FFAOAO TRAINING SERIES 18 DESIGNDHS1GN MANUAL M\NUA ONON BASIC WOOD HARVESTINGHARVESTING TECHNOLOGY

BOOKLET 11

FELLING, DEBRANCHINGDEBRANCHING AND CROSSCUTTING

''1

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 19891989 TheThe designationsdesignations employedemployed andand the presentation of material in this publicationpublication do notnot implyimply thethe expressionexpression ofof anyany opinion opinion whatsoeverwhatsoever on thethe part of thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization of thethe UnitedUnited Nations concerningconcerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or areaarea oror of of its its authorities, authorities, or or concerning concerning the the delimitation delimitation of of its its frontiersfrontiers or boundaries.

M-39 ISBN 92-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publicafionpublication may be reproduced,reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transminedtransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,electronic, mechani­mechani- cal, photocopying oror otherwise, without the the priorprior permissionpermission of of the the copyrightcopyright owner. owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction,reproduction, should be addressedaddressed to thethe Director,Director, PublicationsPublications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of of the the United Nations,Nations, ViaVia delle Terme di Caracalla, 0010000 100 Rome, Italy.

0© FAO FAD 1989 1989 Contents

1. Axe handle 2. Pattern forfor an axe handle 3. Hanging an axe handle 4. GaugeGauge for axe blades 11 5. GaugeGauge forfor axe blades 2 6. Log vicevice forfor sharpeningsharpening axe blades 7. Grindstone attachment for axe blades 8. Axe blade guard 9. Wooden frame bowsaw 10. Stand for filing crosscut saws 11. Jointer forfor sawssaws 11 12. Jointer for saws 22 13. Saw set 14. Set gauge 15. Raker gauge 16. Sawblade guard 17. Log jack 11 18. Log jack 22 19. Log jack 33 20. Sawhorse 11 21. Sawhorse 2 22. Sawhorse 3 23. Wooden wedges 24. Control for trees felledfelled onon slopes SymbolsSymbos and abbreviationsbbre atlions used

0o Degree (angle) 0o Diameter measurement kg Kilogram = 2.205 pounds (lb)(Ib) m Metre = 1.094 yards (yd) mm MillimetreMillimetre = 0.03940.0394 inch inch (in)(in)

Notete

Additional valuablevaluable informationinformation on the kinds of tools shown inin this bookletbooklet cancan bebe found inin FAO Forestry Paper 36, Basic TechnologyTechnology inin Forest Operations (ISBN 92-5-101260-1). 1. AxeAxe handlhandle

Material Choose a piece of hardwood, eithereither fromfrom the buttbutt ofof aa young tree or from the sapwood ofof an olderolder tree. UseUse well-seasoned wood. TheThe graingrain ofof thethe woodwood mustmust bebe straight and run parallel toto the lengthlength ofof the handle. ItIt should have no knots.

Parallel grain is best

~~~'\%~%~~

Cross grain will breakbreak easily

~~~~~22~

f??1Z???6¥jiZ Ah ~-=-2Z~

Face graingrain will warp 2. PatternPattern lorrfor an axe handlehande

Material Instructions A well-seasoned piece ofof wood withwith straightstraight grain.grain. The axe handle should reach from the cutter'scutter's armpitarmpit toto finger tips, and fromfrom his hand to the ground (1). IfIf an axe handle is not available as a model, useuse thethe patternpattern (2).(2). Trace the outline ofof the side ofof the handle on to the piece of wood (3). Cut away excess wood on the top with a chisel and saw (4). Trace the outline of the top of the handle (5). Cut away excess wood. Finish shaping the handle with a knife. File and sandpapersandpaper to the dimensions of the cross sections shown below (6).(6). The finished handle should be comfortable to hold.

1

92

4 + + + 549 545 59 64644 646470 70 64565 5+858 50• 60640• 636+3 64644• 62• 59• 53• 59• • .. 5[ 5f

A A A A 16 l'5 45 51 55 46 43 41 39 37 33 ~30- 42 60 V ---- V 1\./V

20 21 23 32 30 2121--24--26--23--21--20--20--20--20--20--21--23+32130-'i' 24 26-, 23 21 20 20 20 20 -I-

.f 615 t0 100I~O 2002L 300Jo 4004tO 5005t 6001J3r L--t____ ','t -, ',' 'I' -.- " 1_-4E-- 100IOOmm_1 mm--I

I" 200mm • I

2 9 CFI 5 I /] , : ,. i~- I I I I , , / ---1 I I I I I , ~ ----i I I I I I I f- ~ I: I I I I I +- ~ I I I I I + •

I I I I I e +

I I / I I I I , I I 1 I I 1----

1 e

____ I ..... 1 I I I \ I I I I \ \ (------, i ---ft---+ ---ft---+ 3. Hanging an axe handle

Material Instructions Axe handle,handle, axehead. Using a rasp, shape thethe endend ofof thethe handlehandle to to fitfitthe the eyeeye ofof the axehead (1). Insert the handle intointo the head and test for alignment. The lineline of sight should run through the blade of the axehead andand through thethe knobknob onon thethe endend ofof thethe axe handle (2).(2). RemoveRemove thethe handlehandle andand sawsaw aa slot of approximately 40 mm into the end (3). Cut a hardwood wedge for the slot (4). InsertInsert the handle in the axehead and drive the wedge into the slot (5). Test again for alignmentalignment (6). Cut off the excess handle (7). A well-hungwell-hung axehead willwil l rest onon the centrecentre ofof thethe bladeblade (8).(8).

-~------:::s--

1 2 3

_ [ t- ~ -~~ ~~~ ~ _ umu~u

4 5 6

7 8

4 4. GaugeGauge forfor axeaxe bladesblades 11

Use Instructions To test axe-blade profile. Transfer the pattern on to a piece of metal (1). Using a hacksaw,hacksaw, cutcut aa notchnotch 5050 mmmm deepdeep andand varyingvarying inin widthwidth Mater.ialMaterial from Oto0 to 1010 mm. File the notch smooth. The gauge A piece of sheet iron or aluminium 7070 x 30 x 5 mm. measures the dimensionsdimensions ofof thethe tapertaper (2).(2). WhenWhen thethe gauge fits exactly the blade has the proper profile (3).(3). If thethe blade isis tootoo thickthick toto fitfit thethe gauge.gauge, itit shouldshould bebe groundground or filed untiluntil itit does.does.

DistanceDistancefrom from ThicknessThickness 1 2 1 edge of blade of blade ( 1. o0 l A. 2.5 mmmm 1. 1.5 mmmm 8.B. 5.0 mmmm 2. 2.5 mmmm C. 10.010.0 mmmm 3. 4.5 mmmm DD.. 15.015.0 mmmm 4.4. 7.07.0 mmmm o 0 E. 35.035.0 mmmm 5. 8.5 mmmm A -- --I B -- -2 F. 50.050.0 mmmm 6. 10.0 mmmm C - --- 3 D 7f"- ~4

EI -I I~ 5

F 6 3

5 • 5. GaugeGauge forfor axeaxe bladesblades 22

Use Instructions To test axe-blade profile. Transfer the patternpattern onon to aa piece of metal (1). Using a hacksaw, cut the notches. File the notches smooth. The Material notches measure thethe dimensionsdimensions of of the the tapertaper (2).(2). ForFor the A piece of sheet ¡roniron or aluminium 70 x 70 x 5 mm. most efficient use, the taper of the blade must vary depending onon whether itit is for hardwood or softwood (3).(3).

1 Softwood --0-1_I ~ -''--L1E- 2 Distance from Thickness of axe blade 1' edge of blade Softwood 22.5.5 mmmm 1.0 mmmm 5 mm t 5.0 mmmm 2.0 mmmm lOmm 1°.:LU t 10.0 mmmm 3.5 mmmm Hardwood 1.5 mmmm 1.0 mmmm ~I ~ 5.0 mmmm 2.0 mmmm 3.5mm3 5 mrn 10.0 mmmm 3.5 mmmm 0o 3.5mm -I I--

10 m m L IOTm n 5 mm 1.5m-rn

HardwHardwoodood 2 mm I mm

3 0/0"'

6 6.6. LogLog vicevice forfor sharpeningsharpening axeaxe bladesblades

Use Instructions ToTo hold an axeheadaxehead in place when filing the blade. Chop a wedge-shaped notch in the log. The angleangle of the notch should be about 300.30°. The notch should be wide Material enough to hold the axeaxehead head firmly. The blade is facing AA lengthlength of heavy log. upwardupward,, ready to be filed.

= c:::::::=_c::==-"'..__ c c:: < ___c::::=c ===-~

c?: ~::::s=- -~ I -c::. =1 :: -- ~ ~ ~\\~

7 7.7. GrindstoneGrindstone attachment forfor axe bladesblades

Use Instructions To apply pressure to an axehead held against a Shape thethe lever arm using the pattern (1). Drive thethe nailsnails grindstone. through the upright and fasten itit to the frame of the grindstone at the centre line of the grinding wheel. Push MaterialMaterial the end of thethe leverlever arm into one of thethe nails. TheThe upright 1 piecepiece ofof woodwood 700 x 100 x 50 mm for the lever arm,arm, becomes the fulcrum to the lever (2). The axehead is 11 piecepiece ofof woodwood ofof anan appropriateappropriate heightheight forfor the upright fitted into the notch in the lever arm and pushed against 200200 xx 3030 mm,mm, about 20 nails 50 mm long.long. the grindstone.

-(50)- 1 I 700mm ,·1 f j t]5:omm50mm ___ ~=1~5tm

h s/

2

8 8.8. AxeAxe bladeblade guard

Use Instructions To cover an axe blade not inin use.use. Slit thethe rubberrubber hose lengthwise. Rivet or bolt two loops of innerinner tubetube to each end of the hose. The loopsloops shouldshould bebe Material longlong enough toto slip overover thethe axeheadaxehead and holdhold thethe rubberrubber A piece of rubberrubber hose 150 mm longlong., 2 piecespieces ofof oldold innerinner hose in place covering the blade. tubetube 10 mm widewide., 2 rivets or 2 short bolts with nuts.

9 9. WoodenWooden frame bowsaw

Use Instructions To cut light wood. Shape the endsends andand thethe crossbar as as shown.shown. Drill Drill a a hole hole in in each end for the sawblade pins and attach the sawbsawblade.lade. Material Put the crossbar in place. FoldFold the rope double and loop Use softwood or light hardwoodhardwood.. For the ends, 1 piece it over thethe toptop of bothboth ends.ends. PushPush thethe tensiontension armarm throughthrough 110 x 70 xx 800800 mmmm andand 1 piecepiece 110110x x 7070 xx 480480 mm.mm. ForFor the strands of rope as shown, making sure that itit the crossbar,crossbar, 1 piece 30 x 20 x 180 mm. SawbladeSaw blade ofof overoverlapslaps the crossbar. TurnTurn thethe tensiontension armarm slightlyslightly to to thethe 1 050050 mmmm,, 2 metal pins 6 mm 0Ox x 35 mm,mm, aa length of rope side and twist the rope until the blade isis straight andand tight.tight. 3 mm 0Ox x 77 000000 mm.mm. When the blade is tight,tight, hook the end of the tension arm on the crossbar toto keepkeep itit fromfrom turning.turning.

TeTensionnsion aarmrm

30 XX 2020 XX 180180 mmmm ...... ~ Rope 1

110 X 70 X 450mm

CrCrossbarossbar / I I ......

110 X70 X 800 mm 11• 1 c::::::(l -+-- SawbladeSawblade pinspins

1050 mm ...... 1 0 5 0~''-,,,___ SawbladeSawblade 2 6mm 0 X 35 mm

firatEMPAILWASIZEWM101:071/102/41%/5/111%, Ar/WARIPOlielWILKIWAISMICI

~------

J.Nonmerises.

lo10 10.10. StandStand forfor filingfiling crosscut sawssaws

Use Instructions To hold a crosscut saw in place when filing the blade.blade. Cut off a tree stump at elbow height or drive a length of loglog firmlyfirmly intointo thethe ground to elbow height. CutCut twotwo slots inin Material thethe top of the stump oror log,log, oneone atat anan angleangle forfor filingfiling A solid tree stump or a length of log driven into the cutting teeth and one vertical for jointing the blade and ground,ground, thin woodenwooden wedges.wedges. filing raker teeth. InsertInsert the saw inin the appropriate slot and hold it tightlytightly in place with severalseveral thin wooden wedges.wedges. You can easily make this stand in the field.

RakerRakertoolh tooth Cutting tooth

11 11.11. Jointer forfor saws 1

Use Instructions To accurately level the cutting teeth of saws. Saw a groove 10 mm deep and 3 mm wide the lengthlength of the wooden block. Slide the flat file into the groove.groove. You Material may have to hold the file inin placeplace withwith thinthin woodenwooden AblockofA block of hardwoodhardwood 150150 x 60 x 25 mmmm,, a flatflat filefile forfor metalmetal,, wedges. Hold the block against the face of the blade so thinthin wooden wedges. that the file is flatflat andand squaresquare against the top of the cutting teeth. Move the file back and forth over the teeth until they are level.level.

mm

12 12.2. JointerJointer for sawssaws 22

Use Instructions To accurately level the cutting teeth ofof saws.saws. Cut a sectionsection 99 x 5 mm off the length of each of the sides for the file. Nail the top on to thesethese as shown. Slide a flat Material file into this slot. Fit the blade into the 2 mm groove 11 piecepiece ofof woodwood 200200 xx 5050 xx 55 mmmm forfor thethe top,top, 22 piecespieces ofof formedformed by the two sides so thatthat thethe bottom of thethe filefile is flatflat wood 200 x 30 x 24 mm for the sidessides,, a flat file for metal. and square against the top of the teethteeth.. Move the file back and forth overover the teeth untiluntil theythey areare level.level.

