assortment quake-stricken areas and to the the ugly features of the "gang of programmes durir:g the tra- Tangshan people's heroism in of four" in their attempt to ditional Chinese festival - fighting the quake while at the usurp Party and state power Spring Festival. same time criticizing the crimes were warmly welcomed by the of the "gang of four" in under- audiences. Peking op€ras, dance-dramas, mining the anti-quake struggle 'plays, operas, puppet shows as A number of outstanding the 'well as a host of mtrsical items, and relief work. Many of theatrical works and items portray 'dances, chugi (ballad-singing new songs and dances which had been banned by the the mental outlook of the peo- and story-telling), acrobatics, "gang of four" were restaged ple whole under poetry recitals, etc., were to be of the country, during the Spring Festival. This the leadership of the Party seen in the city's theatres. .by is a victory for Chairman Mao's .. Central Committee headed revolutionary line on literature - 'The main content of the Chairman Hua, holding aloft and art . and vivid reflection items presented deeply cher- the great banner of Chairman a liberation literature ished the memory of the great Mao and advancing bravely. of the of leader and teacher Chairman They also sang the praises of and art since the downfall of Mao, cherished the memory of the mass movements to learn the "gang of four." respected and beloved Premier from Taching in industry and Teams of literary and art Chou, warmly praised Chair- from Tachai in agriculture workers went to vauious fac- man Hua and indignantly criti- which are developing vigorous- tories and the rural areas on the cized the "gang of four." ly. Some theatrical works, outskirts of Peking during the festival to perform for the workers' and poor and lower- middle peasants. A number of new films were shown during Spring Festival. The new colour feature film, Th,e Bright Rood, second in a trilogy, set in the period of agricultural m-operation, . des- cribes the successful struggle bY poor and lower-middle Peasants of north China who, under the leadership of the Party, keeP to the socialist road and beat back the joint attacks by capitalist forces both inside and outside the Party and in town and country. Unity Dam, another colour. feature film, shows how the people of three national- A rcane from The Bright Road. ities join efforts,in building a February 25, 1977 31 \:1; dam. , It dramatizes- the strug- ple fight the earthquake effects, situation. These activities help- &, gle in the movement to learn rehabilitate and rebuild their ed bring their revolutionary * from Ilachai. and acclaims the homes, as well as on science and drive into.fuller play, and hence n tt. rB{olutionary spirit of the three education showing achieve- the big ir_rcrease in coal produc- * rstionalities in waging a united ments in scientific research and tion. i struggle. feature experiments various fields. TL The cplou{ in Workers and staff members r, film The Main Lesson portrays Back on the screen again of the Penki Mining Adminis- group young s^- how a of educated during the Spring Festival were tration in northeast .China's people who settled in the coun- features an Liaoning Province withstood five and opera, all fi. tryside were re-educated by the made before the Great Cultural the "gang of four's" interfer- .L poor and lower-middle peasants Revolution, which were appre- dnce and sabotage and overful- 4 + and matured in the storms of ciated by workers, peasants and filled last year's. state plan. This soldiers. January they thoroughly criti- n cized this gang an The colour opera film ftoo and started f upsurge in going all out to build Blueprints shows the struggle danuarg Coal a socialism. Headed by leading d between progressive. and con- PradiGtton PIan J{ OoertulJllled, carires, three groups in charge ,r servative thinking in the move- of supply, machinery and 'eldc- ir ment to learn from Tachai in trical-engineering and the agriculture and praises the rev- ll'-r HINA'S coal industry ,t t-r topped the state quota tor workers' well-being *#" for*- 1l olutionary spirit of the poor a coal by 6.? per cent in January ed by office workerJ from the a and lower-middle peasants in leading organs. delivered 1977. The target for tunnelling ,"Tt/ey I continuing the revolution. It footage was also exceeded. urgently _ry:eded mat6rial to the = was filmed in 19?3 in accord- These achievements were the various c@ieries, helped repair ance with Chairman Hua's in- result of cadres on equipment and keep them in end rworkers perfect structions but was shelved the coal front 'conscientiousiy condition and made good by the lllang-Chang-Chia'ng- studying Chairman Mao's On arratlgements for the well- Yao "gang of four" for three and the Ten Major Relatiowhips. being of the workers and staff year:. a half and Chairman Hua's speech at members. All this did much to production the Second National Conference the .fulfilment of Produced in 1965, the feature quotas. film Son d in the Waves depicts on Learning From Tachai in a group of young pe6ple taking Agriculture anfl thoroughly ex- different roads in the tumultu- posing and criticizing the "gang A Btg Photphocideritc ous period of the First Revolu- of four." ]|fine tionary Civil War (1924-271. At the Tatung Coal Mine in United at the start, they part Shansi Province, one of China's \I/ORKERS and staff mem- company as the revolution important coal bases, the min- VV bers doing geologiial deepens, some swept aside by ers and cadres worked with one prospecting work for a metal: the current of history and some mind to turn out 150,000 tons lurgical department in north continuing the revolution along more coal in January than was China recently discovered a the course charted by Chairman planned. large phosphosiderite mine in Mao. The theme of the film is Cholu County, Hopei Provinee. Coal output in Shantung Prov- that integration with the work- ince broke all previous records In the, past, i{opei produceri ers and peasants is the oniy for same period. The Tzupo phosphate fertilizer at a high correct orientation for revolu- the 'Administration, for cost because powdered phos- tionary young pmple. Mining example, organized coalminers phosiderite had to be shipped New films included colour and staff members to recall how in from south China. The new documentaries on the Second Chairman Hua'has shown con- discovery has provided favour- National Conference on Learn- cern for them, check on their able conditions for boosting ing From Tachai in Agriculture own ideas and see if they keep north China's phosphate ferti- .snd on how the Tangshan peo up with the current excellent lizer production. I