DOCSLIB.ORG

Contents of Lit Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contents of Lit Review A Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography on Aspects of Aboriginal Child Welfare in Canada Marlyn Bennett, Cindy Blackstock and Richard De La Ronde The First Nations Research Site of the Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare and The First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada 2nd Edition 2005 A Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography on Aspects of Aboriginal Child Welfare in Canada Marlyn Bennett, Cindy Blackstock and Richard De La Ronde First Nations Research Site of the Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare and The First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada 2nd Edition 2005 Historical Acknowledgements: e would like to acknowledge the memory and spirit of our ancestors … especially those who survived the abuses of residential schools; who lived to tell about them and the many Elders of the vast cultures and nations across this country now called Canada, who silently, vigilantly and defiantly kept the threads of our diverse cultures, values and principles alive so that we, this generation and into Wthe next, have something viable to live for, call our own, which continually plays a part in shaping our various identities and nations, complete with strong spirits of resilience and cultural pride and faithful convictions for who we were, where we have been, who we are now and the nations we might become yet again … Despite what our collective ancestors and relatives have experienced, although many have now left mother earth for the spirit world, they have passed unto us, a generational memory of endurance so strong that it will continue to be felt by the next seven generations and beyond … We continue to be proud descendents of collective nations whose spirits cannot be broken in light of the devastating impacts of the colonizing forces of the past, the present and what may be (but we wish not), still a part of our collective futures. Contemporary Acknowledgements: e are not islands unto ourselves, therefore, many thanks are due numerous individuals and organizations that helped make this publication a reality. Thank you to Richard De La Ronde who assisted in the enormous task of grouping the literature by theme areas. This literature review is one product of many based upon the collaborative agreements and efforts of the First Nations Child W& Family Caring Society of Canada through the First Nations Research Site, the Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare, the Faculties of Social Work of the Universities of Manitoba and Toronto as well as the Child Welfare League of Canada. Communication between these organizations is as important as it is necessary and reflects the interdependencies upon which Aboriginal nations historically depended and which continually guides in the global realities of our contemporary relationships today. The spirit of interdependency is embodied within this review and through our relationship with many organizations and individuals. We especially wish to acknowledge the financial assistance provided by Health Canada to the Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare, which in turn, has been instrumental in assisting the First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada in setting up the First Nations Research Site at the University of Manitoba. Meegwetch to all the individuals involved in these organizations for your help and faith in our abilities to complete this literature review! The Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare is one of five Centres of Excellence for Children’s Well-Being funded by Health Canada. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the official policies of Health Canada. Researched, compiled and written by Marlyn Bennett; with additional writing and revisions provided by Cindy Blackstock, Executive Director, and Richard De La Ronde, Research Assistant, with the First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada Inc. The pictures on the cover of this report and throughout appear courtesy of Health Canada and were re- composed by Nicole Bennett, from Winnipeg, Manitoba, 11 years old. For additional copies of this edition of A Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography Focusing on Aspects of Aboriginal Child Welfare in Canada, please contact the First Nations Research Site at: (Phone) (204) 783-9190 Ext. 229 •Fax (204) 783-7996 • email: [email protected]. This is a living document which will continually change over time. We welcome additional comments from the public as to how we can substantially improve upon the information found in this document. If you have additional resources which you have read and annotated, please feel free to forward your comments and annotations to the First Nations Research Site at the information noted above. We look forward to your input - Meegwetch! For further information about the First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada, the First Nations Research Site or the Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare, please consult either of the following websites: http://www.fncfcs.com or http://www.cecw-cepb.ca © First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada