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MULTIPURPOSE TOOLS for BIBLE STUDY Revised and Expanded Edition to the Best Commentary on Proverbs 31:10-31 Copyright O 1993 Augsburg Fortress

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MULTIPURPOSE TOOLS for BIBLE STUDY Revised and Expanded Edition to the Best Commentary on Proverbs 31:10-31 Copyright O 1993 Augsburg Fortress F REDERICK W. D ANKER M ULTIPURPOSE TOOLS FOR B IBLE STUDY REVISED AND EXPANDED EDITION FORTRESS PRESS MINNEAPOLIS MULTIPURPOSE TOOLS FOR BIBLE STUDY Revised and Expanded Edition To the best commentary on Proverbs 31:10-31 Copyright o 1993 Augsburg Fortress. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical articles or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write to: Permissions, Augsburg Fortress, 426 S. Fifth St., Box 1209, Minneapolis, MN 55440. Scripture quotations, unless otherwise noted, are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright Q 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used with permission. Interior design: The HK Scriptorium, Inc. Cover design: McCormick Creative Cover photo: Cheryl Walsh Bellville Special thanks to Luther Northwestern Theological Seminary, St. Paul, Minnesota, and curator Terrance L. Dinovo, for use of its Rare Books Room in the cover photography. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Danker, Frederick W. Multipurpose tools for Bible study / Frederick W. Danker. - Rev. and expanded ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN o-8006-2598-6 (alk. paper) 1. Bible-Criticism, interpretation, etc. 2. Bible-Bibliography. I. Title. BSSll.Z.D355 1993 220’.07-dc20 93-14303 CID The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI 2329.49-1984. @ Manufactured in the U.S.A. AF 1-2598 97 96 95 94 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS vii PREFACE xi 1. CONCORDANCES 1 2. T HE G REEK N EW T ESTAMENT 22 3. T HE H EBREW O LD T ESTAMENT 44 4. T HE G REEK O LD T ESTAMENT 61 5. T HE U SE OF THE S EPTUAGINT 77 6. H EBREW O LD T ESTAMENT G RAMMARS AND L EXICONS 89 7. G REEK N EW T ESTAMENT G RAMMARS AND L EXICONS 109 8. T HE U SE OF G RAMMARS AND L EXICONS 132 9. B IBLE D ICTIONARIES 148 10. BIBLE VERSIONS 162 11. T HE U SE OF E NGLISH B IBLE V ERSIONS 196 12. JUDAICA 203 13. C ONTEXTUALITY I. Archaeology 224 II. Papyri, Epigraphy, Social-Scientific Criticism, Social World 249 14. THE D EAD SEA SCROLLS 272 15. C OMMENTARIES AND T HEIR U SES 282 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 308 INDEX OF N AMES 315 ” ABBREVIATIONS WORKS CITED This list includes only those abbreviations and short titles that are not iden- tified in full in the immediate context and accompanying notes, For further details and discussion see the page(s) cited at the end of many of the entries. AB Anchor Bible (p. 288) Other Early Christian Literature, trans. ABD D. N. Freedman (ed.), Anchor and ed. R. Funk (1961) (pp. 115-16) Bible Dictionary (pp. 150-51) BDB F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. AJSL American Journal of Semitic Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon Languages and Literature of the Old Testament (p. 96) ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der BHK R. Kittel, Biblia hebraica (pp. rdmischen Welt 44-45) BA Biblical Archaeologist BHS Biblia hebraica stuttgartensia BAAR W. Bauer, K. Aland, B. Aland, V. (P. 45) Reichmann, Worterbuch .zum neuen BR Bible Review Testament (pp. 119-20) CCD Confraternity of Christian Doc- BAG W. Bauer, W. F. Arndt, F. W. trine edition of the Bible (p. 190) Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon of CE New Catholic Encyclopedia the New Testament and Other Early CP] Corpus papyrorum judaicarum Christian Literature (1957) (pp. 117-19) (P. 254) BAGD W. Bauer, W. F. Arndt, F. W. CQR Church Quarterly Review Gingrich, F. W. Danker, A Greek- CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum English Lexicon of the New Testament ad Novum Testamentum and Other Early Christian Literature, CSCO Corpus scriptorum christia- a revision of BAG (1979) (pp. 119-20) norum orientalium BAR Biblical Archaeology Review CTM Concordia Theological Monthly BD F. Blass, Grammatik des neutesta- Danker, Benefactor F. Danker, Bene- mentlichen Griechisch, 9th ed. A. factor: Epigraphic Study (p. 267) Debrunner (1954) (p. 115) Danker, Century F. Danker, A Century BDF F. Blass, A. Debrunner. A Greek of Greco-Roman Philology (p. 252) Grammar of the New Testament and DCG J. B. Green, S. McKnight, I. Howard vii Marshall, Dictionary of Jesus and the MM J. H. Moulton, G. Milligan, The Vo- UJE I. Landman, ed., The Universal Waldman, Recent Study N. M. Wald- Gospels (p. 153) cabulary of the Greek Testament (p. 117) Jewish Encyclopedia (p. 155) mann, The Recent Study of Hebrew: A EncRel The Encyclopedia of Religion MT Masoretic Text UT C. H. Gordon, Ugaritic Textbook Survey of the Recent Literature with (P. 157) NAB New American Bible (p. 190) (pp. 100-101) Selected Bibliography (p. 46) Eus, HE Eusebius of Caesarea, Historia NEB New