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Karol Marian Pospieszalski Documenta Occupationis Vol.Iv Teutonicae

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Karol Marian Pospieszalski Documenta Occupationis Vol.Iv Teutonicae KAROL MARIAN POSPIESZALSKI DOCUMENTA OCCUPATIONIS VOL. IV TEUTONICAE THE GERMAN PEOPLE’S LIST IN THE REICHSGAU WARTHELAND THE GERMAN PEOPLE’S LIST IN THE REICHSGAU WARTHELAND DOCUMENTA OCCUPATIONIS TEUTONICAE IV KAROL MARIAN POSPIESZALSKI THE GERMAN PEOPLE’S LIST IN THE REICHSGAU WARTHELAND SELECTED DOCUMENTS WITH SUMMARIES IN ENGLISH POZNAŃ INSTITUTE FOR WESTERN AFFAIRS 1949 Reprint of the 1949 edition Original title: Niemiecka lista narodowa w „Kraju Warty” Wybór dokumentów Editorial team: Bogumił Rudawski (editor) Monika Jania-Szczechowiak (proofreading) Anzelma Kwiatkowska (proofreading) Maciej Grochowski (graphic design) Translation from Polish into English: Graham Crawford Thomas Anessi Krzysztof Kotkowski © Copyright by Instytut Zachodni PL ISSN 0860-4142 ISBN 978-83-61736-89-9 Poznań 2019 The publication was prepared thanks to co-financing by the National Programme for the Development of Humanities within the project “Documenta Occupationis Instytutu Zachodniego, t. I-VIII” (31H 13 0173 82). Volume IV of Documenta Occupationis is a selection of documents devoted to the German nationality policy in occupied Wielkopolska. In it, Karol Marian Pospieszalski focuses on the German People’s List (Deutsche Volksliste, DVL) on the assumption that its creation and use reflects the essence of the approach of the German author- ities to the new relations between nationalities. However, the re- printed materials also concern other issues linked with the occupa- tion policies pursued in the Wartheland. Neither the choice of topics, nor the year in which the materi- als were published (1949) are a coincidence. The German People’s List and the effort to reverse its impact attracted people’s attention, not only in Wielkopolska. After the war ended, a number of judicial proceedings were launched against the people listed in the DVL. In Poznań and the rest of Wielkopolska, the first public trials of those who renounced their Polish nationality were held as early as March 1945. Overall, in the Poznań Region, by 1950, when an amnesty was proclaimed towards former volksdeutsche, thousands of cases were heard by specialised, magistrate’s and district courts regard- ing the betrayal of the Polish nation, in which 45 persons of Ger- man nationality, or who acquired such nationality, were sentenced to death1. Direct references to such trials have been made by the editors of this volume of Documenta Occupationis, who stressed in their foreword: “Efforts to undo the consequences of the Germans’ nationality policy are still on-going. This is why these documents, irrespective of their historical significance, have, and will continue to have, a practical importance. This will remain true even after the last court case of a volksdeutsche has been concluded. The issue will 1 K. Stryjkowski, Położenie osób wpisanych w Wielkopolsce na niemiecką listę narodowościową w latach 1945-1950, Poznań 2004, pp. 449-458. V continue to be relevant as long as people who were once subjected to German law remain alive”. The trials were strictly regulated by law. The first legislative act to apply was a decree of the Polish Committee of National Lib- eration dated 31 August 1944 on the punishments for fascist Nazi criminals guilty of killing and abusing civilians and prisoners, as well as for traitors of the Polish nation, commonly known as “the August decree”. The act governed the prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of war crimes, and collaborators with the occupier2. On 4 November 1944, the Polish Committee of National Liberation issued another decree which defined the term “traitor of the nation” more precisely. The two documents did not cover all matters regard- ing the volksdeutsche, especially in the territories directly incorpo- rated into the Reich. Therefore, the treatment of persons entered onto the German People’s List was addressed again in the Interim Government Decree of 28 February 1945 on the exclusion of enemy elements from Polish society. However, this decree never came into force. It nevertheless raised a lot of controversies, mainly concern- ing the imprecise specification of the areas whose residents were forcibly placed on the volksliste. The problem was raised by many Wielkopolska communities where, contrary to Pomerania and Up- per Silesia, forced qualifications were a marginal issue. The reser- vations were taken into account in a new act, of 6 May 1945, which, together with its implementing regulations, became the key legis- lative act governing the treatment of the volksdeutsche and cases of exoneration. Nevertheless, this was not the last document to tackle the issue. By 1950, after all sanctions and restrictions regarding the people who had stepped forward to adopt German nationality were lifted, a total of 27 different laws, decrees and regulations were en- acted that referred to renouncing Polish nationality and the related verifications and exonerations. One should also note that detailed local rules were passed to govern how to deal with the volksdeutsche. 