Inc. A Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography on Aspects of Aboriginal Child Welfare in Canada Table of Contents Part I: Part II: A Review of the Literature Focusing on Aspects of Annotated Bibliography of Literature Aboriginal Child Welfare in Canada Grouped by Themes Historical Acknowledgements - p.3 Introduction - p.61 Contemporary Acknowledgements - p.3 1: Aboriginal Women - p.63 Introduction - p.5 The Aboriginal Experience of Racism in Canada - p.7 2: Abuse - p.71 The Historical Role of Colonization through the Indian Act, 3: Addictions and Substance Misuse - p.82 Residential Schools and the Child Welfare System - p.10 4: Children in Care - p.89 (a) The Indian Act - p.13 5: Colonization and Assimilation - p.94 (b) Residential Schools - p.14 6: Community - p.101 (c) The Child Welfare System - p.18 7: Disabilities - p.108 The Impact of Social Policy on Aboriginal Peoples - p.21 8: Education - p.113 Aboriginal Assumption of Child Welfare Responsibilities - p.26 Cultural Influences in Child Welfare Practice and Education - p.27 9: Family Violence - p.120 Challenges to Aboriginal Child Welfare Agencies - p.32 10: FAS-FASD - p.128 (a) Family Violence and Internalized Oppression - p.32 11: Funding - p.135 (b) Poverty, Education and Unemployment - p.34 12: Government Papers - p.137 (b) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Effects - p.37 13: Health and Healing - p.144 (c) Suicide - p.39 14: Justice - p.161 (d) Funding Issues - p.43 (e) The Jurisdictional Disparity Involving Responsibility - p.45 15: Legislation and Self-Government - p.168 The Role of Self-Government in Aboriginal Child Welfare - p.47 16: Métis Related - p.185 (a) British Columbia – Spallumcheen By-law - p.49 17: Poverty - p.187 (b) British Columbia - Nisga’a Final Agreement - p.50 18: Research and Evaluation - p.192 (c) Alberta - p.51 19: Resilience - p.204 (d) Manitoba - p.52 20: Statistics Based - p.208 (i) The Aboriginal Justice Inquiry – Child Welfare Initiative - p.52 21: Suicide - p.214 (ii) The Manitoba Framework Agreement Initiative - p.53 (e) Ontario - p.54 22: Theory and Practice - p.218 (f) The United States – The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 23: Youth - p.250 - p.54 Conclusion - p.56 References Cited - p.58 4 Part I A Review of the Literature Focusing on Aspects of Aboriginal Child Welfare in Canada INTRODUCTION governments in Canada and the United States. his comprehensive and user friendly In addition, this review includes a consideration literature review and annotated bibliography of some of the research conducted and produced has been prepared at the request of the First by Masters and Doctoral students within Canada Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada in relation to matters that touch on child welfare T and/or social related issues benefiting or impacting as part of the research activities undertaken by the First Nations Research Site as noted in its on all aspects and well-being of Aboriginal 2002 Work Plan to the Centre of Excellence for children, families and communities. Child Welfare. It was designed to incorporate Throughout this document we have used research and articles from all disciplines relevant the terms “First Nations,” “Indigenous” and to Aboriginal children, youth and the well being “Aboriginal” and “Native” peoples interchangeably. of the Aboriginal family. This literature review While these terms can include all peoples of includes many unpublished papers, program Aboriginal ancestry, it should be noted that First descriptions and reports produced by, or for, Nations are identifiable as a distinct group with a Aboriginal Child Welfare agencies, as well as unique legal status. Within Canada, Aboriginal resources from many provincial, state, and federal peoples are constitutionally recognized as being A Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography on Aspects of Aboriginal Child Welfare in Canada Inuit, Métis and First Nations (or Indian) The literature points to a preliminary people. In addition and for the purposes of this conclusion long known by many Aboriginal review, the term “child and family services” have scholars: there is a critical need for more been used interchangeably with the term “child empirical and evidence-based research which welfare.” advances Indigenous knowledge within the This literature review is divided into two field of child welfare. There is clearly a need parts. Part I of this literature review provides more Aboriginal publications that capture a general commentary on the evolution of the the experiences of individuals, families, and Aboriginal-non-Aboriginal relationships that has communities as they traverse the child welfare contributed to the development of Aboriginal system. Furthermore, this research must Child Welfare in Canada. This first part has be generated, conducted and produced by been organized into seven different areas and Aboriginal peoples so as not to appropriate their focuses on: (1) the Aboriginal Experience of voices perspectives from the emerging literature Racism in Canada; (2) The Historical Role respecting this very imperative, yet complex and of Colonization through the Indian Act, evolving area.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Note Abstract