5_ 50","' ... 11)~ J f- 0", 15r1"rf' ~ I

~~~(:'

0-

0-

13 13. SawSaw set

Use Instructions To set or bend the tips of alternating teeth of a saw. Shape the piece ofof metalmetal toto fit the hand. Drill four holes of 4 mm each in the metal andand cut aa slot into each holehole to the Material measurements shown.shown. SlipSlip thethe slotslot thatthat fits bestbest overover A piece of hard metal 150150 xx 2020 xx 44 mm.mm. alternating cutting teethteeth andand bendbend themthem outout slightly,slightly, one tooth one way and one tooth the other way. The round hole at the end of the slot will protectprotect thethe tiptip ofof eacheach sawtooth asas itit isis beingbeing bent.bent.

\' 150mm------150 mm

m ---'l-r-S ;:- IPtliU~ 20mm20 mm G 4 m ! -I 1- __ I •__ -I f_ -lI- E E E £ E E E E N "' N N"' '" N

14 14. SetSet gaugegauge

Use Instructions To test that sawteeth are properly set.set. Drive the four nails into the wood inin a diamond pattern.pattern. The upper nail must be shorter than the lower three nails.nails. Material The table below shows the dimensions to use to set An oval piece of wood 40-60 x 10 mm.mm, 4 nails. softwood and hardwood saws. When the gauge can be held against a tooth firmly withwith nono backback andand forthforth movement, that tooth isis properlyproperly set.set.

-ilomml- -=

E E o "'

Length of Protrusions Upper nail Lowerlower nail Softwood 0.3 0.60.6 Hardwood 0.20.2 00.4.4

15 15.15. RakerRaker gauge

UseUse InstructionsInstructions To set the depthdepth of raker teethteeth on a crosscutcrosscut saw. Fold thethe piece of metal lengthwise to form aa slot the thickness of a saw. Cut one or twotwo sections out of thethe MaterialMaterial folded side of the metal. The diagram below shows the A flflatat piece of metametall 100 x 50 x 4 mm. dimensidimensionsons to use for softwood and hardwood saws.saws. Slide the gauge alongalong the blade andand filefile eacheach rakerraker toothtooth to the proper height. Raker teeth are kept belowbelow the points of cutting teeth.

-- 20mm- -20 mm- j j

I O4dmm O.25mm 1 "25mm (Softwood) (Hardwood) I ------IOOmm ------

/ 1.7.....7.f- ,\-- - //i\s,'I, / ,,, /I/i\\ ii. " /I ' " \ , , / :\ I I 1 ( I ' /\\ I( iI \I, \ ~ / i 1 I I ,i,; \ / I ,\ I 1\ I I 1\ I i ,I 1/' I \\ 1 I ~k'' `j'i 1( I I 1/V ~\ I II \ , 1 I I I \ ( I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I i, fI 1I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I f I I I I I I I I I I I I f I Ii I II I I \ I , II I 1\ / \ I1 k / ( ./. I \ \ I \ I \ I l

Section ofof crosscut sawsaw

Raker tooth

1616 16.i 6. SawbladeSawblade guard

Use Instructions To cover a sawbsawbladelade not in use. Cut the hose to the properproper length. Unfasten the sawblade at one end, slide the hose over the blade and fasten the Material blade to the frame again. A piece of rubber hose about 1 000 mm long.

.:.:;. ,.!':~:"~.'. .'. .. ~;,,,.;

I.. IOOOmm •

17 \ 17.7. LogLog jackjack 1

Use Instructions To raise the end of a log above thethe ground for cutcutting.ting. This tool is made by adapadaptingting a standard cancantt hook. Cut twotwo small pieces aboutabout 5050 xx 5050 mmmm fromfrom thethe endend ofof thethe Material iron bar. Shape the remainingremaining piecepiece of of thethe barbar asas shown.shown. A cant hookhook,, an iron bar 500 x 50 x 10 mm. Cut a rounded notch inin the top of the small pieces and the upright at the back of the bar so thatthat theythey fit ththee undersideunderside of the cant hook. Weld allall ofof the pieces toto thethe cantcant hookhook as shown. The log jajackck should be strong enough to lift heavy logs and hold them atat leastleast 1515 cmcm aboveabove thethe ground.

Cant hook

r ~n i i ) )~ 150mm150 mm ______r 1 Leverl ever attachment

_---- 250mm • i

II \,

18 18.8. LogLog jackjack 22 11111MP,_ Use Instructions To raise the end of a log above the ground for cutting. This tool is made by adapting a standard cant hook. As shown in the diagram, cut and shape the longer piece of MaterialMaterial angle iron (1),(1), weldweld aa flange toto thethe toptop ofof the pipepipe (2)(2) andand A cantcant hook, 1 piece of 40 x 40 mm angle iron 350 mm drill holes in the three metal piecespieces andand thethe cantcant hook.hook. longlong and 5 mm thick,thick, 1 piece of 40 x 4040 mmmm angleangle ironiron 250250 Bolt the pieces together (3). A log jack shouldshould bebe strongstrong mm long and 5 mm thick,thick, 1 piecepiece ofof pipepipe 4040 mmmm 00 x 250 enough to liftlift heavy logslogs andand holdhold themthem atat leastleast 1515 cmcm mm, 3 bolts 10 mm 00 xx 50 mm with washers and nuts. above the ground. Note The advantage ofof this loglog jackjack overover LogLog JackJack 11 isis thatthat byby removing two bolts, itit can be used as a cant hook as well.well.

~40mm( _~FlangeFlange I, 1 92 m"lI! d~~- Q "so ""1 T~~ V//T 250I mmmm 255r -,- 40mm 40~m[kZl°mm - '- I -=140mml=- -14omml-40mm

Cant hook 3 3 ~ g;rzt, z§: i~ :--. nil

Lever attachment

19 19.19. LogLog jackjack 33

Use Instructions To raise the end of a log above the ground for cutting. Bend the length ofof pipepipe (1)(1) asas shownsandshown.and weld thethe angleangle ironiron on toto thethe lowerlower end (2).(2). WeldWeld thethe triangulartriangular piece ofof Material steel (3) on the outside bend of the pipe. Weld on the two A length of pipe 35 mm O0 xx 400 mmmm withwith aa 33 mmmm thickthick square pieces of iron 1010 mm apart near the upper end of wall, 1 piece of 40 x 40 mm angle iron 120 x 5 mm, a the pipe (4).(4). Shape thethe flatflat ironiro.n barbar intointo aa hookhook (5).(5). TheThe triangular piece of steel 30 x 30 x 5 mm, 2 square pieces point of thethe hook shoushouldld be sharpenedsharpened and hardened. of iron 40 x 40 x 5 mm, 1 flat iron bar 500 x 20 x 7 mm,mm , Drill a holehole throughthrough the metal squares andand thethe hookhook (4)(4) in 1 boltbolt 1010 mm 0O x 40 mm with washers and nut,nut, 11 roundround such a way that the hookhook will bebe free toto move.move. BoltBolt thethe wooden handle 30 mm 0 ofof convenientconvenient length.length. hook in place. Insert the round wooden handle in the pipe. A log jackjack shouldshould be strong enough to lift heavyheavy logs and hold them at least 15 cm above the ground.

20", '"

__ ~dJll !

-'-4.0mm--1-- 1 1\ 30 mm 0 (])/ 35mm 0 \ ~ '~7--

20 20.20. SawhorseSawhorse 11

Use Instructions To hold short or long logs level and off the ground for Drill oror cutcut twotwo holesholes throughthrough the log and drivedrive in thethe legslegs sawing. as shownshown.. Legs are held fast with the wedges. When in place the legs should formform anan angleangle ofof aboutabout 800.80"' Drill or Material cut another hole inin thethe loglog forfor thethe shortshort piecepiece ofof wood.wood. 1 lologg 9090 mm (2)0 x 1 000 mm, 22 piecespieces ofof woodwood 50 mmmm (2)0 x ThiThiss is to hold a loglog inin positionposition forfor cuttingcutting.. Two sawhorses 550 mm,mm , 1 shoshortrt piece of wood 30 mm (2)0 xx 140140 mm,mm, areare used to saw the logs. 2 small wedges.

I 000 mm I- 1000 mm ~ I

11 - -1 + ~~;;i=~lt' ~'40:X~30;mm ~¢ ~;;;:~~~~ 90mm ------~ ---t J~\"o" BOo ~~ I)') ,~,~ Iii ~,~~ I III , .,.<' /,,,0

- - - - ':- -

21 21.21. Sawhorse 2

Use Instructions To hold short or long logs level and off the ground for Cut a notch in the two pieces of wood so that they will fit sawing. together toto formform anan X-piece.X-piece. TheThe upperupper part part ofof thethe XX should bebe shorter (300(300 mm)mm) thanthan thethe bottombottom partpart (600(600 Material mm). Drill a hole where the piecespieces ofof woodwood areare joinedjoined andand 2 piecespieces of wood 900 x 100 x 100 mm, 1 polepole 6060 mmmm 0Ox x drive in the pole. Two sawhorsessawhorses areare used.used. 2000 mm.mm.

,,,------;''''- '\

(, ~ /1)"" ~ Il? (, ::; %If ------'.... - ...

~/~60mmeo mm

\00'"5

22 22.22. SawhorseSawhorse 33 MINIII111111111. Use Instructions To holdhold a short log level and off the ground for sawing. Nail the four short pieces of lumber together toto formform two X-pieces. Cut the top and bottom of each XX so that they Material will be parallel to thethe ground.ground. Join thethe X-pX-piecesieces by nailing 4 pieces of cut lumber 11 000 x 100 x 50 mm.mm, 2 pieces ofof the two long pieces of lumber to thethe lower part of each X cut lumberlumber 1500 xx 100100 xx SO50 mmmm,, aa shortshort lengthlength ofof chain as shown.shown. A log cancan bebe heldheld inin placeplace inin thisthis sawhorsesawhorse withwith wwithith a stirrup or 4 pieces of old sawbladesawblade,, nails. a short length ofof chainchain andand aa stirrstirrupup oror withwith fourfour shortshort piecespieces of old sawblade nailed to the upper part of each X. Only one sawhorse is needed.

, ~

ChainChain andand stirrupsti rrup --l Sawblades

23 23. Wooden wedgesz-,

Use Instructions To direct trees when felfelling.ling. To assist in splitting logs Cut wedges for various functions using the dimensions along the grain.grain. shown below.

Material Dense hardwood or, when available, metal or plastic.

Wedge profiles ,765 Wedge profiles

\\gt t_e° 4 ThicknessThickness _1- Poor :==-======------Concave - wedge drives in part way and then pops loose

Good ::J

Straight - makes good contact and stays in place

Poor ~

Convex - only makes contact with leading half and often works loose

Application Thickness Width Length Felling 20-30 mmmm 50-70 mmmm 200-280200-280 mmmm Crosscutting 20 mmmm 40-60 mmmm 100-120 mmmm Splitting ti (normal) 30-50 mmmm 40-60 mmmm 200-280200-280 mmmrr Splitting (large) 80-100 mmmm 100-120 mmmm 300-350 mrrmrr

24 24.24. ControlControl for treestrees felledfelled onon slopesslopes

Use Instructions To stop a felled tree from sliding downhill on a steep Make the undercut (1).(1). Pass the ends ofof the cable around slope.slope, the tree and clampclamp one end below the undercut and the other end of the cable far enough above to make the Material felling cut below it (2). Both clamps should be fastenedfastened on A shortshort lengthlength ofof wire wire cable cable 10-20 10-20 mm mm 0 0,4, 4 cable clamps the downhill side of the tree as shown. When the felling forfor the size of cable to be used. cut is made, the cable will keep the tree from sliding down (3).

II

1 2

3

25 FAOFAO TRAININGTRAINING SERIES 18

DESIGNESR,:,:iN MANUAL MA UN ONN BASICSIC WOODWOO HARVESTAGHARVESTING TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLGY

-B06KLEBOOKLET 2

MOVING AND CARRYING HEAVY LOADS BY HANDHAND

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION OFOF THETHE UNITEDUNITED NATIONSNATIONS Rome, 1989 The designations employed and the presentation of material in thisthis publication do not imply the expressionexpression of anyany opinionopinion whatsoever onon the part of thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization ofof thethe UnitedUnited Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of itsits authorities,authorities, oror concerningconcerning thethe delimitationdelimitation ofof itsits frontiers or boundaries.boundaries.

M-39 ISBN 92-5-102537-192-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,reproduced, stored in a retrieval systemsystem,, or transmitted in any form or by anyany means, electronic,electronic, mechanimechani-­ cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the priorprior permissionpermission ofof thethe copyright copyright owner.owner. Applications for sud'!such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, shouldshould bebe addressed toto thethe Director,Director, Public-ationsPublications Division, FoodFood andand Agriculture Organization of01 the United Nations, Via delle TermeTermedi di CaracallaCaracalla,, 00100 Rome, Italy.

0© FAO FAO 19891989 ContentsC nitenLD

1 • Backrack 2. Yoke 11 3. Yoke 2 4. Log tongs 11 5. Log tongs 2 6. Wheelbarrow 11 7. Wheelbarrow 22 8. Wheelbarrow 33 9. Wheelbarrow 44 10. Lever logging cart 11. Hand sulky 12. Using a hand sulky 13. Using a sulky on steep slopesslopes 11 14. Using a sulky on steep slopes 22 15. Rolling logs by hand 16. Wooden chute 17. Metal chute 18. Log sledge 19. Narrow-gauge track 20. Pole track Symbols and abbreviations used

o Degree (angle) o0 Diameter measurement kg Kilogram = 2.2052.205 poundspounds (lb)(Ib) m Metre = 1.0941.094 yardsyards (yd) mm MillimetreMillimetre = 0.03940.0394 inchinch (in) % Percentage

Note

AdditionalAdditional valuablevaluable informationinformation onon thethe kindskinds of tools shown inin this booklet can be found in FAO Forestry Paper 36,36, BasicBasic TechnologyTechnology inin ForestForest OperationsOperations (ISBN 92-5-101260-1).92-5- 101260-1). 1. BackrackBackrack

Use Instructions To carry firewood and short logs. AssembAssemblele the two wooden frames of the backrack. Attach the front to the back,back, leavingleaving anan openingopening ofof 400400 MaterialMaterial mm at the toptop,, using the metal angles asas shownshown inin thethe 4 pieces of wood 700 x 50 x 2525 mmmm,, 33 piecespieces ofof woodwood 350 detail. Nail the leather bands and straps to the fframerame so xX 5050 xx 25 25 mmmm., 22 metal metal angles,angles, 22 leatherleather bands 400 xx 100 that loads are comfortable toto carry.carry. and 2 leather straps 500 x 50 mm at least 3 mm thick;thick,. scscrewsrews and nails.

25mm

IIF--

Shoulder straps 500500X50X X50 X 33 mmmm

707000 mmmm

Flexible strapstrap

400400 X100X 100X X 3mm3mm

Metal angles

1 2.2. YokeYoke 11

Use Instructions To carry firewood and short logs. Shape the yoke following the diagram. FirstFirst saw the basic shape and then carvecarve with aa knife.knife. DrillDrill aa holehole inin MaterialMaterial each end of the yoke. Thread aa rope,rope, wirewire oror chainchain 11 piecepiece ofof hardwoodhardwood 170-200170-200 mmmm 00 x 950 mm, short through each hole,hole, adjust the length according to the lengths of rope, wire or chachain,in, 2 hooks.hooks. heightheight of the user and attach aa hookhook toto the bottombottom ofof each. The wood to be carried is stacked inin loose loops of rope and hung from the hooks.hooks.

I • 950 mmmm .. I ( (}+170-200mm ..

l_/_____~ ==-=------0 ~------~ c ~--::: j? c~~

11-4150mmla-.... 150mm ~1

Eo t 50mm , - It I c 400mm ., 1

'II 950mm .,

2 3.3. YokeYoke 22

Use Instructions To carry firewood and short logs.logs. Lash the long poles together at the ends using heavy cord. Pull these poles apart at the middle and lash the Material short poles in place as shown. Attach the shoulder straps 2 long poles 50 mm 0 xx 22000 000 mm,mm, 22 shortshort polespoles 5050 mmmm totheto the longlong poles (1) or thethe shortshort poles (2)(2) according to the o0 xx 400400 mm, 2 flexible straps 600600 xx at least 50 mm, heaheavyvy way the yoke is to be used. The wood to be carried isis cord, a length of rope.rope. stacked in loose loops of rope hanging from the ends of the yoke.

33 4. LogLog tongstongs 11

Use Instructions To drag and lift logs.logs. Heat and bend the longlong ironiron barsbars toto form thethe tongtong armsarms (1). Each arm should havehave anan eye atatone one end and a point Material at the other. Various kinds of points are shown below. 2 iron bars 15 x 25 x 600600 mm,mm. 11 ironiron barbar 1515 xx 2525 x x110 11 0 mmmm,, Sharpen and harden the points. HeatHeat and bend the short 1 rivetrivet 1010 mmmm 00x70 x 70 mm, mm, a a length length ofof rope,rope, 11 roundround piecepiece bar into aU-shapea U-shape (2). Drill a hole through both arms and of wood 5050 mmmm O0 xx 700 mm.mm. both sides of the U-shape and rivet them together (3). Attach the length ofof roperope toto the eyeseyes inin bothboth tongtong armsarms (4). With these tongs oneone personperson cancan dragdrag aa log.log. AnAn additional length of rope and a handle will allow two people to drag aa loglog (5).(5).

t't~~

Different points for log tongs -.01-15 15 X X 25 25 XX 600mm 600mm

