Trip Report for Baltic Republics Joint Environment Mission
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
TM TRIP REPORT FOR BALTIC REPUBLICS JOINT ENVIRONMENT MISSION January 16 - February 20, 1992 Prepared by: Robert S. Kapner RCG/Hagler, Bailly, Inc. 1530 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22209 Under Subcontract to: WORLD ENVIRONMENT CENTER 41 9 Park Avenue South, Suite 1800 New York, New York 10016 June 1992 DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed herein are the professional opinions of the author and do not represent the 3fficial position of the Government of the United States or the World Environment Center. TRIP REPORT for BALTIC REPUBLICS JOINT ENVIRONMENT MISSION TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Table of Contents I. Background and Introduction 1 II. Industrial Air Pollution 5 III. Vehicle Exhaust Emissions 8 IV. Industrial/Municipal Wastewater Treatment 14 V. Institutional and National Policies Afffecting 17 the Environment Appendices: Plant Site Visits 1. Lithuania 2. Latvia 3. Estonia RCG/Hagler, Bailly Inc. TRIP REPORT: BALTIC REPUBLICS ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION PAGE 1 I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND This report summarizes findings observed on environmental conditions during visits to selected industrial Republics of sectors in the Baltic Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia and opportunities for environmental identifies problems and improvement. An additional purpose to develop priorities for environmental was examination assistance based on an of existing environmental conditions solutions. The work was and potential performed under the auspices of The the U.S. Agency for World Bank, International Development, the U.S. Protection Agency, and the Environmental World Environment Center. This study conducted as part of a broad examination was of critical sectors of these countries (environment, energy, telecommunications) housing, transportation, as part of the Baltic countries application for membership in The World Bank. The examination undertaken was necessarily allotted and the size of limited. The time the industrial sectors in each country that only a sampling of the required whole could be undertaken. Selection industrial organizations visited of environmental was jointly arranged by the and industry departments (ministries) and members of of each host country The World Bank environmental group. enterprises selected In most cases the for examination were well chosen the diversity of manufacturing representing both enterprises each country offers each, the (perceived) largest and, in polluters. In some cases, (in hindsight) serious omissions occurred. For example, and the cement the oil refinery at Mazeikiai plant at Akmene, both in Lithuania, Generally, though, were not visited. the selection was good. Information industrial visits was developed by supplemented by discussions with personnel, available statistical environmental environmental data and environmental reports made available in each country. Despite the limitation imposed by time restrictions it the examination permitted valuable is felt that developed. environmental information to be These can be found in environmental considerable detail in the portion of aide memoirs prepared summary presented for each country. The here represents a small portion and addresses of the major findings only industrial pollution problems. Following this introduction is a table of enterprises the three Republics, their location, visited in each, the nature of the operation at and some broad, limited observations environmental as to the nature of problems found. Greater detail visited will be found for each organization in attachments to this final report. attachments are identical to These those found at the end of the aide and are included here for memoirs completeness in documenting observed industiial conditions. RCG/Hagler, Bailly INC. TRIP REPORT: BALTIC REPUBLICS ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION PAGE 2 As initially conceived, it appeared that it might prepare two sets of be appropriate to recommendations. The first would indicate, enterprise visited, recommended for each engaged activities that would guide those in any follow up activities specific might courses of action that be employed to mitigate existing pollution good environmental problems and to ensure practices in the future. The second broader problem of would treat the industrial pollution in a national context existing and developing related to environmental programs and policies. During site visits to specific individual plants it became apparent that plant pollution problems could isolated not be addressed except in and obvious cases. Plant visits were emission data too brief, pollution were generally not available and extensive specific problems with plant discussions of personnel were prohibitive. A few specific recommendations were made when possible