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 382 427 RC 020 085 RUTH(:.: Candline, Mary TITLE Stages of Learning: Building a Native Curriculum. Teachers' Guide, Student Activities--Part I, Research Unit--Part II. INSTITUTION Manitoba Dept. of Education and Training, Winnipeg. Literacy Office. PUB DATE [92] NOTE I38p. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Instructional Materials (For Learner) (051) -- Guides - Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Indian Education; Biographies; *Canada Natives; Canadian Studies; *Civics; Curriculum; Elementary Secondary Education; Federal Indian Relationship; Foreign Countries; Instructional Materials; Interviews; Language Arts; Learning Activities; *Library Skills; Politics; Public Officials; Reading Materials; Research Papers (Students); *Research Skills; Research Tools; Sculpture; Student Research; Teaching Guides; Vocabulary Development; Writing Assignments IDENTIFIERS Crazy Horse; *Manitoba ABSTRACT This language arts curriculum developed for Native American students in Manitoba (Canada) consists of a teachers' guide, a student guide, and a research unit. The curriculum includes reading selections and learning activities appropriate for the different reading levels of both upper elementary and secondary students. The purpose of the unit is for students to develop skills in brainstorming, biography writing, letter writing, note taking, researching, interviewing, spelling, and vocabulary. Reading selections focus on Elijah Harper, an Ojibway Cree Indian who helped defeat the Meech Lake Accord, an amendment to Canada's Constitution proposed in 1987. The Meech Lake Accord would have transferred power from the federal government to provincial governments and would have failed to take into account the interests of Natives, women, and minorities. The curriculum also includes reading selections on the creation of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry and on Crazy Horse.
    [Show full text]
  • Journaux Journals
    HOUSE OF COMMONS OF CANADA CHAMBRE DES COMMUNES DU CANADA 37th PARLIAMENT, 1st SESSION 37e LÉGISLATURE, 1re SESSION Journals Journaux No. 12 No 12 Tuesday, February 13, 2001 Le mardi 13 février 2001 10:00 a.m. 10 heures The Clerk informed the House of the unavoidable absence of the Le Greffier informe la Chambre de l’absence inévitable du Speaker. Président. Whereupon, Mr. Kilger (Stormont — Dundas — Charlotten- Sur ce, M. Kilger (Stormont — Dundas — Charlottenburgh), burgh), Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees of the Vice–président et président des Comités pléniers, assume la Whole, took the Chair, pursuant to subsection 43(1) of the présidence, conformément au paragraphe 43(1) de la Loi sur le Parliament of Canada Act. Parlement du Canada. PRAYERS PRIÈRE DAILY ROUTINE OF BUSINESS AFFAIRES COURANTES ORDINAIRES PRESENTING REPORTS FROM COMMITTEES PRÉSENTATION DE RAPPORTS DE COMITÉS Mr. Lee (Parliamentary Secretary to the Leader of the M. Lee (secrétaire parlementaire du leader du gouvernement à la Government in the House of Commons), from the Standing Chambre des communes), du Comité permanent de la procédure et Committee on Procedure and House Affairs, presented the des affaires de la Chambre, présente le 1er rapport de ce Comité, 1st Report of the Committee, which was as follows: dont voici le texte : The Committee recommends, pursuant to Standing Orders 104 Votre Comité recommande, conformément au mandat que lui and 114, that the list of members and associate members for confèrent les articles 104 et 114 du Règlement, que la liste
    [Show full text]
  • BACKBENCHERS So in Election Here’S to You, Mr
    Twitter matters American political satirist Stephen Colbert, host of his and even more SPEAKER smash show The Colbert Report, BACKBENCHERS so in Election Here’s to you, Mr. Milliken. poked fun at Canadian House Speaker Peter politics last week. p. 2 Former NDP MP Wendy Lill Campaign 2011. p. 2 Milliken left the House of is the writer behind CBC Commons with a little Radio’s Backbenchers. more dignity. p. 8 COLBERT Heard on the Hill p. 2 TWITTER TWENTY-SECOND YEAR, NO. 1082 CANADA’S POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT NEWSWEEKLY MONDAY, APRIL 4, 2011 $4.00 Tories running ELECTION CAMPAIGN 2011 Lobbyists ‘pissed’ leaner war room, Prime Minister Stephen Harper on the hustings they can’t work on focused on election campaign, winning majority This campaign’s say it’s against their This election campaign’s war room Charter rights has 75 to 90 staffers, with the vast majority handling logistics of about one man Lobbying Commissioner Karen the Prime Minister’s tour. Shepherd tells lobbyists that working on a political By KRISTEN SHANE and how he’s run campaign advances private The Conservatives are running interests of public office holder. a leaner war room and a national campaign made up mostly of cam- the government By BEA VONGDOUANGCHANH paign veterans, some in new roles, whose goal is to persuade Canadi- Lobbyists are “frustrated” they ans to re-elect a “solid, stable Con- can’t work on the federal elec- servative government” to continue It’s a Harperendum, a tion campaign but vow to speak Canada’s economic recovery or risk out against a regulation that they a coalition government headed by national verdict on this think could be an unconstitutional Liberal Leader Michael Ignatieff.
