94. Tiliaceae Acuminate, Base Acute, Petioles 1.5 Cm Long, Slightly Pubescent. Racemes Numerous. 6 Cm Long. Lateral from Below L

94. Tiliaceae 371 acuminate, base acute, petioles 1.5 cm long, slightly pubescent. Racemes numerous. 6 cm long. lateral from below leaves or in axils of fallen leaves, appressed-gray-pubescent; flowers upon 6-mm long pedicel; sepals whitish, lanceolate. 5 mm long, sparingly appressed-pubescent, margins densely so; petals about as long as sepals, cut halfway into 9 -11 slender segments, black, marginal sides hairy toward base stamens many; filaments hlspid very short; anthers linearly oblong, 2 mm long, cells unequal in length; ovaries villous, globose, surrounded by glandular rim. Philippines: Luzon (Laguna and Sorsogon), in primary forests at 400-650 m; in Mt. Maklling. Luzon, at 200-450 m

Com. name - Ma/aropit (Tag.) Exsicc. - Villamil CA 1753 (CAHP), 1293671 (US).

7. Elaeocarpus pendulus Merr., Publ. Gov. Lab. Philip. 29: 27.1905, En. Philip 3: 19, 1923. - E maqwltngensis Elm., Leaf!. Philip Bot. 8: 3080. 1919.

Trees small. Leaves terminally crowded, 8 x 3.5 cm, midrib pronounced with 5 pairs of obscure nerves, margins rugose distantly apiculate. caudately pointed. broadly obtuse at base; petioles 2-3 cm long. Inflorescences lateral, divaricately spreading below foliage, 3-7 cm long, occasionally branched, glabrous; pedicels 1 cm long, slender. Fruits dark green, ovoidly globose, equaling pedicels in dried, wrinkled state. subtended by yellowish rugose disc; seeds longitudinally rugose Throughout the Philippines, on ridges in the mossy forests 1000-2000 m; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon. on exposed ridges in the mossy forest up tothe summit, 900-1109 m.

Com. name - Borosa (I g.). Exsicc - Pancho CA 20390 (CAHP)

94. TILIACEAE

Trees or shrubs, infrequently herbs Leaves alternate, rarely opposite simple, entire or lobed; stipules free, usually caducous. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, solitary, fascicled. umbellate, cymose or panlcled; flowers unisexual or bisexual; sepals 3-5, free or connate. valvate; petals as many as sepals, rarely absent. imbricate or valvate; stamens uSlIafly numerous. springing from dilated torus or disc. filaments filiform. mostly free. anthers 2-celled; ovaries free. superior, 2· to 1O-celled; styles columnar or divided into as many divisions as there are cells in ovary: stigmas usually distinct. rarely confluent or sessile; ovules few to many in each cell Fruits fleshy or dry, dehiscent or indehiscent or 1- to 2-celled. sometimes with spurious partitions or 1-celled by abortion. seeds SOlitary or many, rarely without albumen. pendulous or at right angle to placenta 372 94. Tiliaceae

Genera 50, species 400; in tropical parts of the world, few in the temperate regions; 8 genera and 49 species in the Philippines.

1. Undershrubs 2. Capsules prickly ...... 1. Triumfelta 2. Capsules not prickly ...... 2. Corchorus 1. Trees 3. Fruits 3- to 5-winged ...... 3. Colona 3. Fruits wingless 4. Calyx segments free; fruits smooth 5. Stigma obviously widened ...... 4. Grewia 5. Stigma not widened, minutely tridentate ...... 5. Microcos 4. Calyx cam panulate; fruits longitudinally rugose ...... 6.Diplodiscus

1. TRIUMFETTA Linnaeus

Herbs or undershrubs erect or prostrate. Leaves with stellate hairs, toothed, entire or lobed. Flowers yellow, in dense axillary cymes or fascicles; sepals 5, oblong, concave, free; petals 5-merous, sometimes apetalous, glandular and often clawed at base; stamens 5-40, arising from a fleshy, lobed and glandular torus; ovaries 2- to 5-celled but often with spurious partitions, each cell 2-ovuled; styles simple, filiform; stigmas 2- to 5-toothed. Capsules globose or oblong to linear, covered with short or long, often hooked spines, indehiscent or 3- to 6-ovuled; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, pendulous, albuminous. Species 150 , of wide tropical distribution; 8 in the Philippines.