1155 XX 25 XX 110mmIIOmm

4 5. LogLog tongstongs 22

Use InstructionsInstructions To drag andand liftlift logs.logs. Heat and bend the iron bars to form the tong arms. Each arm should have a hole atat one endend andand aa pointpoint atat the Material other. Various kinds of points are shownshown below.below. SharpenSharpen 2 iron barsbars 340340 xx 25 x 15 mm.mm, 11 rivet 10 mm O0 x 40 mm,mm, and hardenharden thethe pointspoints.. Drill a holehole throughthrough bothboth tongtong armsarms 2 rings 50 mm 00 and 1 ring 100 mm 00 made from iron and rivet them together. Shape the smallsmall ringsrings andand fitfit rods 6 mm 0 and 9 mm 0 each,each ,a a lengthlength ofof rope,rope, 11 roundround them intointo the holes inin the tong arms. Shape thethe largelarge ringring piece of wood 50 mm 0 xx 700 mm. and fit it into thethe smallsmall rings. Attach the rope to the round wood handle and to the large ring to allow two people to drag a log.

t~~~

Different points for log tongs 90°",·

5 6. WheelbarrowWheelbarrow 11

Use Instructions To move short logs or other materials. Cut the oil drum inin twotwo (1(1). ). Shape the longlong pipespipes forfor thethe frame of the wheelbarrow. FlattenFlatten oneone endend ofof eacheach Material frame-pipe andand drill aa holehole inin each suitable forfor thethe axle 1 usedused oil drum, 2 pieces of pipe 30 mmmm 00 xx 1 1 700 700 mm,mm, and wheel to be used. Assemble axle, wheelwheel andand 2 pieces of pipe 30 mm 0 xx 600600 mm,mm, 2 pieces of pipe frame-pipes.frame-pipes. DrillDrill holesholes inin thethe drum, legslegs andand legleg bracesbraces 30 mm 0 xx 400400 mm,mm, 6 bolts 10 mm 0 withwith washers.washers, and bolt them together as shown. TheThe drum,drum, legslegs and leg 4 pieces of metal 50 x 50 x 5 mm, 1 wheel and axle. braces may also be welded together.

1

2

o

~Leg

6 7. WheelbarrowWheelbarrow 22

Use Instructions To movemove shortshort logs.logs. Bend the long piece of pipe at the centre to form thethe frame. Weld the 450-mm450-mm pipepipe between thethe sidessides ofof thethe Material frame. The handles of thethe wheelbarrow should thenthen bebe 1 piece of pipe 25 mm O0 x 44000 000 mmmm., 1 piece of pipe about 500 mm apart. For the legs weld on two of the 25 mm 0 xx 450450 mm.mm, 4 pieces of pipe 25 mm 0 xx 400 mm,mm, 400-mm pipespipes belowbelow thethe curvecurve ofof the handle. Weld on the 2 pieces of flat iron 80 x 80 x 5 mmmm,, 1 wheelwheel and axle.axle. remaining two 400-mm pipespipes toto make the posts toto holdhold the load. Cut the two small iron squares diagonally andand weld them to the frame as shown to strengthen the connections. Fit the wheel and axleaxle in place using hardwood blocks or metal bearings.bearings.

~ ",00 ",y.'" ,, __ ,' -( ..... '0::, , , , " \ , --"'< '\ \, \ " ", , , \ ----r " 400"''''. , \ " ~ \,00· ·

,_,,~\\ .. ~ ------' .,0.· \ 400n'n1 J-' ,", poOr"\ .--'-" .....------' 000 '" '"

__~'''oo'''''' ,,00"''''6000"n ------­60°'m

\

7 8.8. WheelbarrowWheelbarrow 33

Use Instructions To move short logs. Shape handles ofof one end of the two long pieces of wood and drill a hole forfor the wheel andand axleaxle ofof thethe otherother end.end. MaterialMaterial Drill or cut holes for the remainingremaining pieces ofof wood.wood. 2 piecespieces of hardwood 11 300 x 60 x 30 mm (1), 2 piecespieces of Assemble all pieces following the illustration.illustration. FitFit thethe hardwood 600 x 60 x 30 mm (2)(2),, 2 pieces of hardwood wheel and axle in place using hardwood blocks. The 1 700700 mmmm xx 6060 xx 3030 mmmm (3),(3). 22 piecespieces of hardwood 450 largerlarger thethe wheel diameterdiameter,, the less effort is needed to x 60 x 30 mm (4),(4). 44 roundround piecespieces ofof hardwoodhardwood 3030 mmmm (2)0 push the wheelbarrow over rough ground. x 450 mm (5), 1 wheel and axle (6),(6).

8 9. WheelbarrowWheelbarrow 44

Use Instructions To move short logs. The wheelbarrow may be assembled following the diagram. The design maymay be changedchanged to suit the need or Material the materials available. This kind of wheelbarrow can bebe Sawn lumber: 2 pieces 100 x 30 x 2 000 mm long used over soft ground on a plankway. ((1),I). 10 boards 200 x 20 x 1 000 (2),(2). 2 pieces 100 x 30 x 1 500 mm long (3).(3), 1 piece 300 mm long ((4),4), a wheel and axle (5),(5). nails, spikes, bolts with nunuts ts or screws.

0 0 a 0 a a 0 0 0 0 0 a I- 2000 mm mm ·1 1 ll1A\U~UmUUQJw1 1111 FIT i!(! '1' ~ - 11111: I 1/1,' r . ~ 1i l m i'1, ~ ( 1' .I .II !I II ~ m m IT I I I I " r'

i 1 1 ir .11 1 ii ll,.1 1 -lj i :1 ,.., 4 ~I l~iln~~Wt~~~~. ~j~ 1 ! Lli Old ' '-`

9 10.10. LeverLever logging cart

Use Instructions To lift and rnovemove small logs. Bend the long pipe so that the handle willwill bebe atat waistwaist height when the other end is about 200200 mmmm offoff thethe Material ground. Weld the piece of pipe on for the handlehandle.. Heat 1 piecepiece of pipe 40 mm 0O x 20002 000 mmmm., 1 piece of pipe and bend the iron barbar., cut a V-notch inin thethe endend andand weld 40 mm O0 x 400 mm.mm , 1 iron bar 80 xx 1515 xx 5 mm,mm, 22 usedused itit inin pplacelace on the front end of the longlong pipe (see(see detail). automobileautomobile wheels and an axle. Adjust the axle so the tires are about 400 mm apart and weld the axle to thethe underside of the pipe about 450 mm from the front end.

~-(

1111*1)411MII U ~/IJ~I{/

~

10 11.11. Handftnd sulksulky

UseUse Instructions To lift and move small logs.logs. Weld the wheelwheel attachments (1)(1) to the front piece (2) and weld on thethe wheel braces (3). Weld the sulky pull (4) to Material thethe centre of thethe frontfront piece and weld on thethe pupullll braces The frameframe,, wheel attachments and braces are made of (5).(5). CutCut slotsslots inin thethe metal angle (see detail) for a chain cchannelhannel iron. The attachment for chain chokers is made choker to hold the logs. Each slot should be a little wider of angleangle ¡ron.iron. Channel iron 30 x 30 x 30 x 5 x 66800 800 mm,mm, thanthan thethe thicknessthickness of one chain link. Weld thethe slotted aanglengle ¡roniron 30 xx 3030 x x 5 5 x x 300 300 mm, mm, pipe pipe 40 40 mm mm 10 0x400 x 400 mm,mm, angle to thethe centre of the front piece and thethe pipe handle 2 wwheels.heels, 2 axlesaxles and a length of chain with a ring at the to thethe end of thethe pull. Attach the wheels and axles. eend.nd. NoteNote InformationInformation on how to use this sulky is given on Sheet 12 of this booklet.

1 0," bo°

<:,:<:': '??+:<:': 0<:': "J f

1 o

4

--+ Boom m 200 0 5 "'''' 7

1 1 12.12. UsingUsing a hand sulkysulky

Instructions Stretch out the choker chain onon the ground nextnext to the log toto be movedmoved (1(1). ). RollRoll thethe endend of thethe loglog overtheover the chainchain (2). Back up the sulky so that the slotted angleangle isis over thethe end of thethe log and the chain and tip the sulky up (3). Slip the end of the chain through the ring and pull tight. Then fit a linklink of thethe chainchain intointo the slots in the angle and tip the sulky down (4). One end of the log will be lifted off the ground so thatthat you can drag it (5). You can also chain the log at the centrecentre,, if it isis nottoonot too longlong,, and lift itit clearclear offoff thethe groundground (6). IfIf thethe logslogs areare not tootoo bigbig., you can attach two or more toto thethe sulky (7).

1 ( --~ ~ ~

2 ~- - -~--

/ )' 3 .",/~ .,' " ....

12 L 0) 9 U1

-L.) £L 13. UsingUsing aa sulkysulky onon steepsteep sslopesapes 11 --1111 Material Instructions 2 sulkies, 1 pulley blockblock and chain,chain, 5 mmmm 00 cable of Attach the pulley blockblock toto a tree or other fixed object atat the requrequiredired length.length. toptop of thethe slope. Thread thethe cable throughthrough thethe blockblock and fasten one end to a loaded sulky above andand thethe other endend toto anan empty sulky below.below. The loadedloaded sulkysulky movingmoving downhilldownhill willwill bebe slowedslowed byby thethe weight ofof the emptyempty sulkysulky being pulled uphill. This method isis used on slopes of over 40 percent.

Note This method can be used 'withwith the hand sulky (Sheet 11,11 , Booklet 2)2)., with the self-loading timber arch (Sheet 12,12, Booklet 3) or with a less heavy version of thethe logginglogging

'1 cr-' - .4 (--L. (..7s sulky with tongs (Sheet 13.13, BookletBooklet 3).3). -TN, ,. r 1 ,) .., S, ---, (.-

14 14. UsingUsing aa sulkysulky onon steep slopes 22

MaterialMaterial Instructions 2 sulksulkies,ies, 2 pulleypulley blocksblocks andand chains,chains, 55 mmmm 00 cable of Attach the pulley blocks to two treestrees oror otherother fixedfixed objectsobjects required length.length. at thethe toptop ofof thethe slope.slope. ByBy usingusing twotwo pulleypulley blocksblocks,, sulkies can operateoperate on two separate tracks to twotwo separate landings.landings. Thread the cable through both blocks and fasten one end to a loadedloaded sulky above and thethe otherother endend to an empty sulky below. The loaded sulky moving downhill will be slowed by the weight of the empty sulky being pulled uphill. This method is used on slopesslopes of overover 40 percent.

Note TThishis method can be used with the hand sulky (Sheet(Sheet 11t 1, Booklet 2).2) , with the self-loading timber arch (Sheet 12.12, Booklet 3) or with a less heavy versionversion ofof thethe logginglogging sulky with tongs (Sheet(Sheet 13,13, BookletBooklet 3).3).

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1515 15.15. Rollingoiling logs(3g byby handhand

UseUse Instructions TToo move short or long logs.logs, LaLayy thethe poles paralparallellel on the ground to make a rollway. Larger diameter poles may be needed toto span MaterialsMaterials depressions in the teterrainrrain or clear obstacles such as PolesPoles asas straight,straight, long and uniform in size as possiblepossible,, rocks.rocks. Place the butts of the popolesles in thethe directiondirection that the 4 or 5 pieces ofof woodwood 7070 mmmm 0.0. logslogs are toto be rolled.rolled. Short logs can be rolled directly on the rollway (1). Long logs can be moved onon shortshort woodenwooden rollersrollers (2). As thethe rollers come free at the rear of the log they are placed in positionposition atat thethe frontfront ofof thethe log.log.

2

16 16.6. WoodWoodenn chutechute

UseUse Instructions ToTo move logs less thanthan 2 m long over steep and difficult Bend the pieces of flat iron at the centre to a right angle. terrain.terrain. Drill four holes in each angle and six holes in each board ((1).1). Countersink the holes on the inside edgeedge ofof each Materials board so that the bolt heads will be below the surface. For each section of chute: 2 hardwood boards 55000 000 x Bolt the angles and boards together with the hookhook 200200 x 25 mm,mm. 3 strips of flat iron 400 x 50 x 10 mm,mm , threaded on thethe centre of thethe angleangle onon thethe toptop endend ofof thethe 12 bolts 10 mm 00 x 45 mm with washerswashers andand nuts.nuts, board (2). The 50 mm gap between the bottom edgesedges ofof 11 metalmetal hookhook ofof 1010 mmmm 0.0. the two boards allows bark and wood chips to drop through. To assembleassemble the chute, hook the sections together (3). It is important that the upper sections overlap the lower ones so thatthat logslogs cancan slideslide freelyfreely (4).(4). This kind of chute can be quickly putput togethertogether oror takentaken apart and moved to another place.place. ItIt cancan bebe usedused inin lengths of up to 100 m onon slopesslopes greatergreater than 60 percent.

1 ,I~ 5000mm5000 mm . -I C8= ~o IQ --I 1- 2400 mmmm ·1 4.. 2400 mm mm 100rOOmm mm -Iroom!:-00 mm

2

3 t 200 mm I , ~ , /;: ( / 6'0 Al ~ lJ!l~r "'", 50mm x 150mm

or-Flat imn angle

"'0 "'",

4 . : : .~

1717 17. MetaMetal chute

Use Instructions To move logs less than 2 m long over steep and difficult Fold the sheet metal lengthwise at the centcentrere to form a terrain. wide angle ofof 125°.1250. FoldFold the edges downdown onon bothboth sidessides 40 40 mm to form a right angle. Rivet the metal stripsstrips toto eacheach Material side. Drill a number of holes in the edges to be used for For each sectionsection:: 1 piece of sheet metalmetal 22400 400 x 600 xx nails or wire to fasten the chute. To assemble thethe chute,chute, 2 mm (aluminium(aluminium is light and easy to handle if available, nail thethe sectionssections to a doubledouble row ofof woodenwooden poles.poles. Chute otherwise sheetsheet iron), iron), 22 stripsstrips of of metal metal 2 2 400 400 xx 3030 xx 3 mm, sections can also bebe anchored usingusing wirewire andand stakesstakes 20 rivets 3 mm O0 xx 88 mm.mm. driven into the ground. ItIt is important that the upperupper sectsectionsions overlap the lowerlower ones so that the logs can slide freely. This kindkind of chute can be put together oror takentaken apart and moved to another place. It can be used in lengths of up to 300 m.on slopesslopes greater than 60 percent.

~ ~o",,,,y V"""'/'

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18 iL18. LogLog sledgesledge

Use InstructionsInstructions To movemove heavy logs by hand or by winch and cable.cable. The sledge shown inin the diagramdiagram isis pushed or pulled over a skid road of poles (1)(1) laid parallel on the ground, Material levelledlevelled andand notchednotched everyevery 500500 mmmm toto receivereceive crosscross WoodenVVooden poles poles and and cross cross piecespieces forfor thethe skidskid roadroad,, heavy piecespieces (2).(2). The sledge runnersrunners (3)(3) areare curved atat each end rough sawn lumber for the sledge,sledge. leather or canvas (4) so that the sledge can bebe movedmoved bothboth backwardbackward andand straps.straps, rope.rope. forward.forward. The runnersrunners areare roundedrounded (5)(5) toto reducereduce friction.friction. Log bunks (6), notched into the runners, are carved out to hold theth e load in place. A centre piecepiece (7)(7) providesprovides additional stability.stability. Holes areare drilled in both ends of the runners (8)(8) for cable or rope pulls. For loading,loading, the sledge isis held in place by twotwo heavy stakesstakes (9)(9) againstagainst thethe opposite runner to keep itit from slidingsliding off the skskidid road. Pegs may be driven into the log being carried to provide handholdshand holds for pushing or pulling.pulling. Wide shoulder harnesses for pulling (10)(10) are fastened to the sledge by ropes or canvas straps.straps. AnAn axeaxe maymay bebe buriedburied inin thethe frontfront ofofthe the log for steersteering.ing. FourFour or six people may be needed toto movemove the sledge alongalong thethe skidskid road.road.

fi o o

A /

ci 8 06 ®3 ®7 6

2i:;] 3

0' 00' 0' ,,0 00' 0' o 0' " 00 0'0' / ':i 00 0'0' ':i 00 ':i

19 19. Narrow-gaugeNarrow-gauge tracktrack

Use Instructions To move heavy logs manually oror with animals.animals. A narrow trail is cleared asas straightstraight asas possiblepossible (1).(1). Parallel rows of logs (2) are laid down and levelled. TiesTies Material (3) are laid across the logslogs everyevery 500500 mm.mm. TheThe narrow-narrow­ Old narrow-gauge railway rails, logs, 2000-mm2 OOO-mm ties,ties, gauge rails are laid out and spiked (4)(4) totothe the ties. A plank planks,planks, spikes,spikes, rough sawn lumberlumber,, narrow-gauge walkway (5) is laid down between the rails for the people railway wheels andand axles.axles. or animals pushing or pulling loads of logs. Wagons (6) are mounted on narrow-gauge axlesaxles andand wheelswheels (7).(7).

20 20. Pole tracktrack