    [Show full text]
  • Total of !0 Pages Only May Be Xeroxed
    TOTAL OF !0 PAGES ONLY MAY BE XEROXED (Without Author's Permission) Liberalism in Winnipeg, 1890s-1920s: Charles W. Gordon, John W. Dafoe, Minnie J.B. Campbell, and Francis M. Beynon by © Kurt J. Korneski A thesis submitted to the school of graduate studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History Memorial University of Newfoundland April2004 DEC 0 5 2005 St. John's Newfoundland Abstract During the first quarter of the twentieth century Canadians lived through, were shaped by, and informed the nature of a range of social transformations. Social historians have provided a wealth of information about important aspects of those transformations, particularly those of"ordinary" people. The purpose of this thesis is to provide further insight into these transitions by examining the lives and thoughts of a selection of those who occupied a comparatively privileged position within Canadian society in the early twentieth century. More specifically, the approach will be to examine four Winnipeg citizens - namely, Presbyterian minister and author Charles W. Gordon, newspaper editor John W. Dafoe, member of the Imperial Order Daughters of Empire Minnie J.B. Campbell, and women's page editor Francis M. Beynon. In examining these men and women, what becomes evident about elites and the social and cultural history of early twentieth-century Canada is that, despite their privileged standing, they did not arrive at "reasonable" assessments of the state of affairs in which they existed. Also, despite the fact that they and their associates were largely Protestant, educated Anglo-Canadians from Ontario, it is apparent that the men and women at the centre of this study suggest that there existed no consensus among elites about the proper goals of social change.
    [Show full text]
  • A Tapestry of Peoples
    HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL TEACHING RESOURCE FOR THE PROMISE OF CANADA, BY CHARLOTTE GRAY Author’s Note Greetings, educators! While I was in my twenties I spent a year teaching in a high school in England; it was the hardest job I’ve ever done. So first, I want to thank you for doing one of the most important and challenging jobs in our society. And I particularly want to thank you for introducing your students to Canadian history, as they embark on their own futures, because it will help them understand how our past is what makes this country unique. When I sat down to write The Promise of Canada, I knew I wanted to engage my readers in the personalities and dramas of the past 150 years. Most of us find it much easier to learn about ideas and values through the stories of the individuals that promoted them. Most of us enjoy history more if we are given the tools to understand what it was like back then—back when women didn’t have the vote, or back when Indigenous children were dragged off to residential schools, or back when Quebecers felt so excluded that some of them wanted their own independent country. I wanted my readers to feel the texture of history—the sounds, sights and smells of our predecessors’ lives. If your students have looked at my book, I hope they will begin to understand how the past is not dead: it has shaped the Canada we live in today. I hope they will be excited to meet vivid personalities who, in their own day, contributed to a country that has never stopped evolving.
