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Tree-Growing Programs: Working Between Farmers and Governments

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Tree-Growing Programs: Working Between Farmers and Governments NGOs and Tree-Growing Programs: Working Between Farmers and Governments ARCHIV g 91871 p The Workshop Co-sponsors The WinrockInternational Institutefor Agricultural Development isa private, non- profit U.S. organization with headquarters in Morrilton, Arkansas. WinrockInternational co-sponsored this workshop underthe Forestry/ FuelwoodResearch and Development (F/FRED) Project, forwhich it is the primaryimplementing agency. Funded by theU.S. Agency forInternational Development, F/FREDis designed to help scientists address theneeds of small-scale farmersin thedevelOping worldfor fuelwood and other tree products. Itsupports the Multipurpose Tree Species Research Network, through which scientists exchange researchplans, methods,and results. Research and development activities center on the production anduse of multipurpose trees that meet the several householdneeds ofsmall farmers. F/FREDoffices are locatedin Bangkok, Thailandand Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A. TheInternational Development Research Centre(IDRC) is a public corporation createdby theParliaient of Canada in 1970 to support research designed to adaptscience and technology to the needs of developing countries. The Centre's activities are concentrated in five sectors: agriculture, food and nutrition sciences, information sciences, socialsciences, and communications. IDRC isfinanced solely by theParliament of Canada; itspolicies, however, are setby aninternational boardof governors. TheCentre's headquarters are in Ottawa, Canada. Regionaloffices are located in Africa,Asia, l.atin America, and the Middle East. TheFAO Regional WoodEnergy Development Programme (RWEDP) in Asia, now in its secondphase (1989- 1993),is a regionalcooperative project forthe development ofwoodfuel resources to meet needs ofhouseholds and enterprises. The projectaims to improve understanding ofthe role ofwoodfuels as a source ofenergy. Project activities focus on thegeneration and wide exchange ofinformation, and includetraining and intercountry exchanges. The projectpublishes aquarterly newsletter, as well astechnical material on improved cookstoves, rural energy planning, socialforestry, seed collection, andgender issues. Projectpublications areavailable from: RWEDP, do FAORegional Office forAsia and the Pacific,Maliwan Mansion,Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, Thailand. TheNitrogen Fixing Tree Association (NFTA)acts as a catalystin research, development, and use ofnitrogen fixing trees (NFl's) to help meetpeople's needs forfuelwood, fodder, fertilizer, timber, and other products. The Associa- tion wasincorporated in Hawaii, U.S.A., in 1981 as a not-for-profit organization. The Host Agency The BAIF Development Research Foundation (knownpopularly as BAIF) was establishedin 1967as a non-profit volunteer organization registered underthe Bombay Public Trust Act. BAIFaims to createopportunities ofgainful self-employment for rural families, especiallyamong disadvantaged groups, and thereby ensuresustainable livelihood, enrichednvironment, improved quality oflife, and good human values. Starting from a livestock breedingprogram in Maharashtra, BAIF has diversified into areasof tribal rehabilitation, community health, watershed planning,afforestation, bioenergy, and otherrural-based vocations. Itis active in anumber of states throughout India. BAIFhas receivedassistance in institutional development, including establishment ofan advanced Information Resource Centre,from IDRC. Cover photo credits(left to right): BAIF, F/FREDand Payong Srithong. ISBN0-933595-64-6 MPTS Research Network Winrock International-F/FRED c/oFaculty ofForestry Kasetsart University P.O. Box 1038 Kasetsart PostOffice Bangkok 10903 Thailand H •ORC•U NGOs and Tree-Growing Programs: Working Between Farmers and Governments Report of an International workshop September 24-27, 1991 in Pune, India Editedby David A. Taylor 1992 Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development / ' ._) Contents Preface v Workshop Summary 1 Keynote Address 4 SessionNotes 10 Working with Farmers: Case Studies India NGOs in Social Forestry in India 15 Farm Forestry Cooperatives in Maharashtra 18 Social Forestry and Farmers' Responses in Karnataka 24 Tree-Growing in DrylandFarms of Tamil Nadu 27 Indonesia A Cheap Methodof Soil Conservation in North Sumatra 30 The Philippines Opportunities for Upland NGOs in the Philippines 33 The Mag-uugmad Foundation'sApproach to Agroforestiy 42 BarangayCamingawan Agroforestry and Regreening 50 Focus on: The Kalahan Educational Foundation 55 Farmer-Centered Tree-Growing Trials and Extension 56 Social Forestry with Tribal Groups in Northern Philippines 62 Sri Lanka Focus on: The Sarvodaya Women's