Use Instructions To move heavy logslogs manually oror withwith animals.animals. Depending on the size of the logs to be used andand thethe weight of the loads toto bebe carried,carried, place place log log ties ties 1 1 to to 1 1 .5 .5 mm Material apart (1).(1). Mount the track of poles on the tiesties usingusing wirewire Medium to heavy logs,logs, long poles, planks and wire or or spspikesikes (2). If wiwirere is used itit shouldshould bebe attachedattached so thatthat spikes, heavy timber,timber, blocks of wood or sections of logs, it cannotcannot be cut by thethe wheels.wheels. A plankplank walkwaywalkway (3)(3) isis laid metal rods and metalmetal disksdisks withwith cottercotter pins.pins. down between the tracks for the people or animals pushing or pulling loads of logs. The wagon is a simple platform built of heavy timber. The wheelswheels,, carved from blocks of wood or sectionssections of logslogs,, havehave deepdeep groovesgrooves to ride the poles (4). The wheels are freefree toto move back and forth on metal rod axles (5) between metal disks held in place with cotter pins (6) to allow for variationsvariations in track alignment.

21 .=11FAO TRAININGTRAINING SERIES 18 DESIGNDrS ON IVANUAL MANUAL ONSN . BASICBASIC WOOD HARVESTINHARVESTING TECHNOLOGY

BOOKLET 3

MOVING LOADS WITH ANIMAL POWERPOWER

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 19891989 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not implyimply thethe expressionexpression ofof anyany opinionopinion whatsoeverwhatsoever onon thethe part of thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization of thethe UnitedUnited Nations concerning the legal status of any country,country, territory,territory, citydty oror area oror ofof itsits authorities authorities,, or or concerning concerning thethe delimitation delimitation of of its its frontiersfrontiers or boundaries.

M-39 ISBN 92-5-102537-192-!;-102537-1

All rights reserved.reserved . No part of this publication may be reproduced,reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by anyany means,means, electronic,electronic, mechani­mechani- calcal,, photocopying or otherwise, without thethe prior perrnissionpermission ofof thethe copyright owner.owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction,reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and AgricultureAgricultureOrganization Organization of01 the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome,Rome, Italy.Italy.

© FAO FAO 19891989 Contents

1. Saddle-rack 11 2. Saddle-rack 2 3. Skidding harness 11 4. SkiddingSkidding harness 2 5. Head yoke for oxen 6. Shoulder yoke for oxen 7. SkiddingSkidding hooks 8. Skidding tongs 9. Skidding cone to. Skidding sled 11. Skidding cradle 12. Logging sulky with tongs 13. Self-loading timber arch 14. Single skid runner 15. Log sledge 11 16. Log sledge 2 17. Wood pallet with runners Symbols and abbreviations used

0o Degree (angle) 12)O Diameter measurement kg Kilogram = 2.2052.205 poundspounds (lb)(Ib) m Metre = 1.094 yards (yd) mm MillimetreMi llimetre = 0.03940.0394 inchinch (in)(in)

Note

Additional valuableyaluable informationinformation onon the kinds of tools shown in this bookletbooklet can be found iinn FAFAOO ForForestryestry Paper 36, Basic TechnologyTechnology inin ForestForest Operations (ISBN 92-5-101260-1).92-5-101260-1 ). 1.L Saddle-rackSaddle-rack 11 1

Use Instructions To carrycarry short lengths of wood by donkey or mule. Lash the six shorter pieces of wood together toto formform thethe back and side of thethe saddsaddle-rackle-rack as shown.shown, Lash the two Material longerlonger pieces of wood diagonally toto thethe corners of thethe Use round lightweight wood. ForFor each saddle-rack:saddle-rack: 8 back. Tie the length of rope to the back and hookhook itit to the pieces 25 mm '"0 xx 450 mm,mm, 2 pieces 25 mm '"0 x 620 mmmm,, top of the side. Make a second saddsaddle-rackle-rack exactly the strostrongng cord, stripsstrips ofof leatherleather or or wire,wire, aa length ofof rope and same. To attach the two saddle-racks, putputthe the two straps a hook,hook. 2 leather or fibre straps. over the back of the animal andand fasten themthem toto thethe toptop ofof each rack.rack.

.. 450450mm mm .. I

(25mm(25mm 0III

at! ,~,::'))'1441-4' !!I ,~-,Z

450mm pr rI/: ( "\, :: #450~450 mm

1 K. I

II scs.S.

1 2. Saddle-rackSaddle-rack 2

Use Instructions To carry short lengths of wood or drag logs by donkey oror Cut a notch 20 mm widewide xx 25 mm deep atat a pointpOint mule. 120120 mminni from the upperupper end ufof eacheaplruf of thethe Íuurfour boards.boards . Assemble the fourfou r notchednotched boardsboards toto formform twotwo cross.cross· Material pieces.pi eces. Cut the remaining piece of wood in half 4 woowoodenden boards 400400 xx 50 x 20 mmmm,, 1 piepiecece of wood 400 lengthwiselengthwise onon thethe diagonaldiagona land and nail nail one one cross cross to to each each x 50 x 50 mmmm,, nainails,ls, 2 lealeatherther or fibre straps,straps, a rope. eendnd as shown. DrillDrill aa holehole nearnear the the bottom bottom of of each each cross cross and attachattach the straps toto holdhold the rackrack inin placeplace onon thethe animalanimal's's back.back. Short lengths of wood in equaequall amounamoursls can be tied to each side of the rackrack (1) or one or more IIgIrgss can be tied to each sideside of the front (2) and draggeddragged beside the animal.animal. ToTo tietie thethe roperope toto thethe rack, rack ,notches notches can be cut in the ends of the cross-pieces.

____\5011`5\\">0 «'«'\ \~«'«'\~OOO«'«'---- \ 120mm'

--1,\ .':-'" " " ' //' ,0~ ' " ~. , ' t.':.. ,

1 2

2 3. SkiddingSkidding harnessharness 1 1

Use Instructions To pull loads or drag logs by donkey oror mule.mule. Shape the round piece of wood as shown. Attach the twotwo longloi ig pipieceseces ofof cdial!'hain lo to LI the le sidesidess of the collar. Join thethe Material ends of thethe chains with the hook and eye. Pass one of the A draught-animal collar with crupper strap, 2 pieces of straps under the animal (1)(1) andand oneone ofof the straps over the heaheavyvy chain long enough to reach from the collar andand animal (2) and attach them to the chains onon bothboth sides.sides. extend well behind the heels of thethe animal,animal, aa heavyheavy hookhook Insert the round piece of wood inin thethe chains (3)(3) toto holdhold and eye, 2 leather or fibre strapsstraps,, apieceofwooda piece of wood 50 mm themthem apart behind thethe animal. PassPass thethe shortshort piecepiece of o0 xx 560560 mm,mm, aa shortshort piecepiece of heavy chain. chain around the log to be pulled and attach itilia to the hook (4).

550mm0 mm 0 0)) / InsideInside chainchain linklink () :V p_:J 130mm\... 55000 0mm mm .\30.130mml0mml

CD ~

3 4.4. SkiddingSkidding harnessharness 22

Use Instructions To pull loads or drag logs by donkey or mule. Attach the twotwo long pieces of chain to the sides of thethe collar. Attach the singletreesingletree toto thethe endsends ot of the the chainschains (1).(1). Material Pass one of the straps under the animalanimal (2)(2) andand oneone ofof AA draughtdraught animaanimall collar with crupper strap, 2 pieces ofof thethe strapsstraps over thethe animal (3) and attach them toto thethe heavyheavy chain long enough to reach from the collar and chains on both sidessides.. PassPass the short chain around the loglog extendextend well behind the heels of the animal,animal, a singletree,singletree, toto be pulled and attach itit to the hook (4).(4). 2 leather or fibre straps,straps, a short piecepiece of heavy chain.chain.

44 5. HeadHead yoke forfor oxen

Use InstructionsInstructions ToTo pull logs oror carts. Shape the piece of wood to form the yoke asas shown below.below. The final shape will depend on the size of the Material oxen. When the yoke is finished it should fit the head of 1 piecepiece ofof woodwood 20002 000 xx 150150x x 150 mm (weight(weight 12 to both animals just behind the horns. LashLash the ring to the 15 kg)kg)., 8080 mmmm 00 ring made from 10 mm 0 ironiron rod.rod, centre of the yyokeoke (1(1) ) usingusing oneone ofof thethe rawhiderawhide stripsstrips.. Put 2 pieces of thick cloth 400 x 200 mmmm,, 3 rawhide strips a piece of thick cloth on the head of each animal toto keepkeep of appropriate length. thethe yoke from rubbing.rubbing. Lash thethe yoke tightlytightly toto thethe hornshorns (2) with the twotwo remaining rawhide stripsstrips.. TheThe load to be pulled is attached to the ring. The pole ofof aa cart cancan bebe pushed through the ring and held in place with a pin.

I- 2000mm ·1 i 120mm + Front view 775mm 5mm T ~ -lI100ool ....-4-300mm-b- 300mm - 1--11- 550mm550mm -- 4--ll100oo l-55-4---550mm0 mm -.-300mm- 300mm_II100OOI -4- mm fr)mm (IImm

~ + tl20mm12 Omm Top view 75mm7 5 mm L[150mm_1150mm I I L.U II:D t t t

5 6.6. ShoulderShouloref yoke yoke iffor oxenen

Use InstructionsInstructions To pull logs or carts. Shape the piece of wood to form the yoke as shown below.below. The final shape will depend on the size of the MaterialMaterial oxen. When the yoke is finished it should fit the necks of ApA pieceiece of woodwood 12001 200 xx 200200 xx 100100 mm,mm, 22 roundround piecespieces ofof both animals just in front of thethe shoulders.shoulders. Drill four holes wood (such as rattanrattan oror wiwillow)llow) 2525 mmmm 00 or 2 ppiecesieces of in the yoke for the neck hoops using thethe dimensions ironrod15mm0x1000mm,1¡ron rod 15 mm 0 x 1 000 mm, 1 bolt10mm0x250mm bolt 10 mm 0 x 250 mm shown. DrillDrill a holehole inin the centre of the yokeyoke forfor thethe bolt,bolt, with anan eyeeye andand andand aa ringring mademade fromfrom 1010 mmmm 00 iron rod eye and ring.ring. Place thethe yokeyoke onon the oxenoxen andand slipslip inin thethe 80 mm long. neck hoops. Wooden hoops may have to be wet or steamed to bend them into shape. The load to be pulled is attached to the ring.ring. The pole ofof a cart cancan bebe pushedpushed through the ring and heldheld iinn place with a pin. The weight of a load being pupulledlled holds the yoke ffirmlyirm ly in pplacelace agaagainstinst the shoulders.

+.100-4.1-4IOO+I_250mm_I_500mm 250mm 10-1 -4---500 mm · .. 1-250mm250mm 'to.---I-IOO- -*-100-+ A n 8 n nmm [ :.;• • -.::" ::tI" I !:, ' 200mm 1 .t E E o ..."' ~

66 L7. SkiddingSkidding hookshooks

Use Instructions To pupullll logs using draught animals. Heat and bend the iron rods to form twotwo hookshooks withwith eyeseyes as shown.shown. Sharpen and harden the points. Attach the Material ring to the length of chain. DriveDrive thethe hookshooks intointo thethe sidessides 2 iron rods 15 mm 0O xx 450450 mm,mm, 11 ringring 100100 mmmm 00 made of a llogog near the end. ThreadThread the chain through the eyes from 15 mm iron rod,rod , a length of heavy chain. and the ring. When the chain is pulled tight the hooks are forced intointo thethe log.log.

t 130mm 1

I • 160 mm .1

-----

7 8. SkiddingSkidding tongstongs

Use instructionsInstructions ToTo pull logslogs usingusing draughtdraught animals.anim als. HPatHeat aandnd bend the ssteelteel rrodsods ttoo form two hohooksoks with eyes (3).(3) . Sharpen and hardenharden thethe points.points. FormForm thethe twotwo smallsmall Material rings through the eyeseyes ofof eacheach hookhook (2).(2). FormForm thethe largelarge 1 ironiron rod 15 mm 00 x 280 mm (1), 2 iron rods 15 mm 0 ring through the smallersmaller ringsrings (1).(1). Attach the lengthlength of x 200200 mm (2)(2),, 22 piecespieces ofof steelsteel rodrod 2020 mmmm 00 x 550 mm chain to the large ring.ring. PlacePlace oneone hookhook onon eacheach sideside ofof aa ((3),3) , a length of 10 mm chain xx 22000 000 mm. log.log. When the chain is pulled tight the hooks are forced intointo thethe log.log.

®

'..-20mm20 mm 012' ®

8 9.9. SkidSkiddingmg coneco e

UseUse Instructions To preventprevent llogsogs from digging into the ground and being Cut a circlecircle 1 200200 mmmm inin diameterdiameter fromfrom the sheet of metal. caught on obstacles while being pulled. Make a cut fromfrom the edge ofot thethe circlecircle to thethe centre.centre. Role the circle into a cone so thatthat oneone halfhalf hashas twotwo thicknessesthicknesses Material of sheet metal and the other half has three thicknesses. A sheetsheet of heavy-gauge flat metalmetal 11 200 x 1 200 x 2-3 The diameter of the base of the finished cone will be mm, an ironiron rodrod 10-1510-15 mm mm 0 0x160 x 160 mm,mm, 1212 rivets.rivets. about 500 mm. Rivet or weld the loose edges of the cone. Cut off the end of the cone to make a holehole for the chain. Bend the short iron rod into a ring 5050 mmmm inin diameterdiameter and weld it into the hole. Attach the chainchain to the log,log, thread the chain through the hole in the cone and pull. When using the skidding cone thethe part with the three thicknesses shoushouldld be down.

Cct ___-., / 2 tthicknesseshicknesses

CutCutoff off bottombonom

3 thicknessesth icknesses

I • 1200mm • WeldWeld oror rivetrivet

./ HoleHole forfo r chainchain

99 10. SkiddingSkidding sledsled

Use Instructions To pull logs using draught animals.animals. Shape the longlong piecepiece ofof pipepipe toto formform thethe sledsled runner.runner. Weld the short piecespieces of offlat flat ¡ron iron totothe the front of the runner Material to form a pull bar. Weld thethe twotwo pieces ofof channelchannel ironiron toto 1 piecepiece of pipe 50 mm (2)0 xx 22500 500 mm.mm, 1 piece of pipe each side of the runner about halfway between the front 50 mm (2)0 xx 11 500 mm,mm, 2 pieces of 50 x 50 mm channel and the back. Shape thethe shortershorter piecepiece ofof pipepipe toto formform anan ironiron x 150 mmmm,, 2 boltsbolts 10 mmmm (2)0 x 70 mm with nuts,nuts, short arch. Drill holes through thethe basebase ofof thethe archarch andand thethe pieces of flat iron, a length of chain. channel ironiron and bolt the arch in placeplace.. Weld several iron squares toto the top of the arch. Attach the chain to the log to be pulled. Hook the chain through the squares, over the arch and fasten itit toto thethe front of thethe runnerrunner (1).(1). TheThe forward movement of of thethe sled will cause the arch to move into the verticaverticall position.position, lifting the front end of the log off the ground (2).(2).

1 Arch ------,

----- = /

Q

2

~/-' / PuPullll bar ~~ --

'" RunneRunnerr

lo10 11.11. SkiddingSkidding cradle

Use InstructionsInstructions To carry short lengths of wood downhill or over softsoft Shape the piece of metal so that it has the proper curve. ground. Make two brackets using tirethe ironiron rodsrods oror IIthe le metalmetal stripsstrips as shown below. Bolt one of the brackets to the outside of Material the cradle at thethe rearrear endend (1(1) ) andand thethe otherother bracket toto thethe A section of curved metal 2500 x 1 250 mm and at least inside of the cradle at the front end (2).(2). AttachAttach thethe chainchain 2 mmmm thick (can be cutcut fromfrom auseda used metalmetal tank)tank)., 22 piecespieces to thethe rearrear bracketbracket andand threadthread itit throughthrough thethe frontfront bracket.bracket. ooff iron rod 10-15 mm ""0 xx 400 mm or 2 flat metal strips When the cradle is pulled the tension in the chain holds 150150 x 100 x 55 mm,mm, 8-128-12 boltsbolts withwith nuts,nuts, aa lengthlength ofof chainchain the wood in place. 1010 mmmm ""0 x 4000 mm.

• 100mm100 mm • lOa100 mm • + .... I t t r ':: '. : ~1606 0 mm 60mm " O-:":1. . ' =- -'--1':'" ,ccO'\ 150 mrn'- :ltcl-=~o~- -: ~ ~~ . - --~~ 15 0 mm (6' 150 mm :. . ':'.~ -;;: :.::·O·:}i .. " [.' oj i ~ .'. ; 2. -,,'-; ' .P•• - , ~ - '" l .,~- ., t ~8,j ~.~~

Flat metal bracket Iron rod bracket

1111 12.12. LoggingLogging sulky with tongs

