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Sustainable Asia 2005 and Beyond Sustainable Asia 2005 and Beyond ISBN4-906649-00-9 C3065 ¥1429E Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Institute for Global Environmental Strategies “Asia is expected to become the ‘locomotive’ of global growth in the 21st century. It must, however, change its development model from the conventional ‘business as usual’ approach used in the 20th century, to a model that meets the challenges of the 21st century. Sustainable development is the model which most effectively retains the values of eco-systems and social systems that have been disregarded thus far. The IGES White Paper is a constructive attempt to pursue innovative policies and to launch such a Sustainable Asia model, not only for development in Asia, but also the world.” Prof. Emil Salim, Chairman of the Association for Community Empowerment and former Minister of Environment, Indonesia 2005 and Beyond In the pursuit of innovative policies “This report is of critical importance to Asia, the most rapidly growing region of the world. The challenge of attaining a sustainable pattern of development globally will, therefore, be determined by what happens in Asia. This report provides valuable knowledge in defining policies towards that objective.” Dr. R.K. Pachauri, Chairman of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the Director General of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India “How can Asia promote effective partnerships for achieving sustainable development? This report sheds light on the formidable challenges that Asian countries currently face and provides useful insight in setting a policy agenda and actions for the future.” Prof. Motoyuki Suzuki, Chairman of the Central Environment Council of Japan and the former Vice Rector of the United Nations University www.iges.or.jp Institute for Global Tokyo Office Kansai Research Kitakyushu Office Project Office in Environmental Centre Bangkok Nippon Press Center Kitakyushu Strategies Bldg. 8F, 2-2-1 I.H.D. CENTER 3F, International c/o UNEP-RRC. AP, 2108-11 Uchisaiwai-cho, 1-5-1 Conference Center 6F, Outreach Bldg., IGES White Paper Kamiyamaguchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Wakinohamakaigan- 3-9-30 3F, AIT Hayama, Kanagawa, 100-0011, Japan Dori, Chuo-ku, Asano, Kokurakita-ku, P.O. Box 4, 240-0115, Japan Tel: +81-3-3595-1081 Kobe, Hyogo, 651- Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Klongluang, Tel: +81-46-855-3700 Fax: +81-3-3595-1084 0073, Japan 802-0001, Japan Pathumthani 12120, Fax: +81-46-855-3709 Tel: +81-78-262-6634 Tel: +81-93-513-3711 Thailand E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +81-78-262-6635 Fax: +81-93-513-3712 Tel: +66-2-524-6441 Fax: +66-2-524-6233 Sustainable Asia 2005 and Beyond In the pursuit of innovative policies IGES White Paper Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan Telephone: +81-(0)46-855-3700 Fax: +81-(0)46-855-3709 http://www.iges.or.jp E-mail: [email protected] Sustainable Asia 2005 and Beyond In the pursuit of innovative policies Copyright © 2005 by Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) First edition 2005 Electronic edition published 2005 All rights reserved. Exclusive copyrights belong to IGES. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from IGES. Printed in Japan ISBN: 4-88788-027-8 Distributed at no profit. Although every effort is made to ensure objectivity and balance, the printing of a book or translation does not imply IGES endorsement or acquiescence with its conclusions or the endorsement of IGES financers. IGES maintains a position of neutrality at all times on issues concerning public policy. Hence conclusions that are reached in IGES publications should be understood to be those of authors and not attributed to staff-members, officers, directors, trustees, funders, or to IGES itself. Printed and bound by Urban Connections Yushin Bldg. Shinkan 12F, 27-11, Shibuya 3-chome Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0002 Japan Tel: 81-3-5467-4721 Fax: 81-3-5467-4722 E-mail: [email protected] Home page: http://www.infoasia.co.jp This book is printed on acid-free paper using soy ink. Foreword “Sustainable Asia 2005 and Beyond – In Pursuit of Innovative Policies” is the first attempt of IGES to consolidate the primary outcomes of its policy research within a broad context of sustainable development in Asia. It aims to elucidate underlying challenges confronted by the region and to provide a framework of policy and strategic options to deal with them. Certainly issues associated with sustainable development in Asia are diverse and it is not possible to examine all their aspects. However, we have tried to capture the essential issues to promote sustainable development by focussing on several specific sectors. This publica- tion is not intended to be provocative but efforts have been made to be frank with difficult issues. The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) was established in 1998 to