DOCSLIB.ORG

The Missinipi Dialect of Cree

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Missinipi Dialect of Cree The Missinipi Dialect of Cree DAVID H. PENTLAND University of Manitoba INTRODUCTION The various dialects of Cree are conventionally identified - by speakers and linguists alike - by their reflex of Proto-Algonquian */. Five such dia­ lects are spoken today: Plains Cree, the .y-dialect, which has been exten­ sively documented by Albert Lacombe, Leonard Bloomfield, H.C. Wolfart, and a number of others; Woods Cree, the d- or fA-dialect, which was the subject of Joseph Howse's ground-breaking grammar (1844); Swampy Cree, the n-dialect, and Moose Cree, the /-dialect, both of which were described by Bishop Horden and CD. Ellis; and Atikamekw, the r- dialect of Quebec, which was the subject of a Berkeley dissertation by Jean-Pierre Beland (1978). Earlier there was at least one more dialect of Cree. Like Atikamekw, it had r from Proto-Algonquian */, but it was located at the opposite end of the Cree dialect chain, in the far northwest. This dialect was mentioned by Lacombe in the introduction to his dictionary (1874:xv), and was therefore shown on later dialect maps by Michelson (1938:121, 1939:72)J and Wolfart (1973:9), but except for the few examples cited by 19th-cen­ tury missionaries enumerating the Cree dialects there have been no records of this western r-dialect in the last 200 years.2 1. Michelson's map shows an r-dialect in the vicinity of Ile-a-la-Crosse, Saskatchewan, but he mentions it only in passing in the text of his last article on Cree (Michelson 1939:75). For western dialects Michelson depended mostly on published sources and cor­ respondents who sometimes provided erroneous information — Stanley Mission and Peli­ can Narrows are said to have y rather than d, and Big Trout Lake, Ontario, is identified as Cree rather than Northern Ojibwa (Michelson 1939:69-71). 2. J.G.E. Smith (1976:431, n.5) speaks of "The persistence of an hi dialect near Lake Athabasca", having mistakenly assumed that Wolfart (1973:9-10) provides only contem­ porary dialect distributions; in fact, Wolfart's Map 2 and the accompanying discussion blend his own data with older and partly inaccurate information from Lacombe and Mich­ elson. Papers of the 34th Algonquian Conference, ed. H.C. Wolfart (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, 2003), pp. 287-302. ~ N 00 00 HUDSON BAY t::::! > :5 0 ~ Cree Lake '"0 ~ -l ~ r >z 0 Qac la Ronge / Map 1. The Missinipi region. THE MISSINIPI DIALECT OF CREE 289 Most of the evidence for the Missinipi dialect (other than a few place names) is contained in the lengthy Cree vocabulary compiled in 1743-44 by James Isham, where it is unfortunately mixed in with words from the Woods Cree dialect. However, it is likely that the last 60 words in Isham's vocabulary are unsorted data from Missinipi speakers, and that a number of other words from the same source were incorporated into other sec­ tions. Russell (1991) discusses several groups called "Missinipi" by the fur traders, but he dismisses the linguistic evidence presented in Pentland (1978) for the presence of an r-dialect on the upper Churchill River, con­ cluding that "further evidence must be forthcoming before it can be accepted" (Russell 1991:163). A fuller discussion of the material is there­ fore warranted, to demonstrate that a distinct Missinipi dialect did for­ merly exist in the northwest. There may even have been another dialect in the same region. In 1868 Alexandre-Antonin Tache, bishop of St-Boniface (Manitoba), com­ piled a little guidebook to the Northwest, which included a brief discus- sion of Cree dialects and the following comparative table: Voici un tableau comparatif des modifications que le pronom personnel subit dans les differentes branches de la famille Algonquine du «Departement du Nord»: Francais Moi Toi Lui Saulteux Nin Kin Win Maskegon Nina Kina Wina Cris, proprement dit Niya [Kiya] [Wiya] Certains Cris d'Athabaska Nira Kira Wira Cris de l'lle a la Crosse Nila Kila Wila Presque tous les [C]ris des bois Nitha Kitha Wit[ha] Le th se prononce comme le th Anglais. [Tache 1869:82] At first glance, Tache's table is a straightforward and accurate descrip­ tion, except for some misprints: Saulteaux (the western dialect of