Use Instructions To lift and carry or drag heavy logs. The design can be varied according to the materials available as long as the parts remain the same (an(an archarch with two wheels,wheels. double hook tongs and a long tongue Material which acts as a lever).lever). Position the sulky over the middle Used scrap iron,iron, 2 wheels 22500-3000 500-3 000 mmmm 0,0, aa pair ofof of the log, tip up the tongue and clinch thethe loglog withwith thethe heavy metal hook tongs,tongs, a length of heavy chain. tongs (1).(1). Pull the tongue down andand fastenfasten thethe otherother endend of the log with the chain to lift the log completely offoff the ground (2). The tongs cancan alsoalso bebe attachedattached nearnear thethe endend of the log to lift only that end and drag the other (3).(3). With this sulky only one loglog at a time can bebe moved.moved.

Arch

112 2 1:1EL

z

I. 13. Self-loadingSelf-loading timbertimber arch

Use Instructionsinstructions To lift and skid one or more logs.logs. The design can be varied according to the materials available as longlong as the parts remain the same (an arch MaterialMaterial with two wheels andand aa long tongue which actsacts asas a lever). UsedUsed scrapscrap ironiron,, 22 usedused trucktruck wheelswheels with tires, a llengthength To use the arch, position ititoverthe over the log or logs as shown;shown; of cchain.hain. tip up the tonguetongue and secure thethe lloadoad toto thethe centre with the chain (1). Pull down ononthe the tongue and one end of the load is lifted off the ground forfor skidding (2).(2).

Side braces "...... I 1/ .. ~

_------Arch G

1414 14.4. SingleSingle skid runner

Use Instructions To carry short lengths of wood. Shape the piece of timber by cutting outout the central partpart aiidand ioundiligrounding Willboth ends ends to to form form aa double-endeddouble-ended skidskid as Material shown below. Drive the spikesspikes through the bottom of the A piece of timber 2 000000 x 250 x 250 mm, 2 lengths of skid so that they extend slightly through the top to hold cchainhain 2 500500 mm,mm, aa loadload binderbinder (see(see SheetSheet 11,11. BookletBooklet 4), the load in placeplace.. Attach the two lengths of chain toto the 2 bolts 10 mmmm (2)0 x 260 mm.mm, 20 heaheavyvy spikes. load binder. Drill twotwo largelarge holesholes throughthrough thethe frontfront andand back ends ofof thethe skidskid forfor thethe chains.chains. Drill twotwo smallersmaller holes at right angles through the large holesholes to boltbolt bothboth chains in place at the desired length.length. Open the load binderbinder,, fill thethe skidskid runnerrunner withwith shortshort lengths and closeclose thethe loadload binder. This skid runner can carry aboutabout 0.50.5 cubiccubic metres of short wood lengths.lengths.

A O'" X,0 '" ",'" ~ -'\,'00

.Y \) \) \) ~ \) l::.

",'" ,/-000 /~" ~\ lID I ~o ~ .~

'\

15 15.5. LogLog sedgesledge 11

Use InstructionsInstructions To carry short lengths of wood or firewood. Heat and bend the two pieces ofof pipepipe to form the runners of the sled (1). Weld oneof le ofof thelije long pieces of angle ironiion Material to each runnerrunner as a brace (2). Join the runners byby welding 2 pieces of pipe 40 mm 0 xx 22 700700 mm,mm, 44 piecespieces ofof angleangle the four short pieces of angle ironiron to the underside of the iron 920 x 40 x 40 mm, 4 pieces of angle iron 450 x 40 x braces (3). Invert the two remaining longlong piecespieces ofof angleangle 40 mm, a length of chain, a metal ring,ring , 2 short pieces ofof ironiron and weld themthem toto thethe bracesbraces toto supportsupport the the loadload (4).(4). iron for the pull. The sharp edges of the inverted angle willwill keep the wood fromfrom sliding sideways. AttachAttach aa pullpull toto thethe bracesbraces at one end of the sledge using the chain, the ring and the short pieces ofof ironiron asas shown.shown.

16 16.16. LogLog sledge 22

Use Instructions ToTo carrycarry llogsogs oror shortshort lengthslengths ofof wood. Weld one of the four 100-mm pieces of pipe (1) to each end of the long pieces of channechannell iron (2). DriDrillll two hoholdsles Material in these channels for the lag screws (3) and attach the 4 pieces of pipe 50 mm 0 xx 100 mm (1),(1),2 2 pieces ofof2 2 mm channechannelsls to the runners (4). WeldWeld one of thethe fourfour 150-mm channel ironiron 22 750 x 40 x 4040 mmmm (2),(2), 44 1lagag screwsscrews 13 mmmm pieces of pipe (5) to each end of the shortshort pieces of o0 xx 100100 mm (3),(3), 2 wooden runnersrunners 3 3 000000 x x 100100 xx 80 mm, cchannelhannel ironiron (6). These are sockets for tthehe 850-mm roroundedunded at both ends (4), 4 pieces of pipe 60 mm 00 x 150 pieces of pipe (7) to hold the load in place on the sledge. mm (5), 2 pieces of 2 mm channel ironiron 11 000 000 xx 6060 xx 40 mm Weld the short iron rods (8) to the long channels toto ((6),6),4 4 pieces of ppipeipe 5050 mmmm 00 x 850 mm (7), 2 pieces of provprovideide fasteners for load-bindingload-binding chains or rope. Attach iroironn rod 13 mm 0 xx 75 mm (8),(8) , a length of chachainin 5 mm 0 the pupullll chachainin as shownshown (9). WhenWhen using tthishis sledge,sledge, lolongng x 23002 300 mm (9). logs are stacked llengthwiseengthwise and short lengths of wood are stacked crosswise. This piece of equipment can be easeasilyily taken apart and moved from place to place.

o

7

c=s

2

8

3

17 17.17. WoodWood pallet withwith runners

Use InstructionsInstructions To carry short lengths of wood over soft ground. Heat and shape the two pieces of pipe and weld them together using the foulfour ironiron rodsrods toto formform thethe pallet. The Material width of the pallet can vary from 11 000 to 1 500500 mm 2 piecespieces of pipepipe 80 mm 00 xx 2 200 mm,mm, for the pallet 4 according to the length of wood to be carriedcarried.. Weld the pieces of iron rod 20 mm 0 x 1 000-1 500 mm and a small small piece of iron to the top iron rodrod at one end of the piece of iron 50 x 50 x 1010 mmmm forfor thethe runnersrunners,, 2 pieces of pallet and drill a hole in it for the pull chain. Heat andand flatflat ironiron 1 500 x 250250 x 110a mmmm andand 44 piecespieces of 2-mm angle shape the two pieces of flat iron to form the runners and ironiron 1 000000 xx 5050 xx 5050 mmmm., 33 lengthslengths of heavy chain, a weld two pieces of angle iron to each of them. Drill a hole heavy ring and a woodenwooden spreader 2 mm 0 xx 800 mm for in thethe curved end of each runner and attach the pull chain the pull. as shown. The upper length of chain can be removed when the pallet iiss being lloaded.oaded. The wooden spreader is used between the lower lengths of chain when only the runners are being pulled to keep them apartapart.. The runners are placed parallel on the ground and a loaded pallet is pulled into place between the angles on the runners. This piece of equipmentequipment can be pulled by animals or by winchwinch and cable.

Pipe

Rods Spreader

--,..---.

Flat ¡roniron runners 1'<50 . --""'-c.. tnrn -""1

18 FAO TRAINING SERIES 18 DESIGNDESIG \ MANUALMANUAL ON BASIC WOODWOOD HAIÈNESTINGHARVESTING TECHNOLOGY

BOÖKLETBOOKLET 4

PILING, LOADING AND TRANSPORT

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1989 The designations employed and thethe presentation of materialmaterial inin thisthis publication do not imply the expressionexpression ofof any any opinion opinion whatsoever whatsoever on the partpart ofof thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization ofof thethe UnitedUnited Nations concerning the legal status ofof anyany country,country, territory,territory, citycity oror area or of its authorities,authorities, oror concerningconcerning the delimitationdelimitation ofof itsits frontiers or boundaries.

M-39 ISBN 92-5-102537-1

AllAU rights reserved. No part of this publicationpublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted inin any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-mechani­ cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permissionpermission of thethe copyrightcopyright owner.owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, shouldshould bebe addressed toto the Director, Publications Division,Division, FoodFood andand Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delledelle TermeTerme didi Caracalla, Caracalla, 0000100 100 Rome, Italy.

©0 FAO FAO 19891989 ContentsContents

1. Pulley block and cablecable loadingloading 11 2. Pulley blockblock and cable loading 22 3. Hand-winch 4. A-frame for cross-hauling logslogs 5. Guyed pole loading 6. Loading pivot 11 7. Loading pivot 2 8. Log jackjack 9. Skid beam 10. Loading hooks 11. Load binderbinder 11 12. Load binder 2 13. Release tongs 14. Unloading ramp 15. Rafting dog 16. Tractor cart 17. Logging track Symbols and abbreviationsabbreviations used

0 Degree (angle) 0 Diameter measurement kg Kilogram = 2.2052.205 pounds (lb)(I b) m Metre = 1.0941.094 yardsyards (yd)(yd) mm MillimetreMillimetre = 0.03940.0394 inchinch (in)(in) % Percentage

Note

Additional valuablevaluable informationinformation onon the kinds of tools shown inin this booklet can be found in FAO Forestry Paper 36, Basic Technology in Forest Operations (ISBN 92-5-101260-1). 1. PulleyPulley blockblock andand cablecable loadingloading 11

Use Instructions To load logs on trucks and carts. Attach the pulley block (1) to a tree using the short cablecable (2). Attach the loglog-loading-loading tongstongs (3) (3) toto oneone endend ofof the long Material cable and thread the other end through the pulley block. A pulley block, a short length of cable, a pair of log-log­ Attach the long cable to the source of power (4).(4). You can loading tongs, a long lengthlength of cable. adjust the chain or cable supporting the pulley so that it will be directly over the place where you want to drop the log on the truck or cart.

® ..&'

.. ...:'-

1 2. PuilPulley ey blockock andand cable loadingloading 22

Use Instructions To lloadoad logslogs on to trucks and carts. A single pole (1) or two popolesles in an A-frame wellwell anchored toto a tree (2)(2) can be used to support thethe pulleypulley blocks.blocks. IfIf Material therethere are no trees.trees, four free-standing poles can bebe used PulleyPu lley blocks,blocks, rope or wire cable, 11 to 4 poles of suitable (3(3).). PullePulleyy blocks can be used inin variousvarious combinations.combinations. sizesize.. The mechanical advantageadvantage will will bebe equalequal toto thethe numbernumber ofof strandsstrands supportingsupporting the movablemovable pulleypulley block.block. AA spacerspacer bar may be needed to keep the loops of thethe cables fromfrom moving in from the ends of the logs during loading.loading.

1 2

Ilh,

2 3.a Hand-Hand-winchInch

Use Instructions To supply powerpower for hauling andand lifting.lifting. Shape the flat iron bar to formform thethe crank.crank. Attach the crank handI iandlele andand thetile rubberrubber tubetube handle cover (1). Cut twotwo Material circles for the flanges andand notchnotch oneone ofof themthem asas shownshown 1 flat iron bar 500 x 50 x 3535 (crank),(crank), 1 iron rod 10 mm 0 xx (2)(2).. Shape thethe drum and weld on thethe flanges.flanges. Drill a hole 350 mm (crank handle), rubber tube 10 mm 0 xx 300300 mmmm through thethe centre of the flanges, insert the axle and weld (handle(handle cover), 2 pieces of iron 250 x 250 x 20 mm itit inin place.place. File one end of the axle to fitfit thethe crank (3). (flanges),(flanges) ,1 1 iron rod 30 mm 0 xx300 300 mm (axle).(axle), 1 piece of Shape the two ssideide frames with mounts for the axle and iron 320 x 200 x 5 mm (drum), 11 flatflat ironiron barbar 4040 xx 2525 xx 1010 pawl. RiRivetvet the pawl in place. TheThe notches in oneone flangeflange mm (pawl), 1 rivet 10 mmmm 00 x 40 mm (pawl attachment), of the winch permit it to be turned in one direction only.only. 2 flat ironiron barsbars 500500 xx 2525 xx 1010 mmmm (side(side frames).frames). The pawl keeps the winchwinch from unwinding (4).

20mm /FlangeFlange 2 ---I f-- ~ 1 Notched flange

5mm DfUm\ / Pawl - -.. ~ /...--- - ...... // " Crank \ 30r {I \\ 1______1 1 II ..".",-,...... - '" 1\\1 f- '.:,'.:.' ,'~::' .'.1 250mm250 mm \\

" ,,\""'" ///1 I ...... --_ ...... Drum~ --- 1 Side frame ~ 240240mm mm ..j

3 4 j.--Hg-- 200mm200mm _I... 300300mm mm ..I l.. @: -:g: @ 50mm T A"e ( , ~ , 35mm

~.: .. ,) t:·:o.tl T 300mm300 mm .;; Crank handle and rubber-tube handle cover • r:J .~.'. ,I ~.)I 1

3 4. A-frameA-frame for cross-hauling logs

Use Instructions To cross-haul logs on to the deck of a truck or trailer. Build the A-frame using the dimensions shown. A cable attached toto the hand-winch isis passedpassed overover andand underunder thethe Material loglog toto be hauled. The end of the cable isis anchored toto thethe Hardwood timbers of various sizes,sizes, a hand-winch with inside of thethe trucktruck deck. When thethe hand-winch is fittings (see(see Sheet 4 of this booklet),booklet), aa lengthlength ofof roperope oror operated thethe log is hauled up the wooden plank incline to wire cable. thethe deck of thethe trucktruck oror trailer.trailer.

Front view Side view

4 -""""~ ~tliiall~;:---- ww 0002 ---==~

o wWI>1

ww 0001>

WWO(;I! * 5. GuyedGuyed pole loading

Use InstructionsInstructions To lift logs for loading. Shape the iron bar to form a collar around thethe toptop ofof the pole. Attach the four U-bolts to the collar. Three U-bolts Material are for the guy lines and the fourth is for a pulley block.block. A polepole at least 150 mm 12)0 at the top and at least 1010m m longlong., Two other pulley blocks are rerequiredquired as shown. The 1 iron¡ron barbar 470470 xx 100 x 10 mmmm,, 4 U-bolts, 3 pulley blocks,blocks, movable and upper fixed pulley can be doubled to loading hooks and chains (see(see SheetSheet 1010 of this booklet), increase lifting capacity. The fixed pulley mounted on thethe cable.cable. pole serves to change the directiondirection ofof thethe pull.pull.

6 6. LoadingLoading pivotpivot 11

UseUse Instructions To load logs by hand. Make a free-standingfree-standing tripod with legs sufficsufficientlyiently spread to[o bebe stable.stable. A yokeyoke-shaped-shaped litbracket ackel isis welded toto a leilength iyll Material of pipe that fits into the tripod. DrillDrill holesholes inin thisthis pipepipe andand UsedUsed scrapscrap pipepipe ofof varyingvarying diameters. insert a pin toto adjust the height. Loading isis done byby placing a log on the yoke and then swinging it over onon toto the pile.

8 500 mm

~

~

500mm

_ A I --"--II \,7 0 , ---~/I

7 7. LoadingLoading pivotpivot 22

UseUse Instructions To load logs by handhand.. Shape the top piece (1) and the curved uprightupright (3)(3) usingusing the dimensions below. Cut the notches as shown. Weld MaterialMaterial the threethree pieces together with the cross-arm (2) at a 90° 11 piecepiece ofof flatflat iron¡ron 160160 xx 100100 xx 1010 mmmm (1),(1), 11 piecepiece ofof flatflat angle to the upright. Hook the rounded part of the tool to iron¡ron 260260 x 6060 xx 10 mmmm (2), 1 piece of flatflat ¡roniron 350 x 60 xx a log inin thethe middlemiddle ofof thethe pile.pile. LoadingLoading is donedone byby placingplacing 1010 mmmm (3). a log onon thethe pivotpivot and then swinging itit over on to the pile.

Notches J~~ /1 60mm60t mm _1- /#'. l

~®

O•• ~~

o \0

~ 6'0 "'0 ~'VI.¥ -""'1'0",,,,>r¡oro'

8 8. Log-=og jackjack

Use Instructions To pilepile logs by hand. Chop or saw steps 50-60 mm deep and about 400 mmmm high in each log as shown (1). One person can use one Material log jack to pivot medium-sized logslogs onon toto aa pilepile (2).(2). IfIf thethe 10r210gsabout150mm0x3600mm.1 or 2 logs about 150 mm x 3 600 mm. logs are llarge,arge, two people and twotwo log jacksjacks may be necessary (3).

1 \

3

9 9. SkidSkid beambeam

Use Instructionsinstructions To roll logs on to piles, trucks oror carts.carts. Round off one end of each beam. Shape the two piecespieces of flattlat iron to formtorm the beam shoes using the dimensions Material below. Screw the shoes to the underside ofof the beams.beams. 2 timber beams 100 x 100 mm and of suitable length, Place the two beams on the pile or load (the shoes willwill 2 pieces of flat iron 160 x 100 x 10 mm, 6 screws 50 mm keep the beams from slipping) and rollroll onon the logs.logs. long.