attachments and these can be found in the describing individual plant visits. Generally, final report is limited however, this to rather broad observations and recommendations based on the sum of individual visits. Although each of the Baltic Republics share, to an are uniquely different they unusually common degree, similar environment example, each problems. For of the Baltic countries employs a waste an incentive to charge system as industry to reduce pollution. Therefore, observations and recommendations made the without here tend to treat these problems any national distinction. Where environmental distinguished by national problems are differences, these differences are noted. RCG/Hagler, Bailly INC. SUMMARY: ENVIRCNMENTAL INSPECTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL -7ANTS SOURCE LOCATION RODUCTION AIRHFCE TWATER :N ?RINCIPAL EMISSIONS ... ...... ...... ... .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ..... 4 . .. ,... .. LATVIA VALMIERA GLASS FIBER PLANT VALMEIRA FIBERGLASS EAHRICS, YES YES PARTICULATES. SOLVENTS HELMETS RIGA VARNISH AND PAINT FACTORY RIGA INDUSTRIAL VARNISHES, YES SMALL SOLVENTS, ODORS ENAMELS, PRIMERS LATBIOFARM PHARMACEUTICALS OLAINE CHEMICAL REAGENTS, YES YES LARGE AMOUNT OF CHEMICALS BIOCHEMICALS IN AIR AND WASTEWATER BIOLAR BIOCHEMICAL CO. OLAINE PHARMACEUTICALS, YES YES LARGE AMOUNT OF CHEMICALS BIOCHEMiCALS IN A:R AND WASTEWATER TANNERY WASTES RIGA INCINERATION OF YES YES ASH, HEAVY METALS TANNERY WASTES ELECTRRO-APPARATUS MFG. PLANT RIGA ELECTRICAL COMPOPiNTS, YES YES PLATING LIQUIDS, SOLVENTS AUTO INSTRUMEN7 CLUSTERS LAIMA CHOCOLATE FACTORY RIGA CHOCOLATES SMALL SMALL ODORS LITHUANIA GRIGISHKES PULP AND PAPER GRIGISHKES WALLBOARD, PAPER YES YES SOLVENTS, HEAVY WASTEWATER LOAD KAUNOS ARTIFICIAL FIBER FACTORY KAUNOS CELLULOSE ACETATE YES YES SOLVENTS INAIR AND WATER PANAVEZYS STATE SUGAR REFINERY PANAVEZYS BEET SUGAR NO YES HEAVY WASTEWATER LOAD PANAVEZYS SPIRIT AND YEAST PLANT PANAVEZYS BAKERS YEAST, ALCOHOL SMALL YES ODORS, WASTEWATER PANAVEZYS MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER PLANT PANAVEZYS WASTEWATER TREATMENT NO YES SLUDGE, HEAVY METALS JONAVA AZOTAS STATE ENTERPRISE JONAVA AMMONIA, AMMONIUM YES YES AMMONIA, SOLVENTS, NITRATE, METHANOL CHEMICALS IN AIR AND WATER KEDAINIAI CHEMISTRY PLANT FEDAiNIAI SUPERPHCSPHATE YES YES PHOSPHATE TAILINGS, SOz, FERTILIZERS, SULFURIC SOLVENTS INAIR AND WATER ACID STATE KEDAINIAI BIOCHEMICAL PLANT KEDAINIAI ANIMAL FEEDS YES YES PARTICULATES, SOLVENTS PAGE 3 SUN.A?7: ENVIRONMENTAL INSPECTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL PLANTS (CONTI EFFLUENTS IN SOURCE LCAT7ON RODUCTION AIR WATER PRINCIPAL EMISSIONS ESTON IA KUNDA CEMENT KUNDA CEMENT YES YES PARTICULATES KERRA PULP AFD PAPER KEHRA PAPER YES YES SOx, FARTICULATES, HEAVY WASTEWATER LOAD OIL SHALE PROCESSING ASSOCIATiON KOTLA-JARVE CHEMICALS YES YES OIL SHALE WASTES, PHENOLS, SOLVENTS INAIR AND WATER ESTONIAN POWER STATION NARVA ELECTRICITY GENERATION YES YES OIL SHALE COMBUSTION WASTES SOLID WASTE LEACHING BALTIC POWER STATION NARVA ELECTRICITY GENERATION YES YES OIL SHALE COMBUSTION WASTES SOLID WASTE LEACHING PAGE 4 TRIP REPORT: BALTIC REPUBLICS ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION PAGE 5 II. INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION Air pollution sources in the Baltic countries essentially result from auto transportation (discussed elsewhere) and fuel burning installations (power generation and heat production) using low quality fuels. In Lithuania and Latvia these fuels are heavy oils, mazout, the equivalent of No. 6 oil. Combustion of this fuel oil is characterized by clearly visible stack plumes of particulates (fly ash), SO 2 and NOx. Invariably, power plants, district heating plants, and even large industrial boilers burning this fuel have no environmental control equipment. When the occasional boiler is equipped for particulate capture (usually cyclones and electro filters) the equipment is old and maintenance poor leading to low cleaning efficiencies. None are equipped with controls to reduce SO2 and NOx emissions. Unfortunately, most fuel burning installations are located close to large population centers and significantly contribute to local pollution. Among the three Baltic states only Latvia burns gas to any significant extent which tends to reduce particulate emissions and SO2 during combustion. Pc'qer plant and district heating plant combustion emissions in Estonia are particularly troublesome because the fuel of choice is low heating value oil shale which the country has in abundance and has been burning for many years. Oil shale contains about 45% inert material (and about 2% sulfur) which ends up as fly ash and bottom ash. Because of its low heating value and high ash content, oil shale produces about 24 times the amount of solid waste as does the equivalent amount of coal. The largest power plants in Estonia are located along the north east coast adjacent to the Gulf of Finland. Emissions from these power