Ojibwa) and Swampy Cree are n-dialects; Plains Cree has y; and the Woods Cree (or "almost all" of them) use 6 (English (th), as in this). However, Tache also reports that r is used by some Athabasca Cree, and / is used by some 3. The Plains Cree pronouns are misprinted (Niya Kira Wira), with (r) from the follow­ ing line, and the printer did not have enough space to include the last two letters of the final Woods Cree form. 290 DAVID H. PENTLAND at Ile-a-la-Crosse. The r-dialect is known from other sources, but no one else has ever reported an 1-dialect of Cree west of Ontario. Michelson (1939:88) mentioned Tache's report of an 1-dialect, but added a caution that "No subsequent writers, as far as I know, have repeated or substantiated this." However, Tache began his career as an Oblate missionary at Ile-a-la-Crosse. From 1846 to 1854 (except for a trip to Rome in 1851-52 to be consecrated bishop) he travelled around northern Saskatchewan, establishing missions at Reindeer Lake and Lake Athabasca (cf. Map 1), and studying the Cree and Chipewyan languages (Hamelin 1990:1003-4). Since he actually lived at Ile- a-la-Crosse for a number of years his statement cannot be dismissed out of hand. Surprisingly, Joseph Howse does not mention any peculiarities in the local dialect of Ile-a-la-Crosse, although he wintered there in 1814-15 (Wol­ fart 1985:413-4), and for an example of r he refers to John Eliot's grammar of Massachusett (cf. Wolfart 1973:8). The modem dialect of Ile-a-la-Crosse is Plains Cree, with a number of French loanwords (but not a variety of Michif, according to Bakker 1997:127). Tache gives us his opinion of the principal dialects: La langue crise est belle, riche et peut-etre la plus facile de toutes les langues sauvages. Les Cris des prairies parlent avec beaucoup de purete et meme d'elegance. Les Cris des bois perdent un peu de cette purete, en empruntant quelque chose aux Maskegons. Dans certaines localites quelques families ont introduit dans le lan- gage des mots et des consonnes que la langue primitive n'admet pas. La lettre R, par exemple, ne se trouve pas dans la langue Crise, et neanmoins les Cris d'Athabaska, en acceptent la rude consonnance, a la place de l'Y pourtant si euphonique. [Tache 1869:82] When Albert Lacombe published his great Cree dictionary in 1874 he dedicated it to Tache and printed a letter of thanks from the bishop; it is there­ fore rather remarkable that part of the introduction to the dictionary is plagia­ rized from Tache's little sketch. However, Lacombe omits any reference to an 1-dialect, and seems to imply that all the Sakawiyiniwak, les Cris des bois ou de la foret (saka-wiyiniwak 'the people of the woods') use r: Les Cris des prairies habitent des loges ou tentes faites avec le cuir du buffle, tandis que ceux des bois, le plus souvent, n'ont pour abri que des cabanes d'ecorces ou de branches d'epinette. Les premiers parlent leur langue avec beaucoup de purete et d'elegance; les seconds per­ dent de cette purete, en empruntant quelque chose aux Maskegons, et surtout en se servant de IV a la place de l'v, pourtant si euphonique. [Lacombe 1874:x] THE MISSINIPI DIALECT OF CREE 291 Following Tache's lead, Lacombe (1874:x) further divides the Cris des bois (or du bois) into the Sakittawawiyiniwok, les gens de l'lle a la Crosse (sa-kihtawa-wiyiniwak 'the people of Ile-a-la-Crosse'), and the Aya- baskawiyiniwok, les gens du Rabaskaw (ayapaska-wiyiniwak 'the people of Athabasca'). However, in his "Tableau comparatif des changements que subissent, dans les langues algiques, les lettresy, r, th, I, «", Lacombe (1874:xv) gives a simpler classification: moi toi lui Cris proprement dits niya kiya wiya Cris d'Athabaskaw nira kira wira Presque tous les Cris des Bois nitha kitha witha Cris du Labrador nila kila wila Maskegons nina kina wina Algonquins et Sauteux nin kin win The Cree of Labrador are presumably the Moose Cree (cf. Michelson 1939:88), perhaps blended in Lacombe's mind with the /-dialect of Mon­ tagnais; they are certainly not the people of Ile-a-la-Crosse. Otherwise the table gives a reasonable overview of the known Cree dialects - Plains, "Athabaska", Woods, Moose, and Swampy - plus the Algonquin and Saulteaux dialects of Ojibwa, omitting only the Atikamekw of Quebec. Lacombe's table also gives namawiya 