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University of Huddersfield Repository University of Huddersfield Repository Hart, Gavin Immigration, Diversity and Political Parties: Northern Ireland 2004-2014 Original Citation Hart, Gavin (2018) Immigration, Diversity and Political Parties: Northern Ireland 2004-2014. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34697/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ IMMIGRATION, DIVERSITY AND POLITICAL PARTIES: NORTHERN IRELAND 2004-2014 GAVIN HART A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield September 2017 Copyright statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of any patents, designs, trademarks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the “Intellectual Property Rights”) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank a great many people for helping me through what has proven at times to be a rather demanding endeavour. First and foremost, I would like to extend gratitude to the University of Huddersfield and the Centre for Research in the Social Sciences for backing this project and their support throughout. All of my supervisors contributed immensely to helping me to complete the thesis. I would like to thank Catherine McGlynn for her limitless encouragement, keen critical eye, and no-nonsense approach to post-graduate supervision. Andrew Mycock is owed thanks for offering fresh perspective and innovative thinking that has definitely improved the thesis in a number of places. I would like to thank Jim McAuley for his sage-like wisdom and his excellent guided tours of Belfast. Other colleagues that have helped me to refine the work through their insightful advice should be mentioned too. Consequently, further thanks are owed to Chris Gifford, Richard Hayton, Surya Monroe, Grainne McMahon and Pete Woodcock. I would also like to express thanks to some fellow students who have helped me in many ways. In particular, gratitude is owed to Vicky Byrne, Camilo Tamayo-Gomez, Libby McEnhill, Alison Bareham, Danielle Cutler, Rebecca Heptinstall and Dominic Wilmott. Also, Richard Burns, Ian Bagshaw, Lorna Ingram and Arran Dobson very kindly proof read sections of the thesis. I must also offer thanks to a much wider group of people that have put up with an absentee approach to friendship as I got into the final stages of the project. Finally, I would like to extend my eternal gratitude to my family. Particularly my long suffering mother and my son Joe. Poor Joe got to learn far more about Northern Irish politics than he was happy about during the writing process, this thesis is dedicated to him. 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................. 3 Table of Contents................................................................................. 4 Abstract .............................................................................................. 8 Abbreviations ...................................................................................... 9 List of tables and figures ....................................................................... 9 Chapter One: Introducing the Thesis .............................................. 10 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 10 1.2 Thesis Outline ............................................................................. 12 Chapter Two: The Politics of Immigration and Diversity ................. 19 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 19 2.2 The Accommodation of Cultural Pluralism ....................................... 22 2.2.1 Assimilation Theory .................................................................. 24 2.2.2 Difference-Blind Liberalism ........................................................ 26 2.2.3 Multiculturalism ....................................................................... 31 2.2.4 Theoretical Debates and Party Politics ......................................... 42 2.3 Expansive and Restrictive Approaches to Immigration ..................... 44 2.3.1 Economic Arguments ................................................................ 48 2.3.2 Immigration and Welfare ........................................................... 50 2.3.3 Immigration and Political Parties ................................................ 54 2.4 Party Politics and Immigration ...................................................... 54 2.4.1 Anti-immigration parties ........................................................... 57 2.4.2 Sub-State Politics of Immigration ............................................... 60 2.5 Conclusion and Research Questions ............................................... 64 Chapter Three: Methodology and Research Process ......................... 68 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 68 3.2 Using the Case Study .................................................................. 69 3.3 Parties, Ideology and Language .................................................... 73 3.4 Thematic Analysis ....................................................................... 76 3.5 The Research Process .................................................................. 78 4 3.5 Gaining Access ........................................................................... 80 3.6 Interviews .................................................................................. 81 3.7 Codes, Themes and Structure ....................................................... 83 3.8 Conclusion ................................................................................. 83 Chapter Four: Diversity and Immigration in Northern Ireland ......... 92 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 92 4.2 Northern Ireland: ‘Divided Society’ ................................................ 94 4.2.1 National Identity and the Constitutional Issue .............................. 94 4.2.2 Ethno-Sectarian Segregation ..................................................... 96 4.2.3 The ‘Two Traditions’ and Parity of Esteem ................................. 100 4.3 Party Competition in Northern Ireland ......................................... 102 4.3.1 Unionism ............................................................................... 102 4.3.2 Nationalism ........................................................................... 104 4.3.3 Non-Aligned Parties ................................................................ 107 4.3.4 Consociationalism .................................................................. 108 4.4 Immigration in Northern Ireland ................................................. 113 4.4.1 Patterns of Immigration .......................................................... 113 4.4.2 Immigration and Political Parties: Existing Research ................... 116 4.4.3 Racism and Sectarianism ........................................................ 117 4.4.4 Culture and Language ............................................................. 122 4.5 Conclusion ............................................................................... 124 Chapter 5: Immigration ................................................................. 127 5.1 Results Overview ...................................................................... 127 5.2 Introduction ............................................................................. 129 5.3 Expansion or Restriction? ........................................................... 132 5.3.1 Welfare and Public Services ....................................................
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