English Bible. (pp. 192-93) Vg Vulgate Wiirthwein E. Wiirthwein, The Text of ecclesiastica NRSV New .Revised Standard Version VKGNT K. Aland, ed., Vollstiindige the Old Testament (p. 46) Gdsp E. J. Goodspeed, (pp. 182-87) Konkordanz .zum griechischen Neuen ZAW Zeitschrift fur die alttestament- Hatch and Redpath E. Hatch, and H. NIV New International Version (p. 194) Testament (pp. 7-8) lithe Wissenschaft Redpath, A Concordance to the Septua- NTS New Testament Studies VT Vetus Testamentum ZNW Zeitschriftfiir die neutestament- gint (pp. 5-6) OCD Oxford Classical Dictionary Tov, Textual Criticism E. Tov, Textual lithe Wissenschaft HAT Handbuch zum Alten Testament (P. 159) Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (p. 46) (p. 295). OGIS Orientis graeci inscriptiones HDB Dictionary of the Bible, ed. J. selectae (p. 261) Hastings; rev. ed. F. C. Grant, and OLZ Orientalische Literaturzeitung H. H. Rowley (p. 152) Or Orientalia HDCG J. Hastings, et al. A Dictionary PG J. I? Migne, ed. Patrologiae cursus of Christ and the Gospels (p. 153) completus. Series graeca. 162 ~01s. HTR Harvard Theological Review Paris, 1857-1866. ISBE International Standard Bible PG J. P. Migne, ed. Patrologiae cursus Encyclopaedia, rev. ed. (pp. 150-51) completus. Series latina. 221 vols. Paris, JE The Jewish Encyclopedia. (p. 155) 1844-1864. JBL Journal of Biblical Literature RAC Reallexikon fur Antike und JJS Journal of Jewish Studies Christentum (p. 159) JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies REB Revised English Bible. (p. 193) JQR Jewish Quarterly Review RGG3 Religion in Geschichte und JSS Journal of Semitic Studies Gegenwart, 3d ed. (pp. 156-57) KJV King James Version of the Bible RSV Revised Standard Version (pp. (pp. 180-81) 182-87) Koehler-Baumgartner Ludwig Koehler, RV English Revised Version of the Bible, Walter Baumgartner, Lexicon in veteris 1881-1883 (pp. 181-82) testamenti libros (p. 97) SBLSCS Society of Biblical Literature LSJM H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Septuagint and Cognate Studies Jones, with R. McKenzie, A Greek- SIG Sylloge inscriptionum graecarum English Lexicon (pp. 122-23) (pp. 260-61) LXX Septuagint Version of the Old SOTS Society for Old Testament Studies Testament, Standard students’ edition: Str-B H. Strack, P. Billerbeck, Kommen- A. Rahlfs, ed., Septuagint (p. 73) tar zum Neuen Testament (p. 219) M’Clintock-Strong J. M’Clintock, J. TDNT G. Kittel, G. Friedrich, eds., Strong, Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theo- Theological Dictionary of the New logical, and Ecclesiastical Literature Testament (p. 121) (P. 156) TEV Today’s English Version Metzger, Text. B. M. Metzger, The Text TLZ Theologische Literaturzeitung of the New Testament (p. 22) TRu Theologische Rundschau Mikra. M. J. Mulder, ed., Mikra: Text, TWNT Theologisches WGrterbuch zum Translation, Reading and Interpretation Neuen Testament of the Hebrew Bible in Ancient Judaism UBSGNT United Bible Societies Greek and Early Christianity, CRINT 2/l. New Testament (p. 23) Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1988. UBS United Bible Societies P REFACE INCE THE FIRST EDITION OF Multipurpose Tools for Bible Study (MTBS; St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1960), a veritable explosion of S data and demolition of cherished institutions of the mind have changed forever the way we assess the past and its demands on our attention. Follow- ing the example of the masoretes, I filled the margins of the second (1966) and third (1970) editions with notices of new discoveries and their challenges to scholars. But the tide was unrelenting, and it became obvious that a thorough revision was demanded, not only to incorporate new developments but to meet the challenge of a generation of students faced with inundation of the past. To all intents and purposes, therefore, the present work is a new edition. This book grew out of classroom experience and demand for a textbook that would aid students in the selection of basic resources for biblical study and at the same time provide some guidance in the use of such tools. Beyond the classroom, the book served as a refresher course for ministers, and it provided specialists a shortcut to information beyond their own areas of research. These practical objectives remained undiminished in the prepara- tion of the present edition. The historical discussions are not designed to satisfy mere antiquarian curiosity. To ignore the contributions of those who have gone before is base ingratitude. Sad to say, arrogance is no stranger to our craft, and to imbue students with incivility promotes demeaning of our enterprise. The truth is that the future will declare us all myopic. To understand the lineage of a book is to appreciate better its character and function. To that end, the Index of Names functions as a multipurpose tool. Moreover, libraries frequently shelve only one copy of a given title. This means that newer titles will be in great demand.
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