'no, not' with its variants namawira, namawitha [misprinted -witta] and namawila, and the defec­ tive example ni-miweyitten (i.e., nimiywe-yihte-n) T am glad', ni-miwerit- ten, ni-miwethitten, etc., for correct nimirwerihten, nimidwedihten (modem nimidwidihtin), nimilwelihte-n, niminwe-nihte-n. Bishop Horden (1881:2-3) provides independent evidence, probably obtained from Hudson's Bay Company sources, that an r-dialect existed, although he allocates it to Ile-a-la-Crosse; he was also the first to include York Factory within the Swampy Cree area: In the diocese of Moosonee the pronoun "I" is thus expressed in the different dialects :- Nela At Moose Factory, Nena At Albany, Severn, and York Factory, Neya On the E. Main coast; while it is Netha At English River, and Nera At Isle a la Crosse.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Rose Collection of Moccasins in the Canadian Museum of Civilization : Transitional Woodland/Grassl and Footwear
    THE ROSE COLLECTION OF MOCCASINS IN THE CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION : TRANSITIONAL WOODLAND/GRASSL AND FOOTWEAR David Sager 3636 Denburn Place Mississauga, Ontario Canada, L4X 2R2 Abstract/Resume Many specialists assign the attribution of "Plains Cree" or "Plains Ojibway" to material culture from parts of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In fact, only a small part of this area was Grasslands. Several bands of Cree and Ojibway (Saulteaux) became permanent residents of the Grasslands bor- ders when Reserves were established in the 19th century. They rapidly absorbed aspects of Plains material culture, a process started earlier farther west. This paper examines one such case as revealed by footwear. Beaucoup de spécialistes attribuent aux Plains Cree ou aux Plains Ojibway des objets matériels de culture des régions du Manitoba ou de la Saskatch- ewan. En fait, il n'y a qu'une petite partie de cette région ait été prairie. Plusieurs bandes de Cree et d'Ojibway (Saulteaux) sont devenus habitants permanents des limites de la prairie quand les réserves ont été établies au XIXe siècle. Ils ont rapidement absorbé des aspects de la culture matérielle des prairies, un processus qu'on a commencé plus tôt plus loin à l'ouest. Cet article examine un tel cas comme il est révélé par des chaussures. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies XIV, 2(1 994):273-304. 274 David Sager The Rose Moccasin Collection: Problems in Attribution This paper focuses on a unique group of eight pair of moccasins from southern Saskatchewan made in the mid 1880s. They were collected by Robert Jeans Rose between 1883 and 1887.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Languages
    INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES PRE-TEACH/PRE-ACTIVITY Have students look at the Indigenous languages and/or language groups that are displayed on the map. Discuss where this data came from (the 2016 census) and what biases or problems this data may have, such as the fear of self-identifying based on historical reasons or current gaps in data. Take some time to look at how censuses are performed, who participates in them, and what they can learn from the data that is and is not collected. Refer to the online and poster map of Indigenous Languages in Canada featured in the 2017 November/December issue of Canadian Geographic, and explore how students feel about the number of speakers each language has and what the current data means for the people who speak each language. Additionally, look at the language families listed and the names of each language used by the federal government in collecting this data. Discuss with students why these may not be the correct names and how they can help in the reconciliation process by using the correct language names. LEARNING OUTCOMES: • Students will learn about the number and • Students will learn about the importance of diversity of languages and language groups language and the ties it has to culture. spoken by Indigenous Peoples in Canada. • Students will become engaged in learning a • Students will learn that Indigenous Peoples local Indigenous language. in Canada speak many languages and that some languages are endangered. INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES Foundational knowledge and perspectives FIRST NATIONS “One of the first acts of colonization and settlement “Our languages are central to our ceremonies, our rela- is to name the newly ‘discovered’ land in the lan- tionships to our lands, the animals, to each other, our guage of the colonizers or the ‘discoverers.’ This is understandings, of our worlds, including the natural done despite the fact that there are already names world, our stories and our laws.” for these places that were given by the original in- habitants.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material Not for Distribution Fidler in Context