1. Spines of fruit glabrous; stamens 20-40 ...... 1. T bartramia 1. Spines of fruit with reflexed hairs; stamens 5-15 ...... 2. T semltriloba

1. Triumfetta bartramia L., Syst. ed. 10, 1044, 1759; Lay, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 37 382, 1950. Figure 109

Plants erect, suffrutescent, 0.5-1.5 m high. Main branches widely rebranched, reddish brown when dry, hairy when young. Leaves membranous, variable, much paler beneath, sparingly setose, usually orbicular or ovately rhomboid, 3- to 5-veined from base, 3-lobed, denticulate, gradually reduced toward distal end, oblong to ovately lanceolate, base rounded; petioles long and slender. Flowers 6 mm long, numerous in dense, axillary fascicles along slender branchlets. Fruits small, dry, globose, short-stalked, pubescent, brown in dry state, covered with hooked, glabrous spines. Pantropic. Widely disseminated in wastelands throughout the PhilifJpines; common weed. 94. Tiliaceae 373

I \ 4

=igure 109. Triumfetta bartramia: 1. habit; 2. fruit; 3. pistil: 4. stamen; 5. bract; 6. portion of stem, enlarged; 7. flower bud; 8. petal: 9. flower 374 94. Tiliaceae

Com . name - Kulut-kulutan (Pang., Tag.). Exsicc. - Cabrera CA 4994* (CAHP): Gabat 2212486 (US).

2. Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq., Select. Stirp. Amer. Hust. 147, 1763; Lay, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 37: 373,1950. Figure 110

Plants erect, somewhat shrubby, 1-2 m high. Twigs slender, stellately pubescent. Leaves membranous, paler beneath, 3-5 cm long, broadly ovate to obovate or upper ones oblong to broadly lanceolate and becoming reduced to mere bracts, base mostly broad and rounded or term inal ones obtuse or even acute, occasionally slightly 3-lobed In upper part, 3- or sometimes 5-veined from base, margins serrately toothed; petioles long, pubescent. Flowers in lax, axillary clusters along slender branch lets, buds oblong, up to 9 mm long; sepals apiculate. FrUits globose, 7-8 mm in diameter, pubescent, covered with hooked spines, the latter with scattered, retrorse, bristly hairs. PantropIc. Acommon weed in abandoned fields throughout the Philippines.

Com name-Kulutan (Tag.) Exsicc. - Champhaka CA 8105 Blancaver CA 4825*; Manala CA 10046: Estiaka, Jr. CA 1768 Gates CA 1770 (CAHP)

2. COR CHORUS l.innaeus

Herbs or undershrubs erect or spreading, often suffrutescent, nearly glabrous or covered with stellate pubescence. Leaves trequentlywith 2 short, tail-like appendages at base. Flowers yellow, small. in leaf-opposed, 1- to several-flowered cymes; sepals 4 or 5; petals as many as sepals, eglandular: stamens free. indefln ite or rarely twice as many as petals; ovanes 2- or 6- celled, styles short. stigmas cup-shaped. Capsules elongated, subglobose or slender, With or Without a beak. smooth or rugose, loculicldally 3- to 6-valved. occasionally witt! transverse partitions, seeds numerous, albuminous, pendulous or horizontal. Species 30 or more, widely disseminated throughout the troPICS: 3 in the Philippines.

