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INDEX Abbott Laboratories, 80, 180 Anlimora mslrata, 128, 136, 148, 150, 196 Bahama Islands, 72, 76, 85. 142 abyssal region, 4, 63, 93, 112, 126-138, 139 Antipatharia, 91, 93, 97, 1-10, 178, 190 bait experiment, 60, 62, 119, 130, 132, 135, Acanthucope, 105 antipathin, 97 1.36, 138 Acanthomunnopsidae, 105 Aphrocallislt's, 86, 90, 188 Balanoglossiis, 126. 195 Acaiithopbarynx, 123 beatrix; 86, 188 Baltimore, MD, 29, 35, 167, 168, 208 acoustical grid, 49, 54 Aphrocallistidae, 88, 188 Bancroft Library, 19 Acrotretida, 193 Apodida, 121, 194 Bank of California, San Francisco, 20, 35 Acryptolaria conferta, 92, 189 apophysis, 100, 155, 160 Banking House of Henry Hentsch, 177 Actinauge, 95, 189 Apristnrus, 133 Barathrudemus manatinus, 82, 108, 128, Actinernidae, 95, 189 Araeolaimida, 123 129, 137, 138, 150, 196 Actinermis, 95, 189 Araeosoma, 121, 194 barbels, 136, 137, 147 michaelsarsi, 95, 189 belli, 121 barnacles, 70, 94, 104, 109, 110, 119, 139, nobilis, 95, 189 Archaeogastropoda, 190 140, 179, 193 Actiniaria, 93-95, 97, 140, 189 archaeological construct model, 165 pedunculate, 94, 109, 119, 140, 193 Aclinomycetes, 80, 81, 180 archaeology, 4, 6, 59, 61, 159, 179-181 sessile, 70, 109, 140, 193 Actinopterygii, 195 Arch aster, 113 Barnard, Jerry L, 106, 179, 192 Aclinoscypbia, 95, 189 Arcoscalpellum regiiun, 109, 193 barophilic response. 80, 145 Actinoscyphiidae, 95, 189 Arctic region, 72, 116, 130-132 Battelle Memorial Institute, 6, 179 Aclinostola rule, 95 Arctic whaling stations, 132 Bates, Rebecca Platt, 208 Actinostoliclae, 95, 178, 189 Arcturidae, 105 Bathocyroe, 122, 190 Adams, Capt. H. A., LJSN, 44 Argonauta argu, 192 fosleri, 190 Adenophorea, 123, 190 Argonauticlae, 192 Bathocyroidae, 190 admiralty law, 51, 180 argonauts, 7 bathyal waters, 97, 1.38 Aega gracilipes, 106, 146, 192 Aristotle's lantern, 120 Bathyctenidae, 123 Aegiclae, 192 arthrobacteria, 80, 81 Bathygnathia, 105 Agalmidae, 189 Arthropoda, 97, 104, 105, 192 bathymetry, 63, 71, 76, 179 Agassiz, Alexander, 4, 5, 92 Articulata, 125, 193 Bathypectinura hews, 102, 118. 138, 194 Agnatha, 134 Ascidiacea, 126, 195 Bathypolypodinae, 140, 192 Asellota, 105, 106, 108, 192 Ahearn, Cynthia, 112, 113, 121, 122, 194 Bathyraja pallida, 150 Aspidochirotida, 194 Albany, NY, 41 Batoidea, 195 assayers, 33, 173-175, 177 Alcyonaria (=Octocorallia), 92, 93, 189 Bayer, Frederick M., 93, 95, 179, 189 Astacilla, 105 Alcyoniidae, 91-93, 140, 189 Bellocia koefoed, 150 Astacolus, 197 Aldrovandia, 147 Benicia, CA, 39 albatrossi, 197 Alepocephalidae, 147, 150 benthic fauna, 4, 60, 67. 78, 79, 91, 104-107, occidentalis, 197 Alepocephalus agassizi, 147, 150 113, 123-129, 134, 138-149, 178 Asteroidea, 112-118, 194 algae, 24, 82, 83, 85, 120, 123, 124 144 benthic storm, 64, 72, 78, 80, 178 Asterostomatidae, 113, 120, 121, 140, 194 brown, 24, 72, 82, 120, 140, 144, 187 benthic zone, 72, 104, 126, 138, 139, 145 Asterozoa, 139, 194 golden-brown, 187 Benthoctopus, 102, 192 Astropectiniclae, 112, 140, 194 Alopias, 133 new species, 102, 192 Astrorhizidae, 187, 197 oregonae, 102, 192 superciliosus, 133 Atlanta peroni, 64, 97, 98, 191 vulpinus, 133 benthopelagic zone, 79, 138 Atlantic Deep Water, 72 Benthos, Inc., 153, 180 Alopiidae, 133 Atlantic Ocean, 72, 98, 127, 131, 139 Amazon River Expedition, 