    TABLE OF CONTENTS acknowledgements vii introduction Fidler in Context 1 first journal From York Factory to Buckingham House 43 second journal From Buckingham House to the Rocky Mountains 95 notes to the first journal 151 notes to the second journal 241 sources and references 321 index 351 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION FIDLER IN CONTEXT In July 1792 Peter Fidler, a young surveyor for the Hudson’s Bay Company, set out from York Factory to the company’s new outpost high on the North Saskatchewan River. He spent the winter of 1792‐93 with a group of Piikani hunting buffalo in the foothills SW of Calgary. These were remarkable journeys. The river brigade travelled more than 2000 km in 80 days, hauling heavy loads, moving upstream almost all the way. With the Piikani, Fidler witnessed hunts at sites that archaeologists have since studied intensively. On both trips his assignment was to map the fur-trade route from Hudson Bay to the Rocky Mountains. Fidler kept two journals, one for the river trip and one for his circuit with the Piikani. The freshness and immediacy of these journals are a great part of their appeal. They are filled with descriptions of regional landscapes, hunting and trading, Native and fur-trade cultures, all of them reflecting a young man’s sense of adventure as he crossed the continent. But there is noth- ing naive or spontaneous about these remarks. The journals are transcripts of his route survey, the first stages of a map to be sent to the company’s head office in London.
    [Show full text]
  • Thistle Indian-Trader.Pdf
    THE UNIVERS]TY OF MANITOBA INDIAN--TRADER RELATIONS: AN ETHNOH]STORY OF WESTERN WOODS CREE.-HUDSONIS BAY COMPANY TRADER CONTACT IN THE CUMBERLAND HOUSE--THE PAS REGION TO 1840 A thesis subnitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirenents for the degree of Master of Art s in the Indívidual Tnterdisciplinary Programne (Anthropology, History, Educat i on) by Paul Clifford Thistle .Tu 1v 19 8 3 INDIAN--TRADDR REI-ATIONS: AN ETHNOII ISTORY 0F I¡]ESTERN WOODS CREE--HUDSONTS BAY COMPANY TRADER CONTACT IN THE CUMBERLAND HOUSE--THE PAS REGION TO I84O by PauI Cl ifford Thistle A tlìesis submitted to the Faculty of G¡aduate Studies ol the University of Manitobâ in partial fulfillment of the requirenìer.ìts of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS @ 1983 Pe¡missjon has been granted to the LIBRARY OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis. to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfilnr this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and UNIVERSITy MICROFILMS to publish an abstract of this thesis. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or other- wise reproduced without the autho¡'s w¡ittelr perurissiotr. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT vl1 CHAPTER I ]NTRODUCT ION 1 The Prob 1em 1 Purpose 3 Scope 4 S igni ficance 5 Method 11 The o ry T4 (i) Ethnic/Race Relations Theory 16 (ii) Ethnicity Theory 19 (iii) Culture Change and Acculturat i on Theory 22 Sumrnary Discussion 26 II ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE RELATION z8 Introduction .
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology of Brabant Lake
    THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF BRABANT LAKE A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Sandra Pearl Pentney Fall 2002 © Copyright Sandra Pearl Pentney All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, In their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (S7N 5B 1) ABSTRACT Boreal forest archaeology is costly and difficult because of rugged terrain, the remote nature of much of the boreal areas, and the large expanses of muskeg.