1 Capsules globose, not beaked ...... 1. C capsularis 1 Capsules elongated, beaked 2 Capsules 6- to 8-winged, beak trifid...... 2 C. aestuans 2. Capsules 10-ribbed; beak entire ...... 3. C alitanus

I 1. Corchorus capsularis L , Sp. PI. 529, 1753; Chakravarty, Bull. Bot Soc. Beng 51: 76, 1951 Figure 111

Herbs erect. suffrutescent, 1-2 m high. Stems usually purplish. glabrous. widely branched Leaves membranous ovately lanceolate or oblong, 5-12 cm 94. Tiliaceae 373

2 3

=igure 109. Triumfetta bartramia: 1. habit; 2. fruit; 3. pistil; 4. stamen; 5. bract; 6. portion of stem, enlarged; 7. flower bud; 8. petal: 9. flower 374 94. Tiliaceae

Com. name - Kulut-kulutan (Pang., Tag.). Exsicc - Cabrera CA 4994* (CAHP); Gabot 2212486 (US ).

2. Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq., Select. Stirp. Amer. Hust. 147, 1763. Lay, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 37: 373,1950. Figure 110

Plants erect, somewhat shrubby, 1-2 m high. Twgs slender. stellately pubescent. Leaves membranous, paler beneath, 3-5 cm long, broadly ovate to obovate or upper ones oblong to broadly lanceolate and becoming reduced to mere bracts, base mostly broad and rounded or terminal ones obtuse or even acute, occasionally slightly 3-lobed In upper part, 3- or sometimes 5-veined from base, margins serrately toothed petioles long, pubescent Flowers In lax, axillary clusters along slender branchlets, buds oblong, up to 9 m m long; sepals apiculate. Fruits globose, 7-8 mm in diameter, pubescent, covered with hooked spines, the latter with scattered, retrorse. bristly hairs. Pantropic. Acommon weed in abandoned fields throughout the Philippines.

Com name - Kulutan (Tag.). Exsicc. - Cllamphaka CA 8105, B/ancaver CA 4825*. Manolo CA 10046; EStlOko, Jr. CA 1768. Gates CA 1770 (CAHP).

2. COR CHORUS Llnnaeus

Herbs or undershrubs erect or spreading. often suffrutescent, nearly glabrous or covered with stellate pubescence. Leaves frequently with 2 short, tail-like appendages at base. Flowers yellow, small, in leaf-opposed, 1- to several-flowered cymes; sepals 4 or 5; petals as many as sepals, eglandular: stamens free, indefin ite or rarely twice as many as petals; ovaries 2- or 6- celled styles short stigmas cup-shaped. Capsules elongated. subglobose or slender. with or without a beak. smooth or rugose. loculicldally 3- to 6-valved. occasionally with transverse partitions; seeds numerous albuminous, penduloLis or horizontal. Species 30 or more, widely disseminated throughout the tropIcs, 3 in the Philippines.

1 Capsules globose, not beaked 1. C capsularis 1. Capsules elongated. beaked 2. Capsules 6- to 8-winged, beak trifid 2 C. aestuans 2. Capsules 1 O-ribbed; beak entire ..... 3. C olltorills

1. Corchorus capsularis L., Sp. PI 529, 1753; Chakravarty, Bull. Bot. Soc. Beng 51 76.1951 Figure 111

Herbs erect. suffrutescent. 1-2 m high Stems usually purplish. glabrous. widely branched Leaves membranous ovately lanceolate or oblong, 5-12 cm 94. Tiliaceae 375 1

Figure 110. Triumfetta semitriloba 1. habit; 2. stamen; 3. flower; 4. seed; 5. sepal with cucullate apex; 6. petal with ciliate claw; 7. ovary, cross section; 8. capsule; 9. pistil; 10. flower bud; 11. stem, enlarged to show stipule. 376 94. Tiliaceae

[":;;. 2

EI @ :J 10 4 l~

Figure 111, Corchorus capsu/aris: 1, habit; 2, portion of stem, enlarged to show stipules; 3, capsule; 4, seed, 2 views; 5, flower; 6, petal; 7. stamen, 2 views; 8, ovary; g, ovary, cross section; 10 , ovary, vertical section, 94. Tiliaceae 375 1

6 ~ 7

Figure 110. Triumfetta semitriloba: 1. habit; 2. stamen; 3. flower 4. seed; 5. sepal with cucullate apex; 6. petal with ciliate claw; 7. ovary, cross section; 8. capsule; 9. pistil; 10. flower bud; 11. stem , enlarged to show stipule 376 94. Tiliaceae

