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Total of !0 Pages Only May Be Xeroxed TOTAL OF !0 PAGES ONLY MAY BE XEROXED (Without Author's Permission) Liberalism in Winnipeg, 1890s-1920s: Charles W. Gordon, John W. Dafoe, Minnie J.B. Campbell, and Francis M. Beynon by © Kurt J. Korneski A thesis submitted to the school of graduate studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History Memorial University of Newfoundland April2004 DEC 0 5 2005 St. John's Newfoundland Abstract During the first quarter of the twentieth century Canadians lived through, were shaped by, and informed the nature of a range of social transformations. Social historians have provided a wealth of information about important aspects of those transformations, particularly those of"ordinary" people. The purpose of this thesis is to provide further insight into these transitions by examining the lives and thoughts of a selection of those who occupied a comparatively privileged position within Canadian society in the early twentieth century. More specifically, the approach will be to examine four Winnipeg citizens - namely, Presbyterian minister and author Charles W. Gordon, newspaper editor John W. Dafoe, member of the Imperial Order Daughters of Empire Minnie J.B. Campbell, and women's page editor Francis M. Beynon. In examining these men and women, what becomes evident about elites and the social and cultural history of early twentieth-century Canada is that, despite their privileged standing, they did not arrive at "reasonable" assessments of the state of affairs in which they existed. Also, despite the fact that they and their associates were largely Protestant, educated Anglo-Canadians from Ontario, it is apparent that the men and women at the centre of this study suggest that there existed no consensus among elites about the proper goals of social change. Nevertheless, although their divergent experiences of the social order translated into a variety of aims and perspectives, what bound these people together was an acceptance of central liberal ideals and assumptions. 11 That this broad concurrence existed, and that the men and women at the centre of this study were part of a community that could bring considerable politico-economic pressure to bear in seeking to realize their envisioned future, is significant. What is of particular importance is that, even though the social reality that came to exist was not exactly like that which any of these men and women envisioned, it was the broad commonalities running through their diverse imaginings that informed the overarching shape of social relationships in the post-World War I period in Canada. Ill Acknowledgements However many hours of solitude are involved in the researching and writing of a thesis, it is, in the end, a social product. While I cannot hope to mention all of those who have contributed to the completion of this work, it is vital to mention a few people who have been particularly central. I would like to thank my co-supervisors, Gregory Kealey and Andy den Otter who provided support, guidance, and criticism throughout. I would also like to extend a warm thank you to Skip Fischer who directed one of my comprehensive reading fields and who has provided useful commentary on this work. In addition, it is important to point out that professors Linda Kealey and Chris Y oue have also provided invaluable support at various stages of my program. Fran Warren and Beverly Evans-Hong also deserve thanks for their patience and assistance. In addition to faculty and staff at Memorial University of Newfoundland, I have received the gracious assistance of numerous librarians and archivists in Winnipeg. I would like to thank especially Chris Kotecki at the Provincial Archives of Manitoba, and Lewis Stubbs, Brian Hubner, Shelley Sweeney, Leah Morton, Brett Lougheed, and Elizabeth Luzige at the University of Manitoba's Department of Archives and Special Collections. Also, while undertaking research in Winnipeg, I benefited from the advice of Tom Mitchell, Gerald Friesen, Adele Perry, Mary Kinnear, and David Burley. I have also had the good fortune of being surrounded by patient and generous friends and family members. In particular, I would like to thank my father, Keith lV Korneski, who has obviously been supportive in a range of ways not directly related to this project. He has also, however, been willing to provide careful reads and thoughtful critiques of this and other works throughout my academic career. It is also imperative that I mention the late Marvin Rosen who was a mentor and a friend during and well after my time at Northern Illinois University. Invaluable fmancial assistance came from a variety of agencies including the School of Graduate Studies at Memorial University of Newfoundland, the Labour!Le Travail internship program, the A. G. Hatcher Foundation, the T.H. Hamilton Foundation, the J.W. Dafoe Foundation, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Finally, I would like to thank Lisa Dwyer whose comments and criticism inform the form and content ofthe following chapters, and whose support and encouragement made its completion possible. Table of Contents Abstract .....................................................•........................................................ Ackn ow led gemen ts ...................................•..•..................•..•..•..•.......................... iii Chapter 1 - Introduction...........................................•........................................ 1 Chapter 2 - The Social Location of Four Elites ............................................ .. 24 Chapter 3- Charles W. Gordon and the Christian Democracy ................... 54 Chapter 4- J.W. Dafoe and the Canadian Nation ......................................... 128 Chapter 5 - Minnie J.B. Campbell and Maternal Imperialism .................... 195 Chapter 6 - Francis Marion Beynon and the Struggle for Liberal Democracy 240 Chapter 7 - Conclusion .................................................................................... 287 Appendix A ..........................•............................................................................ 305 Bibliography ................................................•.................................................... 316 Chapter 1: Intr·oduction Historians have long recognized that the first twenty years or so ofthe twentieth century represented a critical period in Canadian history. They were years wherein Canada was "a nation transformed."' The population of the country increased by more than three million people. 2 Industrial production, after slumping during the 1890s, not only attained but surpassed the impressive rates of growth of the period from the 1860s to the 1880s.3 With the opening ofthe West, agricultural production also increased significantly. As foreign investment increased dramatically, enormous corporate conglomerates began to supplant individual and family-held firms as the ruling force in Canadian business.4 Moreover, if the period was one of growth and change, one in 1Roben Craig Brown and Ramsay Cook, Canada, 1896-1921: .1 Nation Transformed (Toronto: McClelland and Stewan 197-l). 2Brown and Cook. Canada, 1896-1921 , l ; Gerald Friesen. Th e Canadian Prairies: A Historv (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1987), 248. 3There has been considerable debate about the nature and timing of industrialization in Canada. Though the aim here is to provide some indicators of change during this period. for an overview of this debate see Kenneth Norrie and Doug Owram, A History of the Canadian Economy (Toronto: Harcoun Brace Jovanovich 1991 ), 358-371. 40n agricultural production see. Richard Pomfret, The Economic Development of Canada (Toronto: Methuen 1981). l-l7. Foreign investment increased considerably during these years. Canada had been and continued to exist as a capital-starved region. The central development during these years was not that foreign capital was important for economic growth, but rather that the source and nature of investment changed considerably. Though Canadian dependency on US capital was not new in the two decades after 1920, American financiers and businessmen increasingly became the central source of funds. Their tendency to provide direct rather than portfolio investment meant that he era of monopoly capitalism in Canada was characterized by large, foreign-owned corporations. See Brown and Cook, Canada, 1896- 2 which, to invoke a popular contemporary phrase, the nation was "maturing," it was also a period in which the characteristics that "coming of age" had inscribed on the visage of the nation - in particular disparity in wealth, social unrest, and a "Canadianization" -resistant population of immigrants -were often deeply unsettling. 5 What is most important to keep in mind about these development is that they were expressions of more general social transformations taking place. Put more accurately, it was those who inhabited northern North America who lived through, were shaped by, and themselves informed the nature of a range of social transformations. The form of these transformations was underwritten by deeply-rooted historical processes and cultural inheritances that shaped the nature of the reality which men and women living in early twentieth-century Canada perceived, as well as the ways that they perceived it. It was, thus, men and women, living out their lives in the social reality that they inherited, who stood as the agents through which the historical processes that underwrote that reality
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