    [Show full text]
  • KI LAW of INDIGENOUS PEOPLES KI Law Of
    KI LAW OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES KI Law of indigenous peoples Class here works on the law of indigenous peoples in general For law of indigenous peoples in the Arctic and sub-Arctic, see KIA20.2-KIA8900.2 For law of ancient peoples or societies, see KL701-KL2215 For law of indigenous peoples of India (Indic peoples), see KNS350-KNS439 For law of indigenous peoples of Africa, see KQ2010-KQ9000 For law of Aboriginal Australians, see KU350-KU399 For law of indigenous peoples of New Zealand, see KUQ350- KUQ369 For law of indigenous peoples in the Americas, see KIA-KIX Bibliography 1 General bibliography 2.A-Z Guides to law collections. Indigenous law gateways (Portals). Web directories. By name, A-Z 2.I53 Indigenous Law Portal. Law Library of Congress 2.N38 NativeWeb: Indigenous Peoples' Law and Legal Issues 3 Encyclopedias. Law dictionaries For encyclopedias and law dictionaries relating to a particular indigenous group, see the group Official gazettes and other media for official information For departmental/administrative gazettes, see the issuing department or administrative unit of the appropriate jurisdiction 6.A-Z Inter-governmental congresses and conferences. By name, A- Z Including intergovernmental congresses and conferences between indigenous governments or those between indigenous governments and federal, provincial, or state governments 8 International intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) 10-12 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) Inter-regional indigenous organizations Class here organizations identifying, defining, and representing the legal rights and interests of indigenous peoples 15 General. Collective Individual. By name 18 International Indian Treaty Council 20.A-Z Inter-regional councils. By name, A-Z Indigenous laws and treaties 24 Collections.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Perspectives of Wellness in Manawan, an Atikamekw First Nation Community in Quebec, Canada: a Community-Based Participatory Research
    Community Perspectives of Wellness in Manawan, an Atikamekw First Nation Community in Quebec, Canada: A Community-Based Participatory Research Sonia Périllat-Amédée School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal April 2020 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Sciences Sonia Périllat-Amédée, April 2020 © Abstract Background: In 2018, the First Nation Atikamekw community of Manawan, in Quebec, participated in a Community Mobilization Training for the promotion of healthy lifestyles. Enhancement of community wellness was chosen as one of the measures to determine the impact of the community mobilization process. Wellness assessments tools tend to focus on measuring wellness at individual levels. Indigenous Peoples understand wellness wholistically and centered on social and natural relationships, and on community, thus wellness assessment should also be centered around these dimensions. Objectives: This research aimed to characterize concepts of wellness from youth, intervention workers, and Elders that could serve for community-specific wellness assessment. Methods: This community-based participatory research project employed concept mapping of wellness statements, which were generated through Photovoice with youth (n=6) and talking circles with intervention workers (n=9) and Elders (n=10). A final set of 84 wellness statements was selected and refined. Participants sorted each statement into thematic groups and rated them based on the priority of addressing the statement and the feasibility of implementing it. Concept maps were created using Concept Systems Global Max software based on sorting proximity and ratings calculations. Participants discussed the results at in-person interpretation sessions and named the wellness concept thematic groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Beads from the Hudson's Bay Company's Principal Depot, York Factory, Manitoba, Canada
    BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers Volume 25 Volume 25 (2013) Article 6 1-1-2013 Beads from the Hudson's Bay Company's Principal Depot, York Factory, Manitoba, Canada Karlis Karklins Gary F. Adams Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/beads Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, Science and Technology Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Repository Citation Karklins, Karlis and Adams, Gary F. (2013). "Beads from the Hudson's Bay Company's Principal Depot, York Factory, Manitoba, Canada." BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 25: 72-100. Available at: https://surface.syr.edu/beads/vol25/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers by an authorized editor of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BEADS FROM THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY’S PRINCIPAL DEPOT, YORK FACTORY, MANITOBA, CANADA Karlis Karklins and Gary F. Adams There is no other North American fur trade establishment whose half a dozen times in two separate international conflicts. longevity and historical significance can rival that of York Factory. It witnessed a naval engagement and suffered three direct Located in northern Manitoba, Canada, at the base of Hudson Bay, attacks. The factory was rebuilt seven times and was the it was the Hudson’s Bay Company’s principal Bay-side trading base of operations for such fur trade personalities as Pierre post and depot for over 250 years.