8 If

Figure 111. Corchorus capsu/aris: 1. habit; 2. portion of stem, enlarged to show stipules; 3. capsule; 4. seed, 2 views; 5. flower; 6. petal; 7. stamen, 2 views; 8. ovary; 9. ovary, cross section; 10. ovary, vertical section. 94. Tiliaceae 377

long. paler beneath, midrib with 5-7 pairs of much-ascending nerves, sharply serrate, slenderly acuminate, base rounded or subcuneate and ciliately tailed; petioles 4 cm long or shorter; stipules setaceous, linear, 5-8 mm in length. Flowers few, 4 mm long: s'epals often purple. Capsules globose to globosely obovoid, averaging 1 cm in diameter, longitudinally ridged, roughened or muricate, 5-valved. dehiscent from apex to base, valves without transverse septa. Native of India. Spontaneous and well-scattered in open, low, wastelands in and near settlements throughout the Philippines; probably introduced at some early date.

Com. name - Pasau-na-bi/ag (Tag.). Exs±:;c.- Gates CA 1778" (CAHP).

2. Corehorus aestuans L., Syst ed. 10. 1079, 1759. - C. acutangu/us Lam., Encycl. 2: 104, 1786; Merr., En. Philip. 3: 23, 1923. Figure 112

Herbs low, suffrutescent, about 0.5 m high. Stems reddish brown, somewhat hairy. Leaves ovateorovately oblong, 3-veined, finely and crenately toothed, acute or upper much-reduced ones acuminate, base rounded or slightly cordate and ciliately 2-tailed; petioles 0.5-2.5 cm long; stipules linear to subulate. Flowers as long as leaf stalks, usually 2 or 3. Capsules ascending, subsessile, narrowly oblong or linear, 2-3 x 0.4-0.6 cm, prominently longitudinally 6- to 8-ridged or 3 of the angles winged, abruptly terminated into .3 or 4 erect or divergent beaks with obscure transverse marks. Pantropic. Throughout the Philippines, in open wastelands at low and medium altitudes.

Com. name - Sa/uyat (Ilk., Tag.). Ii Exsicc. - Gates CA 1776, 1777; Guantes CA 10751"; Or/ida CA 12976 (CAHP).

3. Core horus olitorius L, Sp. PI. 529, 1753; Merr., En. Philip. 3: 23,1923. Figure 113

Herbs or undershrubs erect, often woody at base, 0.5-2.5 m high. Leaves ovate or ovately lanceolate, 5-12 cm long, often with clusters of small ones near axils, 3- to 5-veined, margins serrately toothed. 2 lower serratures extended into long, sharp points, acuminate, broadly rounded or subcordate at base; petioles 3-5 cm long, pilose; stipules with laciniate appendages. Peduncles 1- to 3-flowered, shorter than leaf stalks. Flowers 6 mm long; petals spatulate, onger than sepals. Capsules elongated, obscurely 10-costate, much-ascending, ubsessile, cylindric, 3-5 cm long, 3-or 6-valved, gradually short-beaked, valves ith transverse partitions between seeds. 378 94. Tiliaceae

5 1 9 4 ~l 2 V 3 11mm

Figure 112 . Corchorus aestuans: 1. habit; 2. flower; 3. petal; 4. stamen; 5. pistil: 6. capsule. vertical section; 7. capsule. cross section; 8. seed,j 2 views; 9. portion of stem, enlarged to show band of hairs; 10. basal portion of leaf, enlarged. 94. Tiliaceae 379

Figure 113. Corchorus olitorius: 1. hab!t; 2. portion of stem with stipule; 3. flower; 4. stamen; 5. ova ry, vertical section; 6. ovary, cross section; 7.petal with hairy base; 8. fruit; 9. seed, 2 views. 380 94. Tiliaceae

Native of India. Widely distributed weed throughout the Philippines; in open. usually damp or wet areas; probably introduced in prehistoric times.