19, 20, 28, 29 Bermuda Rise, 63, 68 Atlantidae, 191 Bermuda, 72 ambulacral groove, 111, 112, 113, 116, 121 Atolla, 92, 189 American Museum of Natural History, 130, Bessemer process, 149 Atollidae, 189 bilateral symmetry, 120, 121, 125 132, 134, 138, 180, 195, 196 Atyoidea, 192 American River, 7 biogenic fall-out, 72 auditory capsules, 136 biogeochemical process, 163, 178 Ammobaculites agglutinans, 197 Audubon, John James, 43 Ammodiscidae, 187, 197 biological oasis, 78, 119, 139 Audubon, John Woodhouse, 39, 40 biological productivity, 71, 73, 82, 149 Ammodiscus, 84, 187, 197 Audubon, Victor, 43 incertus, 84, 197 bioluminescence, 73, 115, 122, 130 Aulocalycidae, 86, 88-90, 188 bioturbation, 78 Ampheraster alaminos, 61, 107, 113, 114, new genus and species, 86, 89, 90, 188 116, 142, 144, 194 biramous appendages, 105, 109 Aulococtena, 123 bivalves, 88, 94, 97, 100, 101, 104-109, 115, Amphipoda, 104, 106, 115, 139-141, 147, autocatalytic process, 170 149, 179, 192 autotomy, 117 116, 119, 125, 132, 139, 140, 142, 144, ampullae of Lorenzini, 127 autozooids, 125 146, 149, 154, 160, 190 Amygdalum, 100, 190 avicularia, 125 cuspidariid 100, 140, 190 Anasca, 193 axial rod, 68, 69, 93, 94 mytiloid, 100, 140 Andrews, John, 40 Axinellida, 87, 188 pholadid, 88, 100, 139, 140 anglerfish, 148 stromboid, 100, 101 Anguilliformes (eels), 134, 135, 140, 195 Bacillariophyceae, 83, 187 teredinid, 100, 106, 140 animal phyla, 84-138 Bacillus, 80, 81 woodborers, 88, 100, 104, 107, 115, Annapolis, MD, 14, 20. 45 bacteria, 4, 70, 76, 79-81, 90. 123, 124, 119, 132, 142-146. 154, 155, 163, 190 Annelida, 103, 104, 124, 192 139-152, 153. 157, 162, 187 Bivalvia (=Pelecypocla), 97, 98. 190 Anomalodesmata (=Septibranchia), 190 cocci and rods, 81, 152 black gang (boiler-room crew), 16 Anomura, 106, 107, 108, 193 filamentous, 80, 81 Blake & Co., 177 anoxia, 82, 151, 178 iron-oxidizing, 4, 70, 81, 149, 152, 153 Blake Escarpment, 72, 76 Antarctic Bottom Water, 72, 75 non-filamentous, 80, 81 Blake Plateau, 4, 63, 76 Antarctic region, 72, 116 reducing, 153 Blake Ridge, 4, 46, 72, 73. 76, 78, 98, 102, Antedonidae, 194 rods, 81 149. 150, 178. 187 Antennuloniscus, 105 sheath-forming, 152, 153. 187 Blake, Gorham, 177 Anthomastus agassizi, 88, 93, 189 sulfate-reducing, 151-153 Blake-Bahama Abyssal Plain, 63 Anthomedusae, 189 sulfur, 157 Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge, 62, 63, 76 Anthozoa, 92-97, 139, 189 symbiotic, 124, 156 bloodsuckers and bloodmeal, 106 214 INDEX VOL. 94 blowndown, 16 Canary Current, 71 Chondrichthyes, 126-134, 195 body torsion, 91 Candeina nitida, 197 Chondropbellia coronata, 65. 67, 95, 115, Bolinopsidae, 190 canisters (textiles experiment). 77 190 Bolivia, 174 Cape Fear, NC, 4. 47, 62 Chonelasma, 88-91,101, 188 Buliuina, 197 Cape Hatteras, NC, 45, 62, 68, 76, 139 choanoides, 88, 89. 91, 188 paula, 197 Cape Henry, VA, 22, 43 Chordata, 126-138, 195 psendoplicata, 197 Cape Horn. 8, 11, 19 Chromaclorida, 123 subaenariensis, 197 Cape Roman, SC, 47 chronometer and watch, 38, 42, 43 Bolivinitidae, 197 capitulum, 109 Chrysogorgia, 67-69, 71, 86, 88, 90, 93, Boston Submarine Marine Armor Co., 30 Caraharinus longimanus, 127 94 96, 101, 111, 115, 119, 151, 189 Boston, MA, 11 Carcharhiniformes, 133 new species,67-69, 71, 90. 93. 