    [Show full text]
  • A BRIEF HISTORY of OUR RIGHT to SELF-GOVERNANCE Pre-Contact to Present
    A BRIEF HISTORY of OUR RIGHT to SELF-GOVERNANCE Pre-Contact to Present A BRIEF HISTORY of OUR RIGHT to SELF-GOVERNANCE Pre-Contact to Present The first nine chapters for this publication were prepared for the National Centre for First Nations Governance (NCFNG) by Professor Kent McNeil in March, 2007. Kent McNeil has taught at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto since 1987. He specializes in Indigenous rights, especially in Canada, Australia, and the United States. The Duty to Consult Aboriginal People was prepared by NCFNG research staff. NCFNG supports First Nations as they seek to implement effective, independent governance. The Centre delivers nation rebuilding services to First Nation communities across Canada. NCFNG is an independent service and research organization that is governed and staffed by experienced First Nation professionals. 4 Introduction For thousands of years, the aboriginal people of what is now Canada organized themselves as sovereign nations, with what was essentially gov - ernmental jurisdiction over their lands, including property rights.Those rights — of governance and property — were trampled in the stampede of European settlement, colonization and commercial interests. But they were never lost or extinguished. Read this brief historic account of the rights inherited by citizens of today’s First Nations, Learn about the erosion of property and governance rights through the dark periods of colonization and marginalization, and ultimately, their affirmation in Canada’s constitution and recognition in Canadian
    [Show full text]
  • Will the Federal Government Get It Right This Time? Will the Federal Government Get It Right This Time?
    INDIGENOUS EDUCATION: WILL THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GET IT RIGHT THIS TIME? WILL THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GET IT RIGHT THIS TIME? MORE OPTIMISTIC ABOUT THE POTENTIAL FOR POSITIVE CHANGE SIGNIFICANT NEW INVESTMENTS IN K-12 AND PSE BUDGETS OVER LAST TWO FISCAL CYCLES COMMITMENT TO ENGAGEMENT AND PARTNERSHIP BUT, … STILL A LONG WAY TO GO…AND A LEGACY OF GETTING IT WRONG THREE THINGS: SOME HISTORY ON FEDERAL INDIGENOUS EDUCATION POLICY SHARING SOME LESSONS FROM THE B.C. EXPERIENCE THOUGHTS ON THE “WHERE TO FROM HERE?” SOME PRELIMINARY THOUGHTS THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF EDUCATION “CLOSING GAPS” IN EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES FOR FIRST NATIONS, METIS AMD INUIT STUDENTS REMAINS A PRESSING AND SUBSTANTIAL ISSUE OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE PROGRESS ACROSS THE COUNTRY HAS BEEN UNEVEN DANGER OF THE “RACE TO THE MIDDLE” AND “ONE SIZE FITS ALL” SOLUTIONS COMPLEX JURISDICTIONAL ENVIRONMENT PROVINCES HAVE “EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION” OVER EDUCATION - SEC. 93 OF THE CONSTITUTION ACT SCHOOL BOARDS WITH AUTHORITY UNDER PROVINCIAL ENABLING LEGISLATION FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WITH JURISDICTION OVER “INDIANS AND LANDS RESERVED FOR THE INDIANS” - SEC. 91 (27) OF THE CONSTITUTION ACT - EDUCATION OBLIGATIONS IN SOME OF THE NUMBERED TREATIES FIRST NATIONS OPERATING BAND SCHOOLS UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE INDIAN ACT OR PURSUANT TO NEGOTIATED AGREEMENTS LOOKING BACK THE LEGACY OF THE RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS EXPERIENCE DIAND’S 1969 “WHITE PAPER” ON EDUCATION THE NATIVE INDIAN BROTHERHOOD’S 1972 PAPER ON “INDIAN CONTROL OVER INDIAN EDUCATION” - LATER REVISED AS THE A.F.N.’S “FIRST NATIONS CONTROL OVER FIRST NATIONS EDUCATION” YEARS OF “CONTROL” OVER AN UNDERFUNDED SYSTEM CALLS FOR CHANGE: And Some Lost Opportunities 1988 - IN B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Come Walk Awhile in Our Shoes: a Journey of Ordinary – & Some Not-So-Ordinary – Canadians, 1945-1999