Com. name - Ma/asaluyot (Tag.). Exsicc - Gates CA 1779*; Orlido CA 22247 (CAHP),

3 ,COLONA Cavanilles

Trees, Leaves distichous, palmately nerved, finely dentate, inequilateral Flowers axillary, terminal, cymose, often in many-flowered terminal panicles, bisexual; cymules 3-flowered; involucral bracts 3, caducous; sepals 5, free; petals 5, with gland inside at base, gland surrounded by whorl of hairs; upper margin of receptacle slightly lobed, hairy; disc absent; stamens numerous, all fertile; anthers dorsifixed, oval, laterally dehiscent; ovaries 3- to 4-celled, densely stellately pubescent, each cell with 2 rows of 1-2 ovules, Fruits globose, 3- to 4-winged, 1- to 4-seeded. Species 18 or more, tropical Asia; 14 in the Philippines.

1. Colona serratifolia Cav" Ic. 4; 47. t. 370, 1797. - Columbia serratifolia (Cav) DC" Prodr. 1: 512,1824; Merr" En, Philip, 3: 29,1923 Figure 114

Shrubs orwideiy spreading trees, up to 15 m or more high, Leaves ovately oblong or lanceolate, 10-20 cm long, coarsely or finely serrate, hirsute beneath, acuminate, base very oblique, Panicles 10-30 cm long; flowers ,clustered, 5-7 mm long; sepals pubescent; petals dull pink, yellowish red toward base, Capsules 1 cm long, broader than long, 3- or 4-winged, light and dry. Throughout the Philippines, In thickets and woods of parang formation.

Com. name - Anilao (Bik" C. Bis., Mag" Tag., P Bis., S.-L. Bis" Sui). Exslcc. - Cabrera CA 4850; Estioko, Jr. CA 1760', 1761 Orlido CA 10369, 12385; Quiban CA 4590; Gates CA 1762, 12422 (CAHP); Mendoza 2125812; McGregor 1238983; Elmer 1050073 (US)

4 GREWIA Linnaeus

Trees or erect shrubs, sometimes scandent, stellately pubescent Leaves 1- to 9-ner'Ved, mostly 3-nerved, similarly hairy, toothed orentire, Inflorescences paniculate, cymose, fascicled or umbelled; sepals 5, free; petals 5, glandular at base, sometimes wanting; stamens indefinite on a raised torus; ovarres 2- or 4-celled, each cell with 2 or more ovules; styles subulate; stigmas very short-lobed Drupes fleshy or fibrous, entire or 2- to 4-celled; pyrenes 1-4, each 1- to 2- or several-seeded, when 2-seeded then with false partitions between seeds 94. Tiliaceae 381

Figure 114. Colona serratifolia: 1. flowering and fruiting branch; 2. petal showing gland at base; 3. ovary, cross section; 4. ovary, v.ertical section; 5. flower; 6. ovary; 7. seed; 8. capsule. 382 94. Tiliaceae

Species 70. more, throughout the tropics of the Old World; 14 In the Philippines.

1. Peduncles longer than petioles, 2- to 5-flowered ...... 1. G multiflora 1. Peduncles equaling petioles, 3-flowered ...... 2. G rolfei

1. Grewia multiflora Juss., An. Mus. Hist Nat. Paris 4: 89, t. 47, f.1. 1804; Merr., En. Philip. 3: 26,1923.

Shrubs or small trees. Branches slender, sparsely pubescent when young. Leaves ovately oblong orsubelliptlc, 4-14 x 2.5-5 cm. 3-veined, margins serrate, acute to acuminate, base somewhat inequilateral, obtusely rounded; stipules subulate. Peduncles longer than petioles, 2- to 5-flowered; pedicels umbellately spreading; buds globose or ovoid, flowers yellowish green, 1 cm across; sepals pubescent outside, much longer than petals. conaceous; petals entire, glabrous, easily falling off. Fruits obovoid or ellipsoid, 6 mm long, frequently didymous in dry state, glabrate and purplish black when old; stone 1-seeded. Malay Peninsula and New Guinea. Throughout the Philippines, in shrubberies and woods in hilly areas