I • 160 mm • I

'~---~-- .. - " \\ 40mm ...... _ Beam shoe

" e ::~ ; t ~::=----- T=1 \ 80 mm--+~~I-"Ol-:"--O'

_,,_Iomrr. \ \ \

60mm 100mm100mrn o \_50mm- 1 I , \ 1

10 10. LoadingLoading hooks

UseUse Instructions To lift logs for loading. Heat and bend the longer rodsrods to form two hookshooks withwith eyes using the dimensiondimensionss below.below. Sharpen and harden Material the points. Heat and bend the short rods and formform a ring 2 iron rods 3030 mmmm 00 x 520 mm,mm , 2 iron rods 20 mm 0 xx about 60 mm 0 inin thethe eyeeye ofof eacheach hook.hook. LoadingLoading hookshooks 230 mm,mm , 2 lengths of chain.chain. are used to lift a log by both ends from a central point such as a loading crane oror boom.boom. Tension inin hooks,hooks, chachainsins or cabcablesles wwillill vary withwith the angle fformedormed with the log. The ttableable below gives conversion factors for variousvarious angles. The example below shows how to useuse a conconversionversion factor to calculate tension in a liftinglifting arm.

Angle of chain Conversion factor orcableor cable 9090°" 0.50 7070°" 0.53 "'-1I0mm---"'1 4545°" 00.71.71 30"30° 1.00 20°20" 1.00 -) ExampleExample A log weighing 400 kg is raised by hooks forming a 4545'° angle withwith thethe log. The conversion factor for a 4545°° anganglele is 0.71.0.71. Then,Then. 400400 kg kg xx 00.71.71 === 284 kg (the load in each hook, chain oror cable).cable). 190 mm j

I~ 220mm •

111 1 11. LoadLoad binderbinder 11

Use Instructions TToo ancanchorhor lloadedoaded logslogs for transport. Make the top of thethe binder by folding the llongong piece of fflatlat ironiron double (1).(1). Make anan elbow by folding the short piece Material of flat iron double (2), then heat and bend it at the centre 1 piecepiece ooff fflatlat ironiron 500500 x 4040 xx5 5 mm (1),(1) , 1 piece of flat iron to an angle of 120°.120°. MakeMake thethe handlehandle byby heatingheating andand 300 x 40 x 5 mm (2)(2)., 1 piece of flatflat iron 450 xx 40 xx 5 mmmm bending thethe remainingremaining piece piece of of iron iron to to anan angleangle ofof 120°120° atat (3),(3) , 2 bolts 1100 mm 0O xx 2525 mmmm withwith nuts,nuts, 33 ringsrings withwith chainchain a point about one fourth ofof the way up from its inside end hooks (4), 4 washerswashers,, 1 metal pin (5), a length of chain. (3). Drill twotwo holesholes and bolt thethe threethree piecespieces togethertogether with the rings and hooks inin place asas shown (4).(4). The binderbinderwi willll open and close more easilyeasily with washers threaded onon toto the boltsbolts on each side of the handle. CloseClose thethe binderbinder and and drill a hole through the handle and the top piece for the lock pin (5). The pin is used to keep thethe binder closed when not in use. To use the binder, wrap the chain around the load, attach thethe hooks to the chain and pull thethe chain tighttight by closing the handle. If thethe load isis tootoo looseloose,, open the handle andand hookhook thethe nextnext linklink ofof thethe chain. Then close the handlehandle again.again.

Open Closed

4}-..{F'\\

o

250mm

· IIQl ~- t\~1:; ~, 0 t 1'/.0 ~-..; k{'l":f; ) ~{~~':

12 12.2. 11oadLoad binderbinder 22

Use InstructionsInstructions To anchor loaded logs for transport. Make the two bottom piecespieces (1)(1) andand the handlehandle (2)(2) ofof thethe binderbinder as shown by !leafingheating andand bending.bending. DtDrill ill two holesholes Material through both bottom piecespieces for the rope and for the locklock 3 pieces of flat iron 150 x 25 x 5 mm, 1 iron rod 5 mm ""0 pin. Drill another holehole through both bottom piecespieces andand the xX 100100 mm, 1 bolt with nutnut oror 11 rivet.rivet. handle. Assemble thethe threethree piecespieces withwith aa boltbolt oror aa rivet.rivet. Heat and bend the iron rod and form a ring of about 25 mm ""0 inin thethe ringring hole.hole. AttachAttach oneone endend ofof thethe roperope toto the hole in the bottom and make aa looploop onon thethe otherother endend to hookoverthehook over the handle. CloseClosethe the handlehandle toto pullpull thethe loadload tight and lock it with the ring. This binder can be released quickly under strain.

2

Ring lock --___

o

1

'" " " o

Closed

Open

13 13. ReleaseRelease tongstongs

Use Instructions To quickly releaserelease loadsloads ofof logs.logs. Heat and shape anan eyeeye onon one endend ofof thethe ironiron barbar andand weld the other end to the top of one tong hookhook (1).(1). HeatHeat Material and shape the iron rodrod to form aa small ringring andand weldweld itit toto A pair of log tongs (see Sheet 5,5, Booklet 2),2) , 1 iron bar the lower end of the other tong hook (2). Attach thethe pulley 200 x 15 xx 1515 mmmm,, 11 iron iron rod rod 5 5 mm mm 0 0x120 x 120 mm,mm, a pulley block (3),(3) , tie the rope to the ring and thread thethe roperope block with ring.ring , rope.rope. through the pulley. A pull on the rope will unhook the tongs. This device can eliminate thethe needneed forfor a person on top of thethe loadload andand allowallow controlcontrol ofof swingingswinging empty tongs.

!$/if!' 1/,~'.

14 14.4. UnloadingUnloading raramp_vta- p

Use Instructionsinstructions To unloadunload aa loglog truck byby gravity.gravity. Build a doubledouble ramp like the one shownshown in thethe diagram.diagram. The length aiand Id width will depend on whether the truck to Material be used has single or dual wheels and singlesingle or tandem Heavy hardwood boards at least 500 mm thick. axles. The dimensionsdimensions shown areare for double-axle,double-axle, single-wheelsingle-wheel trucks. ToTo useuse the ramp, back one of the rear wheels on to it to tilt the truck to one side. When the side stakes on the truck deck are removed the logs willwil l roll off through thethe forceforce ofof gravity.gravity.

\00 ",,,, ~

15 15. RaftingRafting dogdog

Use InstructionsInstructions To attach a binding or towing rope or cable to aa log. Shape the iron rod to form a ring about 40 mm 0. FileFile or grgiindind thethe flatflat piecepiece of of irou iron to form tithe le bladeblade of the rafting Material dog using the dimensions shown. Round out the top 1 piecepiece of flat iron 130 x 55 x 30 mm,mm, 1 piece of ironiron rodrod surface of the blade andand weldweld thethe ring ring toto it.it. ToTo useuse thisthis tooltool 10-15 mm 0 x 160-170 mm. pound the dog into a log near the upper end and pass the rope oror cable through the ring.

Front view Side view

-+- 10 mm 0 --

r - ----J------\-----l, ---,, I ,I I I I t 190mm , 45mm I I I I I ~

8 5 mm

, I I __--''-- ___: __ . ______T ______;, _____'--_ ~ ___ J _____ L

I.. 55mm • -4--+-30mm---/ 30mm -0-

16 16.16. Tractor cart

Use Instructions tofo haulhaul logs,logs, lumberlumber andand otherother loads.loads. Weld the two pieces of angle iron to the axles (1). Weld the two pieces of pipe fromfrom thethe didriveshaft iveshaft to the axleaxle as Materials braces (2). Bolt the square timbers to the angles for the "learRear end ofof oldold carcar oror truck truck chassis chassis withwith driveshaft,driveshaft, axleaxle., main frame of the cart (3). Attach the two shorter pieces Nheels and tires.tires. 22 piecespieces ofof 110-mmO-mm angleangle ironiron 100100 x x100 100 of wood (4) to the front and back of the timber frameframe andand (K 250 250 mm,mm, 22 piecespieces ofof pipepipe 2525 mmmm 00 x 1 100 mm, the four pieces of pipe to each corner (5) to hold thethe loadload.. 2 squaresquare timberstimbers 100 x 100 mm x thethe required length Make a hitch using the two smasmallll pieces of iron and the (;22500 500 mmmm inin thisthis example)example),, 6 bolts 10 mm 00 x 120 mm metal pin as shown in the detail. NNithith nutsnuts,, 2 pieces of wood 80 x 100100 x 1 500 mmmm., 4 pieces )Dff pipe pipe 60 60 mmmm 00 x 1 500500 mm, 2 pieces of iron 10 x 60 x 300 mmmm,, 11 metalmetal pinpin 2020 mmmm 0 xx 70 mm.

.. _lOX10 X 60X300mm60X 300 mm AIM20mm_4__20mm 0 III '-.... " o ~

o Hitch o

10IOmm mm 01-4-- I 300mm 0 --I!-

1 1600mm <=>~"o 25mm ,~ <=> -1- / .., a 0 I<".so-:;-:; <=> IOOmm_,

e ~ 0 \lloomml- 25002500mm mm Angle iron 0

Y -1 100mm o

A , I .. AI500mmJuumm-1.-1 .. I

17 17. LoggingLogging track II=M! Use Instructions To allow carts and trucks to operate on soft ground. LayoutLay out thethe hardwood boards side by side on the ground with about 20 mm between each board. Bend the two Material steel straps so that they wrap around the bottom of both For each section of track you will need about 1010 pieces of end boards and form a loop on each end as shown. DrillDrill hardwood 600 x 200 x 40 mm.mm, 2 steel straps 20 x 5 mm holes in the steel straps and the boards (four(four forfor eacheach of appropriate length,length ,1 1 steelsteel rodrod oror 11 piece ofof pipepipe 2020 mmmm board) and nail or screw thethe straps and thethe boards o0 xx 600 mm,mm, 4 pieces of iron rod 5 mmmm 00 x 150 mmmm,, nails together. Assemble thethe logginglogging tracktrack byby threadingthreading thethe or screws. longlong steel rod or thethe piecepiece ofof pipepipe throughthrough the loops of two sections of track. Drill holes in both ends of the rod or pipe. Bend the ends of the shorter pieces ofof ironiron rodrod toto form stakes as shown. Drive the stakes through thethe holesholes inin thethe rod or pipe and intointo thethe ground to hold the tracktrack inin place.

MINEM 4E=

\ iJJ JY N Nh ;> h N N h JI /Aiv/ iYA 1 VA I WMA 1,/ A I I I I/A=MII Ir

LoopLoot: MAIIWAF/AWANFAIWP s\ ______Drive stake into ground

Stake -----~

Rod or pipe I» II

18 FAO TRAININGTRAINING SERIES 18 DESIGN MANUALMANUAL ONON BASIC WOODWOOD HARVESTINGHARVESTING TECHNOLOGY

BOOKLETBOOKLETS 5

WOOD HANDLING,HANDLING, BARKING,BARKING, SAWING AND SPLITTING

~

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 19891989 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not implyimply thethe expressionexpression of anyany opinionopinion whatsoeverwhatsoever onon the part of thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization of thethe UnitedUnited Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory,territory, citycity oror area or ofof itsits authorities authorities,, oror concerning conoarning the the delimitation delimitation of of its its frontiersfrontiers or boUndariesboundaries..

M-39M-39 ISBNISBN 92-5-10253792-5-102537-1-1

All rightsrights reserved. reserved. No partpart ofof thisthis public,ationpublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalretrieval system, or transmittedtransmitted inin anyany formform oror byby anyany means,means, electronic,electronic, mechani­mechani- cal, photocopying oror otherwise, without the the priorprior permissionpermission of of the the copyrightcopyright owner. owner. Applications forfor such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproductionreproduction,, should be addressed to thethe Director,Director, PublicationsPublications DivisionDivision,, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle TermsTermo di CaracallaCaracalla,, 0010000 100 RomeRome,, Italy.

© FAOFAO 19891989 ContentsContents

1.iL Hand hook 11 2. Hand hook 2 3. Hand hook 3 4. Hand hook 4 5. Pickaroon 6. Sappie 7. Using a pickaroon or a sappie 8.3. Cant hook 11 9. Cant hook 2 10. Cant hook 3 11. Pike and log hook 12. Firewood press 13. Stump spikespike 11 14. Stump spike 2 15. Barking tooltool 11 16. Barking tool 2 17. BarkingBarking tool 3 18. PitPit oror trestletrestle sawing 19. Pit or trestle saw 20. Splitting maulmaul 21. Splitting wedge 22. Splitting blade and mallet 23. Wooden hammerhammer 11 24. Wooden hammerhammer 22 Symbols and abbreviationsabbreviations used o Degree (angle) oO Diameter measurement kg Kilogram = 2.2052.205pounds pounds (lb)(Ib) m Metre = 1.0941.094 yardsyards (yd)(yd) mm MillimetreMillimetre = 0.03940.0394 inchinch (in)(in) % Percentage

Note

Additional valuablevaluable informationinformation onon the kinds of tools shown inin this booklet can be found in FAO Forestry Paper 36, Basic Technology in Forest Operations (ISBN 92-5-101260-1). 1 •. HandHand hook 11

Usese Instructions rOo llift,ift, turn, drag or load small logs.logs. Bend and weld the rods to form these two hookshooks usingusing the dimensdimensionsions shown below.below. Sharpen andand harden thethe ~Materialaterial points. I\.IA, piece piece of of iron iron rod rod 15 15 mm mm 0 O x x 450 450 mm mm oror aa piecepiece of ~boncreteoncrete reinforcingreinforcing rod 15 mm 0 x 750 mm.

/ RubberR,bbe' ,"betube handlehandl.

\ 80mm '!6'", '" <'6'0 ~ "'",

~ Hook made from iron rodrod HookHook made fromfrom concrete reinforcing rod

1 2.2. HandHand hookhook 22

Use Instructions To lift, turn, drag or load smallsmall logs.logs. Shape the hook andand ththee handhold as shown and weld the two together. Sharpen and harden thethe point. AttachAttach thethe Material handle. 1 piecepiece of iron 280 x 20 x 55 mmmm (hook),(hook). 1 piece of iron 230 x 2020 xx 55 mmmm (handhold), (handhold), 1 1 iron iron pin pin 10 10 mm mm 0 0x120x 120 mm (handle), 1 piece of wood or rubber (handle(handle cover).

1-120mm-1 ---(oY 2:3

280mm

l30mm ~ t

2 3. HardHand hookhook 33

Use Instructions To lift, turn, drag or load small logs. Shape the two pieces of soft iron over the end of the handle to formform handle covers as shown. Drill a hole Material through both covers and thethe handle and draw them A piece of used axe handle or similar, 2 piecespieces of soft iron tightly together with the bolt. Grind or file the end of the 6565 x 3030 xx 33 mm,mm, 11 boltbolt 101 0 mm m m 0 0x85x 85 mm with nut. bolt toto aa pointpoint andand bendbend itit slightlyslightly toto formform aa hook.hook. HardenHarden the point of the hook.

1\

.".-;:. ~ ;' ,I J.::: ,, ? \~_.!~I ~

/ Handle cover I -, \) !.:.:::.

.. 300 mmmm II

3 4.4. HandHand hookhook 44

Use Instructions To lift,li ft, turn, drag or loadload small logs. ShaShapepe the piecepiece of steel,steel, filefile oneone endend toto a pointpoint and drilldri ll a hole in thethe other end as sshownhown (1).(1). DrillDril l a holehole in the Material handhandlele and attach the hook withwith the bolt (2) and the steel A piece of used axe handle oror similar,similar, 1 piece of flat rringing (3).(3). carbon steel 170 x 30 x 4 mmmm., 1 bolt 1010 mm 0 x 40 mm with nut,nut, a ring of mild steelsteel of appropriate diameter.diameter.

t . 40mm -70t-mm. \\_Ioom m-I ~ . I" 300mm .1

4 5.5. FckaroonPickaroon

UseUse Instructions As a lever or hook to lift, turnturn,, drag or load logs. Cut away the parts of the axeaxehead head as shown in the diagram. TheThe finished tool looks much like the end of a MaterialMaterial pick. The point of the pick should be sharpened and A used axehead with a handle. hardened. Sheet 7 of this booklet shows how to use this tool.

I I I I I I I I I \ I \ I \ I \ I I I \ , II I' I / I / I / I / I / , / , /' /' " " ---/'

5 6. SappieSappie

Use Instructions As a lever or hook to lift, turn, drag oror loadload logs.logs. Shape the steel to form the head of the pick as shown. Sharpen and harden the point. Attach the handle asas youyou Material would an axe handle. Sheet 7 of this booklet shows how 1 piecepiece ofof goodgood qualityquality steelsteel 275-320 x 140 x 60 mmmm,, to use thisthis tool.tool. 1 woodenwooden handlehandle 11100-1 100-1 300 mm (somewhat longer than an axe handle).

I~ 110IIOO-1300mm 0-130 0 mm ~I

275-320mmT

66 7. UsingUsing aa pickaroonpickaroon oror aa sappiesappie

Instructions A ppickaroonickaroon or a sappsappieie can be used point up as a lever to cclearlear logs caugcaughtht on obstaclesobstacles oror itit can be driven point down into a llogog to pull it overover roughrough ground.ground. In harvesting on steep terrain these make ideal tools to keep logs moving. They can also be used for loading,loading, unloading or moving logs short distances on level ground.