    Come Walk Awhile in Our Shoes: A Journey of Ordinary – & Some Not-So-Ordinary – Canadians, 1945-1999 Post-1945 Dynamic Situations (Part 2: 1968-1999) Luzhniki Ice Palace, Moscow, Game #8, Sept. 28, 1972. … 101 diverse, intriguing, & engaging 1945-99 dynamic situations ! Ottawa, May 1945 1968 Dynamic Situation: the “Just Society,” “Trudeaumania,” & “deux nations” federal election of 25th June … 1968 Dynamic Situation: ‘giving voice’ via a letter to the federal Royal Commission on the Status of Women … 1968 Dynamic Situation: René Lévesque, ‘sovereignty- association,’ & the founding of the Parti Québécois … 1969 Dynamic Situation: working on-tour with the Canadian rock band from Winnipeg, The Guess Who ... 1969 Dynamic Situation: confronting racist Canadian society from an Indigenous perspective … First Nations author & activist, Harold Cardinal 1970 Dynamic Situation: home-grown terrorism & the “October Crisis” … 1970 Dynamic Situation: responding to the report, & recommendations of the federal Royal Commission on the Status of Women … 1971 Dynamic Situation: a ‘teach-in’ on the Americanization of Canada, & formation of the Committee for an Independent Canada … 1972 Dynamic Situation: the post-1967 immigration “point system,” & a changing Canadian social fabric … 1972 Dynamic Situation: hockey as a dimension of the Cold War: the Canada/USSR Hockey Summit Series … Luzhniki Ice Palace, Moscow, Game #8, Sept. 28, 1972. 1973 Dynamic Situation: Canada’s new policy of “multiculturalism within a bilingual framework” … 1974 Dynamic Situation: Canadian
    [Show full text]
  • Native Courtworker and Counselling Association of BC
    NATIVE COURTWORKER TM AND COUNSELLING ASSOCIATION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA A HELPING HAND TO JUSTICE #Final NCCA.indd 2 2017-11-10 4:55 PM CELEBRATING NCCABC HISTORY Native Courtworker programs have been in ganization with over 40 years of history existence in Canada in some form for over providing services to Indigenous people 50 years. In the late 1960s, the Depart- who finds themselves in conflict with the ment of Indian Affairs, Health and Welfare, law. Native Courtworkers cover over 70% Employment and Immigration and Secretary of the courthouses throughout the province. of State funded the Native Courtworker pilot project. In 1973, responsibility for the pro- Over the years our Association has grown gram at the federal level was assigned to the significantly to support our clients and their Department of Justice and was established on families as well as our communities that will an ongoing basis. provide culturally appropriate justice and health-related services. Our understand- YEARS In British Columbia, the Vancouver Indian ing of justice is based on a holistic view SERVING AND CARING Friendship Centre, Indian Homemakers’ of people – psychological, physical, social FOR OUR COMMUNITY Association, Union of BC Indian Chiefs, BC and spiritual. We believe every Indigenous Association of Non-Status Indians, North person’s story is linked to our people’s his- American Indian Brotherhood and the John tory and culture. Our goal is to help our cli- The Native Courtworker Howard Society decided then to start a ents find a solution to their particular need Courtworker program. Under the manage- from that perspective. As we work together and Counselling Association ment of the John Howard Society, a Court- with them, we treat them with dignity and of British Columbia has worker pilot project was initiated in 1970.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wealth of First Nations
    The Wealth of First Nations Tom Flanagan Fraser Institute 2019 Copyright ©2019 by the Fraser Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief passages quoted in critical articles and reviews. The author of this book has worked independently and opinions expressed by him are, there- fore, his own and and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute, its Board of Directors, its donors and supporters, or its staff. This publication in no way implies that the Fraser Institute, its directors, or staff are in favour of, or oppose the passage of, any bill; or that they support or oppose any particular political party or candidate. Printed and bound in Canada National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data The Wealth of First Nations / by Tom Flanagan Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-88975-533-8. Fraser Institute ◆ fraserinstitute.org Contents Preface / v introduction —Making and Taking / 3 Part ONE—making chapter one —The Community