Com . name - Danglin (Pamp., Ilk., Tag.). Exsicc. - Pancho CA 1773. 10799, 10800. Baker CA 1771; Jarmin CA1772 (CAHP); Rat10ses 2212498: Ogden. Jr. 2212518; Baiiaga 2212455; Olegario 2212427; Foxworthy's col/ector 1091558 (US)

2. Grewia rolfei Merr., Philip. J. Sc. 7 (Bot): 302, 1912; En. Philip. 3: 27,1923.

Trees small. Leaves ovately oblong, 5-12 x 3.5 cm, with 3 pairs of nerves. the basal pair reaching above middle of blade, nerves short-stellately pubescent, denticulate at acuminate apex, rounded at inequilateral base; petioles 5-10 mm long. Peduncles equaling petioles, numerous in leafaxils, 3-flowered, short-pubescent; pedicels shorter, umbellately spreading, subtended by whorl of bracteoles; sepals narrowly oblong, pubescent, becoming reflexed; petals membranous, one half as long as sepals; stamens indefinite; ovaries densely villous . Fruits usually in pairs, connate at base, obscurely didymous, 5-8 mm long, short-stellate when young. Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao (Bukidnon. in thickets at low altitudes; in Mt. Makiling, l.uzon, in the parang vegetation .

Com. name - Maladanglin (Tag.) . Exsicc. - Curran 714188(US). 94. Tiliaceae 383

5. MICROCOS Linnaeus

Trees or erect shrubs, often scan dent. Leaves entire or shallowly crenate. Flowers in 1 to several, 3-flowered cymes combined into axillary or terminal panicles, bisexual, small; pedicels short; bracts often 3-fid, involucrate; perianth 5-merous or often apetalous; stamens 5 to many; ovaries 1- to 3-celled; ovules 2-8 in each cell; styles narrowed toward apex; stigmas not widened, inconspicuously lobed. Fruits globose or pyriform, not lobed; seeds exalate, endosperm present. Species 50; tropical Africa, Asia to Australia; 3 in the Philippines.

1. Microcos stylocarpa (Warb.) Burret, Notizbl. Berl.-Dahl. 9: 780, 1827; - Grewia stylocarpa Warb. in Perk., Fragm. FI. Philip. 1: 104, 1904.

Trees medium-sized. Leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong, 12-18 x 5 cm, midrib with 4-6 pairs of ascendinglycurved nerves, paler beneath, reticulations evident, entire, slenderly acum in ate, obtuse or obtusely rounded at base, petioles 1.5 cm long . Panicles laxly rebranched, finely pubescent, flower-bearing stalks as long as petioles; involucre thick, caducous; fiowers yellowish white, few within each involucre, short-stalked, turbinate, grayish tomentose; petals very small, membranous, glabrate; stamens many, not exceeding calyx, glabrate; ovaries brown-ciliate. Fruits obovoid, 2 cm long, basal portion stipitate, when dry yellow; pericarp fleshy. Borneo. Throughout the Pnilippines, in forests at low and medium altitudes; in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, scattered but locally numerous at low and medium altitudes.

Com. name - Kamuling (Tag.). Exsicc. - Estrada CA 4589; Dimaculangan CA 3090; Gates CA 1774, 1775; Banaag CA 2874 (CAHP); Elmer 854539; Robinson & Brown 902272; McGregor 898132 (US).

6. DIPLODISCUS Turczaninow

Trees. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, entire, chartaceous. Inflorescences terminal in leafy panicles; flowers bisexual, 5-merous; calyx campanulate, 3- to 5-lobed; stamens numerous, free, grown to elevated receptacle, innermost 5 transformed to linear staminodia; anthers spherical, thecae confluent; ovaries 5-celled with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell; styles simple, 5-parted. Fruits 1- to 3-celled capsules, each cell 1-seeded. Six species in Malay Peninsula and Borneo; 2 in the Philippines.