    [Show full text]
  • SAB 015 1994 P14-26 the Unlikely 18Th Century Naturalists Of
    Studies in Avian Biology No. 15: 14-26, 1994. THE UNLIKELY 18TH CENTURY NATURALISTS OF HUDSON’S BAY C. STUART HOUSTON Abstract. The Hudson’s Bay Territory, which included the entire drainage basin west to the Rocky Mountains, although one of the most thinly occupied areas in all of North America, was second only to South Carolina as the North American locality which contributed the most type specimens of birds. The collectors, fur traders ofthe Hudson’s Bay Company, were Alexander Light, James Isham, Thomas Hutchins, Humphrey Marten, Andrew Graham, and Samuel Heame. My researches in the Hudson’s Bay Company Archives and the Royal Society library have solved the long-standing confusion about the relative contributions of Andrew Graham and Thomas Hutchins to the Observationspublished in 1969 by the Hudson’s Bay Record Society. I have transcribed for publication the separate original “journals” of Graham and Hutchins and have compiled the largest dictionary of Cree Indian names of birds. Isham and Graham collected the most type specimens. Heame was the best naturalist. Hutchins, the medical doctor and best scientist, was the only one to have a taxon named for him. Key Words: Hudson’s Bay Territory; Alexander Light; James Isham; Humphrey Marten; Andrew Graham; Samuel Hearne; Thomas Hutchins; type specimens. From the Hudsons’ Bay Territory, one of front of scientific ornithology and taxono- the most thinly occupied areas in all of North my. America, came improbable but extremely Severn, with a year-round population of important contributions to 18th-Century 20 white fur traders, and Albany with 33, ornithology.
    [Show full text]
  • Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N3427 L2/08-132
    JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3427 L2/08-132 2008-04-08 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal to encode 39 Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics in the UCS Source: Michael Everson and Chris Harvey Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2008-04-08 1. Summary. This document requests 39 additional characters to be added to the UCS and contains the proposal summary form. 1. Syllabics hyphen (U+1400). Many Aboriginal Canadian languages use the character U+1428 CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL SHORT HORIZONTAL STROKE, which looks like the Latin script hyphen. Algonquian languages like western dialects of Cree, Oji-Cree, western and northern dialects of Ojibway employ this character to represent /tʃ/, /c/, or /j/, as in Plains Cree ᐊᓄᐦᐨ /anohc/ ‘today’. In Athabaskan languages, like Chipewyan, the sound is /d/ or an alveolar onset, as in Sayisi Dene ᐨᕦᐣᐨᕤ /t’ąt’ú/ ‘how’. To avoid ambiguity between this character and a line-breaking hyphen, a SYLLABICS HYPHEN was developed which resembles an equals sign. Depending on the typeface, the width of the syllabics hyphen can range from a short ᐀ to a much longer ᐀. This hyphen is line-breaking punctuation, and should not be confused with the Blackfoot syllable internal-w final proposed for U+167F. See Figures 1 and 2. 2. DHW- additions for Woods Cree (U+1677..U+167D). ᙷᙸᙹᙺᙻᙼᙽ/ðwē/ /ðwi/ /ðwī/ /ðwo/ /ðwō/ /ðwa/ /ðwā/. The basic syllable structure in Cree is (C)(w)V(C)(C).
    [Show full text]
  • “How Frigid Zones Reward the Advent‟Rers Toils”: Natural History Writing and the British Imagination in the Making of Hudson Bay, 1741-1752
    “How frigid Zones reward the Advent‟rers Toils”: Natural History Writing and the British Imagination in the Making of Hudson Bay, 1741-1752 by Nicholas Melchin B.A., Ottawa University, 2005 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History Nicholas Melchin, 2009 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-66809-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-66809-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse.
    [Show full text]
  • Directory – Indigenous Organizations in Manitoba
    Indigenous Organizations in Manitoba A directory of groups and programs organized by or for First Nations, Inuit and Metis people Community Development Corporation Manual I 1 INDIGENOUS ORGANIZATIONS IN MANITOBA A Directory of Groups and Programs Organized by or for First Nations, Inuit and Metis People Compiled, edited and printed by Indigenous Inclusion Directorate Manitoba Education and Training and Indigenous Relations Manitoba Indigenous and Municipal Relations ________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION The directory of Indigenous organizations is designed as a useful reference and resource book to help people locate appropriate organizations and services. The directory also serves as a means of improving communications among people. The idea for the directory arose from the desire to make information about Indigenous organizations more available to the public. This directory was first published in 1975 and has grown from 16 pages in the first edition to more than 100 pages in the current edition. The directory reflects the vitality and diversity of Indigenous cultural traditions, organizations, and enterprises. The editorial committee has made every effort to present accurate and up-to-date listings, with fax numbers, email addresses and websites included whenever possible. If you see any errors or omissions, or if you have updated information on any of the programs and services included in this directory, please call, fax or write to the Indigenous Relations, using the contact information on the
    [Show full text]