7 8.8. CantCant hookhook 11

Use Instructions ToTo move or turn logslogs and take down lodged trees. Shape the hook using the longerlonger ironiron barbar (1).(1). SharpenSharpen and hardehardenn the point. Make the bracket to attach the Material hook to the handle usingusing the shortershorter ironiron barbar (2).(2). MakeMake 11 ironiron barbar 300300-350-350 x 2020x x 13 mm (1).(1) , 1 iron bar 125 x 50x50 x the end-piece using the piece of pipepipe (3) and weld on a 10 mm (2), 1 piece of pipe 40 mm inner 0 xx 7070 mmmm (3),(3) , metal V-notch. DrillDrill holes in the hook, bracket,bracket, end-piece 11 piecepiece ofof hardwoodhardwood 55 mm 0 x 11 350 mm (4), 1 screw.screw, and handlehandle as shown. Assemble the cant hook. TheThe 2 boboltslts 12 mm 00 xx 85 mm, 1 bolt 12 mm 0 xx 4040 mmmm with V-notch must bebe inin lineline with the hookhook andand thethe hookhook mustmust nuts and washers. be free to move.

.... 50mm----... §J l t - @- _ -_ -_"5'5mm =C2=-~= • "I c--__ 8--J. 5~mm

'<&o~ "'",

I\~ )

14 1I 350mm350 mm .1

8 9. Cs]CantM hookhook 2

Use Instructions To move or turn logs and take down lodgedlodged trees. Shape the hook using the longer iron bar (1).(1). The point should have an angle of 30°30° and be about 6060 mmmm long.long. Material Sharpen and harden the point. Shape the ring to attach 1 iron bar 450 x 20 x 10 mm (1), 1 iron bar 300 x 40 x thethe hook toto thethe handle using the shorter ironiron bar (2).(2). DrillDrill 10 mm (2), 1 bolt 10 mmmm 0 xx 40 mm with nut,nut, 11 polepole a hole in the hook and the ring as shown. BoltBolt thethe hookhook 50 mm 0 ofof appropriateappropriate length.length. and the ring together. The hookhook mustmust bebe freefree toto move.move. Cut a popolele for the handle and sshapehape one end to ffitit thethe rring.ing.

10mm10 mm !

@

300 mm

I

/ / 0 L 30 / 50 mm

99 10. CantCant hookhook 33

Use Instructions To move or turn logs and take down lodged trees. Shape the hook and eye. Sharpen and harden the point. Shape the iron rod to form a ring using the dimensions Material shown. FitFitthe the ring in the eye of thethe hook.hook. This tool can be 1 ironiron barbar 350350 x 20 x 15 mm, 1 iron rod 15 mm 0 x easily carried in the field and a pole handle can be cut 340 mm, 1 pole of appropriate size. when needed. The shape of the ring allowsallows for use on both large logs (1)(1) andand smallsmall logslogs (2).(2).

I.. IOOmm .1 ------,-

_15mm IZI

150 mm

,

350mm I 15 X 20 mm------"

III

1 2

lo10 11.11. PikePike and loglog hookhook

UseUse Instructions To push, pull or guide flofloatingating logs. Cut the sheet of iron to form the hook using the dimensions below. Drill four holes as shown. BondBend the MaterialMaterial bottom of the hook to fitfit the pole handle. Attach the hook A sheet of flat iron 180 x 180 x 5 mm, a pole 33000-4000 000-4 000 to thethe handle with screws. The straight spike is for mm,mm, 4 screws.screws. pushing logs.logs. The angled spike isis forfor pullingpulling logs.logs.

I.. 90 mmmm "

130l30mm mm

~5mm5 mm

(-.,\ , , :' ,, .. ~' ~- .. 6} 50I mmmm ,'--. , ~ : " ': , ""~ --1 ------_ ... o 8

I_ 180180mm mm •

11 12. FirewoodFirewood press

Use Instructions To bundle firewood intointo compact loads.loads. Build the base of the press using two piecespieces ofof woodwood about 150 mm O0 and three[bree crosscross-braces-braces aboutabout 80 mm 0. Material Attach the four uprights using wood aboutabout 5050 mm 0 xx 600600 Logs and tree sections of vavariousrious diameters and lengths, mm. Attach the chain, pole and wooden hook.hook. LoadLoad thethe a lelengthngth of chain or rope about 750 mm,mm, a heavy pole,pole, a firewood to be bundled between thethe uprights (1).(1). StretchStretch wooden hook. the chain over the firewoodfirewood,, slide one end of the pole under the firewood and attach thethe otherother endend ofof the pole to the hook (2).(2). The bundle ofof firewoodfirewood cancan thenthen bebe tiedtied byby one person.

CD Wooden hook

®

12 13.13. StumpStump spikesp 1

Use Instructions To holdhold logs in place for barking or other work. Cut or forge the spike using the dimensions bebelow.low. The offset edge of the spike is used toto hhammerammer it into the MaterialMaterial stump. Then a log is pushed on to the top point of the A piece of mild steel 175175 xx 35 xx 1212 mm.mm. spike to hold it firmly in place for the work to be done.done.

-I 1- 12mm12 mm -I 55mmTm t -35mm~12323mmmm

I-II+3- 175mm 15mm

100mmIOOmm

13 16.16. BarkingBarking tool 22

UseUse Instructions To strip bark from logs. Shape the handle using the pattern and the dimensions below. The rounded knobknob alat thethe toptop ofof thethe handlehandle andand the MaterialMaterial llowerower taperedtapered part serve asas handghandgrips rips.. Shape thethe soft 11 piecepiece ofof woodwood 5555 mmmm 100 x 1 000000 mm, 1 piece of high ironiron around the lower part of the handle to form a socket. carbon steel (or a piece cut from an old crosscut Cut thethe piecepiece of steel to formform aa bladeblade withwith aa spikespike onon oneone sawbladesawblade)) 200200 xx 100100 xx 3 mm.mm, 11 piece of soft ironiron 100100 xx 9090 side. TheThe spike is used to turnturn thethe logslogs whilewhile barking.barking. x 33 mmmm,, 1 bboltolt 55 mmmm 100 x 40 mm with nut. Grind or filefile the cuttingcutting edge of the blade so thatthat it cancan bebe pushed along the surface of the llogog under thethe bark without digging into the wood. WeldWeld the blade to the handle socket and bolt both to thethe handlehandle..

mm mm mm t':";1:-55 \ I I 300 - Cutting edge of blade

600600 mmmm

-<~ -- - 1-I-2mm2 mm

WrongWrong RightRigh t r'r-

10001000 mmm n 30

30 I 50 ____ zuv rnfl'l A

400mm 45 ~-- Spike

3838

3mm

mm ~ , mm - 31'3 1

1616 17.17. BarkingBarking tooltool 33

UseUse Instructions To strip bark from logs. Cut the blade for thisthis tooltool fromfrom the trucktruck spring using thethe dimensions below. Grind or file thetile cutting edge of thetile MaterialMaterial bladeblade.. Weld the blade to the steel rod.rod. SlideSlide the two A piece of steel from a used truck spring 130 x 90 x 7 mmmm,, pieces of rubber hose or tube on to the steel rod toto serveserve 11 mildmild steelsteel rodrod 15 mmmm 00 x 1 220 mmmm,, 2 pieces of rubber as handgrips. hose or tubetube 15 mm inner 00..

~Fro ntview I ___ - r-sldev,ew / 15mm¢

1359 mm

..... 7mm

130mm

I • 90 mm • I

\ / Cutting edge

17 18. PitPit oror trestle sawingsawing

Use Instructions To square logs or cut them into planks. The three sawing methods shown belowbelow cancan bebe used at lloggingogging sites to reduce logslog s toto timbers oror planksplanks inin orderorder Material toto transporttransport themthem more easily. A temporarytemporary location can Heavy logs or timbers. be made by digging a pit of suitable length andand width between 750750to to 1 500 mm deepdeep (1). Build aalog log frameframe next toto thethe pit and a loglog rampramp over thethe pit. The loglog to be sawn isis rolledrolled up thethe ramp and held in position over thethe pitpit byby wedges, notches in the ramp or wooden pegs.pegs. A transportable trestletrestle andand crutch cancan bebe builtbuilt toto holdhold logslogs for sawing (2). Permanent supports toto holdhold logslogs forfor sawing can be built on posts sunksunk intointo thethe groundground (3).(3).

Note See Sheet 19 of this booklet for the kindkind ofof sawsaw toto use for pit or trestle sawing.

2

Trestle /

Crutch

3

Permanent supports

18 19. PitPit oror trestle sawsaw

Use Instructions To square logs or cut them into planksplanks.. A ppitit or trestrestletle saw has no raker teeteeth.th. It has only coarse peg teeth that are sloped toward the bottom end of the blade as shown. ThisThis kindkind ofof sawsaw variesvaries inin lengthlength fromfrom 1 100100 mmmm toto asas longlong asas 40004 000 mm.mm. TheThe sawbladesawbiade should be wide enough to maintainmaintain a straight cut. Logs are sawn by twotwo peoplepeople:; one works above on the loglog being cut and one works below, in the pit or on the ground. The person above pulls the saw up and the person below pulls the saw down. Cutting isis done by the angled peg teeth as the weight of the saw and the person below pullpull the saw Note down. The handle at the lower end must be easilyeasily When cutting planks,planks, markmark the firstfirst cutcut withwith aa chalkline.chalkline. removable so that the sawsawblade blade can be withdrawn from Lay a cord coated withwith chalk along the loglog andand holdhold itit the cut when required.required. AsAs the saw cut becomes longer,longer, tightly at each end. Then,Then, liftlift the cord at the centre and thethe cutcut isis keptkept openopen withwith woodenwooden wedgeswedges toto keepkeep thethe sawsaw snap it to mark the cutting line. from binding.

~ '200 Sawteeth angles tnll) .1

' !~ L \ Y

1100-40001100- 4000 mm mm

Upper handle End handles

, :&

.. II .....-4 2mm2mm

19 20. SplittingSplitting maulmaul

Use Instructions To split short lengths of firewood. Weld the pipe socket to the steel triangle as shown. Thread one end of the piece of pipe andand screwscrew itit intointo thethe Material pipe socket. SlipSlip the rubber hosehose oror tube on to the pipe to A heavy triangular piece of steel 100100 xx 100 mm atat the serve as a handgrip. This tool can bebe usedused asas anan axe,axe, aa base and 200 mmmm longlong,, a threadedthreaded pipe socket for 25 mm mallet or a wedge. o0 pipe,pipe, aa piece ofof pipepipe ofof 25 mm O0 x 750750 mmmm,, a length of rubber hose or tubetube 25 mm inner 0 xx 300300 mm.mm.

__ 1_IOOmm-1 ---:- \k'\oo{t'f(\ -- :;;?}

EO ;gEO j

20 21. SpSplittingAting wedge

Use Instructions To split wood oror logs.logs. Heat the piece of steel to draw temper, twist itit to the desired angle (about 600)60°) and retemperretemper.. Grind or file the Material cutting edge of the wedge. When this tool is driven into A section of old truck spring about 200 x 60 x 10to mmmm,, wood parallel to the grain, the twist in the wedge willwill force (a piece of temperedtempered steel can also be used). the wood apart.

....---"'"1 /Q 1 l____ oO~'

~

21 22. SplittingSplitting bladeblade andand malletmallet

Use Instructions To split thin strips ofof woodwood fromfrom logs.logs. The blade is sometimes called a froe. To make the bladeblade,, the truck sprispringng (1)(1) is cut to the desired lengthlength (2).(2). HeatHeat Material and straighten the blade and shape oneone endend toto formform anan A piece of old truck spring 525 x 65 mm, a piece of eye (3). TempertheTemper the blade and sharpen one long edge by hardwood 40 mm O0 x 450 mm, a piece of dense grinding or filing. Attach the short piece of hardwood for hardwood 100 mm 0 xx 660660 mm.mm. the handle. Shape the long piece of hardwood to form thethe mallet. Drive the splitting blade (froe) into the top edge of a short log using the mallet. Twist the blade by pushing or pulling the handle to split off a strip of wood. This tool isis good for making clapboards or shakes for roofing.

~ ~

~ .:J 450mm

ffj====t Handle • ® I! ~ JLJlI 6565m rntllmC' ~\ I~ T\-4 _400mm- fE I I

MaMalletlleI illl II

22 23.23. WoodenWooden hammerhammer 1

Use Instructionsinstructions ToTo drive posts. Fit the 200-mm piece of hardwood (1) into the pipe (2) to form the head of the hammer. Cut or drill a slot through Material thethe head of thethe hammerhammer and drivedrive inin thethe taperedtapered woodenwooden A piece of dense hardwood 90 mm 0 xx 200 mm (1), a handle (3). The handlehandle,, which is larger at the top, will be piecepiece ofof pipepipe 9090 mmmm innerinner 00 x 150 mm (2), a piece ofof wedged in the slot. The piece of pipe gives weight to the hardwoodhardwood whichwhich tapers tapers from from 50 50 mm mm l2I,.to ato 30 mm 00 of hammer and prevents the hardwood head from splitting. appropriate length (3).(3).

• 50mm50 mm • 3 2

~l / ~~\ 1IIfI' ~ , ,, \ \, , , ,, ,, ,, , ,, ,: ( , ,, J , , \, ~ " \ 90mm 0¢ X 200mm

\ 90mm 0¢ XX 150mm150mrr

...-(- 3 30mm 0 m m .....

23 24. WoodenWooden hammerhammer 22

Use Instructions To drive posts.posts. Shape both ends of the head of the hammer (1) to recereceiveive the iron rings and nailnail thethe ringsrings (2)(2) inin place.place. DrillDrill aa holehole Material 30 mm (210 throughthrough thethe headhead ofof the hammer for the handle A piece of densedense hardwood 170 mm O(21 x 230 mm (1), (3).(3). Slit thethe endend ofof thethe handlehandle toto bebe insertedinserted intointo thethe headhead.. 2 iron rings 150 mm inner (210 xx 2525 xx 5 mm (2),(2), 88 nails,nails, aa Drive thethe handle through the head and fasten it in place hardwood handle 30 mm (210 x 900 mm (3), a small by driving the small wooden wedge into the sslit.lit. hardwood wedge.

tJj%J

~C; ~ ;) 2;mm <:D C150mm~------)-. -,"""~

170mm- ~ 230mm ( / CD ! j I • 900mm ~ ~~:5f 1_150mm_1

~ 160mm ______b

Wedgeo·

24 FAO TRAINING SERIES 18

DESIGN MANUALMANUAL ON1IN BASIC WOODWOOD HARVESHARVESTING TECHNOLOGY

BOOKLETDOKLET 66 EQUIPMENT FORFOR GENERAL USEUSE

_nco , ~c_="'1

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1989 The designations employed and the presentation of material inin thisthis publication do not implyim ply the the expression expression of of any any opinion opinion whatsoever whatsoever on the part ofof thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization ofof thethe UnitedUnited Nations concerningconcerning thethe legallegal statusstatus ofof anyany country,country, territory,territory, citycity oror area or of itsits authoritiesauthorities,, oror concerningconcerning thethe delimitationdelimitation ofof itsits frontiers or boundaries.boundaries.

M-39 ISBNISBN 92-5-102537-1

All rights reserved. No part of thisthis publication may be reproduced,reproduced , stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted inin any form or by any meansmeans,, electronic, mechanimechani-­ calcal,, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of thethe copyrightcopyright ownerowner.. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should bebe addressed toto the Director, Publications Division,Division, FoodFood and Agriculture Organization ofof the United Nations,Nations, ViaVia delle TermeTerme didi Caracalla,Caracal1a, 0010000 100 Rome, Italy.Italy.

© FAOFAO 19891989 ContentsContents

1. SlidingSliding hooks 2. Terminal pin 3. QuickQuick releaserelease link 4. Plate chainchain link 5. AnvilAnvil 11 6. AnvilAnvil 2 7. WireWire twistertwister 8. Stake driverdriver 9. Post driver 10. Water level 11. Earth scraper 12. Axe hoe 13. Stump puller 14. All-purpose hook 15. Ground anchor 16. Use of pulley blocks 17. Brush hook 18. Machete 19. Girdling tool Symbols and abbreviations used

0 Degree (angle) el0 Diameter measurement kg Kilogram = 2.2052.205 poundspounds (lb)(Ib) m Metre = 1.0941.094 yardsyards (yd)(yd) mm MillimetreMillimetre = 0.03940.0394 inchinch (in)(in) % Percentage

Note

Additional valuablevaluable informationinformation onon the kinds of tools shown inin this booklet can be found in FAO Forestry Paper 36,36, Basic TechnologyTechnology in Forest Operations (ISBN(ISBN 92-5-101260-1).92-5-101260-1). 1.1. SlidingSliding hookshooks

UseUse Instructions To attach a choker, chain or cable to a skidding cable. The diagrams below show three simple sliding hooks that can hebe made tusing ising scrapscrap ironiron.. TheThe sling hook is made MaterialMaterial from ¡roniron rodrod 1010 mmmm 00 by aboutabout 200200 mmmm (1).(1). TheThe chokerchoker SmallSmall pieces of round and flat scrap ironiron,, chainchain,, a small sling is made from a piece of flat iron about 200 mm by pulley. 80 mm (2). The notch and the pin in thethe hook keep it fromfrom coming off the cable. The keyhole in the plate holds the choker. The pulley hook balances on top of the skidding cable (3).(3).