Well-Being Index / 9 chapter two —Governance / 19 chapter three —Property / 29 chapter four —Economics / 37 chapter five —Wrapping It Up / 45 chapter six —A Case Study—The Fort McKay First Nation / 57 Part two—taking chapter seven —Government Spending / 75 chapter eight —Specific Claims—Money / 93 chapter nine —Treaty Land Entitlement / 107 chapter ten —The Duty to Consult / 117 chapter eleven —Resource Revenue Sharing / 131 conclusion —Transfers and Off Ramps / 139 References / 143 about the author / 161 acknowledgments / 162 Publishing information / 163 Purpose, funding, & independence / 164 About the Fraser Institute / 165 Peer review / 166 Editorial Advisory Board / 167 fraserinstitute.org ◆ Fraser Institute Preface The Liberal government of Justin Trudeau elected in 2015 is attempting massive policy innovations in Indigenous affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with Phil Fontaine *
    Interview with Phil Fontaine * BRYAN P. SCHWARTZ I. INTRODUCTION Bryan Paul Schwartz (BPS): You grew up in Sagkeeng,1 and you were one of nineteen children? Phil Fontaine (PF): No, I was one of twelve. BPS: Twelve, yeah. PF: Ten boys, two girls. I was the youngest boy, number ten, and then there were my two younger sisters. There are four of us left; an older brother, obviously, and myself, and my sisters Thelma and Audrey. BPS: We don’t need to discuss this if you don’t want to relive it, but you are a survivor of the residential school system. PF: Yes, I attended two residential schools. All of my siblings were residential school students, except for the two that died before they reached * Interview conducted by Bryan P. Schwartz. Phil Fontaine is an Indigenous leader and advocate. Throughout his life, Phil served as Chief of the Sagkeeng First Nation, as the Manitoba Regional Chief for the Assembly of First Nations and the Grand Chief of the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs. In 1997, he became the National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations. Then, Phil became Chief Commissioner of the Indian Claims Commission (ICC) in 2001. After this, Phil was re-elected as the National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations in 2003 and 2006, becoming the first person to serve as National Chief for three terms. Phil has received a multitude of awards including the National Aboriginal Achievement Award, numerous honorary doctorates, the Order of Manitoba, and the Order of Canada. After completing his terms as National Chief, Phil has continued to advocate for Indigenous peoples through initiatives such as the Recognition2Action Campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • Interview with Jack London*
    Interview with Jack London* BRYAN P. SCHWARTZ I. INTRODUCTION Jack London (JL): My opening words are that: what you’re about to hear and what I’m about to say will be true — but not necessarily accurate. Bryan Paul Schwartz (BPS): Wow, that could take years to assimilate! JL: It could, it could, I’m not speaking from notes. BPS: That’s fine! JL: Maybe it’s because I never take notes. BPS: So, you grew up in a little town in Manitoba; you wouldn’t have grown up in an environment where you would have encountered First Nations people, would you? JL: Well, I grew up in Winnipeg and there were Aboriginal People in Winnipeg. Mostly, I was aware only of those people I saw on the streets in the downtown areas. But I also grew up in Winnipeg Beach1 in the Interlake, and there was more of an encounter with Indigenous People in that area than in the city. But the encounters were minimal and unremarkable, which is probably the way to describe how society operated in those days — it was unremarkable because we were unconscious. * Interview conducted by Bryan P. Schwartz. Jack London graduated from the University of Manitoba, Faculty of Law in 1966 and completed his LLM at Harvard Law in 1971. He is currently Senior Counsel at Pitblado Law, in Winnipeg, Manitoba. 1 Winnipeg Beach is a town of roughly 1000 people located in the Interlake region of Manitoba, 56 kilometers north of Winnipeg. 172 MANITOBA LAW JOURNAL | VOLUME 41 ISSUE 2 BPS: When you practiced you became very interested in tax; you did your Masters in Tax at Harvard.
    [Show full text]