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Tamazgha in France Tamazgha in France Indigeneity and Citizenship in the diasporic Amazigh movement Jonathan Anthony Harris Geography Department University of Cambridge This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Fitzwilliam College May 2018 Thesis Summary This thesis examines how the Amazigh diaspora, networked in France’s Amazigh cultural associations, village committees and political movements, constructs an imaginative geography of North Africa, which they call Tamazgha, and the implications this has for this emergent and diverse group. It sets out to theorise and understand the political geographies of this diasporic social movement in the contemporary moment. It does so by approaching the Amazigh diaspora as its primary object of research within a relational, multiscalar analysis of its geopolitics. This thesis contributes to the subdiscipline of political geography as well as Amazigh studies. Drawing on ethnographic and documentary methods, including an experimental methodology for the digital sphere, it outlines the major themes of the diasporic Amazigh movement’s relationship to space and place; making the diaspora, articulating indigeneity, negotiating citizenship and accommodating nativism. It analyses facets of Amazigh diaspora politics at times as a nation, at others as a social movement, finding a productive interaction between these two concepts. It is both an imagined community of people who claim to share a common language and culture and a political movement entraining activists, members and political parties in the pursuit of political change. As an Indigenous people, it is both a transnational social movement calling on the states where they live to uphold the rights of their Amazigh populations, and also a nation with a flag, asserting its claim to sovereignty, however limited. The diaspora associations frame themselves as a social movement championing diverse citizenship and integration in French society, whilst homeland-oriented citizenship is mostly expressed in nationalistic terms. This thesis charts how the politics of this diasporic Amazigh movement contest and produce spatial imaginations in the contemporary context of Mediterranean integration, new nationalisms and populisms, and the fear of Islamist terrorism in French society. With its focus on the political and imaginative geographies of the diasporic Amazigh movement, the thesis is organised topically, elaborating on different facets of political subjectivities in four substantive chapters that focus on the core themes of diaspora, indigeneity, citizenship and nativism. Chapter 2 provides an historical and sociological context for the study, and Chapter 3 details its methodology. Chapter 4 examines diaspora as a geopolitical concept, understood on the one hand as like a social movement and on the other as like a nation. It presents an understanding of diaspora ‘as process’ or ‘assemblage’ ii that constantly reworks the boundaries of nation, state, community and identity, within an imaginative geography of ‘home’. Chapter 5 picks up from here to focus on how indigeneity is articulated as a political positioning in the diasporic Amazigh movement. Drawing on Stuart Hall’s terminology to theorise the politics of indigeneity in relation to place, it outlines several Indigenous articulations made in the discourse and practices of the leaders and members of diasporic Amazigh associations. Chapter 6 focuses on the discourses and practices of citizenship, which in the diaspora intersect, overlap and produce transnational spaces. Drawing out an empirical distinction between ‘diaspora- oriented’ and ‘homeland-oriented’ citizenships, the chapter details how citizenship practices in relation to French state and society can be understood as ‘ordinary’ whilst those in relation to North African state(s) and society are characterised more as performative ‘Acts’. Finally, chapter 7 homes in on Amazigh politics in the current context of increasingly influential nativist-populism in France and across Europe. iii Declaration This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the Faculty of Earth Sciences & Geography Degree Committee. iv Contents Declaration .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... viii Notes on the Text ............................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................... xi Glossary ........................................................................................................................... xiii Introduction: Tamazgha in France ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 Tamazgha in France? ................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Political Geography with(out) the State .................................................................... 5 1.3 Thesis Structure ...................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2: Approaching ‘Tamazgha in France’ ................................................................ 17 2.1 Historicising the Diasporic Amazigh Movement ................................................... 17 2.2 Sites of Citizenship ................................................................................................. 28 2.3 Articulations of Indigeneity/Autochtonie ................................................................ 32 2.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 36 Chapter 3: Getting to know the Amazigh diaspora (Methodology) ................................. 37 3.1 Methodological Approach ...................................................................................... 38 3.2 The Field ................................................................................................................. 41 3.3 Sampling ................................................................................................................. 44 3.4 Positionality ............................................................................................................ 45 3.5 Ethics....................................................................................................................... 48 3.6 Research Methods ................................................................................................... 49 3.7 Procedures for Analysis .......................................................................................... 57 3.8 Evaluation and Conclusion ..................................................................................... 58 Chapter 4: The making of an Amazigh diaspora .............................................................. 61 4.1 The geopolitics of Nationalism and Diaspora ......................................................... 63 v 4.2 Assembling the Diaspora, Assembling the Nation ................................................. 67 4.3 Tamazgha and pan-Amazighité ............................................................................... 73 4.4 Parochialisation of the Amazigh Diaspora .............................................................. 79 4.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 88 Calendar Snapshot: Yennayer ........................................................................................... 91 Chapter 5: Articulations of Amazigh Indigeneity ............................................................. 99 5.1 Enrolling the Amazigh in the Global Indigenous Movement ............................... 102 5.2 New Colonialism in the Post-Colonial State ......................................................... 106 5.3 Performing the ‘authentic’ North African autochtone .......................................... 111 5.4 Indigenous Territoriality at a Distance .................................................................. 118 5.5 Non-Indigenous Positioning .................................................................................. 124 5.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 127 Calendar Snapshot: Tafsut .............................................................................................. 129 Chapter 6: The Ordinary and the Act in Diasporic Citizenship ...................................... 137 6.1 An Act
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