94-96, bottom water, 72, 75 Carcharodun carcharias, 133 101, 111, 115, 119, 151, 189 Bouergueticrinida, 140, 193 cargo, 4, 5, 8, 11, 14-20, 149, 159, 178 Chrysogorgiidae, 93, 189 Bounty Trough, 78 Caribbean Sea, 21, 76, 82, 92, 113, 160 Chrysophyta, 83, 187 Bowman, T. E., 106, 107, 109, 192, 193 Caridea. 88, 106, 107, 140, 149, 192 cilia, 84, 92, 94-96, 98, 100, 104, 111, 112, Brachiopoda, 94, 125, 126, 140, 193 carina plate, 109 116, 117, 121, 122, 124-126. 142 Brachyura, 106-108, 193 Carinaria lamarcki, 64, 97, 191 Ciliophora, 84 Braun Research Library, 40 Carinariidae, 191 Circoporidae, 85, 188 Bresiliidae, 107 Carolina coast, 47, 78, 105, 123, 141, 177 Circostephanus coronarius, 85, 188 Brisinga, 58, 65-70, 91, 96, 113-120, 194 Caiyometra alope, 67, 68, 94, 111, 112, Cirolaniclae, 105 coronata, 115 119, 151, 194 cirri, 109-111 costata, 96, 113, 117, 118, 194 Caryophylliidae, 190 Cirripedia, 104, 109, 193 cricophora, 58, 65, 67, 68, 70, 91, Cassidulina subglobosa, 197 Civil War, 5, 12, 31, 40, 41, 45, 153 Clark, Eugenie, 130, 134, 179, 195 113-116, 117, 119, 120, 194 Cassidulinidae, 197 claspers, 127, 130, 134, 154 endecacenmos, 115 CassidyJohnM., 89, 179 Clavularia, 188 Brisingidae, 51, 52, 59, 65, 91, 96, 112-120, Cataetyx laticeps, 150 140, 142, 144, 145, 194 Catapsydracidae, 197 Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, 20 British Isles, 149 Caulocalyx, 86, 88, 130, 188 Clio, 64, 99, 191 brittle stars, 57, 67, 78, 101, 102, 104, tenera, 86, 88, 188 cuspidata (cuspidate clio), 99, 191 110-113, 118-120, 132, 138, 140, 194 Caulophacidae, 88, 188 polita (two-keelecl clio), 99 bronze disease, 154 Caulophacus, 188 pyramidata (pyramid clio), 64, 99, 191 brood, 105, 106, 108, 112, 113, 116, 120-122, agassizi, 188 recurva (wavy clio), 64, 99, 191 124, 125, 135 arcticus, 188 clipper ship, 11, 12, 35 brotulids, 129, 137, 150, 196 Cavolinia, 64, 99, 191 Cniclaria (=Coelenterata), 82, 91-97, 122, Bryant's Minstrels, 21, 34 gibbosa (humpback cavoline), 64, 99, 142, 143, 149, 189 Biyozoa (=Ectoprocta), 82, 87, 94, 124, 125, " 191 cnidocytes, 91, 93 140, 178, 181, 193 inflexa (inflexed cavoline), 64, 99, 191 coal, 16-18, 20, 26, 30, 34, 50, 51, 60, 65, buccal velum, 110 longirustris (long-snout cavoline), 64, 67, 86, 93, 103, 107, 112, 122, 143, 152, 159, 162, 163, 178 Buchanan, President James, 43 99, 191 Coccosphaerales, 83, 140, 187 budding, 92 tridentata (three-toothed cavoline), 64, cods, 128, 129, 131, 136, 148, 150, 195 Bulimina, 84, 187, 197 99, 191 coelom, 103 aculeata, 84, 187 iincinala (unc'mMc cavoline), 64, 99, coenenchyme, 93 exilis,197 191 Coffer, Timothy E., 179, 189 inflata, 197 Cavoliniidae, 99, 191 Cohen, Daniel M., 134, 135, 137, 138, 179, marginata, 197 celestial fix, 42, 48, 49, 52 193, 195, 196 Buliminidae, 187, 197 Centroscyllium fabricii, 133 Bulla, 97, 191 cold core eddies, 68 Centroscymnus coelolepis, 133 Coleoidea, 192 Bullidae, 140, 191 Cephalaspidea, 191 collagen cuticle, 123 Burlingham, Capt. 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  • Historic Shipwrecks of the Gulf of Mexico: a Teacher's Resource

    Historic Shipwrecks of the Gulf of Mexico: a Teacher's Resource

    INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES FOR THE SIDEWHEEL STEAMSHIP JOSEPHINE The sidewheel steamship Josephine (Photo courtesy of the Mariner’s Museum, Newport News, Va.). A STEAMER FROM HAVANA GOES TO PIECES NEAR THE MISSISSIPPI COAST—NO LIVES LOST! This was the headline from a New Orleans newspaper on the morning of February 9, 1881. The steamer was the sidewheel merchant ship Josephine. She was sailing from Havana, Cuba, to New Orleans, Louisiana, when she FOUNDERED during a severe winter storm. Though all of her 65 passengers and crew survived, the shipwreck may still hold clues to the lives of people who endured this perilous journey. In 1997 the shipwreck was identified off the coast of Biloxi, Mississippi, by marine archaeologists with the Department of the Interior’s Minerals Management Service (MMS). Research conducted on this important shipwreck has also identified clues about the merchant shipping industry, and the development of IRON-HULLED steamship technology of the nineteenth century. i NOTE TO TEACHERS This Teacher’s Resource accompanies the Minerals Management Service’s (MMS) educational poster “Historic Shipwrecks of the Gulf of Mexico.” The resource is an introduction to the sidewheel steamship Josephine as an example of the types of shipwrecks found in the Gulf of Mexico. The resource is not meant to include everything about marine archaeology and we recommend that teachers use other resources to expand on this introduction. The materials presented can be adapted to levels 7-12. WHERE TO GET THE POSTER AND TEACHER’S RESOURCE Copies of the Poster and Teacher’s Resource may be obtained from the Public Information Office at the following address: U.S.
  • The Development of Steam Propulsion in the United States Navy Prior to 1860

    The Development of Steam Propulsion in the United States Navy Prior to 1860

    THE EFFECT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY ON THE OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC LEVELS OF WAR: THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEAM PROPULSION IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY PRIOR TO 1860 A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE ROBERT P. GRAY, LCDR, USN B.A., University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 1982 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 1993 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. - MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Name of candidate: Lieutenant Commander Robert P. Gray, U. S. Navy Thesis Title: The Effect of New Technology on the Operational and Strategic Levels of War: The Development of Steam Propulsion in the United States Navy Prior to 1860. Approved by: , Thesis Committee Chairman -\ '4q., '-;. 0.4' V , Member Dr. Jacob Kipp, P~.D\.\ Accepted this 4th day of June 1993 by: , Director, Graduate Degree Philip d. Brookes, Ph.D. Programs The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to this study should include the foregoing statement.) ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY ON THE OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC LEVELS OF WAR: THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEAM PROPULSION IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY PRIOR TO 1860 by LCDR Robert P. Gray, USN, 105 pages. This study uses the development of steam propulsion in the United States Navy as a case study for how new technology affects the strategy of the United States at the operational and strategic levels.