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Antropologie Smrti Masarykova univerzita v Brně Přírodovědecká fakulta Ústav antropologie Antropologie smrti: Komparační sociokulturníanalýza umírání, smrti, kulturníchritůarituálů. Předovýchodnícivilizace Magisterská diplomová práce Zpracovala: Bc. Alena Štefková Konzultant: PhDr. Marie Pardyová, Csc. Brno 2008 1 Cojstevy,byli jsmeimy,cojsmemy,budetei vy. (Častýnápisnadvchodemdohřbitovů.) Život se podobáohni: začínákouřemakončí popelem. (arabské přísloví) 2 Formální prohlášení: Prohlašuji,že jsem tutomagisterskoudiplomovoupráci vypracovala samostatně a s použitímliteraturyainternetovýchzdrojůuvedenýchvseznamuliteratury. VBrně,20.4.2008 __________________________________ AlenaŠtefková 3 Poděkování: Ráda bych poděkovala PhDr. Marii Pardyové, Csc., za ochotu a doporučenou literaturu. Stejně tak bych ráda poděkovala PhDr. Janě Součkové, DrSc. za pomoc s vyhledánímliteraturya potřebnýchfaktů. 4 Obsah 1 Abstrakt …........................................................................................ 8 2 Klíčová slova......................................................................................8 3 Úvod................................................................................................... 9 4 Mezopotámie................................................................................... 13 4.1 Hi storie............................................................................................... 13 4.2 Po hřební ritus..................................................................................... 16 4.3 Po hřební výbava................................................................................. 19 4.4 Ob dobí smutku................................................................................... 20 4.5 Kr álovský hřbitov v Uru.................................................................... 21 4.6 St voření člověka................................................................................. 24 4.7 Po smrtný život a podsvětí.................................................................. 25 4.7.1 Po smrtný život apodsvětí................................................................... 25 4.7.2 Bo hové podsvětíadémoni.................................................................. 28 4.7.3 Vy mítáníducha................................................................................... 29 5 Semitská etnika............................................................................... 31 5.1 A morejci............................................................................................. 31 5.1.1 Hi storie............................................................................................... 31 5.1.2 Ku lturaanáboženství......................................................................... 32 5.1.3 Po hřební zvyky.................................................................................... 33 5.2 Ka naanejci.......................................................................................... 36 5.2.1 Foi ničané............................................................................................. 36 5.2.1.1 Hi storie...................................................................................... 36 5 5.2.1.2 Ku lturaanáboženství................................................................ 37 5.2.1.3 Po hřební zvyky …........................................................................38 5.2.1.4 Po hřebnívýbavaatruchlení …..................................................41 5.2.1.5 Po dsvětí …..................................................................................41 5.2.2 He brejci/Izraelité................................................................................. 43 5.2.2.1 Hi storie …...................................................................................43 5.2.2.2 Ná boženstvíakultura................................................................ 44 5.2.2.3 Po hřební zvyky........................................................................... 45 5.2.2.4 Po hřebnívýbava........................................................................ 48 5.2.2.5 Ob dobí smutku........................................................................... 49 5.2.2.6 Po smrtný život apodsvětí.......................................................... 49 5.2.2.7 Ne kromantie............................................................................... 51 6 Indoevropská etnika....................................................................... 52 6.1 Ár jové/Íránci...................................................................................... 52 6.1.1 Ná boženství......................................................................................... 52 6.1.2 Mé dové................................................................................................ 53 6.1.3 Pe ršané............................................................................................... 54 6.1.4 Po hřební zvyky starévíry................................................................... 55 6.1.5 Po hřební zvyky zoroastrismu.............................................................. 56 6.1.6 Stv ořeníčlověka.................................................................................. 57 6.1.7 Po smrtný život starévíry.................................................................... 57 6.1.8 Po smrtný život v zoroastrismu............................................................ 57 6.2 Ch etité................................................................................................ 59 6 6.2.1 Hi storie............................................................................................... 59 6.2.2 Ná boženstvíakultura......................................................................... 60 6.2.3 Po hřební zvyky.................................................................................... 61 6.2.4 Čtr náctidenní pohřebnírituálchetitskéhokrále................................. 63 6.2.5 Po dsvětí............................................................................................... 65 6.2.6 Ku lt předků......................................................................................... 66 6.3 Lý dové................................................................................................ 67 6.3.1 Hi storie................................................................................................ 67 6.3.2 Po hřební zvyky.................................................................................... 68 6.4 Fr ygové............................................................................................... 71 6.4.1 Hi storie............................................................................................... 71 6.4.2 Ku lturaanáboženství......................................................................... 71 6.4.3 Po hřební zvyky.................................................................................... 72 6.5 Ly kové................................................................................................ 74 6.5.1 Hi storie............................................................................................... 74 6.5.2 Ku lturaanáboženství......................................................................... 74 6.5.3 Po hřební zvyky.................................................................................... 75 7 Ostatní etnika................................................................................. .79 7.1 Ná rody Arménie................................................................................. 79 7.1.1 Ch urrité............................................................................................... 79 7.1.1.1 Hi storie...................................................................................... 79 7.1.1.2 Ku lturaanáboženství................................................................ 80 7 7.1.1.3 Po hřební zvyky........................................................................... 80 7.1.1.4 Po dsvětíakomunikace smrtvými.............................................. 81 7.1.2 Kr álovstvíUrartu................................................................................ 82 7.1.2.1 Hi storie...................................................................................... 82 7.1.2.2 Ku lturaanáboženství................................................................ 83 7.1.2.3 Po hřební zvyky........................................................................... 84 7.1.2.4 Po smrtný život........................................................................... 86 7.2 Pli štejci/Filištíni................................................................................. 87 7.2.1 Hi storie............................................................................................... 87 7.2.2 Ku lturaanáboženství......................................................................... 88 7.2.3 Po hřební zvyky.................................................................................... 88 7.3 El amité............................................................................................... 90 7.3.1 Hi storie............................................................................................... 90 7.3.2 Ku lturaanáboženství......................................................................... 91 7.3.3 Po hřební zvyky.................................................................................... 91 7.3.4 Po dsvětí..............................................................................................
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