undertake strategic policy research for environmental management and sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific. Since then, IGES has completed two phases of research: the First Phase (1998-2000), and the Second Phase (2001-2003). Basic ground work was made during the First Phase and based upon that, efforts were made during the Second Phase to identify effective policies to promote sustainable development in developing countries in the region. IGES is now in the Third Phase and is trying to deliver more policy-relevant out- comes in collaboration with governments, institutes and other stakeholders in the region. IGES has pro- duced many tangible outputs in a few sectors on selected topics, but they are not integrated into broad and comprehensive policy messages. This is, therefore, the first attempt by IGES to put forward consolidated policy messages for policy-makers in the region based upon, among other things, the outcomes of past IGES research activities. Asia has undergone various changes over the last decade. Overall, rapid economic growth has been record- ed in many countries of the region. A few countries suffered from the economic crisis in 1997. Still other countries remain economically stagnant due to security and geo-political reasons. On the environmental front, although a range of new measures have been taken, many countries have seen more serious situa- tions regarding the use of their natural resources and the deteriorating quality of the environment. Illegal logging is a serious issue in a few developing countries, particularly in the tropics; water depletion and contamination is prevalent throughout the region; air pollution is indeed a real threat to people living in the mega-cities of Asia; and land degradation is rampant in semi-arid areas in particular. Indeed, the natural resource base in Asia is becoming more and more depleted. Although some improvements have been made, poverty still remains high on the policy agenda. Entrenched poverty simply exacerbates a vicious cycle of environmental degradation and impoverishment in many of the rural areas in Asia. Policy-makers have attempted to reinvigorate their efforts to tackle the underlying challenges to realise sustainable development. The Johannesburg Plan of Action has laid out a basic course for nations to undertake collective measures in the pursuit of better environmental management and sustainable develop- ment. The Kyoto Protocol has finally come into effect in February 2005. The effective implementation of such newly adopted policies hinges upon various factors that include: a choice of sensible policies, capaci- ty-building, stakeholder involvement, and resource mobilisation, to name a few. Innovation must be sought in devising policies and their implementation mechanisms, drawing upon the lessons learned from past initiatives that were aimed at promoting a sustainability agenda. Asia must play a critical role in the global endeavour to pursue sustainable development. Presently 3.8 bil- lion people live in Asia, representing 60 per cent of the global population. This figure will grow to 5.2 bil- lion by 2050. Oil demand in Asia’s developing economies will surge sharply over the next decades and surpass that of the OECD countries in Europe by 2030. Likewise, Asia’s intra- and inter-regional trade i volumes are expected to grow rapidly with the increasing economic integration propelled by bourgeoning free trade agreements. Asia must ensure its sustainability in the face of these mounting risks and chal- lenges, not only for themselves, but also for the world as global sustainability hinges upon Asia. This publication, referred to as the IGES White Paper within the institute, reflects the strategic policy research areas that we have been involved with until now. These specific sectors include: forestry, fresh- water, climate change, urban environment, business, and environmental education. In order not to lose the broader perspective of sustainable development, however, Chapter 2 examined the overall policy trends and achievements made in the region. Based on its findings and analysis, the White Paper’s final chapter recommends policy options and approaches aimed at promoting effective environmental management and sustainable development in Asia. The production of this first White Paper required a significant amount of time and effort from the IGES staff. Since its inception, the White Paper’s preparation entailed intensive and relentless discussions, fol- lowed by much redrafting. The work was undertaken collectively by many staff members from the various projects within IGES. This exercise was more challenging than originally thought as it involved a lot of coordination between and among the different project teams. We are indebted to many partners in producing this White Paper. I would like to thank the members of the IGES Board of Directors for giving us useful guidance on this work. I would particularly like to thank, Dr.
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