... ,.~ ...~.:>:>; )mzmzzm:.. 2 1

Notch and pin =-===== \ ". ,..

"'f;J jI Keyhole

3

1 2. TerminalTerminal pinpin

Use InstructionsInstructions To hold several chokers during winching operations. Shape the iron barbarto to form the terminal pin as shown. One end of the bar is tapered tuto aa pointpoint atand id the other endend isis MaterialMaterial flattened to about 25 mm inin width. AA handlehandle cancan bebe 1 ironiron barbar 2020 mmmm 0Ox x 200 mm, 11 ¡roniron rod 10 mm 0O x formed on the toptop end of thethe pin forfor convenienceconvenience but thisthis 300mm.300 mm. is not essential. Drill a hole 11 mm 0 throughthrough thethe pinpin about 25 mm from the top as shown. Shape a ring about 100 mmmm 0O using the iron rod and fit it into the hole. To attach a terminal pin, a loop of cable is threadedthreaded through the ring farfar enough to slip thethe point of thethe pinpin throughthrough the loop. The ring thenthen secures thethe cable. When several chokers are attached to a skidding lineline,, a terminal pin at the end will hold them during wwinchinginching operations.

/ Handle

22 3. QuickQuick releaserelease linklink

Use Instructions To quickly release loads. Shape the two curved pieces of the release link using the long iron bbarar and oneonc of ththce shortshort iron bars. ThThee longer Material curved piece hashas a hole at one end for the rivet and an 1 iron bar 300 x 20 x 20 mmmm,, 2 iron bars 150150 xx 20 x 20 mm, eye at thethe otherother end. The shorteshorterr curved piece hashas a hole 1 iron rod 20 mm '"0 xx 500 mm,mm, a rivet, aa cotter pin.pin. at one end for the rivet and a small hole at the other end for the cotter pin. RivetRivet both curvedcurved pieces together soso that they can open and close easily.easily. Using the remaining short iron bar, shape a slide around both curved pieces to hold the link closed. The cotter pin keepskeeps the slideslide inin place in the closed position. Shape the iron rod to form a ring 150 mm '"0 in the eye of thethe longerlonger curvedcurved piece.piece. ThisThis link can be easeasilyily opened under tension by removing the cotter pin and moving the slide forward.forward.

20 ",,,, 'P

Ring

Slide----~

Eye

~ -co tte'p;n

<1'<1' ~"'o

RivetRivet /

3 4.4. PlatePlate chain linklink

UseUse Instructions To repair a broken chain or to join twotwo chains together. Drill two holes through each plate and tightly bolt the two chain linklinkss to bebe joinjoineded asas shown.shown. Material 2 rectangular metal plates and 2 bolts with nuts (the(the size of thethe platesplates and the bolts will depend on the chain size).size).

G

@

4 5.5.A Anvil 1

Use Instructions As aa surface forfor metalmetal working.working. Shape the anvil with a cutting torch using the dimensions shown below. GrindGrind oneone endend ofof the anvilanvil to form the horn.horn. Material Cut slots in the base of the anvilanvil and screw it tightlytightly to thethe A sectionsection of used railroad rail about 600 mm long,long, a wooden block or tree trunk. Holes may also be cut in the wooden blockblock or or aa piece ofof tree trunk about 600600 mm O0 of back of the anvil to hold tools. The anvilanvil shouldshould bebe appropriate height, 8 heavyheavy lag screws. positioned so that the working surface is at fingertip height.

Holes for toolstools , Horn e

Slots

mmto: =:i"'§v A I I) -300 _ ~/""-/90mm----.J -600mm _ i

Fingertip height ill C"""," "'0"' f·

5 6.6. AnvilAnvil 2CIF),

Use Instructions As a surface for working metal. For the frame of the anvil cut tpethe hardwoodhardwood boards usingusing the dimensions below.below. AssembleAssemble thethe frameframe asas shown.shown. Material The base boards andand the uprights are bolted together. Hardwood boards of various dimensions, aa section of The sides and the bottom board are attached with nails or used railroad rail about 600 mm long, 8 bolts with nuts, screws. The sides and the bottom form a tray to hold 20 nails or screws. tools. InvertInvert thethe section of railroad railrail and place itit upside-down in the slots in the top ofof the frame. TheThe workingworking surface ofof the anvil should be at fingertip height.height.

60 mmJ

Side Side 0 Side ~ 4 '" Upright I.. '"

t0 ",,,, Bottom \5 -650 mm ~ I #' ~.L ~ 6 00'" '"

L'1--200mm--1-4-200 mm ~ I Base 1-4K-200mm--o-1--200mm ....1

150 mm

+c:I II 600mm ~/ Anvil

Frame 1;4 ..

·'· 0

• • (I) en> en> en>

6 7.7e Wirere tvAsttwister

Use Instructions To twisttwist single-strand wirewire intointo four-four- oror six-strandsix-strand cable.cable. Shape the two pieces of flat iron to form the base piecespieces (1 and 2). Form a hook at one end of the 20-mm ironiron rodrod Material (3). Drill holes for thethe nails to fastenfasten the base pieces when 1 piece of flatironflat iron 500 x 100 x 7 mmmm (1),1(1), 1 piecepiece offlatof flat iron the tool is being used. Drill holes for the twisting shaft in 850 x 150 x 7 mm (2), 1 iron rod 20 mm 130 xx 450450 mmmm (3),(3), the larger base piece and insert the shaft. Cut the 10-mm 1 ironiron rodrod 10 mmmm 130 x 600 mm (4), a wooden handle.handle, ironiron rod in threethree pieces. Use one piecepiece forfor thethe crankcrank (4)(4) 8 heavy nails. and the remaining two pieces for the ring and pin. The crank can be welded toto the twisting shaftshaft or orthe the shaftshaft cancan be threaded to attach the crank withwith aa nut.nut. AttachAttach thethe woodenwooden handlehandle toto the crank. AttachAttach thethe ringring and pinpin to the shorter base piece. To use this tool, nail the base pieces ttoo tree stumps as shown. ThenThen,, fasten,fasten. thethe strandsstrands of wirewire toto be twistedtwisted between the ring and pin andand thethe hookhook onon thethe twistingtwisting shaft. When the crank is turneturnedd the strands of wire are twisted. The strain oonn all strands of wire ttwistedwisted in thisthis way will be equal.

l50mm x 10mm i1! r;;o ICi -~"""I.- t (!l E E vRRinging and pin ~ ~11 ..... 7mm Hook 230mm -7r- '" a

1 aOmm 0 360 rr'm .... , - E loo",l~ 450 mm E E o oE o to

Crank and handle

/1//\

7 8. StakeStake driver

Use Instructions To drive long, thin stakes into the ground. Cut the tapered wedge holderholder fromfrom thethe piecepiece ofof pipepipe asas shown. Fasten the wedge holder to the stake at about Material waist height using the length of chain. Put the wooden A piece of pipe 80 mm '"O x 200 mmmm,, a wooden wedge of wedge in the wedge holder and tap in the stake using a appropriate lengthlength andand thickness,thickness, aa lengthlength ofof chain.chain. wooden hammer or mallet. To keepkeep the wooden wedge from splitting,splitting, strengthen thethe toptop edgeedge of thethe wedge with a metal band.band.

/~ao ------0..,

~ ~~~~C: ~~.:_:~ I , : , , Wedge holder 1

20 0 "''''

'"

~

8 9.9. PostPost driverdriver

Use InstructionsInstructions To drive posts into the ground. Close one end of the piece of pipe to formform thethe shaft. This can be done either by threading ththee insidinsidee of one end of Material the pipe and screwing in a threadedthreaded cap or by welding a A piece of pipe 150 mmmm 00 x 750 mm, a threaded cap round piece of iron to one end of thethe pipe. Bend thethe twotwo 150mm150 mm 0x200x20 mm mm oror a piece of ironiron 150mm0x20mm150 mm 0x20 mm,, iron rods to formform handles and weld them to opposite ironiron rodsrods 2020 mmmm 00 x 830 mm. sides of the pipe. Put the post driver on top of thethe postpost and pound it into the ground as shown. This tool can be used by oneone or two people.

n:;:-'~1·;: ~! t{;iV) ~§ll

7 50mm .' ,

Handles

Ii II

Shaft

-- 40mm40 mm

99 10. WaterWater levellevel

Use Instructions To sight horizontal lines.lines. Attach a clamp to eacheach endend ofof the the plastic plastictube. tube. Screw one clamp to each of the two pieces of wood. Fill the tube with Material water so that thethe level ofof the water isis aa littlelittle belowbelow thethe A piece of clear plastic tube of appropriate lengthlength (up(up toto ends of the tube. PutPut aa cork inin the endend of eacheach tube toto 30 m long dependingdepending on the use), 2 corks to fit the tubetube,, keep the water from spilling out. When thethe tubetube isis 2 straightstraight pieces of wood 1 500 x 40 x 20 mm.mm, 2 light stretched outout and the pieces of wood are upright,upright, the metal clamps with thumbscrews, 4 screws.screws. water at each end will be at the same level. You can use this tool to sight horizontal lineslines as shown below.

Note Use boiled water to eliminate air bubbles. If the water is coloured with dye itit will be easier to sight along the level.

------

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10lo 11.11. EarthEarth scraperscraper

UseUse Instructions To move earth or dig ditches. Cut thethe oiloil drumdrum asas shownshown by thethe dotteddotted lines and roll thethe uppeupperr edges on both sides. InsInsertert the woodenwoodcn poles in MaterialMaterial thethe rolledrolled part of thethe drumdrum toto formform handles.handles. Nail thethe A used oil drum, 22 woodenwooden polespoles 4040 mmmm 00 x 900 mm,mm, handles in place. Drill a hole through the front part, of each. nailsnails,, 2 threaded eyes with nuts.nuts, 2 lengths of rope. handle and the drumdrum.. Bolt one of the threaded eyeseyes inIn each hole. Insert a length of rope in each eye to attachattach to a draft animal. One person can guguideide the scraper using thethe handles whiwhilele thethe animal pulls.

Eyes HandlesHandles

A-.,".~;" ";':''':"'" '-:':''' ''.Q J [-~ -.J: I } I

RolledRoll ed edges

111 1 12.1 2. AxeAxe hoehoe

Use InstructionsInstructions To cut roots,roots. stumps and brush or to dig into the ground. Cut and shape the axe and hoe blades and shape a tapered eye for the centre of the tooltool usingusing thethe Material dimensions below. Weld the two blades and the eye Pieces of tempered steel (such as from a used truck together as shown. Sharpen and harden the blades. spring) of variousvarious dimensions,dimensions, a woodenwooden handle ofof Shape the wooden handle, insert it into the eye and appropriate size. attach it as youyou wouldwould any axe handle. This is a useful tool for clearing land or building trailstrails oror roads.roads.

1...-12-.If- 120mm0mm -I

¡I/I

I

/" I'" I I I I, I I I I E I E o '"Lo

, -- - I t ------T 52mm 46mm 28mm ------~ -' o<.... _ ...... 40mm----.

TaperedTapered eyeeye E E o in'"

V

1212 13. StumpStump pullerpuller

Use Instructions To pull tree stumps out of the ground. Cut or drill a hole through the rollerroller aa littlelittle lessless thanthan 150 mmmm 00 and drive in thethc loverlever arm. AAttachttach the chain or Material the cable to the stump to be pulled and pass it around the A piece of log 450450 mmmm 00 x 750 mmmm (fort(for thehe roller), a piecepiece base of thethe leleverver arm.arm. ToTo pullpull thethe stump,stump, rotaterotate thethe lever of log 150 mm 0 xx 22000 000 mm (for the leverlever arm),arm), aa lengthlength arm in the direction shown. If a stump is hard to pullpull,, dig of chain or cable.cable. away the earth and cut as manymany ofof the rootsroots asas youyou can.can.

15150fnm0111111

-1-I 1I-4------.-

- .. ,,, *.4.41g,N6'...."..

0111111 Lever arm ~I J 2002000 rr'rfi

Roller

450 m m

13 14. All-purposeAll-purpose hookhook

Use Instructions To anchor a pulley block. Shape the iron¡ron barbar toto formform a hook usingusing thethe dimensions below. DrDrill ill aa holehole in oneone end ofot the hook and taper thethe Material other end to a point. Sharpen and harden the point. An iron bar 550 xx 6060 xx 1515 mmmm,, 22 shacklesshackles withwith 1515 mmmm 00 Attach the shacklesshackles and the pulley block as shown. The pins,pins, a pulleypulley block.block. hook can be left with the pulley block connected soso thatthat itit is always ready toto be used. When thisthis tool isis hooked toto a tree stumpstump,, it is useful in pulling vehicles or other loads.

+15mm t -

E E tr) "''" 25mm

• • €><;, '"'" /\ j 380mm . V I -1-

PulleyPulley blockblock

o~ ffiin,,,-' j~' •• §~ I (

PPieceiece of tree limb

14 15.15. GroundGround anchor

Use Instruction To anchor light guy wires. Heat and shape or cold bend thethe piece ofof flatflat ironiron to form the anchor using thethc dimencionsdimensions below.below. ShapeShape aa roundround Material open eye at one end and sharpen the other end so that it A piece of flat iron 1 000 x 40 x 5 mm. can be easily driven into the ground. This tool offers the greatest resistance with horizontal pull.pull. AsAs the angle of pull increases, the bend of the anchor presses into the ground.

~#

~':J0

~~ 00 "

~~

15 16.16. UseUse ofof pulleypulley blocksblocks

Use Instructions ToTo increaseincrease pupullinglling force using pulleypu lley blocks.blocks. The diagrams below show how to use pulley blocks in various ways to increase pulling forceforce and makemake pulling MaterialMaterial work easier. 1 oror moremore pulleypulley blocks. Note In any pulleypulley combinationcombination thethe mechanical advantage is equalequal to the number of strands supportingsupporting the movable block less frictionfriction..

IOOKg100 Kg

50 Kg

100 Kg 50 Kg

100 Kg 100 Kg 100 Kg

16 ilLi 17.17. BrushBrush hook

Use Instructions To clear light brush. Shape the blade using the dimensions below and weldweld it tolathe the piepiecece of pipe as shown.shown. Shape the piecepiece of wood to Material form a handle and insertinsert itit intointo thethe pipe.pipe. DrillDrill twotwo holesholes A piece of tempered steel (such as from a used car oror through the handle and the pipe and bolt themthem together. truck spring),spring), a piece of pipe 35 mm O0 x 50 mm.mm, 2 bolts Sharpen the blade on both sidessides byby grindinggrinding oror filing.filing. 5 mmmm 00 x 45 mm with nuts, a piece of hardwood 36 mm 0Ox x 670670 mm.mm.

- 13013 mm0 mm-

220220 mmmm

e&11~-1 1 50mm ILl-I====,WWII_I - - ~

840840mm mm

11II

18 18.1 8. MacheteMachete

Use Instructionsinstructions ToTo clear light brush. Shape ththee bbladelade usingusing thethe dimensionsdimensions bebelow.low. Shape the two pieces of wood to formform thethe handles. Drill three holes Material through the blade and the handles and rivet them A section from an ooldld crosscut saw.saw, 2 pieces of together. Sharpen the insideinside of the blade by grinding or hardwoodhardwood,, 3 rivets 55 mmmm 0 0x25 x 25 mm, mm ,a a piecepiece of rope or aa filingfiling.. Drill a hole inin thethe end of thethe handle and attach the lleathereather thong. roperope or leather thong.

, , . @l@l@. , ,

G-0e, cp, '

Q ~, ~, " ,

e'i' 'i' 'i', a88' i 90mm ~ -"-120mm~1 II 600mm _[

19 19.19. GirdUngitocGirdling tool

Use Instructions To remove a strip of barkbark fromfrom aa treetree soso thatthat itit willwi l l die.die. Bend the steel rod in two so that the ends are aboutabout 80 mm apart. Bend both sides of the rod atat the midpointmidpoint Material to formform an angle of about 1450.145°. ShapeShape thethe piece of A piece of mild steel rod 10 mm O"" x 690 mmmm,, a piece of tempered steelsteel toto form the blade as shown and weld itit tempered steelsteel 9090 xx 35 x 3 mmmm,, aa piecepiece ofof wood wood 5050 mm mm ""0 between the ends of the rod. Sharpen the innerinner edgeedge ofof x 600 mm. the blade by grinding or filing. Place thethe piecepiece ofof woodwood through the loop of the rod and pull itit around thethe treetree toto remove a strip of bark.

Note This tool is usefuluseful to kill unwanted or inferior trees where removal by fefellinglling could cause damage to trees nearby. ItIt can also be used before felling so thatthat treestrees may season in place and lose part of their moisture.

300mm

.,(:.-ri •.'.'.,,"!,." ..: ...... ; :;<1"::'~ -; somm80mm

20