2 A. Paczkowski, Polska, [in:] Sprawiedliwość, zemsta i rewolucja. Rozliczenia z wojną i okupacją w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej, scientifically edited by A. Pacz- kowski, Gdańsk 2016, pp. 136-137. VI The constant changes in the laws proved upsetting for state and local administrations and became the subject of debates in many communities3. The newly-established Institute for Western Affairs, and in par- ticular its Legal Section, also debated the issue of the German Peo- ple’s List and the possible treatment of the individuals placed on it. The Legal Section, which operated from 1945 to 1946, was an informal unit, never officially established within the Institute for Western Affairs. It was led by Stanisław Kasznica, a lawyer and rector of the University of Poznań during the Inter-War Period. Its members, who included Karol M. Pospieszalski, mainly discussed the draft laws on “the recovered territories” and the issue of the volksdeutsche. Regarding the latter, a number of meetings were held to conduct a legal analysis of the Act of 6 May 1945, which contained multiple defects, and whose rectification should be con- sidered a priority of the state. In August 1945, the Legal Section submitted one of its first opinions on the Act to the Ministry of Jus- tice. In the following months, further legal reports were drawn up by Pospieszalski, a lawyer by education and an outstanding expert on German law during the time of the occupation. Pospieszalski questioned many of the solutions adopted in the Act. He criticised, among others, the restrictive nature of many provisions, their ex- cessive generality, numerous formal mistakes and failures to dif- ferentiate between the ways in which the Volksliste was applied in different parts of the incorporated territories. Notably, the mem- bers of the Legal Section saw the German People’s List as a strictly legal matter, albeit stressing its current political significance. The Section’s general view was reflected by Pospieszalski, who said: “In- sufficient awareness was a significant reason for the high number of people entered on the German People’s List, especially in Silesia and Pomerania, whose residents registered on the list not only un- der coercion but also due to their immature national awareness, making the German People’s List campaign all the more successful. The individuals entered onto the German People’s List due to their 3 K. Stryjkowski, op. cit., pp. 400-415. VII weakness of character should therefore be targeted with the rele- vant educational policy, which should include restrictions on their public rights, property ownership limitations, etc.; the underlying aim being to ensure that people who have failed to display nation- al maturity or who, through weakness of character, denied their nationality in tragic moments, are not given a say in decisions re- garding the state. Any other nationality policy would be contrary to Poland’s national interests, which is to conserve the biological potential of the nation. After victory in the millennium-long fight with the Germans (as stated in the original - BR), any other policy would amount to surrendering to a number of people in the Pol- ish-German struggle over nationality, and allowing the Germans to retain the fruit of their Germanisation policies”4. As a consequence of its meetings, the Section prepared two draft laws in 1946. One of them regulated the exclusion of persons of German nationality from Polish society, while the other concerned restoring freedom and civ- ic rights to persons held in prison5. Pospieszalski’s dedication to the issues related to the German People’s List was also expressed in ways other than his involvement in the work of the Legal Section. An equally important, and perhaps decisive circumstance, which contributed to this publication and de- termined the choice of documents was the trial of two individuals responsible for implementing the German nationality policy in the Wartheland: Rolf-Heinz Höppner and Herbert Strickner. With re- gard to their involvement, the volume differs from other parts of Documenta Occupationis, as no other volume in the series places so much emphasis on biographical considerations. For that reason, some space in this introduction should also be given to these two figures. Herbert Karl Strickner, who was of Austrian origin, was born in Innsbruck in 1911. After graduating from high school, he enrolled 4 World War II Archive of the Institute for Western Affairs (I.Z.), Document V-58, materials of the Legal Section of the Institute for Western Affairs. 5 I.Z. Doc. V-59, materials of the Legal Section of the Institute for Western Affairs. VIII in a theology programme at Vienna University, which he continued in Leipzig from 1932. During his studies, he became politically in- volved. He became a member of various nationalist organisations, culminating, in 1930, while he was still living in Austria, with his joining the NSDAP. In 1932, he volunteered to join the SA (Sturm- abteilung or Storm Detachment), the paramilitary wing of the Nazi party.
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