Movement 66 Thailand NGOs and Social Forestryin Thailand 67 The Case of Grass Roots Integrated Development (GRID) 70 Catalyzing Farm Forestry Through Integrated Agriculture 74 Agroforestry for the Subsistence Cultivator 79 Working with Government New Challengesfor the State Forest Departments 85 Focus on: The Aga Khan Rural SupportProgramme in India 89 Transferof Social-Forestry Technology Through NGOs 90 Partnership Between Governmentand People's Organizations 95 Networking NGO-CORDfor Networking in Thailand 103 NGOs Supporting Each Other: Upland NGO Assistance Committee 104 111 International Viewpoints NGOs and Agroforestry in Asia-Pacific 115 Technical Skills for Successful NGO Programs 118 irees for the Tiller, Workfor the NGOs? 122 Information for Community Forestry Extension 129 Abstracts of Other Presentations 135 More Information-Sharing Services 138 RelatedWorkshops: Major Points 140 Workshop Participants 141 iv Preface This is the report of an international workshop, The Role of NGOs in PromotingOn-farm Tree-growing Technologies, held in Pune, India, September 24- 27, 1991. The workshop was co-sponsored by the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development (F/FRED) Project, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada, the FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, and the NitrogenFixing Tree Association (NFFA). In 1990, the Steering and Research Committees of the Multipurpose Tree Species Research Networkoutlined plans for the workshop, focussingon the Network's interestin betterdialogue among NGOs, researchscientists, and governmentprograms. By clarifying and improving these relationships, the Network aimed to make its research more responsive to the needs of farmers. BAIF Development Research Foundation,an NGO active in the Network as well as in IDRC programs, agreed to host the workshop. For this report, NGOs are simply voluntary organizations pursuinga social missiondriven by a commitment to shared values) The workshop did not seek to distinguish between "third party" organizations that seek to serve the needs of a constituency, and people's organizations (or "first party" organizations) that are mutual-benefit associations representing members' interests and having member leadership. The GRID Foundation in Thailandis an example of the former; the Nashik District Eucalyptus Growers' Society in India is an example of the latter. Both iypes of organizations have lessons to share. In the past 10 years, NGOs have been recognized by international agencies and governments as importantmediators between communities and governments in rural development and technology transfer. However, donors and governments still have lessons to learn in how to work with NGOs in this role. In 1991 alone, several workshops in Asia have explored this relationship. Key points from two of these workshops appear at the end of this report. In social forestry and agroforestry, NGOs have shown themselves able to gain villagers' participation and work in areas that fall between the mandates of many government departments of agriculture and forestry. This workshop discussed activities in five Asian countries where village-level NGO activities in tree-growing are well developed: India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Unfortunately, experiences from Bangladesh, Pakistan,and Nepal were not represented at the workshop. The workshop summary includes a list of recommendations. The first sectionof ihis reportpresents case histories of NGO activitieswith fannersrelated to tree growing, and theirlessons. This section includes overviewsof India, the Philippines, and Thailand. The secondsection contains three perspectives on the relationships betweenNGOs and governmentextension and researchagencies. The third section presents two examples ofnetworking among NGOsand other groups. Papers in the last section of thereport address issues of NGO support at the international level. v Thanks go to all participants for their contributions to the workshop and to the goal of better support for farmers growingtrees. Thanks to E.L. Smith for editorial comments. Layout for this book was done by Pira Piradej of Viscom Center, Ltd. 1Korten, David C. 1990. Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda. WestHartford, CT, U.S.A. Kumarian Press. vi Workshop Summary At the Pune workshop, NGO leaders, scientists, and government officials presented experiences from India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and international agencies. Speakers recognized NGOs' strengths and weaknesses and noted where they complement those of government agencies (see the keynote address by Mr. Samar Singh). Discussion Discussion highlighted the varietyof conditions under which NGOs in the region work, For example,funding conditions ranged from nearly all foreign sources in the case of Philippine NGOs, to substantial
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